Nawab Shah Alam Khan COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ‘Approved by AICTE 1 Permitted by Govt. of Telangana | Affiliated to JNTUH EAMCET Code: NAWB | PGECET Code : NAWBI | POLYCET Code : NAWB DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES B.Tech IIT YEAR I SEM (CE502PC) Prepared By: Mr. MOHD MUBASHEER SHAHZEB Assistant Professor Department of Civil EngineeringUNIT-I DESIGN CONCEPTSWORKING STRESS DESIGN The sections of the members of the structure are designed assuming straight line _ stress-strain relationships ensuring that at service loads the stresses in the steel and concrete do not exceed the allowable working stresses. The allowable stresses are taken as fixed proportions of the ultimate or yield strength of the materials. The B.Ms and forces that act on statically indeterminate structures are calculated assuming linear — “o behaviour.ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN Sections of members of the structures are designed taking inelastic strains into account to reach ultimate (maximum, strength when an ultimate load, equal to the sum of eaci service load multiplied by its respective load factor, is applie to the structure. The beginning moments and forces that act as statically indeterminate structures at the ultimate load are calculated assuming non linear elastic behaviour of the structure up to the ultimate load. i.e., redistribution of same actions are taking place due to nonlinear relationship between ey and deformations.REASON FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN Ultimate strength design allows a more rational selectio of the load factors. The stress-strain curve for concrete nonlinear and time dependent. Ultimate strength utilizes reserves of strength resultin, from a more efficient distribution of stresses allowed b. inelastic strains, and at times the working stress metho is very conservative.WHAT Is LIMIT STATE? _ “A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or serviceability”.TE SIGN CONCEPTS » Safety: implies that the likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of structure is acceptably low not only under (normal loads) service loads but also under overloads. » Serviceability: satisfactory performance of structure under service loaé out discomfort to user due to excessive deflections, ci ration ete. ° Other erations such as durability, impermeability, acoustic and Ts insulation ete.LIMIT STATE DESIGN i Purpose: to achieve acceptable probability that a structure will not become unfit for its intended use i.e. that it will not reach a limit state. Thus, a structure ceases to be fit for use will constitute a limit state and the design aims to avoid any such condition being reached during the expected life of the structure. Two principle types of limit state are; i. Ultimate Limit State ii. Serviceability Limit StateSERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES Excessive vibration: which may cause discomfort or alarm as well as damage. Eatigue: must be considered if cyclic loading is likely. Fire resistance: this must be considered in terms of resistance to collapse, flame penetration and heat transfer. Special circumstances: any special requirements of the structure which are not covered by any of the more common limit states, such as earthquake resistance, must be taken into account.ASSUMPTIONS FOR DESIGN IN FLEXURE 1. At any cross-section, sections which are plane prior to bending rema plane after bending. Or strain varies linearly with distance from neutral axis i.e. plane sections remain plane in bending. 2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost fiber is 0.0035. 3. Stress-strain relationship in concrete could be either rectangula parabolic or combination of rectangular and parabolic curves whi should be agreeable with the experimental results.PARTIAL FACTORS OF SAFETY FOR LOADS Errors and inaccuracies may be due to a number of causes: Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation. Possible unusual load increases. Unforeseen stress redistributions. Constructional inaccuracies These are taken into account by applying a particular factor of safety (yp) on the loadings, so that Design load = characteristic load x partial factor of safety (y,) This factor should also take into account the importance of the limi state under consideration and reflect to some extent the igCCUEAEY witl which different type of loading can be predicted, and the particular load combinations occurring.WHAT IS DESIGN STRENGTH? In design calculations “Design Strength” for a given material and limit state is obtained by dividing the characteristic strength by the partial safety factor for strength, appropriate to that material and that limit state. When assessing the strength of a structure or structura member for the limit state of collapse, the partial safet; factor should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel ©PARTIAL FACTORS OF SAFETY FOR MATERIALS(Ty4) The strength of material in an actual member will differ from that measured in a carefully prepared test specimen and it is particularly true for concrete where placing, compaction and curing are so important to the strength, Steel, on the other hand, is a relatively consistent material requiring a small partial factor of safety. | The severity of the limit state being considered. Thus, higher values are taken for the ultimate limit state than for the serviceability limit state.CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH “Characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall”. Strength of concrete varies for the same concrete mix, which give different compressive strength in laboratory tests. Variability in strength evidently depends on degree of quality control. Variability in strength is measured in terms of either the “Standard Deviation” or the Coefficient of Variation (COV), which is the ratio of standard deviation to mean strength myNORMAL PROBABILITY CURVE Strength of materials upon which design is based on that strength is assumed to be normal. Characteristic value is defined as that value below which it is unlikely that more than 5% of the results will fall. Ff, Of, 41.645 f., = Characteristic Strength Sn = Standard Deviation The relationship between Be Whaccounts for variations in results of test specimens and with the method, and control of manufacture, quality of construction and type of materialsCHARACTERISTIC