MET 458

ADVANCED ENERGY
ENGINEEING
JOHN PAUL C D
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INTRODUCTION

Energy consumption of a nation nowadays is usually considered as an 6

index of its development

DID YOU KNOW?!
About 24 percent of the energy consumed globally, is
used for transportation, 40 percent for industries, 30
percent for domestic and commercial purposes, and
the rest 6 percent for other uses including
agriculture.

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• Industrialized nations, with only 25 percent of global
population, account for 70 percent of the commercial energy
consumption.

• India, with 16 percent of world’s population, accounts for just

3 percent of the total energy consumption.

• For a 100 units consumed by an American citizen for

transportation, a Japanese consumes 30 units and an Indian
consumes only 2 units. The case is more or less similar with
other developmental activities
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CONVENTIONAL & NON-
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

▪ Sources of energy which have been in use for a long time, e.g., coal,
petroleum, natural gas and water power.

▪ Exhaustible except water.

▪ Cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash.

▪ Very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they

are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines.

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NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

▪ Resources that are yet in the process of development over the

past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass,
geothermal.

▪ Inexhaustible.

▪ Generally pollution free.

▪ Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain.

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ENERGY SOURCES

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GLOBAL PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

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ERERGY RESOURCES INDIA

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AVAILABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

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WORLD’S ENERGY SCENARIO
• World population expected to grow to 8.5 billion in 2030

• will require 90 billion bpd of oil, 7B.tons of coal/yr, 40

Trillion cu.m/yr of NG

• 50% of this energy will be required in the developing world

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Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2019 Reference case 20
INDIA’S ENERGY SCENARIO
• 16% of world population with 0.6% of oil & 6% of coal
resources.

• In 2000-01, energy shortage - 7.8%, peak load shortage -

13%.

• Per capita energy consumption is far less compared to

global standards

• By 2025, India will be the most populous country in the

world.
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Business Standard, Wednesday, February 1, 2023

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 ▪
“
Industrial facility which utilizes an available
source of energy and converts it into
electricity.

Source of energy
▪ Chemical energy
▪ Energy stored in water at high elevations
▪ Wind energy(K.E available from the wind)
▪ Solar energy(thermal energy from solar rays)
▪ Tidal and wave energy(energy of ocean tides
and waves)
▪ Geothermal energy(energy reservoir below
earth’s surface) 24
 STEAM POWER PLANT

A steam-electric power station

is a power station in which the
electric generator is steam-
driven. Water is heated, turns
into steam and spins a steam
turbine which drives an
electrical generator.

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Essentials of Steam Power Plant Equipment
(a) A furnace to burn the fuel.

(b) Steam generator or boiler containing water. The heat

generated in the furnace is utilized to convert water into
steam.

(c) Main power unit such as an engine or turbine to use

the heat energy of steam and perform work.

(d) Piping system to convey steam and water. 26

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A thermal power plant consists of the following four main
circuits :

(a) Feed water and steam flow circuit.

(b) Coal and ash circuit.

(c) Air and gas circuits.

(d) Cooling water circuit.

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Different types of systems and components used in
steam power plant are as follows :

(a) High-pressure boiler

(b) Prime mover
(c) Condensers and cooling towers
(d) Coal handling system
(e) Ash and dust handling system
(f) Draught system
(g) Feed water purification plant
(h) Pumping system
(i) Air preheater, economizer, super-heater, feed heaters. 29
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▪ Air taken from the atmosphere is first passed through the air
pre-heater, where it is heated by flue gases.

▪ Hot air then passes through the furnace.

▪ Flue gases after passing over the boiler and superheater tubes,
flow through the dust collector and then through the
economizer, and air pre-heater and finally they are exhausted
to the atmosphere through the chimney.

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Arrangement
Mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that
transforms thermal energy (from the combustion of
fuel) into rotational energy

Heat (generated in the furnace) is transmitted to

the boiler where water, forced into the boiler by the
feed pump, is converted into steam

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SELECTION OF SITE FOR STEAM POWER PLANT

1. The site should be near the coal site as possible.

2. The site should have a sufficient supply of
cooling water or be near the canal.
3. The land should be of low cost.
4. The site should be away from populated areas.

