Economic

Dispatch
without Losses
Consideration

Power System Simulation

Laboratory
Electrical Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

1
 Learning Outcome

Students are able to explain the concept of economic

1 dispatch

Students are able to mathematically formulate the

2 economic dispatch problem

Students are able to solve the economic dispatch

3 problem

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS

2
 The aim
• The aim of Economic Dispatch is to determine
power output of committed generators with
least cost principal
$

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 3

 Problem Statement

25
P1 = 50
? P1

Pload
P2 = 50
35
? P2
150 MW

P3 = 50
90
? P3

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 4

 Problem Statement

Objective Function
• Minimize total operation cost

System Constraint
• System frequency should be kept constant. It
means that the sum of the power generated by
committed units must be equal to the load.

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 5

 Problem Formulation
Objective Function
Minimize FT  F1  F2  F3  ...  FN
N
 Fi ( Pi )
i 1
Constraint N
  0  Pload   Pi
i 1

Where,
• FT is Total Fuel Cost
• Fi is Fuel Cost of generator i
• Pi is Power generated by generator i
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 6
• Pload is Total system load
 How to Solve
• To solve the problem, we will use an advance
calculus method that involve the lagrange
function
• Lagrange function is function that look the
minimum value.

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 7

 How to Solve
• Lagrange function

L  FT  
N N

L  F ( P )  .(P
i 1
i i load   P)
i 1
i

Objective Function Constraint

Lagrange Multiplier

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 8

 How to Solve
• To know the extreme value, we have to
derivate the equation of lagrange.
• As the theory, minimum value is when the first
derivative is equal to 0
N N

L  F ( P )  .(P
i 1
i i load   P)
i 1
i

L   F1 ( P1 )  F2 ( P2 )  F3 ( P3 )     Pload  ( P1  P2  P3 ) 

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 9

 How to Solve
L   F1 ( P1 )  F2 ( P2 )  F3 ( P3 )     Pload  ( P1  P2  P3 ) 
L  dF1 ( P1 ) dF2 ( P2 ) dF3 ( P3 )   dPload  dP1 dP2 dP3  
     .        0
P1  dP1 dP1 dP1   dP1  dP1 dP1 dP1  
L  dF1 ( P1 ) 
  0  0   .  0  (1  0  0)   0
P1  dP1 
L dF1 ( P1 ) dF1 ( Pi )
   0 
P1 dP1 dP1
dF2 ( P2 ) dF3 ( P3 )
 
dP2 dP3
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 10
 How to Solve
N N

L   Fi ( Pi )  .(Pload   Pi )
i 1 i 1

L  dF1 ( P1 ) dF2 ( P2 ) dF3 ( P3 )  d 

    .  Pload  ( P1  P2  P3 )   0
  d  d d  d

L N
 0  0  0  1.( PLoad   Pi )  0
 i 1

L N
 PLoad   Pi  0
 i 1

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 11

 How to Solve
• To have the optimum value

dF1 ( P1 )

dP1
N
dF2 ( P2 )
 PLoad   Pi  0
dP2 i 1

dF3 ( P3 )

dP3
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 12
 How to Solve
• That is, the necessary condition for the
existence of a minimum cost- operating
condition for the thermal power system is
that the incremental cost rates of all the
units be equal to some undetermined value,
lambda

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 13

 Example 1

A system with total load 850 MW

Input - Output Curve
Unit Fuel Cost Pmin Pmax
MBtu (R/Mbtu) (MW) (MW)
H ( )
h
1 510  7.2 P1  0.00142 P12 1.1 150 600
2 310  7.85 P2  0.00194 P2 2 1 100 400
3 78  7.97 P3  0.00482 P3 2 1 50 200

Please find the optimal solution

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 14
 Example 1
– Then

F1 ( P1 )  (510  7.2 P1  0.00142 P1 ) x 1.12

 561  7.92 P1  0.001562 P12 ( R / h)

F2 ( P2 )  H 2 ( P2 ) x 1
 310  7.85 P2  0.00194 P2 2 ( R / h)
F3 ( P3 )  H 3 ( P3 ) x 1
 78  7.97 P3  0.00482 P3 2 ( R / h)

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 15

 Example 1

F1 ( P1 )  561  7.92 P1  0.001562 P1 ( R / h)

2

dF1
 7.92  0.003124 P1  
dP1
dF2
 7.85  0.00388 P2  
dP2
dF3
 7.97  0.00964 P3  
dP3
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 16
 Example 1
dF1
 7.92  0.003124 P1  
dP1
  7.92
P1 
0.003124
  7.85
P2  P1  P2  P3  850MW
0.00388
  7.97
P3 
0.00964
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 17
 Example 1
P1  P2  P3  850MW
  9.148( R / MWh)
RESULT:
  7.92
P1 
0.003124
P1  393.2 MW
P2  334.6 MW
P3  122.2 MW
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 18
 Example 2

A system with total load 850 MW

Input - Output Curve
Unit Fuel Cost Pmin Pmax
MBtu (R/Mbtu) (MW) (MW)
H1 ( )
h
1 510  7.2 P1  0.00142 P12 0.9 150 600
2 310  7.85 P2  0.00194 P2 2 1 100 400
3 78  7.97 P3  0.00482 P3 2 1 50 200

Please find the economic dispatch

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 19
 Example 2
– Then

F1 ( P1 )  (510  7.2 P1  0.00142 P1 ) x 0.92

 459  6.48 P1  0.001278 P12 ( R / h)

F2 ( P2 )  H 2 ( P2 ) x 1
 310  7.85 P2  0.00194 P2 2 ( R / h)
F3 ( P3 )  H 3 ( P3 ) x 1
 78  7.97 P3  0.00482 P32 ( R / h)

Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 20

 Example

F1 ( P1 )  459  6.48 P1  0.001278 P1 ( R / h)

2

dF1
 6.48  0.00256 P1  
dP1
dF2
 7.85  0.00388P2  
dP2
dF3
 7.97  0.00964 P3  
dP3
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 21
 Example 2
dF1
 6.48  0.00256 P1  
dP1
  6.48
P1 
0.00256
  7.85
P2  P1  P2  P3  850MW
0.00388
  7.97
P3 
0.00964
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 22
 Example 2

P1  P2  P3  850MW
  8.284 ( R / MWh)
RESULT:
P1  704.6 MW
P2  111.8MW
P3  32.6 MW
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 23
 Example 2
Set P1:
P1  600 MW
Solve ED for other units:
dF2
 7.85  0.00388 P2  
dP2
dF3
 7.97  0.00964 P3  
dP3
P2  P3  250MW
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 24
 Example 2
  7.85
P2  P2  P3  250MW
0.00388
  7.97   8.576 ( R / MWh)
P3 
0.00964

P1  600 MW
P2  187.1MW
P3  62.9MW
Rony Seto Wibowo - ITS 25
Thank You
https://riset.its.ac.id/lab-pssl/

Power System Simulation Laboratory

Department of Electrical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

26