LOADS Loads on structures can also be assessed stastically. Characteristic Load = Mean Load + 1.64 (standard deviation). In most cases, it is the maximum loading on a structural member that is critical and the upper, positive value given by the above expression. But the lower, minimum value may apply when considering the stability of the behaviour of continuous members.COMPRESSION FAILURE OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM To assess the true behavior of section, stress-strain curve fol concrete should be assumed. Strain is proportional to distance from neutral axis. Shape of stress-strain curve indicates shape of compressive stress block at various stages of loading.STRESS-STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IN COMPRESSED (CONCRETE When total compressive force in concrete multiplied by lever arm is maximum, section of beam reduces maximum moment of resistance. In case, cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement bars is large as HYSD bars are used. Compressive strength of concrete will be exhausted prior to steel bars start yielding. Depth of neutral axis increases considerably. Compressive force increases and crushing will take place Crushing failure is sudden, which is an explosive nature and occurs without warning.TENSION FAILURE OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS In case, cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement is small at some value of load; steel bars will attain their yield point. Tensile force in steel bars remains constant at 0.87A,f, even with increasing loading. A small additional load causes large plastic elongation of steel. At that stress, steel bars yield and stretch to a large amount. Tension cracks are widened; which propagate upwards with the simultaneous significant deflections of beam. At this stage stress distribution in concrete becomes non-linear. The mean stress in concrete increases. In order to maintain equilibrium between internal forces, then depth of neutral axis reduces. 6BALANCED BEAM SECTION Beam section is called “Balanced Section” in case, area of stee reinforcement in the section is such that the maximum compressi: strain in bending in concrete attains “e,,,” simultaneously as the strai in steel reaches, &,y). A singly reinforced rectangular beam section of breadth, b and effecti depth, d. As per limit state of collapse, &,= 0.0035. Therefore, a balanced section, is defined for design purposes as one in which the steel stress reache. the design strength simultaneously as the concrete reaches the strai 0.0035.UNDER REINFORCED BEAM SECTION A beam section is called “Under Reinforced” in case the area of steel reinforcement provided in the beam section is such that the steel ratio is less than that for balanced section, py, As bending moment increases, the strain in steel ¢,reaches its limiting value, &,, while strain in concrete, ¢, remains still below its ultimate value (0.0035). In an under reinforced beam, steel yields prior to crushing of concrete in compression. Since, crushing of concrete does not occur, (collapse of beam does not occur), until strain in concrete at extreme fibre in compression attains, &. Beam section continues to resist increasing applied moment and the neutral axis shifts upwards. Lever arm increases somewhat while the total compressive AD concrete remains unaltered.OVER-REINFORCED BEAM SECTION A beam section is called over-reinforced if the area of steel reinforcement in the beam sections is such that the ratio of steel, p is more than that for of the balanced section, p,, Strain in concrete in compression reaches the ultimate strain, &,,= 0.0035 prior to strain in steel reaches In over-reinforced beam failure initiates in the concrete. In crushing failure of concrete, deflection of beam remains small and there is no extensive cracking. Sudden failure without warning.DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS Following are the usual steps in the design of singly reinforced beams. i Step-I. The effective span is needed to determine maximum moment and maximum shear force. ° For simply supported spans. i. Effective span = clear span + effective depth i l,= centre to centre of supports. i width of supports at two ends of beams may be assumed as 30 mm or 600mm. ° for Cantilever beam i. Effective span = clear projection + ii. Step-2. Loads acting on the beam are given. The max. es re max. shear forces should be calculated. Then, factored loa calculated.SIDE FACE REINFORCEMENT When the overall depth of beam becomes more than 750mm, side faci reinforcement shall be provided along the two faces of the beam sectioi to take into consideration the crack width limitation and lateral bucklii of the web in beam. Side face reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1 percent of web arec and shall be distributed equally in two faces at a spacing not exceedi 300mm or web thickness whichever is less.SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT In order to ensure proper placement of concrete around the main reinforcement bars and to achieve full surface contact between the bar: and concrete, it is necessary to maintain a certain minimum distance: between adjacent bars Clear horizontal distance between two adjacent parallel main reinforcing bars shall not be less than maximum of the following i. diameter of the bar (for equal diameter) ii. diameter of larger bar (unequal bars) iii. 5mm more than the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate. Cl ical di hall not be less th « 5mm ». two-thirds of max-size of aggregate 6 c maximum diameter of main bar.EFFECTIVE SPAN 2. Continuous beam or slab; effective span of a continuous beam or slab is calculated as follows:- a. If the width of support is less than or equal to L,/12, the effective span is taken as lesser of the following:- . lsL+d, i. Centre to centre distance between supports. ». If width of support is greater than L./12 or 600mm, whichever is less, the effective span is taken as follows:- i. For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for intermediat span; l=L, ii, For end span with one end free and the other continuous: the effective span is the lesser of 1=L,+0.5d I=L, +0.5t, 6 ts = is the width of the discontinuous supportEFFECTIVE SPAN 2. Continuous beam or slab; effective span of a continuous beam or slab is calculated as follows:- a. If the width of support is