Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 307–313

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Optics and Laser Technology

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Thermal lensing measurements of Ti: Sapphire crystal pumped at 80 MHz T

picosecond pulses by Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
⁎
Mukhtar Hussaina, , Tayyab Imranb, Adam Borzsonyic,d
a
GoLP, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Group of Laser Development (GoLD), Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
c
ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, Hungary
d
Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 406, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary

H I GH L IG H T S

• Thermal lensing measurements of Ti: Sapphire crystal at high repetition rate.

• Calculation of thermal lensing focal length variation at various temperature.
• Thermal lensing measurements at 40 K and at 293 K by Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.
• Cryogenic cooling is inadequate to overcome thermal lensing at high repetition rate.

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The thermal lensing effects in the lasing crystal appear to be dominant when the pump laser focused on the
Thermal lens lasing crystal which causes the local heating effect. The spatial refractive index variations observed if the crystal
Cryogenic cooling has non-uniform temperature distribution. In the present study, the demonstration of thermal lensing effect of
Ti: Sapphire crystal Brewster-cut Ti: Sapphire crystal carried out when pumped by 25 ps pulses at 80 MHz repetition rate with
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
532 nm central wavelength, while the average pump power controlled by the attenuator. The thermal lensing
effects measured first at the ∼293 K temperature and later at ∼40 K by using the cryogenic cooling system. The
thermal lensing variations at different average pump power were calculated and measured by using the HASO4
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.

1. Introduction
The thermal effects in the solid-state lasing materials have been
under considerations more than a couple of decades [1–3]. In the case
of the lasing materials, one of the most problematic phenomena is the
thermal lensing which is caused by the pump beam transverse intensity
profile [4–5]. If the temperature in the crystal is non-uniform, it leads to
spatial refractive index variations [6]. Consequently, thermal lens is
formed. The high average pump power in amplifiers induced the
thermal effect in amplifying crystal which leads to the distortion of
wavefronts of output pulses of amplifying medium which reduces the
focusing stability of laser spot which ultimately decreases the efficiency
of the amplifier. The impact of lensing gets progressively worse at
higher repetition rates when the average pump power is varied as the
heat load per unit area increases. The parameters of the laser sig-
nificantly affected due to thermal lens effect which results in the
wavefront distortion [7]. Usually, the improvement in the laser fo-
cusing intensity and correction of wavefront distortion is carried out by
employing the adaptive optics [8–11].
The temperature variations in the Ti: Sapphire crystal, the heat
distributions and the heat dissipation of absorbed pulse energy have
been simulated [12]. The thermal lens properties and heat distributions
steady-state solutions have analyzed tediously [13]. The thermal lens
effect results in the mismatch of modes between the lasing material
surface and wave-front of the beam which enhanced the amplified
spontaneous emission (ASE) and consequently the temporal contrast
drops [14]. Many groups have put effort to reduce the optical absorp-
tion in sapphire to minimize the thermal lensing [15–17]. The reduc-
tion in the thermal lensing effect and thermal distortion in the Ti:
Sapphire based laser system carried by employing the water cooling
[18–20], Peltier coolers [21–23] and cryogenic cooler techniques
[24–27]. The essential reduction in the CEP noise because of the

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mukhtar.hussain@tecnico.ulisboa.pt (M. Hussain).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.11.040
Received 12 April 2018; Accepted 21 November 2018
0030-3992/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Hussain et al. Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 307–313

Fig. 1. Schematic of thermal lensing measurements of Ti: Sapphire crystal.

2000 600 3

40 K 77 K 293 K
500 2.5
1500
400 2

1000 300 1.5

200 1
500
100 0.5

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Average pump power (W)

Fig. 2. Thermal lens focal length variation at 80 MHz versus average pump power at 40 K, 77 K and 293 K.