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Efficiency of a steam turbine is limited by the
maximum temperature of the steam produced and
is not directly a function of the fuel used (for the
same steam conditions, coal, nuclear, and gas
power plants all have the same theoretical
efficiency)

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Advantages of Steam Power Plant
▪ Low noise
▪ Low weight
▪ Little or no vibration
▪ Relatively easy and simple plant maintenance and handling
▪ Any suitable form of energy that can be used to make steam

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Disadvantages of Steam Power Plant
▪ Higher specific fuel consumption
▪ Less efficient than reciprocating engines (at idle speeds)

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Comparison with diesel engine
Diesel Engines
▫ most efficient prime mover
▫ lower fuel consumption
▫ more expensive to build and
maintain
▫ more noise and vibration
▫ heavier
Steam propulsion
▪ less efficient than reciprocating
engines (at idle speeds)
▪ higher specific fuel consumption
▪ relatively easy and simple plant
maintenance and handling
▪ low noise
▪ little or no vibration
▪ low weight
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Powerplant Economics

𝐼+𝐷+𝑇
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶 + (𝑊 + 𝑅 + 𝑀)+ 𝐶𝐹
100

I= Interest %
D= Depreciation %
T= Taxes & insurance %
𝐶𝐶 = Construcion cost
W= Wages & salaries
R= Repairs
M= Miscellaneous
𝐶𝐹 = Fuel cost
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 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝐿𝑎𝑢𝑥
= 𝑘𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 ×8760× 1 − 100
×𝑛

𝑘𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = The rated (installed) output of generators

𝐿𝑎𝑢𝑥 = Power consumption by auxiliaries %

8760= 24x 365

n= Plant capacity factor

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 HYDRO POWER PLANT

A hydropower station is a power

station in which the electric
generator is driven by a
hydraulic turbine. This is
achieved by converting the
gravitational potential or kinetic
energy of a water source to
produce power
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• Turbines convert Hydraulic energy into Mechanical energy
and it is converted to Electrical energy by Generator.
• Hydraulic energy is available in form of Potential Energy at
heights.
• It is available as Pressure energy at bottom of the penstock.
The fluid also possesses Kinetic Energy due to the velocity
of flow.
• The Kinetic energy & Pressure energy in the moving water is
converted into Mechanical energy by a water turbine.
• The spinning water turbine drives a generator that turns the
mechanical energy into electrical energy
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SELECTION OF SITE FOR HYDRO –ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT

The following are the main factors for the selection of a site :
▪ The plants should be installed where an adequate quantity
of water is available.
▪ The reservoir should have a huge capacity and a large
catchment area.
▪ Water collected behind the dam has sufficient head to
deliver more potential energy.
▪ Land should be strong to withstand the weight of the dam.
▪ Transportation facilities are available. 46
Hydropower supplies one-sixth of the world's electricity,
almost 4500 TWh in 2020
The essential elements of hydraulic power plants:
• Storage reservoir
• Dam
• Spillway
• Penstock
• Trash rack
• Surge tank
• Power House
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• Water turbines
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A surge tank (or surge chamber) is a device introduced within a
hydropower water conveyance system having a rather long
pressure conduit to absorb the excess pressure rise in case of
sudden valve closure. It also acts as small storage from which
water may be supplied in case of a sudden valve opening of the 49
turbine
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Storage reservoir – to store the water during the rainy season and
supply the same during summer when the runoff is low
Dam- create an artificial reservoir and provide the required head
Spillway – water reaching a certain level in the reservoir overflows
through the spillway
Penstock – pipe carrying water from the surge tank to the turbine
Trash rack-prevents the flow of debris, sand, and fish into the
turbines
Surge tank-small reservoir in which the water level falls or rises to
reduce pressure swings in the penstock
Powerhouse- accommodates prime mover, generator, accessories,
and control room
Water turbines- convert potential energy into mechanical energy
COMPONENTS 51
Classification

JOHN PAUL C D, RSET 52

Classification of the hydro station

On the basis of the operating head, hydroelectric

power stations may be classified as :
1. Low-head power stations
2. Medium head power stations
3. High head power stations
Below the 60-meter head is considered a low head,
between 60 to 300 meters the head is medium and
above the 300-meter head is considered as a high
head power plant 53
 Low head power station
The dam is constructed across the river. As the head is low, a large quantity of
water is required for specific power output, therefore penstock is of large diameter
and short in length. JOHN PAUL C D, RSET 54
 Medium head power station
Depending upon the head, these power stations are either high head or low
head power stations.
JOHN PAUL C D, RSET 55
 High-head power station
Since the head is quite high, a small quantity of water is required for
specific power output. Thus penstock of small diameter and longer
lengths are required. JOHN PAUL C D, RSET 56
Classification of the hydro station

