PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 033624 (2011)

Cloaking two-dimensional fermions

De-Hone Lin*
Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
(Received 7 October 2010; revised manuscript received 9 April 2011; published 19 September 2011)
A cloaking theory for a two-dimensional spin- 12 fermion is proposed. It is shown that the spinor of the
two-dimensional fermion can be cloaked perfectly through controlling the fermion’s energy and mass in a
specific manner moving in an effective vector potential inside a cloaking shell. Different from the cloaking of
three-dimensional fermions, the scaling function that determines the invisible region is uniquely determined by a
nonlinear equation. It is also shown that the efficiency of the cloaking shell is unaltered under the Aharonov-Bohm
effect.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.84.033624 PACS number(s): 03.75.−b, 03.65.Pm, 11.80.Et, 61.05.fd

I. INTRODUCTION diag(f12 (r),f22 (r)), its quantum behavior is described by the

Through specific materials and structure design, it is Dirac equation [31,32],
     
possible to control two-dimensional (2D) fermions exhibiting 1 ∂1 f12 1 ∂2 f22
interesting behavior, such as the quantum versions of the Hall σ1 ∂1 − + σ2 ∂2 − − σ3 E + M0
f1 4f12 f2 4f22
effect [1–3], superconductivity around the fractional magnetic
flux [4], and massless Dirac particles [5,6], which are of 1
×√  = 0. (1)
interest not only due to their fundamental properties, but also f1 f2
because of their potential applications in 2D quantum systems. Here,  is the 2D Dirac spinor, and σi , i = 1–3, are Pauli ma-
Nevertheless, there is still a lack of systematic investigation trices. What kind of 2D plane and coordinate system the spinor
probing the control of the distribution of a 2D fermion field  is for is specified by the metric guv . It is easy to see that
(i.e., the Dirac spinor). taking (guv ) = diag(1,1) reduces Eq. (1) to the usual Cartesian
By interpreting the coordinate transformation of Maxwell representation. There is no summation over repeated indices,
equations as material properties, Pendry et al. [7] and and we set the Planck constant and light speed as h̄ = 1 and
Leonhardt [8] have shown that controlling the distribution of c = 1. As pointed out in Refs. [7,8], by interpreting coordinate
electromagnetic (EM) fields for forming an invisible cloaked transformations of Maxwell’s equations with respect to the
region is possible [9–25]. Recently, with the aid of the material properties of media, one can obtain the interesting
concept of the EM cloak, the cloaking of the matter waves solution of Maxwell’s equations in the original coordinate
for Schrödinger particles [26–28] and three-dimensional (3D) system. Here, to give an unusual coordinate system a physical
Dirac fermions [29] has been discussed, and the possibilities interpretation, Eq. (1) can be expressed as, by straightforward
of controlling matter waves and spinors have been shown. Yet, calculation,
so far, the study of controlling the distribution of a 2D spinor  
for forming an invisible region is still lacking. In this paper, a σ1 1
∂1 − ∂1 [ln(f1 f2 ) + ln f1 ] 
cloaking theory for 2D spinors is proposed. f1 2
 
The paper is organized as follows: in Sec. II, a general σ2 1
theory for arranging the distribution of a 2D spinor is + ∂2 − ∂2 [ln(f1 f2 ) + ln f2 ] 
f2 2
formulated and then is applied to construct an invisible cloaked
region for the spinor. The exact solution for the cloaking + (−σ3 E + M0 ) = 0. (2)
transformation and the scaling function that dominates the This representation shows that the Pauli matrices are actually
size of an invisible region is found. A possible experimental dependent on the metric structure. One can attribute the
confirmation using graphene is suggested. In Sec. III, it is dependence on energy by dividing the equation by the fermion
shown that the efficiency of an ideal cloaking shell of fermions energy E. The Dirac equation of arbitrary coordinate systems
remains perfect under the influence of the Aharonov-Bohm then has the mathematical equivalent representation [29],
(AB) effect [30]. Our conclusion is summarized in the final  2

section.  1  M0
σu ∂u − Au − σ3 +
eff
 = 0, (3)
u=1
Euu E
II. CLOAKING 2D FERMIONS where Euu , u = 1,2, are the diagonal matrix elements of
For a 2D spin- 12 particle with energy E and mass M0 energy tensor (Euv ) = diag(Ef1 ,Ef2 ), and Aeff
u is the u
moving in a 2D space detailed by the metric tensor (guv ) = component of the effective vector potential,
Aeff = 12 ∂1 (ln f1 f2 +ln f1 )ê1 + 12 ∂2 (ln f1 f2 + ln f2 )ê2 , (4)
where êu is the unit vector in the u direction and
the ratio M0 /E = tr(Muv )/tr(Euv ) is an invariant quantity
*
dhlin@mail.nsysu.edu.tw of coordinate transformations in which the mass tensor

