C ALIFORNIA S TATE U NIVERSITY, B AKERSFIELD (CSUB)

D EPARTMENT OF E LECTRICAL & C OMPUTER E NGINEERING & C OMPUTER S CIENCE

ECE 423: D IGITAL C OMMUNICATIONS

Homework 3
Solution

QUESTION 1:(25 POINTS)

(a) Use the time-shifting property to show that if g (t ) ⇐⇒ G( f ), then

g (t + T ) + g (t − T ) ⇐⇒ 2G( f ) cos 2π f T

Use this result and pairs 17 and 19 Fourier Transform Table to find the Fourier transforms of
the signals shown below.

Answer:
From the time-shifting property, g (t ± T ) ⇐⇒ G( f )e ± j 2π f T . Therefore,

g (t + T ) + g (t − T ) ⇐⇒ G( f )e j 2π f T +G( f )e − j 2π f T = 2G( f ) cos 2π f T

(a) Let T = 3. Then

Y t
g (t ) = ( ) ⇐⇒ G( f ) = 2sinc(2π f )
2
g (t + 3) + g (t − 3) ⇐⇒ 4sinc(2π f ) cos(6π f )

(b) Again let T = 3. Then

t
g (t ) = 4( ) ⇐⇒ G( f ) = sinc2 (π f )
2
g (t + 3) + g (t − 3) ⇐⇒ 2sinc2 (π f ) cos(6π f )

1
QUESTION 2:(25 POINTS)
A certain channel has ideal amplitude, but nonideal phase response as shown in the following
figure, given by

|H ( f )| = 1
θh ( f ) = −2π f t 0 − k sin 2π f T k ¿1

Show that y(t ), the channel response to an input pulse g (t ) band-limitted to B Hz, is

kh i
y(t ) = g (t − t 0 ) + g (t − t 0 − T ) − g (t − t 0 + T )
2
Hint: Use e − j k sin 2π f T ≈ 1 − j k sin 2π f T .

Answer: (a)

H ( f ) = |H ( f )|e j θh ( f ) = e j (−2π f t0 −k sin 2π f T ) = e − j k sin 2π f T e − j 2π f t0

Recognizing the second term as a time-shift and employing the hint e − j k sin 2π f T ≈ 1− j k sin 2π f T
for all small k, we obtain

H ( f ) ≈ (1 − j k sin 2π f T )e − j 2π f t0

Rewriting the sine function in terms of complex exponentials, we obtain

³ k k ´ k k
H ( f ) = 1 − e j 2π f T + e − j 2π f T e − j 2π f t0 = e − j 2π f t0 − e − j 2π f (t0 −T ) + e − j 2π f (t0 +T ) .
2 2 2 2
Thus the time domain impulse response consists of time-shifted impulses, that is,
kh i
y(t ) = h(t ) ∗ g (t ) = g (t − t 0 ) + g (t − t 0 − T ) − g (t − t 0 + T )
2
as claimed.

2
QUESTION 3:(25 POINTS)
A low-pass signal g (t ) is applied to a squaring device. The squarer output g 2 (t ) is applied to a
unity-gain ideal low-pass filter of bandwidth ∆ f Hz (see figure below). Show that if ∆ f is very
small (∆ f → 0), the filter output is a dc signal of amplitude 2E g ∆ f , where E g is the energy of
g (t ).

Answer:
If g 2 (t ) ⇐⇒ A( f ), then the output Y ( f ) = A( f )H ( f ), where H ( f ) is the low-pass filter with
transfer function as shown in the following figure. Because this filter band ∆ f → 0, we may
express it as an impulse function of area 2∆ f (i.e. the area under a unity-gain ideal filter will
be equal to the area of the rectangular of height 1 and width 2∆ f as shown in the figure.) We
take

H ( f ) ≈ (2∆ f )δ( f )
Y ( f ) ≈ [2A( f )∆ f ]δ( f ) = [2A(0)∆ f ]δ( f )

using the property g (x)δ(x) = g (0)δ(x). Thus, we have

y(t ) = 2A(0)∆ f

Next, because g 2 (t ) ⇐⇒ A( f ), we have

Z ∞
A( f ) = g 2 (t )e − j 2π f t d t
Z−∞
∞
A(0) = g 2 (t )d t = E g .
−∞

Hence, y(t ) ≈ 2E g ∆ f , as claimed.

3
QUESTION 4(25 POINTS)
Find the mean square value (power) of the output voltage y(t) of the system shown in the
Q
following figure if the input voltage PSD S x ( f ) = (π f ). Calculate the power (mean square
value) of the input signal x(t ).

Hint:
(1) If x(t ) and y(t ) are the input and the corresponding output of a LTI system, then

S y ( f ) = |H ( f )|2 S x ( f )

where H ( f ) is the system transfer function.

R∞
(2) P x = −∞ S x ( f )d f .

Answer:
R∞ R 1/2π
S x ( f ) = (π f ). Then P x = −∞ S x ( f )d f = −1/2π d f = π1 . The transfer function of the RC part
Q

of the circuit is
1
HRC ( f ) = ,
1 + j 2π f
and that of the differentiator is

Hd /d t ( f ) = j 2π f .

Thus the overall circuit transfer function is

j 2π f 1
H ( f ) = HRC ( f )Hd /d t ( f ) = = j
,
1 + j 2π f 1 − 2πx
and
1
|H ( f )|2 = .
1 + 4π12 x 2

Using S y ( f ) = |H ( f )|2 S x ( f ),
1
S y ( f ) = |H ( f )|2 S x ( f ) =
Y
(π f )
1 + 4π12 x 2
and
∞ 1/2π 1 tan−1 (2π f ) ¯¯1/2π 1 1
Z Z
py = S y ( f )d f = df = f − = − .
1 + 4π12 x 2 π 4
¯
−∞ −1/2π 2π −1/2π