On the basis of the nature of the load, hydroelectric

power stations may be classified as :
• Base load plant
• Peak load plant

On the basis of the quantity of water available,

hydroelectric power stations may be classified as :
• Runoff river plant without pondage
• Run off river plant with pondage
• Pumped storage plants 57
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Classification of the hydro station

On the basis of the power developed, hydroelectric

power stations may be classified as :
• Large Hydro ( more than 10 GW)
• Medium Hydro( up to10 GW)
• Small Hydro (up to25 MW)
• Mini Hydro (up to 2MW)
• Micro Hydro (up to 100 kW)
• Pico Hydro (under 5 kW)
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Advantages of Hydro-Electric Power Station
Due to limited reserves of fuels and increasing demand for electrical
power, hydroelectric power stations are becoming more and more popular.
Advantages: The following are the main advantages:
1. As no fuel is used, so no charge for transportation.
2. Operating cost is low because only operators are required.
3. Low maintenance cost
4. As these are in hilly areas so the cost of land is small.
5. The efficiency is high approximately 80 to 90 %.
6. It is very neat and clean as there is no smoke, ash, or dust.
7. It can be put into service instantly.
8. The plant has a long life.
9. The plant has a constant frequency.
10. These plants are flood controlled and used for irrigation purposes. 60
Disadvantages of Hydro-Electric Power Station

1. The capital cost is high.

2. As it is built in hilly areas, the cost of transmission power is high.
3. The power generation depends on nature and in the dry season the
generation of power reduces.
4. It requires a large area for a reservoir and dam.
5. It takes a long time for an erection.

Erection is the process of collecting all components and equipment needed for the construction
of the plant as per the engineering design recommendations. The erection includes the process
of paving ways, constructing the main structure, setting equipment and machinery, and aligning
it properly

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

▪ A power station in which

nuclear energy is used to
produce electrical energy is
called a nuclear power
station.
▪ It is interesting to know that
1 kg of nuclear fuel produces
the same amount of heat
that is produced by 2700
tons of coal. 62
 WORKING

▪ It is basically a steam power station in which

the steam boiler is replaced by a nuclear
reactor. A reactor is part of the plant in which
the chain reaction of nuclear fission is
controlled. The heat produced converts
water into steam and rotates the turbine.
Steam after given heat is condensed and
again feed.
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A boiling water reactor uses demineralized water as a coolant and
neutron moderator. Heat is produced by nuclear fission in the reactor
core, and this causes the cooling water to boil, producing steam. The
steam is directly used to drive a turbine, after which it is cooled in a
condenser and converted back to liquid water. This water is then
returned to the reactor core, completing the loop.

The cooling water is maintained at about 75 atm (7.6 MPa, 1000–1100 psi)
so that it boils in the core at about 285 °C (550 °F).

In comparison, there is no significant boiling allowed in a pressurized

water reactor (PWR) because of the high pressure maintained in its
primary loop—approximately 158 atm (16 MPa, 2300 psi)
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BOILING WATER REACTOR

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PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR

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 NUCLEAR REACTOR

▪ It is a nuclear furnace for carrying

out controlled fission of
radioactive material like Uranium-
235.
▪ It provides neutrons with
sufficient energy so that it is
absorbed by the nuclei and causes
fission.
▪ It also controls the chain process. 68
Advantages of Nuclear Power Plants

1. Amount of fuel requires is very small thus

transportation cost reduces.
2. It requires less space.
3. The running cost is very low so it most
economical.

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Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plants

1. The danger of radioactivity is always there.

2. Initial cost is high.
3. Maintenance cost is more.
4. More time is required for installation.

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IPHWR: Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor
VVER:water-water energetic reactor (WWER)
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

A gas turbine is a combustion

engine at the heart of a power
plant that can convert natural
gas or other liquid fuels to
mechanical energy. This energy
then drives a generator that
produces the electrical energy
that moves along power lines
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SELECTION OF SITE FOR GAS POWER PLANT

1. Availability of fuels: The fuels should be easily available at

reasonably cheaper rates.
2. Transportation: Transportation facility is available.
3. Distance from the load center: To minimize losses and
transmission line costs, the station shall be located near the load
center.
4. Availability of good quality land: Land must be capable of
withstanding station load vibrations transmitted to foundations. It
should be cheaper in cost to have a low capital cost.
5. Pollution: The station is polluted by gas outlets, and noise, so the 73
station should be away from the populated area.
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Primary sections of the gas turbine- compressor, combustion
chamber, and turbine

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Air Compressor

• Air compressor and turbine are mounted at either end on a

common shaft, with the combustion chamber between them.
• Gas turbines are not self-starting. A starting motor is used.
• Air compressor sucks in air and compresses it, thereby increasing
its pressure.

