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12.1 数列与级数
12.1 数列与级数
⇒数列:按照某种规矩排列的⼀列数。
例: (a) 2,4,6,8,10 ,…
(b) 3,8,13,18 ,…
1 1 1
(c) , , ,...
1 2 3
⇒⼀个数列的各项可以表⽰成 a1 , a2 ,a3 … ,an … 。
⇒ 数列的通项公式:an 与 项数 n 之间的关系。
例:通项公式 an = 2n + 1 的 a1、a2 是多少?
∴ a1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3
a2 = 2(2) + 1 = 5
例1:
写出从 1 到 7 各整数的 5 倍加 1 的数列,并求此数列的⾸项、末项及其通项公式。
⇒ a1 = 5(1) + 1 = 6
a2 = 5(2) + 1 = 11
a3 = 5(3) + 1 = 16
a4 = 5(4) + 1 = 21
a5 = 5(5) + 1 = 26
a6 = 5(6) + 1 = 31
a7 = 5(7) + 1 = 36
⇒ 数列的前 7 项:6 , 11 , 16 , 21 , 26 , 31 , 36 。
⾸项 末项
⇒各项相加所得式⼦ a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + . . . + ak + . . . 叫做级数。
∑
⇒级数表⽰式: ak = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + . . . + an 。
k=1
∑
⇒⽆穷级数表⽰式: ak = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + . . . 。
k=1
例1:
*注意下列两个式⼦的差别:
写出下列各级数: 3
(n 2 + 1) = (12 + 1) + (22 + 1)(32 + 1)
5 4 ∑
2
∑ ∑
(a) (n + 1) (b) n(n + 1) (a) n=1
= 2 + 5 + 10
n=1 n=1 = 17
5 n 6
2 n
∑n+1 ∑
(c) (d) (−1) (2n − 1) 3
2 2 2 2
∑
n +1=1 +2 +3 +1
n=2 n=3 (b) n=1
=1+4+9+1
解: (a) = 15
5
2 2 2 2 2 2
∑
(n + 1) = (1 + 1) + (2 + 1) + (3 + 1) + (4 + 1) + (5 + 1)
n=1
= 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26
(b)
4
∑
n(n + 1) = 1(1 + 1) + 2(2 + 1) + 3(3 + 1) + 4(4 + 1)
n=1
= 2 + 6 + 12 + 20
(c)
5 n 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 2 2
∑n+1 2+1 3+1 4+1 5+1
= + + +
n=2
4 8 16 32
= + + +
3 4 5 6
(d)
6
n 3 4 5 6
∑
(−1) (2n − 1) = (−1) (2 × 3 − 1) + (−1) (2 × 4 − 1) + (−1) (2 × 5 − 1) + (−1) (2 × 6 − 1)
n=3
= − 5 + 7 − 9 + 11
例2:
求下列各级数的⾸项、末项及项数:
7 8
n n
∑ ∑
(a) (3n + 1) (b) (3 − 2 )
n=2 n=4
解:
(a) (b)
4 4
⾸项 a2 = 3(2) + 1 = 7 ⾸项 a4 = (3 − 2 ) = 81 − 16 = 65
末项 a7 = 3(7) + 1 = 22 8 8
末项 a8 = (3 − 2 ) = 6561 − 256 = 6305
项数是 = (7 − 2) + 1 = 6 项数是 = (8 − 4) + 1 = 5
例3:
∑
以 符号表⽰下列各级数:
2 3 19
(a)3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 (b)2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2
1 1 1 1 1
(c) + + + + (d)3 × 4 + 4 × 6 + 5 × 8 + 6 × 10
2 3 4 5 6
(c) (c)
1 1
解: (a) (b) a1 = a2 =
a1 = 3 1+1 2
1
a1 = 2 1 1
a2 = 3 a2 = a3 =
2 2+1
a2 = 2 3
a3 = 3 3
1 1
a3 = 2 a3 = a4 =
a4 = 3 3+1 或 4
⋮ 1 1
a5 = 3 19 a4 = a5 =
a19 = 2 4+1 5
an = 3 n 1 1
an = 2 a5 = a6 =
5 5
5+1 6
1 1
∑ ∑
∴ an = 3 an = an =
n=1 n=1
19 19 n+1 n
n
∑ ∑
∴ an = 2 5 5 6 6
1 1
n=1 n=1
∑ ∑n+1 ∑ ∑n
∴ an = ∴ an =
n=1 n=1 n=2 n=2
(d)
a1 = 3 × 4 = (1 + 2)(2 × 1 + 2)
a2 = 4 × 6 = (2 + 2)(2 × 2 + 2)
a3 = 5 × 8 = (3 + 2)(2 × 3 + 2)
a4 = 6 × 10 = (4 + 2)(2 × 4 + 2)
an = (n + 2)(2n + 2)
4 4
∑ ∑
∴ an = (n + 2)(2n + 2)
n=1 n=1
P 7 随堂2
∑
以 符号表⽰下级数 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + 4 × 9 + . . . + 15 × 31
a1 = 2 × 5 = (1 + 1)(2 × 1 + 3)
a2 = 3 × 7 = (2 + 1)(2 × 2 + 3)
a3 = 4 × 9 = (3 + 1)(2 × 3 + 3)
a4 = 5 × 11 = (4 + 1)(2 × 4 + 3)
⋮
a14 = 15 × 31 = (14 + 1)(2 × 14 + 3)
an = (n + 1)(2n + 3)
14 14
∑ ∑
∴ an = (n + 1)(2n + 3)
n=1 n=1