less than or equal to L,/12, the effective span is taken as lesser of the following:- . lsL+d, i. Centre to centre distance between supports. ». If width of support is greater than L./12 or 600mm, whichever is less, the effective span is taken as follows:- i. For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for intermediat span; l=L, ii, For end span with one end free and the other continuous: the effective span is the lesser of 1=L,+0.5d I=L, +0.5t, 6 ts = is the width of the discontinuous supportGUIDELINES FOR DESIGN OF BEAMS The depth of the beam should satisfy the deflection requirements w. L/d ratios. In addition, for economy, the ratio of overall depth to width should be between 1.5 and 2.0. In T-beams the depth of slab is usually taken as about 20 percent of th overall depth of the beam. For main bars, choose one size if possible. In any case, limit the mai bars to two sizes and that too without much variation in diamete between the two. Usual widths of beams adopted in mm are ; 150, 200, 230, 250, 275 ani 300mm. Beam width should be equal to or less than the dimension of the “CO in to which it frames.WORKING STRESS DESIGN The sections of the members of the structure are designed assuming straight line _ stress-strain relationships ensuring that at service loads the stresses in the steel and concrete do not exceed the allowable working stresses. The allowable stresses are taken as fixed proportions of the ultimate or yield strength of the materials. The B.Ms and forces that act on statically indeterminate structures are calculated assuming linear — “o behaviour.ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN Sections of members of the structures are designed taking inelastic strains into account to reach ultimate (maximum, strength when an ultimate load, equal to the sum of eaci service load multiplied by its respective load factor, is applie to the structure. The beginning moments and forces that act as statically indeterminate structures at the ultimate load are calculated assuming non linear elastic behaviour of the structure up to the ultimate load. i.e., redistribution of same actions are taking place due to nonlinear relationship between ey and deformations.REASON FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN Ultimate strength design allows a more rational selectio of the load factors. The stress-strain curve for concrete nonlinear and time dependent. Ultimate strength utilizes reserves of strength resultin, from a more efficient distribution of stresses allowed b. inelastic strains, and at times the working stress metho is very conservative.DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAMS In reinforced concrete construction, slab is supported over beams. Simple concrete slabs of moderate depth and weight are limited to spans of 3m to 5m If it is desired for long spans without excessive weight and material, slab is built monolithically with RC beams and beams are considered as flanged beams. At the interior portions of floor, slab with beam acts as a T-beam and at an end the portion acts as an L-beam. Shear reinforcement of beams and bent bars extend into slab and Complete construction is cast integrally. A part of slab acts with rr part in bending compressive stresses. 6EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGE Theoretically width of flange is supposed to act as top flange of beam. Elements of flange midway between webs of two adjacent beams are less highly stressed in longitudinal compression than those elements directly over webs of beams. An effective width of flange, b,is used in the design of flanged beam and is treated to be uniformly stressed at the maximum value, which is smaller than actual width of flange. Effective width of flange primarily depends on span of the beam, breadth of web, b,,and thickness of flange, DpLOCATION OF NEUTRAL AXIS Depending upon proportions of cross-section, area of stee reinforcement in tension, strength of materials 1. Neutral axis of a T-beam in one case may lie in the flange i.e. depth of NA, x,,is less than or equal to thickness of flange or depi of slab, D, (Neutral axis lies within flange (x,, Dy] Dy > 0.43 x, or (D;>0.2d) i. Depth of flange Dyis more than 0.43x,, some portion is subjected t uniform stress equal to 0.446f,;,(0.43x,,) and remaining portion i: subjected to parabolic stress. i. To obtain compressive force in portion of flange, concept of modified thickness of flange equal to Y= (0.15x, +0.65D)) is recommended by IS456-2000. i. Average stress is assumed to be 0.446f(2) NEUTRAL AXIS LIES OUT SIDE FLANGE [LE. Xy > Dy] Dy > 0.43 x, or (D;>0.2d) i. Depth of flange Dyis more than 0.43x,, some portion is subjected t uniform stress equal to 0.446f,;,(0.43x,,) and remaining portion i: subjected to parabolic stress. i. To obtain compressive force in portion of flange, concept of modified thickness of flange equal to Y= (0.15x, +0.65D)) is recommended by IS456-2000. i. Average stress is assumed to be 0.446fCLASSIFICATION OF TORSION Primary Torsion- required to maintain basic static equilibrium Secondary Torsion- required to maintain only compatibility of joining members. Torsion encountered in statically determinate members- Primary Torsion. Torsion in _ statically indeterminate Secondary Torsion. e smembers-TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF HOMOGENEOUS SECTIONS To analyze a statically indeterminate structure ft is necessary to determine the relative stiftness of various members. The transfer of torsional moment depends up on the torsion stiftness “K,” of a member, defined as the torsional moment “T” requited to produce unit angle of twist For circular shatt, diameter, D, torsion is given by ITORSIONAL STIFFNESS Torsional stiffness = | cel Qa J = Torsion constant G = shear modulus = = T = Torsion g = angle of twist over length T 1 = length of the member over which occurs Wr Poisson’s ratio = 0.15 for concrete When cross section is citculat, the torsion constant isTORSION OF NONCIRCULAR MEMBERS Cross section appears to remain same in circular shapes even after application of torsion since the shape remains circular even atter twisting. This is not true in non-circular cross sections. Maximum shearing stress does not occur at the cornets of rectangular section, but at the middle of longer side.TORSION CONSTANT In RC construction, cross section is generally rectangular with width “b” and depth, D [D>b]. Torsion constant for rectangular section is J = 8 b’D (D>b), where f is a function of the ratio of D-to-b i.e. (D/b) A more convenient expression for “J”, for values of D/b < 10, has been derived by Timoshenko When b/D < 1/10 poeEFFECT OF TORSION REINFORCEMENT A plain concrete beam fails practically as soon as diagonal cracking occurs. A beam suitably reinforced can sustain increased torsion moment until eventually failure occurs by yielding of steel, brsion reinforcement consists of a combination of longitudinal bars and links or stirrups. Longitudinal bars should be distributed evenly round the inside perimeter of link. aINTERACTION OF TORSION AND BENDING Torsion occurs simultaneously with flexure. Many studies reported on the interaction between There has been no agreement on correct interaction critetion. Both the Skew Bending Theory and the Space Truss Analogy developed by Lampert are in general agteement on the interaction behavior. 