Unit Free Hand Sketches eering Elemey Syllabus: Free Hand Sketches of Machine Elements: ing arrangements. (For branche rs, loc pene ic elements for free h Thread profiles, nuts, bolts, studs, set screws, W . nuts, bolts, studs, x hs than mechanical engineering, the teacher should select branch SPs sketching) 5.1_ Introduction: There are different forms and shapes of fasteners, threads, machines and equipment. Their figures are given in this chapter so th sketching. locking arrangements etc. used in at the students can practice free h The construction details and applications of all those elements are not given because it is out of the the syllabus, ‘onal orthography. Hence, for the sake of simplicity, th given with the minimum use of The reader is not yet conversant to se projections and orthographic projections of various elements are orthography. Free hand sketching: + The first step in expressing an idea in terms of a final drawing is a sketch, A designer working on n products or changes in existing products brings his idea on a paper by a simple sketch. It t work. Sketching is a drawing made in correct proportions but not to scale. It’s a drawing di aid of instruments. * A sketch shows all the features of the product, all the dimensions and gives complete information Further, a sketch is translated into a fair drawing done with the aid of instruments. It is called a. drawing. * Sketching requires a sketch book or pad, a HB grade pencil and a soft eraser. 5.1.1 To Sketch Straight Lines: Usually students are not habitual to drawings without the use of an: B - ly instruments. It they follow instrud sketching, certainly they can acquire the skill. Such a develoy ae a ped art of sketching will help them Gigatech Publishing tenitingpencil to and fro between the ove the Hand Sketche= of Engineering Elements h the pencil held in fing, end points, wit TS, rest th inte Pr fe a correct MOtiON is a4 © palm on the pap. Paper and move the entire wrist like the head of a one Ved, then be, ae sje th he palm in contact with th a surface and draw faint continuous line till the end draw a firm, thin and dark ti in sketching the actual line on the paper by keeping eyes on the Finally With good pr A S00d practice, one can directly draw a continuous, thin, dark fodraw a longer line, draw it partly ake enough care to mainta n straight ness of the line 1g To Sketch Vertical Lines: forizontal lines are drawn with the mov = - Hori h th ment of wrist while vertical lines are drawn th the movement of ingers. Because sketching is done on a pap, fins 4 paper, it can easily be revolved and a horizontal line itself may be drawn instead of a vertical one Vertical lines are sketched by mov ment of fingers downwards Mark the end points and draw a vertical line f length 25 - 30 mm To Sketch Inclined Lines: Itis not easy to sketch inclined lines particularly when they slope downwards For drawing inclined lines, revolve the paper and go for a horizontal line itself Table 1.1 shows various lines sketched. The paper is revolved wherever necessary Table: 1.4 Line to be sketched his is how it is sketched. i *| — Sketch a vertical line or revolve the paper and. | draw a horizontal line. | this is an inclined line. Revolve the paper and sketch a horizontal line. — Gigatech Publishing House Igniting Minds ———————— lSEngineering Graphics 53 Free Hand Sketches of Engi L — iv) or ame as (iii) lines, To Sketch Circles: Consider a circle of | radius r to be drawn. Mark the of the circle, Draw horizontal and vertical lines through it Draw two diagonals of the circle, ting first - third and second - fourth quadrant (see Fig, 5.1 (a) With the judgment of eye, mark points on these lines ata distance r from the (see Fig. 5.1 (b)). * With eight points already marked on the paper, a circle which looks very much like a circle completed Erase all the radial lines. Draw the fair circle with a thin and black outline. Keep the (see Fig. 5.1 (c), (d)). Draw lines, mark points Draw light strokes Erase diagonals (a) (b) (c) Fig. 5.1: To Sketch a Circle 5.1.6 To Sketch an Arc The steps are shown in Fig.5.2 ‘the lines. Mark points Mark the contre. eee Draw the arc Dimension th . (c) 2 To Sketch an Arc Gigatech Publishing Igniting54 Froo Hand Sketches of Engineering Eloments actice of sketchin, ching lines, circles ticle, how to draw isometric Nr i ar ktching ome views can De ae cela inne vice low steps given in the article and sketeh an isometric: view. eter tice 10 5 to sketch isometric views of solved problems 1 to 40 from the chapter isometric views: __ ee face is a thread. The threaded rod is called sy has external threads. It engages ages in w corresponding threaded Tale inipwel #4 BIE nut has is. Fig. 5.3 shows various parts of a screw thread }-—ouseo0s P | Depth | Root or Gore Dia | A sore dre Slope —#E Crest ——+ Root - Pitch —=} "Effective Dia. T Nominal Dia. Fig. 5.3: Screw Thread and Bolt : sts together It is known asa fastener, Fig. 5.4 shows a nut and A pair of nut and bolt is used to join two pal Threads only at one end Fig. 5.4: Nut and Boltee ee Engineering Grephice . Free Hand Sketches of Engi 5.2.1. Forms of Screw Thread: There are two main forms o External Internal External Internal (a) Triangular or V Thread (b) Square Thread 5.2.2 Types of Triangular or V Threads: 1. Metric Thread:(GeRight Hand vara Fig. 5.15 : Right Hand and Left Hand Thread Generally, the threads are right hand threads. Nuts: A