Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PCG
PCG
SECTION 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process
of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Substantive due Process- Viewed in its substantive aspect, due process of law requires
that the law in question affecting life, liberty, or property be a valid law, within the power
of the law-making body to enact and is reasonable in its operation.
(1) Thus, a tax which is imposed for a private purpose constitutes a taking of property
without due process as it is beyond the authority of the legislature to levy. (see
Preamble.)
(2) Likewise, the taking of property for private use or without payment or just
compensation offends substantive due process (see Sec.9, infra)
SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except
upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under
oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to seized.
MEANING OF SEARCH WARRANT AND WARRANT OF ARREST.
(1) Search warrant is an order in writing, issued in the name of the people of the
Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search
for certain personal property and bring it before the court.
(2) If the command is to arrest a person designated, to take him into custody in order that
he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense, the written order is called
WARRANT OF ARREST.
Meaning of probable cause- is meant such facts and circumstances antecedent to the
issuance of a warrant sufficient in themselves to induce a cautious man to rely them and
act in pursuance thereof.
1. When in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing,
or is attempting to commit an offense (FLAGRANTE DELICTO RULE)
2. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe based
on personal knowledge of facts and circumstances that the person to be arrested has
committed it (FRESHLY COMMITED RULE)
3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from penal establishment
or place where he is serving final judgement or temporarily confined while his case is
pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement to another.
(FULES OF COURT)
WARRANTLESS ARRESTS
In warrantless arrests, the general principles are basically the same with
warrantless searches. Meaning, all warrantless arrest are illegal.
One can be subjected to criminal prosecution for doing warrantless arrests.
However there are also exceptions to make warrantless arrests valid.
1. Upon lawful order of the court- The court order it in the manner provided under Sec. 3
of RA 4200 or the Anti Wire-tapping Law. You apply before the judge and prove that
there is probable cause, and the judge can order the conduct of wiretapping.
2. When prescribed by law as a public order and safety requires (congress has to pass a
law)
RA No. 4200 (Anti-Wire Tapping Law)- punishes interception and recording of
conversation without the consent of both parties.
It is similar to Sec. 3 in the sense that they are both exclusionary rules, but it goes further
because it punishes (violation only oral a crime). It is narrower in the sense that it covers
only oral communication (it is about oral communications only, not written or letters).
Text messages are not covered with this.
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
redress of grievances.
Freedom of speech, expression and of the press is the liberty to discuss publicly and
truthfully any matter of public interest without censorship or punishment.
These are political rights as they enjoyed in order to participate in affairs of the
government.
Freedom of assembly is the right of the people to meet peaceably for consultation
and discussion of matters of public concern.
Test: Clear and Present Danger to public safety, order, morals, etc. (purposes of
police power)
FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Two parts:
1. Non-Establishment
Prevents the state from promoting any religion, aid one religion or prefers one
over another.
Matters prohibited by the Non- Establishment Clause:
1. State cannot organize a church
2. State cannot promote one religion
3. State cannot impose taxes to support a religious activity
4. State cannot participate in the affairs of a religious organization.
“The freedom to act, which may be restricted, in accordance with one’s beliefs” has two
parts;
1. The state cannot compel a person to do something which his religion prohibits.
2. The state cannot prohibit a person from doing something which his religion
commands.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by
law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to
travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public
health, as may be provided by law.
Right to Travel:
Can be restricted in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health as may
be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people ton information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official
acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for
policy development, shall be may be provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purpose not contrary to law shall not
be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
(POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN)
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty
CUSTODIAL INVESTAGATION
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall
have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services
of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in
writing and in the presence of counsel.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall before conviction, be bailable by
sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspeded. Excessive bail shall not be required.
MEANING OF BAIL- Bail is the security required by a court and given for the
provisional or temporary release of a person who is in the custody of the law conditioned
upon his appearance before any court as required under the conditions specified.
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS- The writ of habeas corpus is an order issued by a court of
competent jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to
produce the body sufficient cause for holding in custody the individual so detained.
PURPOSE OF THE WRIT- to inquire into all manner of involuntary restraint or
detention as distinguished from voluntary and to relieve a person therefrom if such
restraint is found illegal.
HOW TO WRIT OPERATES- is the order from the court requiring a person detaining
another to show cause for the detention, while the privilege of the writ is the further order
from the court to release an individual if it finds his detention without legal cause or
authority.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before
judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 18. (1) No persons shall be detained solely by reason oh his political beliefs and
aspirations.
(2)No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling
reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death
penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.