Data Communications

Technical College of Informatics-Akre

Duhok Polytechnic University

lecture 2
 Energy & Power of Signals

• Energy and Power Definition: For a signal g(t), the instantaneous power p(t)
dissipated in the 1-Ω resister is pg(t) = |g(t)| 2 regardless of whether g(t)
represents a voltage or a current. To emphasize the fact that this power is
based upon unity resistance, it is often referred to as the normalized power.
𝑇
1 2 2 dt
Pg = lim ‫׬‬ 𝑇 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −
2

Where:
g(t) : is the energy of the signal
Pg : is the power of the signal
Energy & Power of Signals
• Definition: To simplify the notation, there are two operators that used
angle brackets to define two frequently-used integrals:
• The “time-average” operator:
𝑇
1 2 2 1 𝑇
Pg = lim ‫׬‬ 𝑇 𝑔(𝑡) dt = lim ‫׬‬−𝑇 𝑔(𝑡) 2 dt
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −2 𝑇→∞ 2𝑇
• Time-Averaging over Periodic Signal:
∝ 𝑇0 +∝

- For periodic signal g(t) with period T0, the time-average operation can be simplified
1
to: ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑔 𝑇׬‬
𝑇0 0
𝑇 𝑇 +1 𝑇 +∝
- where the integration is performed over a period of g. : ‫׬ [ = 𝑇׬‬0 0 , ‫׬‬1 0 , ‫ ∝׬‬0 ]
0

If 𝑔 𝑡 = cos(2πf0t + ϕ )
1 0, f0 ≠ 0
Then, Pg = ‫ ׬‬cos(2πf0t + ϕ )𝑑𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 =ቊ
𝑇0 𝑇0 cosϕ, f0 = 0
Energy & Power of Signals
Example 1:
Suppose that 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑦 =cos(2πf0t + ϕ ), find Pg
Sol.
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑇1 ‫ 𝑇׬‬cos(2πf0t + ϕ )𝑑𝑡
0 0

0
= = 0 ….. ( f0 ≠ 0 )
𝑇0
= cosϕ ….. ( f0 = 0 )
1

0, f0 ≠ 0 1

Similarly, sin(2πf0t + ϕ ) 𝑔 𝑡 =ቊ 2

sinϕ, f0 = 0 0

Example 2: -1

If 𝑦 = cos2 (2πf0t + θ)
1
then 𝑔 𝑡 = < ( 1+ cos(2πf0t + 2ϕ ) >
2
1 1 0, f0 ≠ 0
1
, f0 ≠ 0
= 2 +2 ቊ = ቐ2
cos2ϕ, f0 = 0 cos2ϕ, f0 = 0

If y = cos(2πf0t + ϕ )
1
Then, 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑇 ‫ 𝑇׬‬cos(2πf0t + ϕ )𝑑𝑡
0 0
Energy & Power of Signals
Example 3: y = ej(2πf0t+ ϕ) Real (ejϕ) imaginary (ejβt)

0, f0 ≠ 0 0, 𝛃≠0
𝑔 𝑡 = <cos (2πf0t + ϕ) + jsin (2πf0t + ϕ)> = ቊ jϕ ,=ቊ
e , f0 = 0 1, 𝛃=0

Example 2: Suppose g(t) = cej2πf0t for some (possibly complex-valued) constant c

and (real-valued) frequency f0, Find Pg .

Pg = < 𝑔(𝑡) 2 > = < | cej2πf t |2 > = < |c|2 > = |c|2
0

So. If 𝑔 𝑡 = jej10πt → Pg = |j|2 = 1

Energy & Power of Signals
Example 4:
Suppose g(t) = 2ej6πt + 3ej8πt. Find Pg.
c1=2 , c2=3
f1= 3 , f2=4 … ( f1 ≠ f2 )
Pg = |c1|2 + |c2|2
Pg = 22 + 33 = 4 + 9 = 13

Example 5: Suppose g(t) = 2ej6πt + 3ej6πt. Find Pg.

c1= 5
f1=3 , f2=3 … ( f1 = f2 )
g(t) = 5ej6πt
Pg = |5|2 = 25
Energy & Power of Signals
Example 6: Suppose g(t) = cos (2πf0t + ϕ). Find Pg.

Pg = <|g(t)|2>

|g(t)|2 = <|cos (2πf0t + ϕ)|2>

|g(t)|2 = <| cos2 (2πf0t + ϕ)>
1 1
g(t)= e j(2πf t+ϕ) + e -j(2πf t+ϕ)
0 0
2 2
1 jϕ j2πf0t + 1
= e e e-jϕ e j2π(- f ) t 0

2 2
1 jϕ 1 jϕ
c1 = 2 e , c2= 2 e
f1 = e j2πf t , f2=e j2π(- f ) t
0 0

1 1 2 1
Pg = |c1|2+|c2|2 = + = =
4 4 4 2
 Average Power of Signals
The (average) power of a sinusoidal signal g(t) = A cos(2πf0t + ϕ) is =
1
|𝐴|2, f0 ≠ 0
Pg = ቐ2
|𝐴|2𝑐𝑜𝑠2ϕ, f0 = 0
Example 7: Suppose g (t) = 2 cos 2π 3t + 4 cos 2π 5t . Find Pg
1 1 1 1 4+6 20 1 1
Pg = 2 * 22 + 2 * 42 = 2 * 4 + 2 * 16 = = = 10 -2 −
2 2
2
2 2
-1 1
• For periodic signal g(t) with period T0, there is also no need to carry out the limiting operation to find its (average) power Pg. We only need to find an average carried out
over a single period
1
1 1 1 1 1
Pg = ‫׬‬−1 |𝑔(𝑡)|2 dt = ‫׬‬21 12 dt = * 1 =
2 2 2
− 2
2

A2
• average power (mean-square) of each complex sinusoid is 4 ,
1 2
|𝐴|2, f0 ≠ 0
Asin(2πf0t+ϕ) , Pg = ቐ 2
|𝐴|2𝑠𝑖𝑛2ϕ, f0 = 0
A2
• average power for positive and negative frequencies results ( 4 ) * 2, suppose that the Amplitude of the signal is (1)
1
Pg = (4) * 2 = 0.5
Pg
Power in (dB) = 10 * log10 ( )
2

0.5
= 10 * log10 ( )
2

= 10 * log10 ( 0.25 )
= 10 * -0.0602
= -6.02 dB