8According to Collins and Lampert, under positive bending, yielding of bottom reinforcement occurs: when equal volumes of longitudinal and transverse steel are used, and when equal amounts of longitudinal steel are used in the top and bottom faces. bFor members with symmetrical reinforcement, the interaction of torsion and bending moment is represented by T,,= Ultimate torsion in the presence of flexure Where T,,.= Torsional strength when the member is subjected to torsion alone M,,= Ultimate flexural moment in the presence of torsion M,,,= Flexural strength when the member is subjected to flexure aloneDOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS Four Possible Modes of Failure Under reinforced Failure e (Case 1) Compression and tension steel yields e (Case 2 ) Only tension steel yields Over reinforced Failure e (Case 3 ) Only compression steel yields ° (Case 4) No yielding Concrete crushesDESIGN STEPS 1. Determine the limiting moment of resistance M,,,, for the given cross-section using the equation for a singly reinforced beam Majim = 0.87£y.Agt1 [d - 0.42X ym] = 0.36 £.y-D-Xym [d - 0.42% | 2. If the factored moment M, exceeds M,,,,, a doubly reinforced section is required (M, - Mim) =Mu2 Additional area of tension steel A, is obtained by considering the equilibrium of force of compression in comp. steel and force of tension T, in the additional tension steel Oye Age Gee Age = 0.87L, Asis Ge Age = 0.87 fy Ager A, = compression steel. © 6.,= Comp. stress in conc at the level of comp. steel = 0.446fck.ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS Effect of Compression Reinforcement on the Strength and Behavior ww bol T = = aiive Singly Reinforced — Qo COC.;M, DAfr-d an Doubly Reinforced | C1C,0C)3M, 0 Ay | : f Th / and |_a, |\a,ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS Effect of Compression Reinforcement on the Strength and Behavior ww bol T = = aiive Singly Reinforced — Qo COC.;M, DAfr-d an Doubly Reinforced | C1C,0C)3M, 0 Ay | : f Th / and |_a, |\a,EFFECT OF COMPRESS: REINFORCEMENT Section 1: Section 2: TOA, TOAS, HOC, 60.8560 ba 1 0.8560 Tocooc, opbliaAs 0 AU ZT 0.85 «Osh fg. 90 085,60 bo, bia fo AD > A8Sf Addition of A’,strengthens compression zone so that less concrete is needed to resist a given value of T. ——~ NA goes up (c)",)). eoDOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS Four Possible Modes of Failure Under reinforced Failure e (Case 1) Compression and tension steel yields e (Case 2 ) Only tension steel yields Over reinforced Failure e (Case 3 ) Only compression steel yields ° (Case 4) No yielding Concrete crushesANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTION Floor systems with slabs and beams are placed in monolithic pour. Slab acts as a top flange to the beam; T- beams, and Inverted L(Spandrel) Beams.UniT - I LIMIT STATE DESIGNDupes of Cracks * Type and formation of cracks depend on span-to-depth ratio of beam and loading. *For simply supported beam under uniformly distributed load, three types of cracks are identified. 1. Flexural cracks: form at the bottom near mid span and propagate upwards. 2. Web shear cracks: form near neutral axis close to support and propagate inclined to the beam axis. 3. Flexure shear cracks: These cracks form at bottom due to flexure and propagate due to both flexure and shear. eModes of Failure *For beams with low span-to-depth ratio or inadequate shea reinforcement, the failure may be due to shear. + Failure due to shear is sudden as compared to failure due flexure. + Five modes of failure due to shear are identified. 1. Diagonal tension failure 2. Shear compression failure 3. Shear tension failure 4. Web crushing failure 5. Arch rib failure * Mode of failure depends on span-to-depth ratio, loading, oS section of beam, amount and anchorage of reinforcement.SHEAR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS Behavior of RC members under Shear (including combined loads with other loads) is very complex 1. Non-homogeneity of materials 2. Presence of Cracks and Reinforcement 3. Nonlinearity in Material Response Current design (Code) procedures, i Based on results of extensive tests on small size members with simplifying assumptions ii. No unified and universally accepted method for prediction of shear strength of beams without web reinforcementShear Transfer Mechanisms V, = aggregate interlock (interface shear) V., = Shear in compression zone (20-40%) v, =Aggregate Interlock forces (35-50%) vq = Dowel action from longitudinal bars (15-25%) Total Resistance = (V,.