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CH 12 数列与级数

12.1 数列与级数
12.1 数列与级数
⇒数列:按照某种规矩排列的⼀列数。
例: (a) 2,4,6,8,10 ,…

(b) 3,8,13,18 ,…
1 1 1
(c) , , ,...
1 2 3
⇒⼀个数列的各项可以表⽰成 a1 , a2 ,a3 … ,an … 。

⾸项 第⼆项 第三项 第n项


(数列的通项)

⇒ 数列的通项公式:an 与 项数 n 之间的关系。
例:通项公式 an = 2n + 1 的 a1、a2 是多少?
∴ a1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3
a2 = 2(2) + 1 = 5
例1:
写出从 1 到 7 各整数的 5 倍加 1 的数列,并求此数列的⾸项、末项及其通项公式。
⇒ a1 = 5(1) + 1 = 6
a2 = 5(2) + 1 = 11
a3 = 5(3) + 1 = 16
a4 = 5(4) + 1 = 21
a5 = 5(5) + 1 = 26
a6 = 5(6) + 1 = 31
a7 = 5(7) + 1 = 36

⇒ 数列的前 7 项:6 , 11 , 16 , 21 , 26 , 31 , 36 。

⾸项 末项

∴ ⾸项为 6 ,末项为 36 ,通项公式为 an = 5n + 1 。


例2:
根据下列各数列的通项公式,写出其⾸ 5 项:
(a)an = 3n + 1
n
(b)an = (−1) (n + 1)
n
(c)an = (c)
n +1
2
1 1
a1 = =
1 +1
2 2
解: 2 2
(b) a2 = =
(a) 1 22 + 1 5
a1 = 3(1) + 1 = 4 a1 = (−1) (1 + 1) = − 2
3 3
a2 = 3(2) + 1 = 7 2
a2 = (−1) (2 + 1) = 3 a3 = =
32 + 1 10
a3 = 3(3) + 1 = 10 3
a3 = (−1) (3 + 1) = − 4 4 4
a4 = =
a4 = 3(4) + 1 = 13 4
a4 = (−1) (4 + 1) = 5 42 + 1 17
a5 = 3(5) + 1 = 16 5
a5 = (−1) (5 + 1) = − 6 5 5
a5 = =
52 + 1 26
例3:
写出下列各数列的⼀个通项公式。
(a)2,4,6,8,…
(b)3,5,7,9,…
(c)1,3,5,7,…
(d)7,11,15,19,…
解:
(a)
*从数列可知每⼀项之间差 2 , (b) (c) (d)
可推测 跟 2 的倍数有关。 a1 = 2(1) + 1 a1 = 2(1) − 1 a1 = 4(1) + 3
a1 = 2(1) a2 = 2(2) + 1 a2 = 2(2) − 1 a2 = 4(2) + 3
a2 = 2(2) a3 = 2(3) + 1 a3 = 2(3) − 1 a3 = 4(3) + 3
a3 = 2(3) a4 = 2(4) + 1 a4 = 2(4) − 1 a4 = 4(4) + 3
a4 = 2(4) ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮ ∴ an = 2n + 1 ∴ an = 2n − 1 ∴ an = 4n + 3
∴ an = 2n
例4:
写出下列各数列的⼀个通项公式。
(a)1,4,9,16,…
(b)4,9,16,25,…
(c)2,5,10,17,…
(d)1,8,27,64,…
解: (a)
*从数列规律可发现, (b) (c) (d)
每项与整数的⼆次⽅有关。
2 2 2 3
a1 = 1 2 a1 = 2 = (1 + 1) a1 = 1 + 1 a1 = 1
2 2 2 3
a2 = 2 2 a2 = 3 = (2 + 1) a2 = 2 + 1 a2 = 2
2 2 2 3
a3 = 3 2 a3 = 4 = (3 + 1) a3 = 3 + 1 a3 = 3
2 2 2 3
a4 = 4 2 a4 = 5 = (4 + 1) a4 = 4 + 1 a4 = 4
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
2 2 3
∴ an = n 2 ∴ an = (n + 1) ∴ an = n + 1 ∴ an = n
⇒若 a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , . . . , ak , . . . 是⼀个数列。

⇒各项相加所得式⼦ a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + . . . + ak + . . . 叫做级数。


