K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.

in) 1

EE320A
Tutorial 1
Date: 13th Aug. 2021
1. Prove the following properties of the complex exponential Fourier series
representation, for a real-valued periodic signal gp (t):
(a) If the periodic function gp (t) is even, that is, gp (−t) = gp (t), then
the Fourier coefficient cn is purely real and an even function of n.
(b) If gp (t) is odd, that is, gp (−t) = −gp (t), then cn is purely imaginary
and an odd function of n.
(c) If gp (t) has half-wave symmetry, that is, gp (t±T0 /2) = −gp (t), where
T0 is the period of gp (t), then cn consists of only odd order terms.

1Ω v1 (t)
A B vo (t) = dv1 (t)/dt
+
2F d
vi (t) = 3 cos(6πt) i(t) dt
(volts)
−

Figure 1: Block diagram of the system.

2. Consider the system shown in Figure 1. Assume that the current in branch
AB is zero. The voltage at point A is v1 (t).
(a) Find out the time domain expression that relates v1 (t) and vi (t).
(b) Using the Fourier transform, find out the relation between V1 (f ) and
Vi (f ).
(c) Find the relation between Vo (f ) and Vi (f ).
(d) Compute the power when the output voltage vo (t) is applied across
a 1 ohm resistor.
(n)
3. Consider a complex-valued signal g(t). Let g1 (t) = g ∗ (−t). Let g1 (t)
denote the nth derivative of g1 (t). Consider another signal g2 (t) = g (n) (t).
(n)
Is g2∗ (−t) = g1 (t)? Justify your answer using Fourier transforms.
4. Prove the following using the Schwarz’s inequality:
Z ∞
|G(f )| ≤ |g(t)| dt
t=−∞
Z ∞  
 dg(t) 
|j 2πf G(f )| ≤  dt  dt
 
t=−∞
Z ∞  2 

2
  d g(t) 
2πf ) G(f ) ≤  dt2  dt.
   
(j 
t=−∞
K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 2

g(t)

−2 −1 1 2

Figure 2: Plot of g(t).

The Schwarz’s inequality states that

Z x2  Z x2
 

 f (x) dx ≤ |f (x)| dx.
x=x1 x=x1

Evaluate the three bounds on |G(f )| for the pulse shown in Figure 2.

2δ(t)

δ(t − 3T /2)

0 T /2 T

Figure 3: A periodic waveform gp (t).

5. Consider the periodic waveform gp (t) given in Figure 3, where T denotes

the period.
(a) Compute the real Fourier series representation of gp (t). Give the
expression for the coefficient of the nth term.
(b) Compute the Fourier transform of gp (t).
6. A nonlinear system defined by

y(t) = x(t) + 0.2x2 (t)

has an input signal with a bandpass spectrum given by

   
f − 20 f + 20
X(f ) = 4 rect + 4 rect .
6 6

Sketch the spectrum at the output labelling all the important frequencies
and amplitudes.
K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 3

EE320A
Solutions for Tutorial 1
Date: 13th Aug. 2021

1. Solution: The Fourier series for any periodic signal gp (t) is given by:
∞
X
gp (t) = cn e j 2πnt/T0
n=−∞
∞
X
= a0 + 2 an cos(2πnt/T0 ) + bn sin(2πnt/T0 ) (1)
n=1

where

 an − j b n for n > 0
cn = a0 for n = 0 (2)
a−n + j b−n for n < 0.


Note that an and bn are real-valued, since gp (t) is real-valued. To prove

the first part, we note that
∞
X
gp (−t) = cn e−j 2πnt/T0 . (3)
n=−∞

Substituting n = −m in the above equation we get

−∞
X
gp (−t) = c−m e j 2πmt/T0
m=∞
∞
X
= c−m e j 2πmt/T0 . (4)
m=−∞

Since gp (−t) = gp (t), comparing (1) and (4) we must have c−m = cm
(even function of m). Moreover from (2), cm must be purely real.
To prove the second part, we note from (1) and (4) that c−m = −cm (odd
function of m) and moreover from (2) it is clear that cm must be purely
imaginary.
To prove the third part, we note that
∞
X
gp (t ± T0 /2) = cn e j 2πn(t±T0 /2)/T0
n=−∞
X∞
= cn (−1)n e j 2πnt/T0 . (5)
n=−∞

Since it is given that gp (t ± T0 /2) = −gp (t), comparing (1) and (5) we
conclude that cn = 0 for n = 2m.
K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 4

2. Solution: We know that

vi (t) = i(t)R + v1 (t). (6)

But
dv1 (t)
i(t) = C . (7)
dt
Thus
dv1 (t)
vi (t) = RC + v1 (t). (8)
dt
Taking the Fourier transform of both sides we get