+ Vay +¥4) (For Beams without stirrups)FACTORS INFLUENCING SHEAR STRENGTH . Strength of Concrete (f’.) . Percentage of Flexural (Tensile) Reinforcement (p,) . Shear Span-to-Depth Ratio (a/d) . Depth of Member (d)ni Sieeamensin al 5 , I + failure mode highly brittle - small deflections and lack of ductility. - shear strength related to tensile strength of concrete \\ Evidence © Sudden failure of Wilki © Catastrophic failure of structures leading to loss of human lives and propert i due to Hyogo-Ken Nambu Earth Quake in 1995DIAGONAL CRACKING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH © Ultimate Strength: “load corresponding to the total and complete failure due to shear and diagonal tension” a Diagonal Cracking Strength: “load corresponding to formation of first fully developed inclined crack” a. An inclined crack is considered to be fully developed when it has progressed sufficiently towards both the mid span and the support while intersecting the tensile reinforcementa The design provisions in most of the codes 1) are based on diagonal tension cracking and 2) by using a suitable multiplication factor, strength of short or deep beams is obtained 3) Need to be re-examined a Owing to complex nature of stress distribution, Code Provisio for prediction of shear strength are Empirical in Nature fo Beams without Web ReinforcementDESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR Nominal Shear stress = Where v, = Shear force due to design loads b = breadth of the member which for flanged sections shall b taken as the breadth of web b,, and d = effective depth eSHEAR STRENGTH OF RC BEAMS Calculate the nominal shear stress and compare with the shear strength of RC beams from Table 19 of IS 456-2000. If the nominal shear stress . exceeds the shear strength > of RC beams without shear reinforcement, then the beam needs to be designed for shear reinforcement. When | is less than _ obtained from Table 19, minimum shear reinforcement is provided which is given byPrediction of Shear Strength IS 456-2000 0.85,/0.8f,, (A 1 wes, moms Where 0.8 fy, = Cylinder strength in terms of cube strength and 0.85 reduction factor = 1/ym ~ 1/1.2 aa vo 0.8f.. _ 6.89 119 For Short Beams ro Oo 2 v ] (Eqn.9) aa Tala Oo a iSDESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 1 When the shear stress is greater than shear strength given in Table 19 (IS 456), shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of the following forms a. Vertical stirrups ». Bent-up bars along with stirrups and c. Inclined stirrups Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear force equal toFORMS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT For vertical stirrups fe Be For single bar or single group of parallel bars all bent up at the same cross-section O=angle between the inclined stirrup or bent up bar and the axis of the member not less than 45°L 2 s TRUSS ANALOGY Action of vertical and inclined (stirrups) shear reinforcement may be described by the analogous truss action. In a simple truss, the upper and lower chords are in compression and tension respectively; the diagonal members, called web members, are alternately in compression and tension. Shear strength of RC beam may be increased by use of shear reinforcement similar in action to tensile web members in a truss. Shear reinforcement must be anchored in compression zone of concrete and is usually hooped around longitudinal tension reinforcement.Design of Stirrups ZI Fig. 7.6 Equilibrium of diagonal tension forces in concrete. y= total area of legs of shearlinks +s, =spacing of links + Number of links crossing 45° diagonalcrack ee * Total strength of vertical stirrups yoo, + Spacing of stirrups required= OoDesign of Bent-up Bars fe(4- d9c0t B+ cot «) —sJe— ~d(1 + cot a) —>} Fig. 7.7 Design of bent-up bar system for shear in RCC beams. * Horizontal length over which the bar is effective can be taken as equal to d(cot B + cot a), where B = direction of shear compression, a = angle at which the bars bent * Let s,= spacing of bent bars. Then the number of effective bars in this region are + The maximum shear carried by bent up bars =ENHANCED SHEAR NEAR SUPPORTS Section near the supports can be assumed to have enhanced shear strength. Shear failure at sections of beams and cantilevers without shear reinforcement normally takes place on a plane making an angle 309 with the horizontal. Enhance shear capacity at sections near supports as would be done in design of brackets, ribs, corbels etc.BEAMS OF VARYING DEPTH Beams with varying depth are encountered in RC. Beam depth is varied according to the variation of bendin; moment and shear force. Case (a): Bending moment increases numerically in the direction in which effective depth increases. Case (b). Bending moment decreases numerically in the direction in which effective depth increases.DESIGN OF STIRRUPS AT STEEL CUT-OFF POINTS When flexural reinforcement in beams is terminated in tension region, at that section it should satisfy a) Shear at cut-off point does not exceed two-thirds of combined strength of concrete and steel. foliose, O b) Additional stirrups should be provided along each terminated direction over a distance from the cut-off point equal to three-fourth effective depth, equal to aa oe 14MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Restrains the growth of inclined cracking. Ductility is increased and gives warning before failure. In an unreinforced web, such reinforcement is of great value if a member is subjected to an unexpected tensile force or an overload. A minimum area of shear reinforcement is required whenever the total factored shear force V, is greater than one-half the shear strength provided by concrete kV. Need to increase minimum shear reinforcement as concrete strength increases to prevent sudden shear failure by inclined cracking. 13EFFECT OF COMPRESS: REINFORCEMENT Section 1: Section 2: TOA, TOAS, HOC, 60.8560 ba 1 0.8560 Tocooc, opbliaAs 0 AU ZT 0.85 «Osh fg. 90 085,60 bo, bia fo AD > A8Sf Addition of A’,strengthens compression zone so that less concrete is needed to resist a given value of T. ——~ NA goes up (c)",)). eoANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTION Floor systems with slabs and beams are placed in monolithic pour. Slab acts as a top flange to the beam; T- beams, and Inverted L(Spandrel) Beams.ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS If the neutral axis falls within the slab depth rectangular beam, otherwise as a T-beam. analyze the beam asa} | A 7 [-___»— | 4 | LoANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS If the neutral axis falls within the slab depth rectangular beam, otherwise as a T-beam. analyze the beam asa} | A 7 [-___»— | 4 | LoACI CODE PROVISIONS FOR ESIIMWAUIING B, From ACI 318, Section 8.10.2 T Beam Flange: b L eff 4 16h, bs, PrctuatVARIOUS POSSIBLE GEOMETRIES OF T-BEAMS Single Tee Fy Twin Tee Analyze Analyze J+] 2B Box reUNIT-II DESIGN OF SLABIntroduction A slab is structural element whose thickness is small compared to its own length and width. Slabs are usually used in floor and roof coverings. Length of the longer span(1 One-way slabs: When the ratio of the longer to the shorter side (L/ S) of the slab is at least equal to 2.0, it is called one-way slab. Under the action of loads, it is deflected in the short direction only, in acylindrical