Electrical Power System Operation

Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units

Week #4
Referensi
• Buku Power Generation, Operation, and Control oleh Allen J. Wood
The Economic Dispatch Problem
• Consider a system that consists of N
thermal-generating units serving an
aggregated electrical load, Pload
o input to each unit: cost rate of fuel
consumed, Fi
o output of each unit: electrical
power generated, Pi
o total cost rate, FT, is the sum of the
individual unit costs
o essential constraint: the sum of
the output powers must equal the
load demand
o the problem is to minimize FT
The Economic Dispatch Problem
• The mathematical statement of the problem is a constrained
oOptimization with the following functions:
N

oObjective function: Fγ = ∑ Fi ( Pi )
i =1

oEquality constraint: ∑ i=1 Pi

N
φ= 0= P load −

note that any transmission losses are neglected and any operating limits
are not explicitly stated when formulating this problem
• Problem may be solved using the Lagrange function

( )
N
L = Fγ + λφ = ∑ Fi ( Pi ) + λ Pload − ∑ i =1 Pi
N

i =1
The Economic Dispatch Problem
Principles
• The Lagrange function establishes the necessary conditions for finding an
extrema of an objective function with constraints
• Taking the first derivatives of the Lagrange function with respect to the
independent variables allows us to find the extreme value when the derivatives
are set to zero
o There are NF + Nλ derivatives, one for each independent variable and one for
each equality constraint
o The derivatives of the Lagrange function with respect to the Lagrange
multiplier λ merely gives back the constraint equation
o The NF partial derivatives result in:
∂L dFi ( Pi )
= = −λ 0
∂Pi dPi
The Economic Dispatch Problem
Example
• Determine the economic operating point for the three generating
units when delivering a total of 850 MW
o Input-output curves
• Unit 1: coal-fired steam unit : H1 =510 + 7.2 P1 + 0.00142 P12
• Unit 2 : oil-fired steam unit : 310 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194 P22
H2 =
• Unit 3 : oil-fires steam unit : 78 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482 P32
H3 =
o Fuel costs
• Coal :$ 3.30 / MBtu
• Oil :$ 3.00 / MBtu
o The individual unit cost rate functions
Fi ( Pi ) = 1683 + 23.76 P1 + 0.004686 P12
Fi ( H i ) *3.3 =
Fi ( Pi ) = 930 23.55 P1 + 0.00582 P12
Fi ( H i ) *3.0 =+
Fi ( Pi ) = 234 + 23.70 P1 + 0.01446 P12
Fi ( H i ) *3.0 =
The Economic Dispatch
Example dF1
dP1
23.76 + 0.009372 P1
= λ
=

The conditions for an optimal dF3

dP3
23.70 + 0.02892 P3
= λ
=

dispatch dF2
λ
23.55 + 0.01164 P2 =
=
dP2

λ − 23.76 λ − 23.55 λ − 23.70

+ + 850
=
0.009372 0.01164 0.02892
1. Solving for λ yields λ = 27.41

(27.41 − 23.76)
=P1 = 389.8
0.009372
(27.41 − 23.55)
2. Then solving for the =P2 = 331.8
0.01164
generator power values
(27.41 − 23.70)
=P3 = 128.4
0.02892
The Economic Dispatch Problem
In addition to the cost function and the equality constraint
• Each generation unit must satisfy two inequalities
o The power output must be greater than or equal to the minimum
o Power permitted:
 Minimum heat generation for stable fuel burning and temperature
 The power output must be less than or equal to the maximum
o Power permitted:
 Maximum shaft torque without permanent deformation
 Maximum stator currents without overheating the conductor
• Then the necessary conditions are expanded slightly
dFi dFi dFi
= λ ∀Pi : Pi ,min ≤ Pi ≤ Pi ,max dP ≥ λ ∀Pi =
Pi ,max ≤λ ∀Pi =
Pi ,min
dPi i dPi
The Economic Dispatch Problem
Example
• Reconsider the previous example with the following generator
• Limits and the price of coal decreased to $2.90 / MBtu
 Generator limits
Unit 1 : 150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600 MW
Unit 2 : 150 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW
Unit 3 : 150 ≤ P3 ≤ 200 MW
 New fuel cost rate function for unit 1:
F1 ( P1 ) = 1377 + 19.44 P1 + 0.003834 P12
H1 ( P1 ) * 2.7 =