Vi (f ) = RCj 2πf V1 (f ) + V1 (f )
Vi (f )
⇒ V1 (f ) = . (9)
1 + j 2πf RC
It is given that

dv1 (t)
vo (t) =
dt
⇒ Vo (f ) = j 2πf V1 (f )
j 2πf Vi (f )
= . (10)
1 + j 2πf RC
Now
3
Vi (f ) = [δ(f − 3) + δ(f + 3)] . (11)
2
Therefore
3 j 6π 3 −j 6π
Vo (f ) = δ(f − 3) + δ(f + 3) . (12)
2 1 + j 12π 2 1 − j 12π
Taking the inverse Fourier transform we get

vo (t) = c1 e j 6πt + c2 e−j 6πt . (13)

Using Parseval’s power theorem we get the power of vo (t) as

2 × 9 36π 2
P = |c1 |2 + |c2 |2 = ≈ 9/8 watts. (14)
4 1 + 144π 2

3. Solution: Let G(f ) denote the Fourier transform of g(t). Then we have

g1 (t) = g ∗ (−t) ⇀
↽ G∗ (f ) = G1 (f ) (say). (15)
K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 5

Therefore
(n)
g1 (t) ↽ (j 2πf )n G1 (f )
⇀
(n)
⇒ g1 (t) ↽ (j 2πf )n G∗ (f ).
⇀ (16)

Next consider g2 (t). We have

g2 (t) = g (n) (t) ↽ (j 2πf )n G(f ) = G2 (f )

⇀ (say)
n ∗
⇒ g2∗ (−t) ⇀ ∗
↽ G2 (f ) = (−j 2πf ) G (f ). (17)

Comparing (16) and (17) we see that

(n)
g2∗ (−t) = g1 (t) when n is even
(n)
g2∗ (−t) 6= g1 (t) when n is odd. (18)

g(t)

−2 −1 1 2
dg(t)
dt

1 2 t

−2 −1
−1

d2 g(t)
dt2

−1 1 t
2
−2
−1

Figure 4: Various derivatives of g(t).

4. Solution: We start from the Fourier transform relation:

Z ∞
G(f ) = g(t)e−j 2πf t dt. (19)
f =−∞
K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 6

Invoking the Schwarz’s inequality we have

Z ∞
g(t)e−j 2πf t  dt
 
|G(f )| ≤
f =−∞
Z ∞
⇒ |G(f )| ≤ |g(t)| dt. (20)
f =−∞

Similarly we have
∞
dg(t) −j 2πf t
Z
j 2πf G(f ) = e dt
f =−∞ dt
Z ∞  
 dg(t) 
⇒ |j 2πf G(f )| ≤  dt  dt
  (21)
f =−∞

and
∞
d2 g(t) −j 2πf t
Z
2
(j 2πf ) G(f ) = 2
e dt
f =−∞ dt
Z ∞  2 
   d g(t) 
⇒ (j 2πf )2 G(f ) ≤  dt2  dt (22)
   
f =−∞

The various derivatives of g(t) are shown in Figure 4. For the given pulse
Z 2
|g(t)| dt = 3
t=−2
Z 2 
 dg(t) 
 dt  dt = 2
 
t=−2
Z 2+  2 
 d g(t) 
 dt2  dt = 4 (23)
 
t=−2−

Therefore the three bounds are

|G(f )| ≤ 3
2
|G(f )| ≤
2π|f |
4
|G(f )| ≤ . (24)
(2πf )2
These bounds on |G(f )| are shown plotted in Figure 5. It can be shown
that
cos(2πf ) − cos(4πf )
G(f ) = . (25)
2π 2 f 2
5. Solution: The Fourier series representation for a periodic signal is given
by:
∞
X
gp (t) = a0 + 2 an cos(2πnt/T ) + bn sin(2πnt/T ). (26)
n=1
K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 7

3.5

2.5

2 |G(f)|
2/(2*pi*|f|)
1.5 4/(2*pi*f)^2
3
1

0.5

-0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Figure 5: Various bounds for |G(f )|.

For the given problem gp (t) = gp (−t), therefore bn = 0. We have

T−
1
Z
a0 = gp (t) dt
T t=0−
Z T−
1
= [2δ(t) + δ(t − T /2)] dt
T t=0−
3
= . (27)
T
Similarly,
T−
1
Z
an = gp (t) cos(2πnt/T ) dt
T t=0−
Z T−
1
= [2δ(t) + δ(t − T /2)] cos(2πnt/T ) dt
T t=0−
1
= [2 + cos(nπ)] for n ≥ 1. (28)
T
The Fourier transform of gp (t) is given by:
∞
X
gp (t) ⇀
↽ a0 δ(f ) + an [δ(f − n/T ) + δ(f + n/T )] (29)
n=1

where an for n ≥ 0, is given by (27) and (28).

K Vasudevan Faculty of EE IIT Kanpur (vasu@iitk.ac.in) 8

Y (f )
38.4

19.2

4
f

−46 −40 −34 −20 −6 0 6 20 34 40 46

17
23

Figure 6: Y (f ).

6. Solution: The Fourier transform of the output is

Y (f ) = X(f ) + 0.2X(f ) ⋆ X(f ). (30)

The spectrum of Y (f ) can be found out by inspection and is shown in

Figure 6.