N THERMAL UNITS

SERVING LOAD
THROUGH
TRANSMISSION NETWORK

NETWORK LOSSES CONSIDERED

F1 P1
Transmission
Network
With
F2 P2 Losses
Ploss
Pload

FN PN
 Problem Formulation :
The objective function, FT ,, is equal to the total cost
for supplying the indicated load.

The problem is to minimize FT (total cost) subject to

the constraint that the sum of the powers generated
must equal the received load.
Objektive function : FT = F1 + F2 + F3 + ........... + FN
N
=  F (P )
i =1
i i

N
Constraint equation :  = 0 = Pload − P
i =1
i → NO LOSSES

NETWORK LOSSES CONSIDERED → the constraint is espanded

The constraint equation is expanded :
N N
 = Pload + PPload +1 ,PP
loss ( P  PN ) −P
2 ...−
loss
i =1
 =0
i =Pi
i =1

Ploss is a function of Pi

LAGRANGE function :

L = FT + 
The necessary conditions for an extreme value of the
objective function :
L dFi Ploss
= −  (1 − )=0
Pi dPi Pi
COORDINATION EQUATIONS :

dFi Ploss
+ = N equations
dPi Pi

Pi , min  Pi  Pi , max 2N inequalities

N
Pload + Ploss − P = = 0
i =1
i 1 constraint

Ploss is a function of Pi
EXAMPLE 3C :
No. System Input-Output Curve Output- Input- Fuel Cost
Unit Input Max Min ($/Mbtu)
(MW) (MW)
Unit 1 Coal-Fired  MBtu  600 150 1.1
MBtu
MBtu
MBtu
H 1   =2 510 .0 + 7.2 P1 + 0.00142P12
Steam
H132  ===510
78..00.+0
310 + 7+ .85
7..2797
P +3P0+2.h
1P +.0
00142
0 P1 P3P2
00482
.00194 2 2

 hhh  
 MBtu 
Unit 2 Oil-Fired H2  = 310.0 + 7.85P2 + 0.00194P2 400 100 1.0
2

Steam  h 
Unit 3 Oil-Fired  MBtu  200 50 1.0
H3  = 78.0 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482P3
2
Steam  h 

Input-Output characteristics in $/h :

F1(P1) = H1(P1) x 1.1 = 561 + 7.92 P1 + 0.001562P12 $/h
F2(P2) = H2(P2) x 1.0 = 310 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194P22 $/h
F3(P3) = H3(P3) x 1.0 = 78 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482P32 $/h

Ploss = 0.00003 P12 + 0.00009 P22 + 0.00012 P32 MW

An example of the B matrix loss formula for a
network. (all Pi values must be in per unit on 100 MVA
base, results in Ploss also in per unit on 100 MVA base)
 0.0676 0.00953 − 0.00507  P1 
PLoss = P1 P2 P3   0.00953 0.0521 0.00901   P2 
− 0.00507 0.00901 0.0294   P3 
 P1 
+ − 0.0766 − 0.00342 0.0189  P2  + 0.040537
 P3 
 dFi Ploss SOFTWARE POWERGEN
+ =
dPi Pi

7.92 + 0.003124 P1 =  1 − 2(0.00003 ) P1 

7.85 + 0.00388 P2 =  1 − 2(0.00009 ) P2 
7.97 + 0.00964 P3 =  1 − 2(0.00012 ) P3 

P1 + P2 + P3 − 850 − Ploss = 0

NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS
Using Lambda Iteration method :

No. Generator −1 Operating Cost

dFi  Ploss 
Unit Output ($ / MWh) 1 −  ($/h)
dPi  Pi 
(MW)  
Unit 1 435.13 9.2796 1.0268 4303.58
 MBtu
MBtu 
H132
MBtu
 ===510
78..00.+0
310 + 7+
7..2797
P +3P0+2.00142
1P
.85 +.0
0 P12 P32P22
00482
.00194
 hhh  
Unit 2 299.99 9.0139 1.0571 2839.32

Unit 3 130.71 9.2296 1.0324 1201.65

865.83 8344.55

−1
 Ploss 
1 − 
 Pi  = Penalty Factor Total Loss = 15.83 MW
 
−1
dF  Ploss 
= i 1 −  = 9.5282 Total Load = 850 MW
 Pi 
dPi  
EXAMPLE 3D :
Input-output characteristics of generating plants :
H(Mbtu/h) = A + BP + CP2 + DP3 (P in MW)
A B C D
Unit 1 749.55 6.95 9.68 x 10-4 1.27 x 10-7
Unit 2 1285.0 7.051 7.375 x 10-4 6.453 x 10-8
Unit 3 1531.0 6.531 1.04 x 10-3 9.98 x 10-8

Fuel cost 1.0 R/Mbtu for each unit

320 MW  P1  800 MW
300 MW  P2  1200 MW
275 MW  P3  1100 MW

Total load = 2500 MW

Using Lambda Iteration method :

No. Generator −1 Operating Cost

dFi  Ploss 
Unit Output ($ / MWh) 1 −  ($/h)
dPi  Pi 
(MW)  
Unit 1 725.0 8.5538 1.000 6345.41
 MBtu
MBtu 
H132
MBtu
 ===510
78..00.+0
310 + 7+
7..2797
P +3P0+2.00142
1P
.85 +.0
0 P12 P32P22
00482
.00194
 hhh  
Unit 2 910.1 8.5538 1.000 8362.04