1050-2947/2011/84(3)/033624(7) 033624-1 ©2011 American Physical Society

DE-HONE LIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 033624 (2011)

(Muv ) = diag(M0 f1 ,M0 f2 ) has been chosen so that Einstein’s
energy-momentum relation tr(Euv )2 = tr(kuv )2 + tr(Muv )2 is
always guaranteed as long as the momentum tensor has the
same modulations by fu , that is, (kuv ) = diag(k0 f1 ,k0 f2 ).
Equation (3) shows that the distribution of a 2D spinor 
in the arbitrary coordinate system can have an alternative
interpretation that the 2D spinor  is used for Dirac fermions
with energy and mass variations moving in an effective
magnetic field Beff = ∇ × Aeff with respect to the original
untransformed coordinates. This interpretation enables the
manipulation of the distribution of a 2D spinor to be
possible. As an example, one considers the metric tensor
(guv ) = diag(f12 (g(r)),f22 (g(r))), where g(r) is a radial scaling
function that transforms the field within a specified region to
a cloaking shell and leaves an invisible cloaked region. To
figure out the cloaking transformation and solution to the Dirac
equation, apply the polar coordinate representation of ∂i , ∂1 =
[cos ϕ∂ρ − (sin ϕ/ρ)∂ϕ ] and ∂2 = [sin ϕ∂ρ + (cos ϕ/ρ)∂ϕ ]
to Eq. (3) and expand the spinor in the partial waves [32],

 √ √
(r) = (F (g(r))ei(j −1/2)ϕ / 2π ,G(g(r))ei(j +1/2)ϕ / 2π )T , (5)
j =±1/2,±3/2,...

where j = ±1/2, ± 3/2, . . . is the quantum number of the total angular momentum Jˆ. It can be verified that, for each partial
wave, the radial functions F and G satisfy
    
1 1  dG 1 1 j + 1/2
+ g + + G
2f1 2f2 dg 2f1 2f2 r
  
g d g d
− (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) + (ln f1 + 2 ln f2 ) G − (E − M0 )F = 0, (6)
4f1 dg 4f2 dg
and
    
1 1  dF 1 1 j − 1/2
+ g − + F
2f1 2f2 dg 2f1 2f2 r
  
g d g d
− (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) + (ln f1 + 2 ln f2 ) F + (E + M0 )G = 0, (7)
4f1 dg 4f2 dg
where g  = dg/dr, with constraint conditions,
       
1 1  dG 1 1 j + 1/2 g d g d
− g + − + G− (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) − (ln f1 + 2 ln f2 ) G = 0, (8)
2f1 2f2 dg 2f1 2f2 r 4f1 dg 4f2 dg
and
       
1 1  dF 1 1 j − 1/2 g d g d
− g + − F− (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) − (ln f1 + 2 ln f2 ) F = 0. (9)
2f1 2f2 dg 2f1 2f2 r 4f1 dg 4f2 dg
Substituting Eqs. (8) and (9) into Eqs. (6) and (7), it is easy to verify that the radial functions F and G satisfy the coupling
system,
   
dG f1 g j + 1/2 1 d f1
+ 
G − (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) G −  (E − M0 )F = 0, (10)
dg f2 rg g 2 dg g
and
   
dF f1 g j − 1/2 1 d f1
− F− (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) F +  (E + M0 )G = 0. (11)
dg f2 rg  g 2 dg g

An interesting solution can be obtained through requiring the g is determined by a third identity with an explicit expression
metric functions f1 (g) and f2 (g) and scaling function g(r) as
to satisfy the specified constraint conditions. For an invisible
cloak under consideration, the constraint conditions can be (g  )2 g
chosen as g  + − = 0. (13)
2g 2r
f1 f1 g d

