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Analog Communication
Assignment 1 (Corresponding to Lecture 1-7 Fourier Series)

Question 1:

A signal can be both an energy signal and a power signal.

a. True
b. False

Correct Answer : b

Detailed Solution:
By definition, for an energy signal g(t), the energy (Eg ) is greater than 0. While for
power signals, energy is always 0. So, as Eg > 0 and Eg = 0 can’t happen for the
same signal g(t), a signal can’t be both an energy signal and a power signal.

Question 2:

A signal not limited in time, as defined below is a power signal.

( t
e t ∈ (−∞, 0)
g(t) =
e(−t) t ∈ [0, ∞).

a. True
b. False
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Correct Answer : b

Detailed Solution: R∞
Clearly, as the energy of the signal Eg = −∞ |g(t)2 |dt = 1 is finite, it’s power is ∞.
So, it is an energy signal.

Question 3:
∞
 
P 2πnt
If the Fourier series of the signal is given by: x(t) = a0 + an cos +
n=1 T
∞
 
P 2πnt
bn sin . For any odd periodic signal x(t), which of the following quantities
n=1 T
is non zero, for any n > 0 ?

a. an
b. bn
c. both an and bn
d. none

Correct Answer : b

Detailed Solution:
For odd periodic signal, x(t) = −x(−t), which implies an = 0, n ≥ 0.
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Question 4:

Consider the following signals:

(
sin(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
x1 (t) =
0, otherwise,

and
(
A sin(ωt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π and ω ∈ (N )
x2 (t) =
0, otherwise.

If the energy of x1 (t) is E1 , then the energy of x2 (t) is:

a. AE1
b. ωE1
c. AωE1
d. None

Correct Answer : d

Detailed Solution:
Energy of the signal x2 (t) is:
Z 2π 2π 2π
A2
Z Z
2 2 2
E2 = x2 (t)dt = A sin (ωt)dt = (1 − cos(2ωt))dt = A2 π.
0 0 2 0

Similarly, energy of the signal x1 (t) is:

Z 2π Z 2π
1 2π
Z
2 2
E1 = x1 (t)dt = sin (t)dt = (1 − cos(2t))dt = π.
0 0 2 0

Therefore, the correct relation is: E2 = A2 E1 .

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Question 5:

Let x(t) is a periodic signal of time period T and it satisfies the following condition:

T

x(t) = −x t − .
2
∞
  ∞  
P 2πnt P 2πnt
If the Fourier series of x(t) is given by: x(t) = a0 + an cos + bn sin ,
n=1 T n=1 T
then which of the following quantity is identically zero? (Note: x(t) is called half-wave
symmetric signal)

a. both an and b2n

b. both a2n and bn
c. both a2n and b2n
d. none of these

Correct Answer : c

Detailed Solution:
2 RT 2 h R T /2 RT i
See that an = x(t)cos(2πf nt)dt = x(t)cos(2πf nt)dt+ x(t)cos(2πf nt)dt .
T 0 T 0 T /2
T 2 RT
h
Now substitute t = z− for the first integral in the sum. Then, an = T /2
x(t)cos(nπ−
RT 2 i T
2πf nt)dt + T /2 x(t)cos(2πf nt)dt . Hence, a2n = 0. Similarly, b2n = 0.
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Question 6:

Find the power of the signal: x(t) = A sin(ω1 t + θ1 ) + B sin(ω2 t + θ2 ). Assume

ω1 6= ω2 .

(A + B)2
a.
2
A + B2
2
b.
2
A + B 2 + 2AB cos(θ1 − θ2 )
2
c.
2
A2 + B 2 + 2AB sin(θ1 − θ2 )
d.
2
Correct Answer : b

Detailed Solution:
Note that Z T
1
lim cos(ωt + θ)dt = 0.
T →∞ T 0
Therefore,
Z T Z T
1 2 1 1
lim sin (ωt + θ)dt = lim (1 − cos(2ωt + 2θ))dt =
T →∞ T 0 T →∞ 2T 0 2

