Faculty of

Engineering ECONOMIC OPERATION

Tanta
OF POWER SYSTEMS
University
Lecture: 3 Tutorial: 3
Code: EPM3110
Practical: -- Total: 6

Prof.: Ahmed Mohamed Refaat Azmy

Head of Department of Electrical Power and Machine
Engineering
azmy@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg - azmy.ahmed@hotmail.com
01229715040
Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
The generating units are not connected to the same
bus and loads are supplied through transmission lines
The power loss in the transmission system affects the
distribution of load demand on the generating plants
One power plant may have a lower incremental fuel
cost but connected at a bus far from the load centre
The total cost has to be considered for evaluating the
economic performance of generating units
It is necessary to account for the loses in determining
the economic distribution of load between plants
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
The economic dispatch problem considering
transmission losses is defined as:
n
n PD + Ploss =  Pi
Min FT =  Fi Subject to i =1
i =1 Pmin,i  Pi  Pmax,i
PLoss is the total power loss in the transmission line
The total fuel cost of the system is a function of all the
power plant outputs
The power loss in the transmission lines has to be
developed as functions of the generated power of the
power plants
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
For simplicity, assume that the power system involves
only two units
PD = P1 + P2 - PLoss FT = F1 + F2
FT dF1 F2 dF1 dF2 P2
P1
=0 +
dP1 P1
=0 + 
dP1 dP2 P1
=0
𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝑃1 𝜕𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝑃2
0=1+ − ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑃1 𝜕𝑃1 𝜕𝑃1 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃1

P2
P1
( PLoss
1 − P
2
) ( PLoss
= − 1 − P
1
)
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
P2
P1
( PLoss
1 − P
2
) ( PLoss
= − 1 − P
1
)
dF1
+
dF2

− ( PLoss
1 − P
1
)= 0
dF1
dP1
dF2
dP2
dP1 dP2
( PLoss
1 − P
2
)
=
( PLoss
1 − P
1
) ( PLoss
1 − P
2
)
1
Li =
The penalty factor Li for the plant i
is given as: ( PLoss
1 − Pi )
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
1
Li =
( PLoss
1 − Pi )
dF1 dF2 dFn
L1 dP = L 2 dP = L n dP =λ
1 2 n
where: l is known as the incremental cost of
received power in $/MWh or the Lagrange multiplier
For generating units connected to the same bus
within a particular power plant, the penalty factor is
the same
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses

The penalty factor themselves are functions of the

generated power
These factors considers the participation of each unit
in the total power loss in the transmission system.
The condition for optimal operation is:

L1(b1 + 2g1*P1) = L2(b2 + 2g2*P2) = ...

= Ln(bn + 2gn*Pn) = l
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
l
Thus the optimal generated − bi
Li i=1,2,…n
power from each unit is: Pi =
2gi
l − b1 l − b2 l − bn
L1 L2 Ln
PD= + ... − P Loss
2g 1 2g 2 2g n
 1 1 1   b1 b 2 bn 
P D = l + + ... +  −  + + ... +  − PLoss
 2g1L1 2g 2 L 2 2 g n L n   2 g1 2 g 2 2g n 
bin
PD + P Loss +  1
i =1 2 g i Li =
l=

n 1 ( PLoss
1 − Pi )
i =1 2 g i L i
 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
The problem can be solved using iterative solutions:

• Define the coefficients of the cost functions of all

generating units, the upper and lower limits of their
power and the allowed tolerance
• Assume suitable initial values of l and Li
• Compute the individual generations P1, P2, ... Pn
• Check for violating the constraints
• In the case of violating the generation limits for any
plants, the output power of this generator is kept
fixed at its extreme limit.
Economic Dispatch Considering Losses
• Calculate the total power loss using a suitable
expression depending on the output power of the
units and the configuration of the network
n
• Check if the equality constraint  Pi = PD + PLoss
is satisfied i =1

• If not, calculate the value of l and repeat the

solution
• If equality is satisfied, with a predefined
tolerance, the optimal load dispatch is achieved,
and the total cost can be calculated
 Start
Read bi, gi, PD, Pmin,i, Pmax,I and e
Assume a suitable value of l and Li (L=1)
Calculate the generated power
Yes
Check if Pi > Pmax,i Set Pi = Pmax,i
No
Yes
Check if Pi < Pmin,i Set Pi = Pmin,i
No
Calculate the total losses
Calculate the difference between Pgen and PD + Ploss
No Modify l and calculate Li
DP<e
Yes
Calculate the total cost and print the output powers and total cost
Stop
 The Transmission-Loss Equation
It is common to use a quadratic function when power
loss is included in the economic dispatch problem
n n
PLoss =   Pi  Bij  Pj Bij is the B coefficient
i =1 j=1 or the loss coefficient