thermal instability can be forecasted by the enhancement of thermal
conductivity of Ti: Sapphire crystal at cryogenic cooling [24]. The
suppression of thermal lens effect in the Ti: Sapphire amplifier has been
demonstrated [28] by employing the different focal length lens.
For the experiment to perform, it is essentially required to char-
acterize and optimize the spectral and temporal evolution of thermal
lensing compensated laser systems. Particularly, when the lasing crystal
pumped at a higher repetition rate and higher average pump power, the
effect of thermal lens and wavefront distortion is more significant. This
effect needs to investigate and compensate particularly when high re-
petition rate amplifier intended to build. In future, we intended to build
a Ti: Sapphire based booster amplifier pumped at a high repetition rate
(80 MHz) at the cryogenic cooling system. Therefore, we put the crystal
in a similar condition of amplifier except end mirrors to measure the
thermal lensing at single pass and its effects by varying the high re-
petition rate average pump power.
In this study, the thermal lensing effect at 293 K and cryogenic
cooled Brewster-cut Ti: Sapphire crystal which pumped at 80 MHz,
25 ps pulse duration, the central wavelength at 532 nm versus the
average pump power which is controlled by attenuator measured by the
HASO4 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We measured the focal
length of the thermal lens, the wavefront of pulses, Strehl ratio, beam
divergence, Sagittal and Tangential focal length variation and M2
versus the 80 MHz average pump power.
2. Theoretical calculation of thermal lensing
The focal length based on Gaussian beam approximation of the
thermal lens inside the amplifying crystal expressed as [29]
2kπr 2 2k
f= =
(dn/ dT ) Ev (dn/ dT ) Fv (1)
where k is the thermal conductivity of the crystal, r is the pump radius at
Rayleigh length, dn/ dT is the change in refractive index with tem-
perature, E is the pump energy which converted into heat and v is the
repetition rate of the pump and F = E/(πr 2 ) is the pump fluence. The
heating effect of the crystal can be compensated by cooling the crystal,
such as water flow, installing the Peltier cooler or cryogenic cooling
system. Cooling of the crystal through water flow is insufficient for high
average power, therefore the cryogenic cooling system or Peltier cooler
have been given preference. The cryogenic cooling can be achieved
with a cryogen such as liquid nitrogen or helium, ideally circulating
through channels in a cooling finger and attached to the laser crystal
which must refill from time to time or recycled in a closed loop.

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M. Hussain et al. Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 307–313

1.8
1.0
1.7
0.9
1.6
(a)
1.5
0.8 (b)
Focal length (m )

0.7

S tre h l ra tio
1.4

1.3 0.6

1.2
0.5

1.1
0.4
1.0
0.3
0.9
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

1.20

(c) 0.45 (d)

1.15

1.10
0.40

1.05
D iv. (m rad)

RMS (um)

1.00 0.35

0.95

0.30
0.90

0.85
0.25
0.80

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

2.6
(e) 0.65 (f)
2.4 W0
2.2 0.60 W

2.0
0.55
W 0 (m m )
PV (um)

1.8

1.6
0.50

1.4

0.45
1.2

1.0
0.40
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

Fig. 3. Variation of various parameters at different pumping power at Laboratory temperature (a) Focal length (b) Strehl ratio (c) Beam divergence (d) Root mean
square (RMS) wavefront aberration (e) Peak to valley (PV) wavefront aberration and (f) Central beam waist (W0), Beam waist (W) variations.

Furthermore, to avoid condensation, the amplifier crystal must operate
in a vacuum chamber.
The thermal lensing can be measured in three different ways: first,
Measuring the changes in the radius of curvature with a Shack-
Hartmannn wavefront sensor. Second, measuring the beam size change
either with a high dynamic range CCD camera or using a combination
of an iris aperture and a photodiode and a third method is the
expansion of the beam into cavity eigenmodes [30].
In this study, thermal lensing effect will be measured by employing
the HASO4 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The HASO4 wavefront
sensor has the absolute accuracy of λ/100 root mean square (RMS),
measures the intensity and phase of beam independently or simulta-
neously and renders the information related to the geometric para-
meters and the cause of perturbations as beam propagated. The data