Unit 3 864.9 8.5538 1.000 8021.80

2500.0 22729.25

λ = 8.5538 $/MWh Total Load = 2500 MW

 BASE POINT
AND
PARTICIPATION FACTORS
Moving the generators from one economically optimum
schedule to another as the load changes by a reasonably
small amount

Start from a given schedule → the base point

How much each generating unit needs to be moved i.e

participate in the load change

The new load be served at the most economic operating

point
 Fi ' , Fi" : first and second derivatives in the cost
function

Incremental Cost curve of the ith unit :

dFi  R 
= Fi'  
dPi  MWh 

 0 Pi max

Pi
Pi min

Pi0 Pi (MW )
Pi = the change in unit load

The system incremental cost moves from  0 to 0 + 

i =   Fi" Pi

For each of the N units on the system :

  
P1 = , P2 = ………… PN =
F1" F2" FN"
Total change in generation (= change in total system demand) :
PD = P1 + P2 + ......... + PN

F
1
=  ''
i i

(PD = Pload + Ploss : total demand)

Participation factor for each unit :

Pi ''
1 / Fi
=
PD  1 
  
 F '' 
i  i 
EXAMPLE 3I :

No. System Input-Output Curve Output- Input- Fuel Cost

Unit Input Max Min ($/Mbtu)
(MW) (MW)
Unit 1 Coal-Fired  MBtu  600 150 1.1
MBtu
MBtu
MBtu
H 1   =2 510 .0 + 7.2 P1 + 0.00142P12
Steam
H132  ===510
78..00.+0
310 + 7+ .85
7..2797
P +3P0+2.h
1P +.0
00142
0 P1 P3P2
00482
.00194 2 2

 hhh  
 MBtu 
Unit 2 Oil-Fired H2  = 310.0 + 7.85P2 + 0.00194P2 400 100 1.0
2

Steam  h 
Unit 3 Oil-Fired  MBtu  200 50 1.0
H3  = 78.0 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482P3
2
Steam  h 

Input-Output characteristics in $/h :

F1(P1) = H1(P1) x 1.1 = 561 + 7.92 P1 + 0.001562P12 $/h
F2(P2) = H2(P2) x 1.0 = 310 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194P22 $/h
F3(P3) = H3(P3) x 1.0 = 78 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482P32 $/h
 SOFTWARE POWERGEN

dF1
= 7.92 + 0.003124P1 = 
dP1
dF2  = 9.148 R/MWh
= 7.85 + 0.00388P2 = 
dP2
dF3 P1 = 393.2 MW
= 7.97 + 0.00964P3 =  P2 = 334.6 MW
dP3
P3 = 122.2 MW
P1 + P2 + P3 = 850 MW
Optimal Economic
Solution
Calculate the dispatch for a total load of 900 MW

P1 (0.003124) −1 320.10

= −1 −1 −1
= = 0.47
PD (0.003124) + (0.00388) + (0.00964) 681.57

Similarly, we obtain :

P2 (0.00388) −1
= = 0.38
PD 681.57

P3 (0.00964) −1
= = 0.15
PD 681.57

PD = 900 − 850 = 50

The powers generated for a total load of 900 MW are :

 Pi 
Pnew i = Pbase i +  PD for i = 1, 2, 3
 PD 

Pnew 1 = 393.2 + (0.47)(50) = 416.7 MW

Pnew 2 = 334.6 + (0.38)(50) = 353.6 MW

Pnew 3 = 122.2 + (0.15)(50) = 129.7 MW

EXAMPLE 7.7 :
The fuel cost in $/h of three thermal plants of a power system are :

F1(P1) = 200 + 7.0 P1 + 0.008 P12 $/h

F2(P2) = 180 + 6.3 P2 + 0.009 P22 $/h
F3(P3) = 140 + 6.8 P3 + 0.007 P32 $/h
Where P1, P2 and P3 are in MW. Plant outputs are subject to the
following limits
10 MW  P1  85 MW
10 MW  P2  80 MW
10 MW  P3  70 MW
For this problem, the real power loss is given by the simplified
expression
pu.
Where the loss coefficients are specified in pu on a 100 MVA base.
Determine the optimal dispatch of generations when the total load
is 150 MW.

In the cost function, Pi is expressed in MW. Therefore, the real

power loss in terms of MW generation is

MW.

MW.
EXAMPLE 7.7 : SOFTWARE MATLAB
EXAMPLE 7.8 :
Fig. for this example shows the one-line diagram of a 5 bus simple
power system with generator at buses 1, 2 and 3. Bus 1, with its
voltage set at 1.06∠0º pu , is taken as the slack bus. Voltage magnitude
and real power generation at bus 2 and 3 are 1.045 pu. 40 MW, and
1.030 pu. 30 MW, respectively.
The B matrices of the loss formula for this system are given in
per unit on a 100 MVA base as follows,

Cost functions, generator limits, and total loads are given in

Example 7.7. Use dispatch program, to obtain the optimal
dispatch of generation.
EXAMPLE 7.8 : SOFTWARE MATLAB
EXAMPLE 7.9 : SOFTWARE MATLAB
B-Coefficients
…… any of the power flow program, together with the Bloss
and dispatch programs can be used to obtain the optimal
dispatch of generation.

The dispatch program produces a variable named dpslack.

This is the difference (absolute value) between the scheduled
slack generation determined from the coordination equations,
and the slack generation, obtained from the power flow
solution.

A power flow solution obtained with the new scheduling of

generation results in a new loss coefficients, which can be
used to solve the coordination equations again.

The process can be continued until dpslack is within a

specified tolerance.
EXAMPLE 7.10 : SOFTWARE MATLAB