form. Therefore, main reinforcement is placed in the shorter direction, while the longer direction is provided with shrinkage reinforcement to limit cracking. When the slab is supported on two sides only, the load will be transferred to these sides regardless of its longer span to shorter span ratio, and it will be classified as one-way slab.slabs and one-way ribbed slabs. One-way Slabs In this section, two types will be discussed, one-way solid One-way Solid Slabs Minimum Thickness To control deflection, ACI Code 9.5.2.1 specifies minimum thickness values for one-way solid slabs, shown in Table. Minimum thickness of one-way solid slabs Element | Simply | Oneend | Bothends | Cantilever supported | continuous | continuous One-way solidslabs | _1/20 124 v8 io where / is the span length in the direction of bending.Design Concept One-way solid slabs are designed as a number of independent 1 m wide strips which span in the short direction and supported on crossing beams. Maximum Reinforcement Ratio One-way solid slabs are designed as rectangular sections subjected to shear and moment. Thus, the maximum reinforcement ratio pax is not toexceed 0.75 (and Aji, |! 0.754 smax sb Shrinkage Reinforcement Ratio According to ACI Code 7.12.2.1 and for steels yielding at f, 0. 4200kg /cm’*, the shrinkage reinforcement is taken not less than 0.0018 of the gross concrete area, OF Agsiriniage 1 0.0018 bh where, b = width of strip, and h = slab thickness.Minimum Reinforcement Ratio According to ACI Code 10.5.4, the minimum flexural reinforcement is not to be less than the shrinkage reinforcement, or A, 0.0018 bh Spacing Of Flexural Reinforcement Bars Flexural reinforcement is to be spaced not farther than three times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 45 cm, center-to-center. Spacing Of Shrinkage Reinforcement Bars Shrinkage reinforcement is to be spaced not farther than five times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 45 cm, center-to-center.Loads Assigned to Slabs (1) Own weight of slab: (2) Weight of slab covering materials: - Sand fill with a thickness of about 5 cm, 0.05 0 1.80 t/m? -Cement mortar, 2.5 cm thick. 0.025 5 2.10 t/m? - Tiling 0.025 © 2.30 4m -A layer of plaster about 2 cm in "RIGSMESS. 10 1a? (8) Live Load: } Table shows typical values used by the Uniform Building Code (UBC).(4) Equivalent Partition Weight: This load is usually taken as the weight of all walls carried by the slab divided by the floor area and treated as a dead load rather than a live load. Loads Assigned to Beams The beams are usually designed to carry the following loads: - Their own weights. - Weights of partitions applied directly on them. - Floor loads. The floor loads on beams supporting the slab in the shorter direction may be assumed uniformly distributed throughout their spans.Approximate Structural Analysis ACI Code 8.3.3 permits the use of the following approximate moments and shears for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs, provided: 1, Positive Moment: a. End Spans: When discontinuous end unrestrained, Ow pP When discontinuous end is integral with support, 9 vw |? Mere J, is the corresponding clear spanlength b. Interior Spans: M, Uwe 2. NeGative Moment: a. Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support: Two spans, yy ws os °Summary of One-way Solid Slab Design Procedure Once design compressive strength of concrete and yield stress of reinforcement are specified, the next steps are followed: 1. Select representative 1 m wide design strip/strips to span in the short direction. 2.Choose a slab thickness to satisfy deflection control requirements. When several numbers of slab panels exist, select the largest calculated thickness. 38.Calculate the factored load W,, bywm, | bgiifning slaAOliq dead and live loads according to this equation4. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for each of the strips. 5. Check adequacy of slab thickness in terms of resisting shear by satisfying the following equation: V 0.530 [fbd where V,,= factored shear force V.= shear force resisted by concrete alone = strength reduction factor for shear is equal to 0.85. = width of strip = 100 cm d =effective depth of slab If the previous equation is not satisfied, go ahead and enlarge the thickness to do so.6. Design flexural and shrinkage reinforcement: Flexural reinforcement ratio is calculated from the following eanation: Make sure that the reinforcement ratio is not larger than % p, Compute the area of shrinkage reinforcement, whereA,,,,,, "| 0.0018 bh Select appropriate bar numbers and diameters for both, main and secondary reinforcement. Check reinforcement spacing, modify your bar selection ifneeded. 7. Draw a plan of the slab and representative cross sections showing the dimensions and the selected reinforcement. oExample (1): Design the slab shown in Example (8.1) using any available structural analysis software. Solution : 1 Select a representative 1 m wide slab strip: The selected representative strip is shown. 2 Select slab thickness: Same as in Example (8.1), the thickness is taken as 18 em. 83 Calculate the factored load W,, per unit length of the selected si For a strip 1 m wide, w, 0 1.56 ton/m 4Evaluate the maximum factored shear forces and bending moments in the strip:5- Check slab thickness for beam shear: Effective depth d= 18 -2 — 0.60 = 15.40 cm, assuming ¢ 12 mm bars. Vax = 3.78 ton ® V, =0.85(0.53)/250 (100)(15.40)/1000=10.97 ton i.e. . slab thickness is adequate in terms of resisting beam shear. 6- Design flexural and shrinkage reinforcement: Steel reinforcement ratios are calculated and checked against minimum and maximum code specified limits.For M, =-2.64tm =e ; 2.61 10° (2.64) oe | = 0.00303 4200 ars A, =0.00303(100)(15.4)= 4.67 cm? /m, use $10 mm @ 15 cm. For M, = -2.16 tm _0.85(250)| 2.61 10° (2.16) | _ 4200 : \ jaiearay [eos A, = 0.00246 (100)(15.4)= 3.79 cm? /n, use ¢ 10 mm @ 20 em. For M, =-1.92 tn asst] [aaa oey 9 2088025 - - sete coos eo 4200 (100)(15.4)° (250)A, =0.00218(100)(15.4)= 3.36 cm? /m, use ¢ 10 mm @ 20 cm. For M, =1.94 tan _ 0.85(250) i. /9 2.61x10° (1.94) 4200 (100)(15.4)" (250) = 0.0022 A, =0.0022(100)(15.4)= 3.39 cm? /m, use ¢ 10 mm @ 20 cm. For M, =1.08tm _0.85(250)|_ |, _2.61%10° (1.08) _ ~~ 4200 p ee ool A, =0.0018(100)(18.0)= 3.24 cm? /n, use 910 mm @ 20 cm. For M, =0.85 tn DA, =0.0018(100)(18.0)= 3.24 cm? An, use 10 mm @ 20 em. Calculate the area of shrinkage reinforcement: Area of shrinkage reinforcement = 0.0018 (100) (18) = 3.24 cm’/m, use $10 mm @ 20 cm. Select reinforcement bars: It is already done in step 6. Check bar spacing: Same as in Example (8.1). 