WSCC REFERENCE DOCUMENT FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE

GENERATION & LOAD

Purpose of the Document

To define the difference between pseudo-tie and dynamic schedule, identify transmission
requirements and provide a reference document to assist the Member System in standardizing the
use and application of dynamic schedules used to:

1. Automatically request and transfer an entity’s desired generation from a remote plant
within another control area,
2. Receive generation entitlement shares from a remote base loaded plant located within
another control area,
3. Transfer customer load responsibility from one control area to another, or
4. Provide regulation services to another entity and across a control area boundary.

Dynamic Scheduling

Dynamic Scheduling allows a Load Serving Entity (LSE) or generator to move via telemetry
some or all of its demand and/or generation from its Host Control Area and place it in another-
Metered Control Area. Thus, the Metered Control Area controls to the load and/or generation as
though it was physically in that Control Area.

Dynamic Scheduling requires careful coordination with the Host, any intermediate and receiving
Control Areas. This service in effect causes an “automatic” interchange to occur. NERC
Operating Policies require that all interchange be assessed and confirmed between the sending
and receiving Control Areas. There may be occasions when transmission constraints or other
operating limits restrict the use of the Dynamic Scheduling just as there may be limits placed on
conventional interchange transactions.

Reasons for Implementing Dynamic Scheduling

Dynamic schedules of generation and/or loads between two Control Areas are implemented
when:

1. An entity desires automatic generation control (AGC) of its remote resources

2. The host control area for a joint ownership project cannot accommodate a significant
difference between the participants actual generation entitlement versus its schedule
3. An entity desires to serve customer loads located in another control area, or
4. Parties desire to move load regulation responsibilities from one control area to
another.
REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -2-
GENERATION & LOAD

Definitions

Dynamic Scheduling is the service that provides for the real-time metering, telemetering,
computer software, hardware, communications, engineering, and administration required to
electronically move a portion or all of the energy services associated with generation or load out
of the Control Area to which it is physically connected and into a different Control Area. The
electronic transfer of generation and/or a load can be implemented in one of two ways. The
first, is the creation of a pseudo-tie, and the second, called dynamic scheduling. See Attachment
#1 (NERC Appendix 1A) for more details on the differences between dynamic scheduling and
pseudo-tie.

Pseudo-tie

Pseudo-tie occurs when two Control Areas' AGC are electronically linked and the transfer of
generation and/or load is treated as a new point of interconnection (pseudo-tie), but for which no
physical tie or energy metering actually exists, between the two Control Areas. In this case, the
actual interchange term in the ACE equation, rather than the scheduled interchange terms, are
adjusted. The application of a pseudo-tie is also used to replace static or manual scheduling for
load and base loaded generating resources. An example of this application , within the WSCC, is
the Colstrip Project.

Dynamic Scheduling, Two Basic Applications:

Dynamic Scheduling (Bi-directional) occurs when two Control Areas’ AGC are electronically
linked, allowing them to request and acknowledge desired schedule changes and the ability to
cause or change the level of energy flow between them, when
1) The AGC calls for a change in the level of its remote generation or a portion of the
receiving Control Area's Area Control Error (ACE) is allocated to its remote generation.
ACE is defined as the instantaneous difference between actual and scheduled interchange,
taking into account the effects of frequency bias. Examples of the above application
within the WSCC are the mid-Columbia hydro plants and the Hoover Project .
2) A Control Area is providing regulation service to another Control Area or non-Control
Area entity.

Dynamic Scheduling (Uni-directional) occurs when two Control Areas' AGC are electronically
linked and the Host Control Area for the remote generation or load, is able to dynamically
transmit a revised schedule as changes (planned or unplanned) in energy production or demand
occur. The revised dynamic schedule will cause the appropriate change in the level of energy
flow between the respective Control Areas. This form of dynamic scheduling application is
used to replace static or manual scheduling for load and base loaded generating resources, of
which there are several examples within the WSCC, such as Four Corners, Navajo, and Palo
Verde.
REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -3-
GENERATION & LOAD

Metered and Host Control Area

The concepts of Host and Metered Control Areas are important to both the technical and future
commercial requirements. The Host Control Area for a Load Serving Entity (LSE) or for a
generator is the Control Area for the transmission system to which the LSE’s load or the
generator is physically connected. If the transmission system to which an LSE is connected is
physically located within several Control Areas, those Control Areas are the Host Control Areas
for portions of that LSE’s load.

The Host Control Area of an LSE never changes so long as the LSE continues to be directly
connected to that Control Area’s transmission system (per the definition of a Host Control Area).
If the LSE itself becomes a Control Area, the LSE can in all ways be a separate and distinct
Control Area. Example “A” of Figure 1 illustrates the concept of a Host Control Area.