Z T Z T
1 1
lim sin(ω1 t + θ1 ) sin(ω2 t + θ2 )dt = lim cos(ω̃2 t + θ̃2 )dt
T →∞ T 0 T →∞ 2T 0
Z T
1
− lim cos(ω̃1 t + θ̃1 )dt = 0,
T →∞ 2T 0

where ω˜1 = (ω1 + ω2 ), ω˜2 = (ω1 − ω2 ), θ˜1 = (θ1 + θ2 ), θ˜2 = (θ1 − θ2 ). Note that this
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6 0 i.e., ω1 6= ω2 . Thus, we obtain the following result:

result is valid if and only if ω˜2 =
Z T
1
lim x2 (t)dt
T →∞ T 0

1 T 2 2
Z
A sin (ω1 t + θ1 ) + B 2 sin2 (ω2 t + θ2 ) + 2AB sin(ω1 t + θ1 ) sin(ω2 t + θ2 ) dt

= lim
T →∞ T 0

(A2 + B 2 )
= .
2

Question 7:

For the same signal given in Q6, find the power when ω1 = ω2 .

(A + B)2
a.
2
A + B2
2
b.
2
A + B 2 + 2AB cos(θ1 − θ2 )
2
c.
2
2 2
A + B + 2AB sin(θ1 − θ2 )
d.
2
Correct Answer : c

Detailed Solution:
Continuing the notion introduced in the previous question, we have ω̃2 = 0 when
ω1 = ω2 . In this case, the cross term, therefore, changes to:
1 T
Z
1
lim sin(ω1 t + θ1 ) sin(ω2 t + θ2 )dt = cos (θ1 − θ2 ) .
T →∞ T 0 2
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Thus, we have,
Z T
1 1 2
x2 (t)dt = A + B 2 + 2AB cos (θ1 − θ2 ) .

lim
T →∞ T 0 2

Question 8:

Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T . The signal is defined over the interval
[−T /2, T /2] as follows:

T T

 − 1, − ≤t<−



 2 4
T T

x(t) = + 1, − ≤t<

 4 4
T T


 − 1,

≤t< .
4 2
∞
 
P 2πnt
If the Fourier series of the signal is given by: x(t) = a0 + an cos +
n=1 T
∞
 
P 2πnt
bn sin , then which of the following quantity is identically zero
n=1 T

a. only bn ∀n
b. only an ∀n
c. both an and b2n ∀n
d. both bn and a2n ∀n

Correct Answer : d
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Detailed Solution:
x(t) is even and hence, bn = 0 ∀n. x(t) is also half-wave symmetric and hence,
a2n = b2n = 0 ∀n.
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Question 9:

Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T . The signal is defined over the interval
[−T /2, T /2] as follows:

T

−1,
 − ≤t<0
x(t) = 2
T
 1, 0≤t<

2
∞
 
P 2πnt
If the Fourier series of the signal is given by: x(t) = a0 + an cos +
n=1 T
∞
 
P 2πnt
bn sin , then which of the following quantity is identically zero
n=1 T

a. only bn ∀n
b. only an ∀n
c. both an and b2n ∀n
d. both bn and a2n ∀n

Correct Answer : c

Detailed Solution:
x(t) is odd and hence, an = 0 ∀n. x(t) is also half-wave symmetric and hence,
a2n = b2n = 0 ∀n.
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Question 10:

Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T . The signal is defined over a the interval
[−T /2, T /2] as follows:
−T /2 ≤ t < −aT


 0,
1

x(t) = , −aT ≤ t < aT

 2aT
aT ≤ t ≤ T /2.

0,
∞
P
If the exponential Fourier series of the signal is given by: x(t) = cn exp(2πjnt/T ),
n=0
then find the coefficients cn :

1
a. c0 = , cn = 0
2T
1 sin(2πna)
b. c0 = , cn =
T 2aT πn
sin(πa)
c. c0 = , cn = 0
2T
1
d. c0 = , cn = 0
T
Correct Answer : b

Detailed Solution:

1 T /2 1 aT dt
Z Z
1
c0 = x(t)dt = =
T −T /2 T −aT 2aT T

1 T /2 1 aT 1
   
−2πjnt
Z Z
2πjnt
cn = x(t) exp dt = ( ) exp − dt
T −T /2 T T −aT 2aT T
Z aT      aT
1 2πjnt 1 T −j2πnt sin(2πna)
= 2
exp − dt = 2
exp = .
2aT −at T 2aT −j2πn T −aT 2aT πn