309
M. Hussain et al.
Fig. 4. (a) Reference Wavefront, (b) Wavefront at 3 W average pump power.
acquired from HASO4 wavefront sensor can permit to understand the
evolution of beam over space and time, providing the information of
beam’s aberrations and causes of aberrations.
3. Experimental method of thermal lensing measurements
The two commercial laser systems used to study thermal lensing in
Ti:Sapphire crystal (Fig. 1). A first laser system having 532 nm central
wavelength, 35 W nominal average power, working at 80 MHz repeti-
tion rate with 25 ps pulse duration from Photonics Industries (PS-532-
35) used as a pump. Second laser system (VENTEON power) used as a
seed, working at 80 MHz repetition rate, < 8 fs pulse duration with
800 nm central wavelength of pulse energy > 7 nJ. The Ti: Sapphire
crystal is a Brewster-cut of 6 mm diameter, 4 mm path length having
5.31/cm absorption at 532 nm. The output pulses from the pumped Ti:
Sapphire crystal directed to the charged coupled devices (CCD) camera
and wavefront analyzer (HASO4) by using beam splitter to measure the
beam profile and wavefront distortion. The neutral density filters in-
stalled before the CCD and HASO4 to avoid the optical damage the
sensor.
The schematic of the beam alignment of high repetition rate
(80 MHz) pumped Ti: Sapphire crystal, and thermal lensing measuring
setup shown in Fig. 1. The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor method is
adapted to measure the thermal lensing of Ti: Sapphire crystal. Initially,
we observed and measured the wavefront distortion at room tempera-
ture (293 K) and later at 40 K of Ti: Sapphire crystal pumped by 80 MHz
pulses as a function of average pump power. The wavefront measure-
ment carried out by using HASO4 (Imagine optic) wavefront sensor.
Finally, the thermal lensing analyzed from the wavefront measure-
ments.
4. Results and discussions
The thermal lens variation versus average pump power at high re-
petition rate at various temperature is calculated according to the Eq.
(1). At 40 K, the thermal conductivity k = 3000 W/(m . K ), at 77 K, for
the Ti: Sapphire the k = 980 kW /(m . K ) and dn/ dT = 1.8 × 10−6/ K at
the pump fluence 3 J/cm2; ) and at the 20° C i.e. ∼293 K, the thermal
conductivity is ∼35.4 W/(m . K ) and dn/ dT = 1.2810−5/ K
[16–17,31,32].
The thermal lensing calculation versus average pump power at
80 MHz repetition rate at different temperature (40 K, 77 K, 293 K)
shown in Fig. 2. Which is calculated from the Eq. (1) by considering the
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Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 307–313
beam radius of 400 µm and neglecting the transmittance power, one
must consider it in high repetition amplifier. The thermal lensing effect
is more significant at room temperature and has a minor impact at low
temperature that ascribed to the cooling system which compensate the
thermal lensing effects.
4.1. Measurements of thermal lensing at 293 K
The thermal lens variation along pump power is measured at 293 K
up to the maximum power of 3 W at 80 MHz repetition rate as shown in
Fig. 3(a). The focal length of the thermal lens decreases with the in-
crease of pump power from 1.7 m to 1.0 m which induces the heating,
aberration, wavefront distortion. The spatial distribution of energy in
laser focal point obtained by measuring the point spread function (PSF)
which obtained by combining the phase and intensity measurement on
the sensor surface via the propagation of electromagnetic field.
The Strehl ratio which describes the quality of the image also ob-
tained from the point spread function (PSF). The Strehl ratio allows us
to compare the actual maximum intensity on the focal plane to a perfect
intensity free of aberrations which fall from 0.966 to 0.333 at a pump
power of 3 W as shown in Fig. 3(b). The Strehl ratio decreased with the
increase of pumping power indicating the spatial loss of energy in laser
focal plane.
Due to thermal lens effect and aberration, the beam diverges. The
divergence of the beam varied from 0.82 mrad to 1.18 mrad (Fig. 3(c)).
The measurements showed the root mean square (RMS) wavefront
aberration and beam divergence increased by the increase of average
pumping power along with central beam waist, as shown in Fig. 3(c and
d), respectively. The variation of the peak to valley (PV) wavefront
aberration and beam waist vindicates the observance of wavefront
distortion and fluctuations which attributable to thermal lensing effect
in the crystal, Fig. 3(e and f), respectively.
The wavefront of the oscillator (VENTEON) and pumped Ti:
Sapphire crystal measured by Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
HASO4 (Imagine optic). The wavefront signal of the oscillator (re-
ference wavefront) and Ti: Sapphire crystal when a pump at 3 W is
shown in Fig. 4(a and b), respectively. The wavefront of the pumped Ti:
Sapphire crystal indicates the distortion of the wavefront which is due
to the thermal lensing effect. Furthermore, the M2 parameters obtained
from the propagation length of the electromagnetic field in the different
surface plane and reconstructing the envelope of propagation which
renders the beam waist position, quality and beams divergence of the
pulse. The M2 value escalated from 1.44 to 2.91 at 3 W average pump
M. Hussain et al. Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 307–313

18
1.8

1.7
(a) 16
(b)
14
1.6
12
1.5

Focal Length (m)

10
1.4

M2
8
1.3
6
1.2
4
1.1
2
1.0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

3.5

(c) (d)
1.0
3.0

0.8
2.5

D iv. (m rad)
0.6
Strehl ratio

2.0

0.4
1.5

0.2
1.0

0.0
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

30
(e) (f)
5
25

4
20
P V (um )

3
15
RMS (um)

10 2

5 1

0 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

(g) (h)
1.3

1.3
1.2

1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
W (m m )

0.9
W0(mm)

0.8
0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5
0.5
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Average pump power (W) Average pump power (W)

Fig. 5. Variation of various parameters at different pump power at cryogenic cooling:(a) Focal length, (b) M 2, (c) Strehl ratio (d) Beam divergence, (e) Root mean
square (RMS) wavefront aberration, (f) Peak to valley (PV) wavefront aberration, (g) Central beam waist (W0) and (h) Beam waist W variations.