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Combustion chamber

• In the combustion chamber, the compressed air combines

with the fuel, and the resulting mixture is burnt.
• The greater the pressure of air, the better the fuel-air mixture
burns.
• Modern gas turbines usually use liquid fuel, but they may also
use gaseous fuel, natural gas, or gas produced artificially by
the gasification of solid fuel.

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Turbine

• Hot gases move through a multistage gas turbine.

• Like in a steam turbine, the gas turbine also has stationary
and moving blades.
• The stationary blades guide the moving gases to the rotor
blades and adjust their velocity.
• The shaft of the turbine is coupled to a generator.

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OPEN-CYCLE GAS TURBINE

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CLOSED-CYCLE
GAS TURBINE

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COMBINED-CYCLE GAS TURBINE

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HRSG: Heat Recovery Steam Generators

Advantages of Gas turbine power plant
1. Storage of fuel requires less area and handling is easy.
2. The cost of maintenance is less.
3. It is simple in construction. There is no need for a boiler,
condenser, and other accessories as in the case of steam
power plants.
4. Cheaper fuels such as kerosene, paraffin, benzene, and
powdered coal can be used which are cheaper than petrol
and diesel.
5. Gas turbine plants can be used in water scarcity areas.
6. Less pollution and less water are required.
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Disadvantages of Gas turbine power plant
1. Problem of starting. The compressor needs to be
operating thus an external source of power is necessary.
2. Net output is low since greater power is used to drive the
compressor.
3. Overall efficiency of the plant is low ≈ as 20% because exhaust
gases still contain heat. only efficient in a Combined cycle
configuration.
4. Temperature of the combustion chamber is too high thus
resulting in a lower life.

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 DIESEL POWER PLANT

An electric power generating

station in which the chemical
energy of diesel is converted into
electrical energy is known as a
diesel power plant. In other words,
the diesel power plant is a power
generating plant in which a diesel
engine is used as the prime mover
for the generation of electrical
energy
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SELECTION OF SITE FOR DIESEL POWER PLANT

1. Distance from load centre: As far as possible the plant should be installed near the
load centre; if possible exactly at the load centre.
2. Availability of land and water: Land should be available near the load centre at a low
cost and also there should be soft water available for cooling purposes.
3. Foundations: The soil should be such to provide a good foundation for the plant,
building etc. Otherwise, it will produce cracks in the building and damage to the
foundation due to machine vibrations.
4. Transport of fuel: If the plant is away from fuel mines, it will need transportation of
fuel, hence there shall be a necessary rail track available for transportation of fuel oil.
5. Local conditions: Local conditions shall be such that there shall be the possibility of
expansion of Industry in nearby areas and an increase in load demand be possible.
6. Neighborhood noise and nuisance: The plant site should be so selected that it is not
near to the locality having a dense population to avoid nuisance and trouble of noise 85
to them.
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Advantages of Diesel power plant
1. The construction of a diesel power plant is simple.
2. The diesel power plant can be easily installed at any place where
the demand for power is very less.
3. The time required to start and stop this power plant is very
minimum.
4. The maintenance cost is minimal as compared to the thermal and
steam power plants.
5. It requires a minimum quantity of water which is essential for
cooling purposes.
6. For the installation of the power plant, the area that is required is
very less.
7. This plant does not require more labors or workers under
operation conditions.
8. The diesel power plant has more thermal efficiency as compared 87
to the steam power plant
Disadvantages of Diesel power plant
1. The running cost of diesel l power plants is high because
diesel fuel is more expensive.
2. It is not much comfortable under the overload condition
and long duration.
3. This plant has limited power generation and storage
capacity than thermal and hydroelectric power plants.
4. The maintenance charge and lubrication costs are very
high.
5. This diesel power plant produces limited amount of
electricity (approximately 50MW).
6. The life span of diesel energy is relatively short. 88
THANK YOU

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