= 1, 
= 1, and (2 ln f1 + ln f2 ) = 0. (12)
g f2 rg dg
Differing from the 3D case, where the scaling function that
The first two identities determine the forms of the metric dominates the size of the invisible region is determined simply
functions f1 = g  and f2 = g/r in which the scaling function by a linear function, the scaling function here is determined by

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CLOAKING TWO-DIMENSIONAL FERMIONS PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 033624 (2011)

a nonlinear equation. With the aid of the Ibragimov theory [33], expansion of the spinor in the cloaking shell can now be
it can be shown that the general solution is given by expressed as

g(r) = (c1 r 3/2 − c2 )2/3 , (14)  (E + M0 )k0
= (−i)|j −1/2|
j =±1/2,±3/2,...
2E
where c1 and c2 are constants. For a cylindrically symmetric
 √

cloaking shell in the interval 0 < a  r  b, the boundary i(j −1/2)ϕ

 k0 J|j −1/2| (k 0 g)e / 2π √
conditions to obtain an invisible region at r < a can be chosen × ,
(j ) E+M J|j −1/2|+ (j ) (k0 g)ei(j +1/2)ϕ / 2π
as g(a) = 0 and g(b) = b with 0

 3/2 2/3 (24)

r − a 3/2 
g(r) = b . (15) with k0 = E 2 − M02  0. The antispinor in the cloaking shell is
b3/2 − a 3/2

This scaling function renders the transformation f1 = g   (|E| + M0 )k0
singular at r = a, which is also different from that of the = (−i)|j −1/2|
j =±1/2,±3/2,...
2|E|
3D case, where g(r) is a linear function and the scaling  

√
transformation is regular at r = a, the inner boundary of the k0
J|j −1/2| (k0 g)ei(j −1/2)ϕ / 2π
cloak. There is nothing inside the region of r < a. All physical × |E|+M 0 √ . (25)
− (j )J|j −1/2|+ (j ) (k0 g)ei(j +1/2)ϕ / 2π
fields inside the region of r < a are transformed and are shifted

perfectly to the cloaking shell and leave an invisible hidden Here, the spinors are normalized to d 2 x  †  = δ(k0 −
region. The field at the origin is transformed to a, and the k0 )δjj  . It is not difficult to see that Eqs. (24) and (25) are
field at b remains intact. If we consider the solution inside the required cloaking solutions, since they are the partial-
the region of r < a, the radial coordinate g(r) becomes a wave expansions of the free-Dirac spinor and antispinor with
multivalued complex coordinate. It is unphysical and has to the scaling function as their radial variable, which transforms
be ruled out. Now, apply Eq. (12) to Eqs. (10) and (11). The the field in the interval 0  r  b into a  r  b and leaves
coupling system becomes an invisible region. To obtain the solutions outside the cloak,
  one just needs to replace g(r) in Eqs. (24) and (25) by r.
dG j + 1/2
+ G − (E − M0 )F = 0, (16) Figure 1 shows perfect cloaking of the large component of
dg g
the 2D Dirac spinor in Eq. (24). One sees that the field line
and was guided through the cloaking shell a  r  b, without
  leakage and with the outgoing waves remaining undisturbed.
dF j − 1/2
− F + (E + M0 )G = 0. (17) To cloak the antispinor, one just needs to reverse the effective
dg g vector potential Aeff → −Aeff , since physically, the alternation
It shows that the radial functions F and G satisfy of the sign of energy can be interpreted as a parity trans-
  formation of the gradient operator and vector potential Aeff .
d 2F 1 dF (j − 1/2)2 Experimentally, one needs to create a corresponding magnetic
+ + k 2
0 − F = 0, (18)
dg 2 g dg g2 field Beff = ∇ × Aeff and modulate energy and mass according
and to (Euv ) = diag(Eϕϕ ,Err ) = diag(Eg  ,Eg/r) and (Muv ) =
  diag(Mϕϕ ,Mrr ) = diag(M0 g  ,M0 g/r) in the cloaking shell
d 2 G 1 dG (j + 1/2)2
+ + k 2
0 − G = 0, (19)
dg 2 g dg g2
respectively, where k02 = E 2 − M02 . They can be solved by the
Bessel function Jα (z), yielding