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M. Hussain et al. Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 307–313

power of 18.57 W at 80 MHz as shown in Fig. 5(a). The focal length of

the thermal lens decreases with the increase of average pump power
from 1.72 m to 1.06 m while the M2 value of the beam after Ti: Sapphire
crystal increased from 1.39 to 16.62, Fig. 5(b). Due to the focusing of
the pulses in the cryogenically cooled crystal, the Strehl ratio falls from
0.96 to 0.017 while the beam divergence increased from 0.755 mrad to
3.18 mrad as shown in Fig. 5(c and d).
Furthermore, the peak to valley (PV) wavefront aberration and root
mean square (RMS) wavefront aberration increased from 0.835 µm to
28.35 µm and 0.268 µm to 4.78 µm respectively. Which witnesses the
higher wavefront aberration the at the average power of 16 W due to
the thermal lensing effects as shown in Fig. 5(e and f). The variation of
the beam waist at the focal point and beam propagation at (1/e2) shown
in Fig. 5(g and h), respectively. The wavefront distortion of laser pulses
happened due to the refractive index distribution in the lasing crystal
along with the distribution of temperature because of optical absorp-
tion. The wave-front distortion which is measured by the HASO4 sensor
at the average pump power of ∼18 W is shown in Fig. 6. The wavefront
is highly distorted with enormous aberration having RMS and PV
aberration of 4.769 µm and 28.668 µm, respectively. This indicates, the
chances of optical damage of the crystal increased, and energy extrac-
tion efficiency reduced enormously at high average pump power, high
repetition rate (80 MHz) even at cryogenic cooling (40 K).
Fig. 6. Wavefront measurement at average pump power of 18 W.
The variation of the sagittal and tangential focal length along the
pump power at cryogenic cooling (Fig. 7). The sagittal wavefront dis-
Sagittal focal length tortion of the pulses induced by the thermal lensing which depends
Tangential focal length upon the absorption coefficient, thermal conductivity, and change in
2.4
refractive index variation with temperature of Ti:Sapphire crystal. The
2.2 sagittal focal length falls by increasing the average pump power which
2.0
caused the enhancement of the thermal conductivity while the tan-
Thermal lens focal length (m)

gential focal length varies slightly which attributable to the uneven

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Average pump power (W)
Fig. 7. Sagittal and Tangential focal length variation with the average pump
power.
power at 80 MHz which shows a minor beam profile distortion as
shown in Fig. 4(b).
4.2. Measurements of thermal lensing at the cryogenic cooling
After measuring the thermal lensing effect in Ti: Sapphire crystal at
low average power, the cryogenic cooling system is employed to mea-
sure the thermal lensing effects at high average pump power. The
temperature in the cryogenic cooler adjusted to 40 K and the pump
pulses focused into Ti: Sapphire crystal as shown in Fig. 1. The focal
length, beam divergence, propagation length, Strehl ratio, PV wave-
front aberration, RMS wavefront aberration, beam waist variation, sa-
gittal and tangential focal length variation of Brewster-cut Ti: sapphire
crystal versus the average pump power at 80 MHz measured by em-
ploying HASO4 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor at 40 K.
The focal length of thermal lens variation versus the average pump
power is measured at a cryogenic cooling temperature up to the average
cooling of crystal i.e. being more cooled along the tangential direction
than along sagittal one. The different gradient of sagittal and tangential
focal length of the wavefront is the clear signature of the thermal lens
effects and aberration in the crystal.
The effect of the thermal lens and aberration can be suppressed by
cooling mechanics [18–27], adaptive optics [8–11], beam expander
before the amplifier, specific expanding ratio and introducing beam
divergence in injected pulses [28] or introducing the thermal eigen-
mode [30]. Our investigations show that only the cryogenic cooling is
not sufficient to overcome thermal lensing effect at high repetition rate
pumped Ti: Sapphire crystal. Therefore, we will adopt the cryogenic
cooling mechanism and adaptive optics to compensate the thermal
12 14 16 18 20
lensing effect in the high repetition rate booster amplifier.
5. Conclusion
In the present study, the thermal lensing effects in Ti:Sapphire
crystal seeded by 800 nm center wavelength and pumped 532 nm
central wavelength working at 80 MHz repetition rate as a function of
average pump power is calculated and measured at the ∼293 K and
later at 40 K by using the cryogenic cooling system. The wavefront
distortion at different average pump power measured by using the
HASO4 Shack-Hartmann wavefront pumped at a high repetition rate.
The investigation related to the beam quality, beam divergence, pro-
pagation length, Strehl ratio, PV and RMS wavefront aberration, sa-
gittal, and tangential focal length variation versus the average pump
power shows that the additional adaptive optics is essential along with
the cooling mechanism to suppress the thermal effects and to correct
the wavefront aberration.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the funding from ELI-ALPS
with project number of GINOP-2.3.6-15-2015-00001. The authors are
thankful for Prof. Karoly Osvay at ELI-ALPS and the people of the

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M. Hussain et al.
TeWaTi femtosecond laboratory at the Department of Optics and
Quantum Electronics of University of Szeged for facilitating the ex-
periments.
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