nut and bolt together form a screw pair. A screw pair is used to connect two parts. Nuts generally are al or square prisms (see Fig. 5.16). For hexagonal and square nuts Nominal diameter of bolt = D Thickness of nut, T= D Width of nut across flat surfaces, W = 1.5 D +3 mm V7 a (b) Square nutFree Hand Sketches of Engi Engineering Graphics 69 5.3.1 Special Purpose Nuts: 1 na TE % The front views of flanged nut, exp nut and dome nut are shown #9 FB sul (c) Dome nut (b) Gap nut (a) Flanged nut Fig. 5.17 : Nuts ywn in Fig. 5.18. ‘The two views of capstan nut, ring nut and wing nut are sho\ (b) Ring nutTY. Isometric Views of Nuts: “Only the isometric proj ‘Types of Nuts | bott (c) Wing nut Fig. 5.18 cetions of the special purpose nuts are given in table 1.2 able: 1.2 Description (i Carries a cap at the top. It protects the end of the ‘The holes drilled in the Capstan nut ean be used for tighteningEngineering Graphics Dome nut ] | ( 4 Carries a spherical dome at the top | phe flange provides larger 4. | Flanged nut e arin nut ae surface provides better grip 6. | Ring nut Ring nut acts as a locking nut | Wing nut The wing facilitates for easy operation 5.4 Bolts: Proce or oligars #8 iven below = 1, Hexagonal Headed Bolt : The dimensions are shown in Fig. 5.19.Threaded |__tength -| [FY] || 1.50 +3 | (LHsw.| (0) Square Headed Bolt Fig. 5.19 forthe following bolts, the isometric projectio js not shown. Projection and two orthographic projections are shown. The threaded —0.12D | | 0.80 gt | EY. Fig. 5.20 :Cylindrical headed bolt Fig. 5:21 : Cup Headed Bolt [ee aa EX square neck wy 522: T Headed Bolt5.4.1 Types of Bolts: i: For the sake of simplicity, only the isometric projections of various bolts are shown in table 1.3 Free Hand Sketches of Engineering aaa 0.120 Ey) Fig. 523 : Countersunk headed bolt Fig. 5.24 : Hook bolt Te) 2 Fig. 5.25 : Eye bolt Table No. ‘Types of Bolts Description 1. | Cup-headed bolt The bolt carries a snug. 2. | Cylindrical-headed bolt It can be accommodated in a comparatively smaller space Gigatech Publishing Igniting| bolt Hook bolt bolt | roo Hund Skotchos of Engineering Elements he hend does not project above the surface. The eye can be held to prevent rotation. The square neck prevents rotation of the bolt It does not have projection above the surface /As the name indicates, facilitates lifting of the komponent ‘commodated in T slots of the machine tables Gigatech Publishing House — lgniting Mindssas Froo Hand Sketches of E us of Engineer ne Engineering Graphics Fig. 5.26 (a) and (c) show studs with cylindrical and square necks. The stud in (d) h shows a stud connecting two par aj], m= ———] | S—- Cytindricall > Neck f \| Piain part Hf Y/ Y fil | BON Metal end Y/ aM Fig. 5.26 : Stud How is a bulb holder fitted on a wall? It is done by means of a screw. A screw is driven into a hole a screw driver. Untrained craftsman uses a hammer to drive a screw. Rather a nail should be driven by « not a screw. When used to connect two machine parts, a screw is not driven into a mere hole but a hole with th called a tapped hole. Set serew has threads throughout its length. The heads of set screws are of various forms (see Fig. $27) front views of heads of various types of set screws are shown in Fig. 5.27 1.8D_ 1 i ‘ Ee ey" S [ in| (Ld Cylindrical head CountersunkWW jaro head Square hes Fillistor head Grub screw (Does not have a head) Fig. 5.27 : Various forms of heads of Set Screws aris forms oF ends of et screws are shown in Fig, 5.28: (T A. ni Half dog CL) 6 Flat Oval Conical Fig, 5.28 : Various forms of ends of set screws Isometric Views of Set Screws: orihe sake of simplicity, only the isometric ions of set screws are given in table 1.4 projes Table : 1.4 Types of Set-screws Description ‘A countersunk head can be driven by a screw driver. | | | ‘A cylindrical head holds the screw driver neatly | Serew with a square head cannot be driven by & creyFree Hand Sketches of Eng Engineering Graphics on Ran |i A cup head holds the serew driver neatly. 2 Used for special applications. be used where a head cannot be accommod: Grub serew (Without head) 7. | Rounded It is also known as instrument screw. countersunk It can be driven by an allen key: Socket 5.7 Washers: ‘A washer is a ring placed between a nut and a bolt. It spreads the force of the nut over a greater area. 5.7.1 Types of Washers:58 y 5 xf Sketches of ie mee the nuts are tightened firmly y ly 10 the bolts, due to cS hey are 10 be locked $0 ay to shocks oll and vibrations in machines they may get ements FOr NUS: Only the top views ” getting loose. Fig.S.30 shows various locking Stop Plate S (b) Sawn Nut (c) Locking plate Fig. 5.30 : Locking Arrangement for Nuts of Locking Arrangement for Nut “the locking arrangements for nuts are shown in table 1.5. Isometric projections are used. Table: 1.5 “Locking Arrangement for Nuts Description Nut has a cylindrical grooved collar. A set screw enters the grove and prevents slackening of the nut.Engineering Graphics Free Hand Sketches of Engineering &1 5.19 Nut A is the lock nut. It is used a i air with an ordinary nut B. ‘Check-nut oe iS Use the nut. 3. | Locking pin ‘A Pin is used to lock the nut 4. | Locking by A grooved plate is used to hold the Grooved plate Cy ae 5. | Split-pin Spiit pin A hole is drilled in the bolt. The split Se pin is inserted in the hole 6. | Sawn nut or A slot is cut half way across the Wiles nut hexagonal nut. Further a cap s used.