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2006 - Science. Controlling Electromagnetic Fields
2006 - Science. Controlling Electromagnetic Fields
interior sheet is used for guiding the light back on practical demands. This problem may also 8. R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, Science 292, 77
to the exterior layer. Fortunately, the Kepler pro- inspire further mathematical research on con- (2001).
9. J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000).
file (5) does not lead to total reflection if r0 Q formal maps in order to find the optimal design 10. A. Grbic, G. V. Eleftheriades, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117403
2kw2 j w1k. In this case, the invisible area is and to extend our approach to three dimensions. (2004).
largest for Finally, we ask why our scheme does not 11. T. J. Yen et al., Science 303, 1494 (2004).
violate the mathematical theorem (3) that perfect 12. S. Linden et al., Science 306, 1351 (2004).
r0 0 2kw2 j w1 k ð7Þ invisibility is unattainable. The answer is that
13. A. N. Grigorenko et al., Nature 438, 335 (2005).
14. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York,
waves are not only refracted at the boundary 1998).
Figure 3 illustrates the light propagation in a
between the exterior and the interior layer, but 15. Z. Nehari, Conformal Mapping (McGraw-Hill, New York,
dielectric invisibility device based on the simple 1952).
also are reflected, and that the device causes a
map (3) and the Kepler profile (5) with r0 0 8a. 16. M. J. Ablowitz, A. S. Fokas, Complex Variables (Cambridge
time delay. However, the reflection can be
Here n ranges from 0 to about 36, but this Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997).
substantially reduced by making the transition 17. L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, Mechanics (Pergamon,
example is probably not the optimal choice.
between the layers gradual over a length scale Oxford, 1976).
One can choose from infinitely many conformal 18. V. I. Arnol’d, Huygens & Barrow, Newton & Hooke
much larger than the wavelength 2p/k or by
maps w(z) that possess the required properties (Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1990).
using anti-reflection coatings. In this way, the
for achieving invisibility: w(z) È z for z Y V 19. T. Needham, Am. Math. Mon. 100, 119 (1993).
imperfections of invisibility can be made as 20. T. Needham, Visual Complex Analysis (Clarendon, Oxford,
and two branch points w1 and w2. The invisible
small as the accuracy limit of geometrical optics 2002).
region may be deformed to any simply 21. M. Robnik, J. Phys. A 16, 3971 (1983).
(1), i.e., exponentially small. One can never
connected domain by a conformal map that is
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