 Solving for λ yields λ − 19.44 + λ − 23.55 + λ − 23.70 =

850
0.007668 0.01164 0.02892
=P1 701.9,
= P2 109.3,
= P3 38.8,
= λ 24.82
The Economic Dispatch Problem
Example (Cont’d)
• This solution meets the constraint of generation meeting the 850
MW load demand, but units 1 and 3 are not within limit
 Let unit 1 be set to its maximum output and unit 3 to its minimum output.
The dispatch becomes:
=P1 600
= MW , P2 200
= MW , P3 50 MW ,
 Hence, λ must equal the incremental cost of unit 2 since it is the only unit not at
either limit dF
λ=
2
23.55 + 0.01164(200) =
= 25.88
dP2
 Next compute the incremental costs for units 1 and 3
dF3 dF1
λ= = 23.7 + 0.02892(50) = 25.15 λ = = 19.44 + 0.007668(600) =
24.04
dP3 dP1
The Economic Dispacth Problem
Example (Cont’d)
Note that the incremental cost for unit 1 is less than λ indicating that it is
at its maximum
However, the incremental cost for unit 3 is not greater than λ so it should
not be forced to its minimum
 Rework with units 2 and 3 incremental cost equal to λ
λ − 23.55 λ − 23.70
+ = 850 − P1 = 250
0.01164 0.02892
λ = 25.67
=P1 600,
= P2 182,
= P3 68

 Note that this dispatch meets the necessary conditions

 Incremental cost of electricity = 2.569 cents / kilowatt-hour
Network Losses
Consider a similar system, which
now has a transmission network
that connects the generating units
to the load
• The Economic Dispatch Problem is
slightly more complicated
• The constraint equation must include
the network losses, Ploss
• The objective function, FT is the same
as before
• The constraint equation must be
expanded as: N
φ =0 =P1 + P1 − ∑ Pi
i =1
 Network Losses
• The same math procedure is followed to establish the necessary
conditions for a minimum-cost operating solution
 Lagrange function and its derivatives w.r.t. the input power:
N
 N

L = Fγ + λφ = ∑ Fi ( Pi ) + λ  Pload + Pload − ∑ Pi 
=i 1 =  i 1 

∂y dFi  ∂Ploss  dFi ∂Ploss

= − λ 1 − 0
 =→ −λ =λ
∂x dPi  ∂Pi  dPi ∂Pi

 The transmission network loss is a function of the impedances and the

currents flowing in the network
 for convenience, the currents may be considered functions of the input and load powers
 It is more difficult to solve this set of equations
Network Losses
Example
• Repeat the first example, but include a simplified loss expression for the transmission network
Ploss = 0.00003P12 + 0.00009 P22 + 0.00012 P32
• The incremental cost functions and the constraint function are formed as:
dFi  ∂P 
= λ 1 − loss 
dPi  ∂Pi 
dFi
λ[1 − 2(0.00003) P1 ]
23.76 + 0.009372 P1 =
=
dPi
dFi
λ[1 − 2(0.00009) P2 ]
23.55 + 0.01164 P2 =
=
dPi
dFi
λ[1 − 2(0.00012) P3 ]
23.70 + 0.02892 P3 =
=
dPi
P1 + P2 + P3 − 850 = Ploss = 0.00003P12 + 0.00009 P22 + 0.00012 P32

• This is no longer a set of linear equations as before

 Network Losses
Example (Cont’d)
• A new iterative solution procedure

• Pick generation values

=P1 400
= MW , P2 300
= MW , P3 150 MW ,
• Find the incremental losses
∂Ploss
= 2(0.00003)(400)
= 0.0240
∂Pi
∂Ploss
= 2(0.00009)(300)
= 0.0540
∂Pi
∂Ploss
= 2(0.00012)(150)
= 0.0360
∂Pi
Network Losses
Example (Cont’d)
• Total losses
Ploss = 3*10−5 (400) 2 + 9*10−5 (300) 2 + 12*10−5 (150) 2 = 15.6 MW
• Solve for λ
λ (1 − 0.024)
23.76 + 0.009372 P1 =
λ (1 − 0.054)
23.55 + 0.01164 P2 =
λ (1 − 0.036)
23.70 + 0.02892 P3 =
P1 + P2 + P3 − (850 + 15.6) =
0
• In matrix form
 −0.009372 0 0 0.976 
 P1   23.76 
  
  23.55
 0 −0.01164 0 0.946=
P2   
=
 0 0  P3 
−0.02892 0.964   23.70 
  
  
 1 1 1 0 λ 
  865.6 
=P1 437.20,
= P2 296.49,
= 131.91, λ 28.54
P3 =
Network Losses
Example
• Since the values of P1, P2, and P3 are quite different from the starting values, we return to step 2
 Find the incremental losses and total losses
∂Ploss
= 2(0.00003)(437.2)
= 0.0262
∂Pi
∂Ploss
= 2(0.00009)(296.5)
= 0.0534
∂Pi
∂Ploss
= 2(0.00012)(131.9)
= 0.0317
∂Pi
Ploss = 3*10−5 (437.2) 2 + 9*10−5 (296.5) 2 + 12*10−5 (131.9) 2 = 15.73MW
 Solve for λ in matrix form
 −0.009372 0 0 0.9738  P1   23.76 
  
 0 −0.01164 0 0.9466  =P2 
 
 23.55 
=
 0 0 −0.02892 0.9683  P3   23.70 
     
 1 1 1 0  λ  865.73
=P1 431.03,
= P2 298.38,
= P3 136.33,
= λ 28.55
Network Losses
Example (Cont’d)
• Summarization of the iteration process