7- Prepare neat sketches showing the reinforcement and slab thickness:1G Be gy9@ 15 OB S™ isa Mem aim 4 I 3m 4.0m 40m Section A-A . ft - ° 0106 ahem | Lvana’| I 10a 2m 4 0108 20cmMOMENTS IN TWO WaY RESTRAINED SLABS WITH CORNERS HELD DOWN ui be Cupra Conditions to be satisfied for use of these coefficients are: 1. Loading on adjacent spans should be the same 2. Span in each direction should be approximately equal. The span moment per unit width and the negative moments at continuous edges for the slabs are calculated from the cq aa s of 13, oars for short span for longer spanMOMENTS IN TWO WaY RESTRAINED SLABS WITH CORNERS HELD DOWN ui be Cupra Conditions to be satisfied for use of these coefficients are: 1. Loading on adjacent spans should be the same 2. Span in each direction should be approximately equal. The span moment per unit width and the negative moments at continuous edges for the slabs are calculated from the cq aa s of 13, oars for short span for longer spanDESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS Slab thickness should be calculated based on the greater value of the negative B.M on the short span. Hence Total thickness = d (short) + 0.56 + cover Total thickness = d (long) + 0.56 + 6 + coverDESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS Slab thickness should be calculated based on the greater value of the negative B.M on the short span. Hence Total thickness = d (short) + 0.56 + cover Total thickness = d (long) + 0.56 + 6 + coverCOEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENTS Slabs restrained against corners lifted up 2 ny = Number of discontinuougedges = 0,1,2,3 and 4. C =1.0 for a discontinuous edge = £ for continuous edge Subscripts “s” and “1” denote “short edge” and “long edge” Subscripts “1” and “2” represent two edges in short and longe direction } fiIMPORTANT DESIGN ISSUES FROM TABLE 26 1. Edge moments of continuous supports are 1.33 times the span moments. 2. Long span moment coefficient”a,” is a constant foi given end conditions of slab, irrespective of the span ratios. 3. Short span coefficient varies sharply with variation o, the ratio of spansDESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS Slab thickness should be calculated based on the greater value of the negative B.M on the short span. Hence Total thickness = d (short) + 0.56 + cover Total thickness = d (long) + 0.56 + 6 + coverThe slab should satisfy span/effective depth ratio to contr deflection. Simply supported = 28 Continuous =32 Depth of slab selected from deflection criterion will be genera greater than the minimum required from strength criterion. Short span steel will be placed in the lower layer.Restrained moments are obtained for the middle strips only. The reinforcement is distributed uniformly in the middle strips. Each direction is to be provided only with the minimum reinforcement placed at the bottom of the slabs.In addition, corner steel reinforcement should be provided at the discontinuous edges. Corner reinforcement consists of two mats, are placed on the top and the other at the bottom of the slab, with each mat having steel in both x and y directions. Where the slab is discontinuous on both sides of a corner, fall torsion steel has to be provided.The area of the full torsion reinforcement per unit width in each of the four layer should be as follows. (Area of full corner steel ) = [3/4][Area required for the maximum span per unit width in each of four layers] These steels are to be provided for a distance of one-fifth the short span .UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNSCOLUMN DESIGN - EULER COLUMN The smallest load occurs when n = 1, therefore, ue Euler formula Buckling is avoided if the applied load is less than the critical load Pronea n=4 Select thickness and calculate the outside diameter to obtain safety factor 4. Johnson equation (S,/20)° (IKE) (Uk)? (P../ A) = 67000 — (67000 / 211)? (1/30x 10%) (7k) (P../ A ) = 67000 — 3.79 (Vk)?EXAMPLE - COLUMN DESIGN Consider a solid bar Johnson equation (P../ A) = 67000 — 3.79 (I/k)* 16060 /4 d=.713, select d =.75 Weight ratio= = 67000 — 3.79 ( -¥ d/4 a ¢713F 2.2 2 2 = de-g,? 675-375) Solid bar is 20% heavier ozEXAMPLE - COLUMN DESIGN Consider a solid bar Johnson equation (P../ A) = 67000 — 3.79 (I/k)* 16060 /4 d=.713, select d =.75 Weight ratio= = 67000 — 3.79 ( -¥ d/4 a ¢713F 2.2 2 2 = de-g,? 675-375) Solid bar is 20% heavier ozBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKBiaxial bending in columns EXAMPLE 7.25. (a) Using Eq. (7.46) with a trial value of B = 0.65, redesign the column of Example 7.23 with a 16- by 20-in cross section. (b) Verify capacity with Eq. (7.47). Aw: x FIGURE 7.74 Solution. (a) Compute the bending capacity about the minor principal axis (Fig. 7.74). b1-B 161 ~ 0.68 Mi, = Mux + ; 3 U8 = 108 + 20 oes 14 = 170 ft kips Using ACI design aids, compute py = 0.016. Then Ay = 5.12in?. Use four no. 8 and four no. 7; Aarsup = 5.55 in? (b) Equation (7.47) gives P, = 634 kips, oP, = 444 kips > 432kips OKCOLUMNS Stability of Structures Euler's Formula for Pin-End am: Extension of Euler’s Formula Sample Problem 10.1 tri ding: 2 it. Sample Problem 10.2 Design of Columns Under Centric Load Sample Problem 10.4 Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load SeL- 01SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 PI 1 ice = 0.75 in ~ Bit (a) £0) 291108 ®) The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section of structural tubing having the cross-section shown. a) Using Euler’s formula and a factor of safety of two, determine the allowable centric load for the column and the ~ corresponding normal stress. b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the geometric axis of the column, determine the horizontal deflection of the top of the column and the maximum normal stress in the column.SOLUTION: + Maximum allowable centric load: - Effective ky) sft) O16 ft 192in. - Critical load, PET qe 290 10° fe pjis2 pi ||_|s0int ||, 1 62.1kips in P,O - Allowable load, Pa yo Pag Sins 62.1kips 31 kips z oo Paty lips eek 8 A 3.54in?