EDUC 608 - COMMUNICATIONS IN EDUCATION

( DOMINGGA AGHON)
1. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, DIRECTIONS OF COMMUNICATION, TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION

Communication networks refer to the patterns of communication that exist within an organization.
Communication networks can be classified into different types, including formal and informal
communication networks.

Formal communication networks are established by the organization and include official channels of
communication, such as memos, emails, and meetings. Informal communication networks, on the other
hand, are established by individuals within the organization and include unofficial channels of
communication, such as gossip, rumors, and social interactions.

Directions of communication can also be classified into different types, including downward
communication, upward communication, horizontal communication, and diagonal communication.
Downward communication refers to the flow of information from higher levels of the organization to lower
levels. Upward communication refers to the flow of information from lower levels of the organization to
higher levels. Horizontal communication refers to the flow of information between individuals at the same
level of the organization. Diagonal communication refers to the flow of information between individuals at
different levels and in different departments of the organization.

Types of communication can be classified into different categories, including verbal and non-verbal
communication, written and oral communication, and formal and informal communication. Verbal
communication involves the use of words to convey meaning, while non-verbal communication involves the
use of body language, gestures, and facial expressions to convey meaning. Written communication involves
the use of written words to convey meaning, while oral communication involves the use of spoken words to
convey meaning. Formal communication is official and follows established channels of communication,
while informal communication is unofficial and may occur outside of established channels.

2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION, DIRECTIONS OF

COMMUNICATION, BARRIERS AND GATEAWAYS TO COMMUNCATION

Oral and written communication are two different forms of communication with unique characteristics.

Here are some differences between oral and written communication:

- Oral communication is spoken while written communication is written down.
- Oral communication is usually more informal and interactive while written communication is usually more
formal and one-way.
- Oral communication allows for immediate feedback and clarification while written communication does
not.
- Oral communication is often more spontaneous and can involve nonverbal cues while written
communication is more deliberate and relies solely on written words.
- Oral communication is often more time-sensitive while written communication can be edited and revised
before being shared.

Directions of communication:
- Communication can occur in different directions, including downward (from superiors to subordinates),
upward (from subordinates to superiors), horizontal (between peers), and diagonal (across different levels
and departments).

Barriers to communication:
- There are many barriers that can interfere with effective communication, including physical barriers (e.g.
noise, distance), psychological barriers (e.g. biases, emotions), semantic barriers (e.g. language differences),
and organizational barriers (e.g. hierarchical structures, lack of resources).

Gateways to communication:
- Gateways are strategies or tools that can help overcome communication barriers and facilitate effective
communication.
Examples include active listening, feedback, clarification, nonverbal cues, and technology.

3. STAGES OF WRITING, PURPOSE OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION IN PROFESSIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

The stages of writing include prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Prewriting
involves brainstorming ideas and organizing them into an outline. Drafting involves writing a first draft of
the document. Revising involves reviewing the draft and making changes to improve the content and
organization. Editing involves reviewing the document for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Publishing involves sharing the final document with the intended audience.

The purpose of written communication in a professional environment is to convey information

clearly and effectively. Written communication can be used to inform, persuade, or instruct others. It can be
used to convey ideas, proposals, reports, or other types of information that are important for decision-
making or other business activities. Effective written communication is essential in a professional
environment as it can help to ensure that information is communicated accurately and efficiently, which can
lead to better decision-making and improved organizational performance.

4. DISCUSS BRIEFLY TYPES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION, REPORT WRITING,

PROPOSALS, CIRCULARS, MEMOS, AND NOTING. AGENDAS, MINUTES, AND DRAFTING

Types of written communication in a professional environment include reports, proposals, circulars,

memos, and noting.

Report writing involves presenting information and findings on a specific topic. Reports can be used
to inform decision-making, evaluate performance, or provide recommendations.
Proposals are written documents that outline a plan or idea and make a case for its implementation.
Proposals can be used to request funding, propose a new project or initiative, or make changes to existing
policies or procedures.

Circulars are written communications that are distributed to a large number of people within an
organization. They are used to convey important information, such as changes in policy or procedure,
upcoming events, or other news.

Memos are written communications that are typically used for internal communication within an
organization. Memos are short and to the point and are often used to convey information quickly and
efficiently.

Noting involves taking notes during meetings or other discussions. Noting is important as it allows
individuals to capture important information and ideas that can be used later for reference or to inform
decision-making.

Agendas and minutes are also important types of written communication. Agendas outline the topics
to be discussed during a meeting, while minutes document the discussion and decisions made during the
meeting.
 Drafting is the process of writing a first version of a document. Effective drafting involves
organizing ideas and information into a clear and coherent structure and using language that is appropriate
for the intended audience.