PL n
= 2  Bij  Pj
Pi j=1
For three units:

𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐵11 𝑃12 + 𝐵22 𝑃22 + 𝐵33 𝑃32 + 2 . 𝐵12 ⋅ P1 P2

+ 2 ⋅ 𝐵13 ⋅ P1 P3 +2⋅ 𝐵23 ⋅ P2 P3

 Loss formula
V1 V3 V2
Ra Rb
1 2
Ia Ib
P1 P2
Ic= Ia+ Ib Rc
V4
Load PL
2 2 2
PLoss = I a  R a + I b  R b + I c  R c
 Loss formula
2 2 2
PLoss = I a  R a + I b  R b + I c  R c

The current Ic can be expressed in terms of the

currents Ia and Ib as follows
Ib Ic
Ic = Ia + I b + 2 Ia  I b  cos(δ )
2 2 2

PLoss = I a  (Ra + Rc ) + I b  (Rb + Rc )

2 2

+ 2Rc I a  I b  cos(δ) d Ia
P1 P2
Ia = Ib =
V1cos(φ1 ) V2cos(φ2)
 Loss formula
Ra + Rc Rb + Rc
Ploss = P12 + P22
V1 cos (1 ) V2 cos 2 ( 2 )
2 2 2

2R c cos(d )
+ P1  P2
V1  V2  cos(1 )  cos( 2 )

Ploss = B11  P12 + 2B12  P1  P2 + B22  P22

Ra + Rc R c cos(d )
B11 = B12 =
V1 cos 2 (1 )
2 V1  V2  cos(1 )  cos( 2 )
Rb + Rc
B 22 =
V2 cos 2 ( 2 )
2
 Case 1
V1 V2
Ra
1 Load
P1 Ia PL

Ra
B11 = and B12 = B22 = 0
V1 cos (1 )
2 2
 Case 2
P2
V2
V1
Ra 2
1
Load
Ia
P1 PL

Ra
B11 = and B12 = B22 = 0
V1 cos (1 )
2 2
 Case 3
V1 V2
Ra V3 Rb
1 2
Ia Ib
P1 P2
Load PL

Ra Rb
B11 = , B12 = 0 and B22 =
V1 cos (1 ) V2 cos 2 ( 2 )
2 2 2
 Loss formula
The coefficients are developed in terms of line
resistances, terminal voltages, supplied currents, power
angles and phase angle between the two currents
The coefficients can be developed in terms of load
parameters:
PL P1 + P2
Ic = =
V4 cos(φ 4 ) V4 cos(φ 4 )
   
= 2 a P 2 +  P 2
R R R R
Ploss + c b
+ c
   
 V1 cos (1 ) V4 cos ( 4 )   V2 cos ( 2 ) V4 cos ( 4 ) 
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

2R c
+ P1  P2
V4  cos 2 ( 4 )
2
 Loss formula
   
= 2 a P 2 +  P 2
R R R R
Ploss + c b
+ c
   
 V1 cos (1 ) V4 cos ( 4 )   V2 cos ( 2 ) V4 cos ( 4 ) 
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

2R c
+ P1  P2
V4  cos ( 4 )
2 2

 
B11 =  R a
+
R c  B12 =
Rc
 2
( ) 2
( )  2
( 4 )
V
 1 cos 2
1 V 4 cos 2
 4  V4  cos 2

 
B22 =  
R R
b
+ c
 
 V2 cos ( 2 ) V4 cos ( 4 ) 
2 2 2 2
 Loss formula
 
B11 =  R a
+
R c  B12 =
Rc
 2
( ) 2
( )  2
( 4 )
V
 1 cos 2
1 V 4 cos 2
 4  V 4  cos 2

 
B22 =  
R R
b
+ c
 2
( ) 2
( ) 
V
 2 cos 2
 2 V4 cos 2
 4 

The previous coefficient are approximate values since

the load demand is assumed to be the summation of
the two generated power
This expression is useful when the parameters at
load terminals are known