+ Eccentric load: - End deflection, D oP Ym 00 On see 2 Fe th a © Coors j caaenel °O a BR, f a Ym tt 0.939 in. - Maximum normal m On qiaegsee Fon RE An Bs 5 Sltkips 9 Sos a in 35m a cise 2 ED 5, 6s? A [nll 22.0ksiDESIGN OF COLUMNS UNDER CENTRIC LOAD % . + Previous analyses assumed stresses below the proportional limit and initially straight, homogeneous columns + Experimental data demonstrate LeL- OL - for large L,/r, 0 ,, follows a Euler’s formula and Short Intermediate columns Longcolumns—L,/r depends upon E but not coluanns - for small fT, Dor isdetermined by the yield strength Jy and notZ. - for intermediate L,/r, er depends on both, and E.Structural Steel American Inst. of Steel Construction Tex + For L,/r>C, WE g a. O,, o=& cr Ctr all FS Fs 01 * For L,/r>C, a a, ooyat Gel Gyo 2 o o eo re O o FS 53 3helt MO belt 8c 805C 0 g oO + At L./r=C, 2 2 Dp Ofty a OyAluminum Aluminum Association, Inc. on + Alloy 2014-T6 * Alloy 6061-T6 L,/r < 66: au 0 120.20 0.1260, /r UD ksi OOO IL = OMB 4 gett 5 as1a10? L,/r > B6MPaL 702 Angi oz L./r <55: San F 130.7 0 0.230, /r OUksi 0212 15850 CSAP o 372 0103 L/r 5 86MPa, 1? =A omUNIT- V DESIGN OF FOOTING AND STAIR CASEFOOTING Definition Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded, excessive settlement, differential settlement,or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.TYPES OF FOOTING Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.DISTRIBUTION OF SOUL PRESSURE Column Column, Footing Footing Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in cohesive cohesionless soil. soil.DISTRIBUTION OF SOUL PRESSURE Column Column, Footing Footing Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in cohesive cohesionless soil. soil.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying code limitations. 1. The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity 2. Two-way shear or punch out shear. 3. One-way bearing 4, Bending moment and steel reinforcement requiredSIZE OF FOOTING The area of footing can be determined from the actual external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded. ; ‘ 7 Area of footing () Total load |_lincluding self weight __ allowable soil pressure Strength design requirements P u du area of footingTwo-Way SHEAR (PUNCHING SHEAR) For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) V, is smallest of O 4 — V0 4 2 44F bod ACT 11-35 O go Go where, "|,= long side/short side of column concentrated load or reaction area <2 bo= length of critical perimeter around the column When (1 > 2 the allowable V,,is reduced.. Assume d. DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SH™*™ Column 9/2, Critical section Determine bo. bo= 4(c+d) a for square columns where bo = 2(c, +d) +2(c,+dh ONE side =c for rectangular columns of sides c, and ey. tl +|DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SHEAR . The shear force V,, acts at a section that has a length bo= 4(c+d) or 2(c;+d) +2(c,+d) and a depth d; the section is subjected to a vertical downward load P,, and vertical upward pressure qy.DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SHF*” _Soturen, 4, Allowable = [V, [] ah bod el ES Let caticat V.=0V, ar V, qd eo“ — Feros 4 f. by If d is not close to the assumed d, revise your assumptionsDESIGN OF ONE-WAY SHEAR For footings with bending action in one direction the critical section is located a g. oy distance d from face of column. LY. N LY f. bod 7 1FLEXURAL STRENGTH 4D FOOTING REINFORCEMENT = 4 The minimum steel percentage required in Jet ~ cy/2-+} flexural members is 200/f, with minimum ] area and maximum spacing of steel bars CRORE in the direction of bending shall be as : a required for shrinkage temperature in reinforcement. LD | > | j n | : —— —REINFORCEMENT ‘The reinforcement in one-way footings and two-way footings must be distributed across the entire width of the footing. Reinforcement in band width 2 Total reinforcement in short direction LOL where | long side of footing short side of footing 6FLEXURAL STRENGTH 4D FOOTING REINFORCEMENT = 4 The minimum steel percentage required in Jet ~ cy/2-+} flexural members is 200/f, with minimum ] area and maximum spacing of steel bars CRORE in the direction of bending shall be as : a required for shrinkage temperature in reinforcement. LD | > | j n | : —— —REINFORCEMENT ‘The reinforcement in one-way footings and two-way footings must be distributed across the entire width of the footing. Reinforcement in band width 2 Total reinforcement in short direction LOL where | long side of footing short side of footing 6BEARING CAPACITY OF COLUMN AT BASE The loads from the column act on the footing at the base of the column, on an area equal to area of the column cross-section. Compressive forces are transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the concrete. Tensile forces must be resisted by reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by concrete.BEARING CAPACITY OF COLUMN AT BASE The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a factor for bearin; # il when the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded/atiedA, L] 2.0 The modified bearing strength N, 085 fA. A; 1 A\N, 0 2085 f,A,DOWELS IN FOOTINGS A minimum steel ratio 0 = 0.005 of the column section as compared to 0 = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is four these may be placed at the four corners of the column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by more than 0.15 in.DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF THE REINFORCING BARS The development length for compression bars was given I, 0.02 f,d, Aff. but not less than Dowel bars must be checked for proper development length. 0.003 f,d, 1 8in.DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT Footing usually support the following loads: Pe yr Dead loads from the substructure and superstructure Live load resulting from material or occupancy Weight of material used in back filling Wind loadsDESI GN A site investigation is required to determine the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Determine the magnitude and distribution of loads form the superstructure, Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the total and differential settlements of the structure. Determine the most suitable and economic type of foundation. Determine the depth of the footings below the ground level and the method of excavation. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be used in design. 7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the footing based on its width 8. Perform a settlement analysis. @