5. WRITING LETTERS, BUSINESS LETTERS, FORMATS, TYPES OF LETTERS, TELEX

MESSAGES, EMAIL COMMUNICATION, COMMUNICATION THRU INTERNET

Writing letters is a formal way of communicating with someone. Business letters are a type of letter
used in a professional setting to convey important information or to request something from another person
or organization. There are different formats for business letters, but they typically include a heading, date,
recipient's address, salutation, body, closing, and signature.

There are several types of letters, including inquiry letters, cover letters, complaint letters, and thank-
you letters. Each type is used for a specific purpose and follows a particular format.

Telex messages were a popular way of sending short messages between businesses in the past. They
were sent through a telex machine and were similar to telegrams.

Email communication has become the most popular way of communicating in the business world. It
is fast, efficient, and allows for easy sharing of documents and other files. Emails can be sent from anywhere
in the world and can be accessed on multiple devices.

Communication through the internet has become increasingly popular due to the rise of social media
platforms and messaging apps. It allows people to communicate with others from all over the world in real-
time.

5. LISTENING, DEFINITION, TYPES AND LEVELS OF LISTENING, KEYS TO EFFECTIVE

LISTENING

Listening is the process of receiving, interpreting, and understanding auditory stimuli. It is an

essential communication skill that enables individuals to understand and respond appropriately to the
messages they receive.

There are different types of listening, including active listening, passive listening, critical listening,
and empathic listening. Active listening involves paying attention to the speaker and providing feedback to
show understanding. Passive listening involves simply hearing the words without actively engaging with the
speaker. Critical listening involves evaluating the message for accuracy and relevance. Empathic listening
involves trying to understand the speaker's emotions and perspective.

Listening can also be categorized into different levels, including surface listening, meaning-focused
listening, and empathic listening. Surface listening involves hearing only the words spoken. Meaning-
focused listening involves understanding the meaning behind the words. Empathic listening involves
understanding the speaker's emotions and perspective.

Keys to effective listening include paying attention to the speaker, avoiding distractions, asking
questions to clarify understanding, providing feedback to show understanding, and avoiding interrupting the
speaker. Effective listening requires concentration and an open mind, as well as a willingness to listen
actively and respond appropriately.

7. EFFECTIVE SPEAKING, ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD SPEAKER, APPEARANCE AND

BODILY ACTIONS, USE OF VOICE, USE OF VISUAL AIDS

Effective speaking is the ability to communicate a message clearly and persuasively to an audience.
A good speaker possesses several essential qualities, including confidence, clarity, enthusiasm, knowledge,
and sincerity. A good speaker is also able to engage the audience and adapt their message to the audience's
needs and interests.

Appearance and bodily actions are also important aspects of effective speaking. A good speaker
should dress appropriately for the occasion and use appropriate body language to convey their message. This
includes maintaining eye contact with the audience, using appropriate hand gestures, and avoiding
distracting movements or habits.

The use of voice is also critical in effective speaking. A good speaker should use a clear and audible
voice, vary their tone and pitch to convey emotion, and speak at an appropriate pace. They should also use
pauses effectively to emphasize key points and allow the audience to absorb the message.

Visual aids can also be used to enhance the effectiveness of a speech. These can include slides,
charts, graphs, or other visual aids that help to illustrate key points or provide additional information. A good
speaker should use visual aids sparingly and ensure that they are clear, easy to understand, and relevant to
the message being conveyed.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION KINESICS, PROXEMICS, TIME

LANGUAGE & PHYSICAL CONTEXT

Non-verbal communication refers to the use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other
non-verbal cues to communicate meaning. Non-verbal communication can be classified into different
categories, including kinesics, proxemics, time language, and physical context.

Kinesics refers to the study of body language and includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact,
and posture. Kinesics is an essential aspect of non-verbal communication as it can convey emotions,
attitudes, and intentions.

Proxemics refers to the use of physical space to communicate meaning. This includes the distance
between individuals when communicating, the use of personal space, and the use of territorial space to
convey dominance or control.

Time language refers to the use of time to communicate meaning. This includes the use of time in
scheduling meetings or appointments, punctuality, and the use of time-related expressions to convey urgency
or importance.

Physical context refers to the use of physical surroundings to communicate meaning. This includes
the use of color, lighting, and other environmental factors to convey mood or emotion.

Understanding non-verbal communication is essential in effective communication as it can convey

meaning beyond what is said verbally. By paying attention to non-verbal cues, individuals can gain a deeper
understanding of the message being conveyed and respond appropriately.