In the absence of Dynamic Scheduling, the Host Control Area is the LSE’s or generator’s
Metered Control Area. The LSE’s or generator’s Metered Control Area is the Control Area that
performs the generation control function (AGC) for the LSE or generator. An LSE or generator
is within the electronic boundaries of its Metered Control Area.. Using Dynamic Scheduling, an
LSE or generator may change its Metered Control Area from its Host Control Area to another
Control Area (see Example “B” of Figure 1). The other Control Area then becomes the LSE’s or
generator’s Metered Control Area.

Example (A) Example (B)

Area’sTransmis l Area’sTransmiss
trol so n tro on
Con Con
Sy

Sy
st

st
ste

ste
Ho

Ho
m

LSE/Gen. LSE/Gen.

Dynamic
This LSE or Generator Schedule
has the Same Host
Control Area and
Metered Control Area
New Control
This Control Area is the Area’s AGC
Ar e a
Met

LSE’s or Generator’s
Metered or Electronic
ere

rol

t
Bou on
d

Control Area. nda rie

s of New
C

Figure 1 Host and Metered Control Area Concepts

REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -4-
GENERATION & LOAD

Performance Standards

A Transmission Provider is not required to offer Dynamic Scheduling in general, but must make
a good faith effort to do so on a case-by-case basis. When provided, the service needs to be
provided continuously, since the unplanned loss of the Dynamic Schedule signal creates an
obligation for the Host Control Area. Prior to the implementation of a dynamic schedule all
involved parties shall come to agreement on contractual obligations and appropriate operating
procedures.

Prior to implementing a dynamic schedule, appropriate performance standards should be

established to ensure high reliability of the Dynamic Schedule signal. Telemetering calibration,
equipment reliability, telecommunications reliability and response time for signal outages are
some of the key factors for which performance standards can be established.

The loss of telemetry or transmission creates a new default Control Area. Procedures must be
developed to assure continued service to the Transmission Customer and proper compensation to
the default Control Area. The simple approach would treat differences between Control Areas as
inadvertent interchange. This may be acceptable if reciprocal arrangements prevail and
disruptions are rare. Otherwise, contractual arrangements are necessary to recognize and
compensate for the services performed. (Refer to WSCC Guidelines for the Monitoring and
Scheduling of Remote Generation.)

Examples of Dynamic Schedule Application: (see Figure 2)

Control Area "A"

• Owns or has contractual rights to a base loaded generating resource which is located in a
remote control area, Control Area "C".
• Has native load located in a remote control area, Control Area "B".
• Has purchased regulation service (+/-) from Control Area “B”.

Control Area "B"

• Is a transmission provider between Control Area "A" and Control Area "C" for Control Area
"A's" remote base loaded generating resource.
• Is the Host Control Area and the transmission provider for Control Area "A" remote native
load.
• Is providing regulating service (+/-) to Control Area “A”.

Control Area "C"

• Is the Host Control Area and the transmission provider for Control Area "A’s" remote
generating resource.
REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -5-
GENERATION & LOAD

Control Control Control

Area “A” Energy Area “B” Area “C”
Flow
Reg. Energy
Load Flow
Gen. Gen.
LOAD GEN.

Providing Control Area Control Area

Regulation “A’s” Remote “A’s” Remote
Service to Load Generation
Control
Area “A”

Figure 2 Examples of Dynamic Scheduling

General Requirements

1. The Receiving Control Area “A” (in the case of remote generation) and the Host Control
Area "C", shall receive, at their respective control centers, a telemetry signal from the remote
generating resource, which represents the amount of energy being dynamically scheduled
between the two control areas. The Host Control Area shall enter the dynamic telemetry
signal into its AGC controller as scheduled energy delivered, while the Receiving Control
Area shall enter the dynamic telemetry signal into its AGC controller as scheduled energy
received.

2. The Sending Control Area “A” (in the case of remote load) and the Host Control Area "B",
shall receive, at their respective control centers, a telemetry signal from the load, which
represents the amount of energy being consumed by Control Area “A’s” remote native load
and dynamically scheduled between the two control areas. The Host Control Area “B” shall
enter the dynamic telemetry signal into its AGC controller, as scheduled energy received,
while the Sending Control Area “A” shall enter the dynamic telemetry signal into its AGC
controller as scheduled energy delivered.

3. The purchasing Control Area “A” (in the case of regulating service) and the providing
Control Area “B”, shall receive, at their respective control centers, a telemetry signal which
represents the amount of energy being delivered or received by Control Area “A” and
dynamically scheduled between the two control areas. The purchasing Control Area “A”
shall electronically transfer all or a portion of its ACE to the provider as scheduled energy
REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -6-
GENERATION & LOAD

received/delivered, while the providing Control Area “B” shall enter the dynamic telemetry
signal into its AGC controller as scheduled energy delivered/received.

4. Simultaneously, the Intermediate Control Area(s) providing transmission services (Control

Area "B" in the case of the remote generation) shall receive, at its control center, a telemetry
signal from Control Area “A” or Control Area “C” which represents the amount of energy
being dynamically scheduled and concurrently received from Control Area “C” and delivered
to Control Area “A”.

