○ Second formulation: “Act so that you use humanity, as

much in your own person as in the person of every other,

Deontological: Meaning always at the same time as end and never merely as
➢ Duties means (Kant, 2002).”
○ Comformity with duty ■ Living things should not be used like objects
■ You do your duty but for no reasons ■ Even if you have the best intention, if the
○ Out of duty way was wrong then it is morally wrong.
■ You do your duty because you recognize ■ Consent
that people are obliged to follow individual’s
duties
○ In conformity with moral duty
■ You do your moral duty for self interest ➢ Rights: we are ready to sacrifice some of the beneficial
(something will return back to you) consequences as long as these basic claims that define our
○ Out of moral duty personhood and our humanity are not violated.
■ You do your moral duty because you ○ Basic human rights should be seriously taken into
believe that everyone are obliged to follow consideration when making decisions.(rules,
moral duties policies, etc.)
➢ Principles ○ The person has a right when that person is entitled
○ Categorical Imperative to act a certain way or is entitled to have others act a
■ Uncompromising and not based on certain way toward him
conditions (no ifs no buts) ➢ Rights
■ You have reasons ○ Legal Rights (limited rights)
○ Hypothetical Imperative Only does things when ■ Acquired by specific laws and bound by
something is in return (ifs and buts) jurisdictions
○ You have desires ■ Example: You are legally entitled to have a
driver’s lisense when you have the
qualifications
■ Limited by a locality
➢ Categorical Imperative ○ Moral rights/Human right (Inherent right)
○ First formulation:“Act only in accordance with that maxim ■ Does not require effort to possess the
through which you can at the same time will that it become qualifications
a universal law (Kant).” ■ You get it by simply being a person
■ Universability: What if everyone in the world ■ Consedered as universal
does it?
■ Reversibility: What if it was done to me? ➢ Why should written laws be based on moral rights?

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 ○ We have rights because it will benefit most of the ➢ Lawrence Kohlberg: the person’s capacity to perceive what is
people. right and wrong develops from one stage to another.
○ Makes use of Kant’s second formulation: consent ○ Moral reasoning:
■ Preconventional
WHILE I HAVE THE RIGHT, I ALSO HAVE THE DUTY TO ● Punicshment-Obedience
RESPECT OTHER’S RIGHTS Orientation
● Instrumental-Reletavist
Orientation
➢ Virtue Ethics: Meaning ■ Conventional
○ From Thomas Aquinas & Aristotle ● Interpersonal concordance
○ Latin word orientation
■ Vitrus: Power ● Law and Order orientation
■ Arete: Excellence of any kind ■ Postconventiona
● Example: a knife is excellent and ● Social Contract Orientation
virtous if it serves its purpose ● Universal Ethical Principle
○ Concerned on assessing the moral integrity and Orientation
character of a person ■ Can help undertsand the younger
○ Agent based (Will a particular course of action employees better, how people think in
make that someone/agent better?) the workplace.
○ Focuses on moral character of the person
○ “Who ought to be than what ought to do” ➢ Preconventional: Not fully aware of Ethical standards,
○ Not confined on a person's specific role norms, laws agreed upon.
■ Concerned with characteristics that ○ Stage One: Punishment-and-Obedience
contribute on the well-being of af Orientation
someone as a person ■ Understand something is wrong by
○ Aristotle: a truly happy person is a virtuous means of punishment as consequence
person Tries to do something with the fear of
○ Virtue is like a skill: no one is born honest etc. punishment
● Example: It is wrong to pull
someone’s air because my
parents will scold me

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 ■ Takot Orientation: Motivated by fear and
Punishment
○ Instrumental Reletavist Orientation: Reward
Orientation
■ Right consists of which instrumentally
satisfies one’s own need
■ Return a favor
■ Gamitan Orientation
■ Example: GAwin m math homework ko,
gawin ko english homework mo
■ Agree to laws not just because it keeps
society in place but it upholds rights and
human rights
■ Prior Rights Orientation: Law was
created to meet man’s needs
○ Universal Ethical Principles
■ Morally mature, no longer governed by
fear of punishment, nor reward.
■ To do what his or her conscience is
telling him to do.

➢ Conventional: Lives and fulfills duties of social system,

lives up to law
○ Interpersonal Concordace Orietation
■ Lives up by approval from others
■ Cares about what others say
■ Example: Hindi ko sya gagawin kasi
baka kung anong sabihin ng iba
■ Hiya Orientation: Good behavior that
pleases others
○ Law and Order
■ Law is respected, upheld and obeyed
■ Someone is good when they abide the
laws
■ Legalistic Orientation: Not just
concerned of punishment but also
understand that the law must be upheld
and obeyed

➢ Post-Conventional: Exercises freedom and upholds

human rights and common good.
○ Social Contract

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