MA 141-008 * Fall 2010 * 4.2, 4.

3 Denitions Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum A function f has an absolute maximum at c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D, where D is the domain of f . The number f (c) is called the maximum value of f on D. f has an absolute minimum at c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D and the number f (c) is called the minimum value of f on D. The maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme values of f . Local Maximum and Minimum A function f has a local (relative) maximum at c if f (c) f (x) when x is near c (on both sides of c). A function f has a local (relative) minimum at c if f (c) f (x) when x is near c (on both sides of c). A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either f (c) = 0 or f (c) does not exist. Concavity f is called concave upward on an interval I if f is an increasing function on I. f is called concave downward on an interval I if f is an decreasing function on I. A point where a curve changes its direction of concavity is called an inection point. Theorems The Extreme Value Theorem: If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains an absolute maximum value f (c) and an absolute minimum value f (d) at some numbers c and d in [a, b]. Fermats Theorem: If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f (c) exists, then f (c) = 0. If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, then c is a critical number of f . The Mean Value Theorem: If f is a dierentiable function on the interval [a, b], then there exists a number c between a and b such that f (c) = f (b)f (a) or f (b) f (a) = f (c)(b a). ba 1

Tests Increasing/Decreasing Test If f (x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval. If f (x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval. The First Derivative Test: Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f If f changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum at c. If f changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum at c. If f does not change sign at c then f has no local maximum or minimum at c. Concavity Test If f (x) > 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave upward on I. If f (x) < 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave downward on I. The Second Derivative Test: Suppose f is continuous near c If f (c) = 0 and f (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c. If f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.