⇒级数表⽰式: ak = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + . . . + an 。
k=1


⇒⽆穷级数表⽰式: ak = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + . . . 。
k=1
例1:
*注意下列两个式⼦的差别:
写出下列各级数: 3
(n 2 + 1) = (12 + 1) + (22 + 1)(32 + 1)
5 4 ∑
2
∑ ∑
(a) (n + 1) (b) n(n + 1) (a) n=1
= 2 + 5 + 10
n=1 n=1 = 17
5 n 6
2 n
∑n+1 ∑
(c) (d) (−1) (2n − 1) 3
2 2 2 2

n +1=1 +2 +3 +1
n=2 n=3 (b) n=1
=1+4+9+1
解: (a) = 15
5
2 2 2 2 2 2

(n + 1) = (1 + 1) + (2 + 1) + (3 + 1) + (4 + 1) + (5 + 1)
n=1
= 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26
(b)
4


n(n + 1) = 1(1 + 1) + 2(2 + 1) + 3(3 + 1) + 4(4 + 1)
n=1
= 2 + 6 + 12 + 20
(c)
5 n 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 2 2
∑n+1 2+1 3+1 4+1 5+1
= + + +
n=2
4 8 16 32
= + + +
3 4 5 6

(d)
6
n 3 4 5 6

(−1) (2n − 1) = (−1) (2 × 3 − 1) + (−1) (2 × 4 − 1) + (−1) (2 × 5 − 1) + (−1) (2 × 6 − 1)
n=3
= − 5 + 7 − 9 + 11
例2:
求下列各级数的⾸项、末项及项数:
7 8
n n
∑ ∑
(a) (3n + 1) (b) (3 − 2 )
n=2 n=4

解:

(a) (b)
4 4
⾸项 a2 = 3(2) + 1 = 7 ⾸项 a4 = (3 − 2 ) = 81 − 16 = 65
末项 a7 = 3(7) + 1 = 22 8 8
末项 a8 = (3 − 2 ) = 6561 − 256 = 6305
项数是 = (7 − 2) + 1 = 6 项数是 = (8 − 4) + 1 = 5
例3:


以 符号表⽰下列各级数:
2 3 19
(a)3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 (b)2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2
1 1 1 1 1
(c) + + + + (d)3 × 4 + 4 × 6 + 5 × 8 + 6 × 10
2 3 4 5 6
(c) (c)
1 1
解: (a) (b) a1 = a2 =
a1 = 3 1+1 2
1
a1 = 2 1 1
a2 = 3 a2 = a3 =
2 2+1
a2 = 2 3
a3 = 3 3
1 1
a3 = 2 a3 = a4 =
a4 = 3 3+1 或 4
⋮ 1 1
a5 = 3 19 a4 = a5 =
a19 = 2 4+1 5
an = 3 n 1 1
an = 2 a5 = a6 =
5 5
5+1 6
1 1
∑ ∑
∴ an = 3 an = an =
n=1 n=1
19 19 n+1 n
n
∑ ∑
∴ an = 2 5 5 6 6
1 1
n=1 n=1
∑ ∑n+1 ∑ ∑n
∴ an = ∴ an =
n=1 n=1 n=2 n=2
(d)
a1 = 3 × 4 = (1 + 2)(2 × 1 + 2)
a2 = 4 × 6 = (2 + 2)(2 × 2 + 2)
a3 = 5 × 8 = (3 + 2)(2 × 3 + 2)
a4 = 6 × 10 = (4 + 2)(2 × 4 + 2)
an = (n + 2)(2n + 2)
4 4

∑ ∑
∴ an = (n + 2)(2n + 2)
n=1 n=1
P 7 随堂2


以 符号表⽰下级数 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + 4 × 9 + . . . + 15 × 31

a1 = 2 × 5 = (1 + 1)(2 × 1 + 3)
a2 = 3 × 7 = (2 + 1)(2 × 2 + 3)
a3 = 4 × 9 = (3 + 1)(2 × 3 + 3)
a4 = 5 × 11 = (4 + 1)(2 × 4 + 3)

a14 = 15 × 31 = (14 + 1)(2 × 14 + 3)
an = (n + 1)(2n + 3)

14 14

∑ ∑
∴ an = (n + 1)(2n + 3)
n=1 n=1

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