5. The applications requiring bi-directional dynamic schedule must be closely coordinated with
the normal AGC response rate. Therefore, the scan interval for bi-directional telemetry data
between the Receiving and Host Control Areas should be no greater than four seconds. If a
four-second update rate is not possible, the rate should be at least as fast as the slowest scan
rate used in the AGC application of the participating control areas. The Intermediate Control
Area may only require a 20 or 30 second scan rate.

6. The applications requiring uni-directional dynamic scheduling replace static or manual

scheduling. The scan interval for uni-directional telemetry data between the Receiving,
Host, and Intermediate Control Areas should be no more than 30 seconds, unless all involved
parties agree otherwise. The Host Control Area may require a faster scan rate depending on
the characteristics of the generator or load.

7. The Intermediate Control Area(s) and the Host Control Area(s) providing transmission
services shall advise the transmission customer, Control Area "A," of any transmission
outages or limitations and the dynamic generation or load schedules shall be modified as
required.

8. Control Area "A" shall advise the Intermediate Control Area(s) and Host Control Area prior
to implementing a dynamic generation or load schedule, and also report the maximum
anticipated dynamic energy schedule. To ensure the transmission path does not become over
scheduled, either Control Area “A” or Control Area “C” shall reserve capacity on the
transmission path to accommodate the maximum anticipated schedule.

9. Upon loss of the telemetry signal, each Control Area shall retain the last telemetered value
received, confirm the value is correct, and control to that value unless a revised value is
communicated by telephone. If the telemetered value is unavailable for an extended period,
the static value should be confirmed when checking hourly schedules. Control Area "A"
shall confirm the dynamic generation or load schedule with the Host Control Area and advise
the Intermediate Control Area(s) of current or revised schedules.

10. Control Area “A” with remote generating resource and load must have a method of
monitoring the status of the contract transmission path used to transfer the energy between
itself and the Host Control Areas. Those Control Areas must also provide a method of
detecting complete separation of the remote generation from the owner's service area (i.e., an
islanded condition).
REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -7-
GENERATION & LOAD

11. Frequency bias and jointly owned generation. Control Areas that use Dynamic Scheduling
or Pseudo-Ties for jointly owned units must reflect their respective share of the unit governor
droop response into their respective frequency bias setting.

12. Control Areas that share Jointly Owned Units and incorporate Dynamic Schedules or
Pseudo-Ties shall include only their share of the unit in their Spinning Reserve calculations.

Actions to be Taken During Emergencies

Definition of an Emergency

Any abnormal system condition which requires immediate manual or automatic action to prevent
loss of firm load, equipment damage, or tripping of system elements that could adversely affect
the reliability of the electric system.

When a contract path used for the transmission of energy from a remote generator or to a
load is interrupted or the capability is reduced, but islanding has not taken place, the
following guidelines will apply:

Required Action

If the path’s transfer capability is reduced, the schedules over the path must be immediately
reduced, if necessary, to a level that insures the continued security of the remaining transmission
system as described by the emergency power transfer limits of the WSCC Minimum Operating
Reliability Criteria (Section 5 A.8).

If the path is interrupted, the affected utilities must promptly reduce all schedules over the
contract path to zero or transfer schedules to an alternate path (assuming the alternate path was
pre-arranged) and attempt to reestablish the contract, path.. (See WSCC Minimum Operating
Reliability Criteria - Section 5 A.7).

Direct verbal communications among the dispatchers of the control areas involved and those
responsible for the operation of the contract path must take place in order to provide for any
generator control action, whether local or remote, required by the disruption of the transmission
system.

When the transmission network has become severely disrupted and remote generation or
load islanded from its owner, the following guidelines will apply:

Required Action

Upon detection of islanded generation or load, the utilities directly involved with the remote
generator or load must immediately suspend AGC until actions can be taken to correct the inputs
to their AGC equipment. These actions must correct the energy transfer to reflect the loss of the
remote generation or load to Control Area "A" and the corresponding change in generation in the
Host Control Area containing the generator or load. Control Area “A” and the Host Control
REQUIREMENTS FOR DYNAMICALLY SCHEDULED REMOTE -8-
GENERATION & LOAD

Area shall have policies in place that address what action shall be taken when the generator or
load become isolated from Control Area “A”.

Appropriate notification procedures shall be in place to warn dispatchers in all affected control
areas that the dynamic schedule must be changed or manually overridden in order to reflect the
actual system configuration.

If control equipment is to be utilized to automatically correct dynamic generation or load control

upon system islanding, it must be implemented by all affected control areas.

Direct verbal communication between the dispatchers of the control areas involved must take
place in order to provide for coordinated generator control action, whether remote or local,
required by the disruption of the transmission system.

Wsccdynamic97.doc