F (g) = d1 J|j −1/2| (k0 g), (20)

and
G(g) = d2 J|j −1/2|+ (j ) (k0 g), (21)
where di , i = 1,2, are constants and (j ) = 1 (−1) for j >
0 (j < 0). For the Dirac antispinor of energy E  −M0 , the
radial functions are given by

F (g) = d1a J|j −1/2| (k0 g), (22)

and FIG. 1. (Color online) Cloaking a spin- 12 fermion of 2D space.
G(g) = d2a J|j −1/2|+ (j ) (k0 g). (23) The figure shows the real part of the large component of a spinor
field as perfectly cloaked and guided by the cloaking shell, where we
have taken the inner (outer) radius of the spinor cloak a = 1 (b = 2).
Here, the superscript a in constant dia is used to denote that Outside the cloaking shell, the distribution of the spinor field
functions F and G are for the antispinor. The partial-wave completely coincides with the pattern of a free spinor in 2D space.

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DE-HONE LIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 033624 (2011)

to perform the quantum cloaking. With the transformation

1
functions f1 = g  and f2 = g/r, the definite expression of the
effective vector potential in the cloaking shell is given by
   0.8
3 g 1 1
A =
eff
− sin ϕ êr + sin 2ϕ êϕ . (26)
2
4 g r 2
0.6
The corresponding effective magnetic field is
    
3 1 3 g 2 1 g 0.4
Beff = − − sin 2ϕ êz , (27)
4 r2 4 g 4 rg E /E=C(r3/2−a3/2)2/3/r
rr
0.2
where g  /g = r 1/2 /(r 3/2 − a 3/2 ). It is worth noting that the E(r)/E
interaction of the vector potential Aeff with the fermion is not
0
through the coupling of the charge. Thus, one probably cannot 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
realize the effective magnetic field Beff by way of ordinary r/a
electromagnetic fields. Instead, a structure of the perpendicular
direction, such as two insulators that sandwich the considered FIG. 2. (Color online) The modulation of the radial energy of a
2D system, might be designed to produce the influence of fermion Err in the cloaking shell. The solid curve corresponds to the
the effective field. Modulations of energy can be found by modulated radial energy Err = EC(r 3/2 − a 3/2 )2/3 /r with constant
substituting Eq. (15) into the energy tensor (Euu ), which yields C = b/(b3/2 − a 3/2 )2/3 , where E is the incident energy of the spin
fermion and we have taken a = 1 and b = 2. The small circles
br 1/2 show the fitting that needs to be produced√by an aggregation of
Eϕϕ = E, (28)
(b3/2 − a 3/2 )2/3 (r 3/2 − a 3/2 )1/3 ring-shaped magnets according
 to E(r) = α B(r) for fermions in
graphene, where α = 2eh̄νF2 |n| is a constant, with νF as the Fermi
and
velocity and |n| as the Landau levels index. The fitting of the data is
 2/3
b r 3/2 − a 3/2 listed in Table I.
Err = E. (29)
r b3/2 − a 3/2
interactions unaltered. In the coordinate representation, this
Experimentally, graphene is a possible candidate for achieving is equivalent to replacing operator ∂i with ∂i − iqAemi in the
the modulations. In Refs. [5,6], it has been shown that spin Hamiltonian Ĥ0 . Equation (3), with the magnetic interaction,
fermions with energy near the Dirac point in graphene are is then given by
effectively massless Dirac fermions and the energy of each
 2

particle is proportional to the square

√ root of aperpendicular  1  M 0
magnetic field, that is, E = α B with α = 2eh̄vF2 |n| being σu ∂u − Aeff
u − iqAu
em
− σ3 + ˜ = 0, (30)

Euu E
a constant proportional to the Fermi velocity vF and the u=1
square root of the Landau levels index |n|. Here, since the where the spinor including the magnetic interaction is denoted
2D energy variations of fermions inside the cloaking shells ˜ As pointed out by Dirac [34], spinor 
as . ˜ can be constructed
Err and Eϕϕ only depend on the radial distance r, it is then
possible to modulate the energy components Err and Eϕϕ
through an aggregation of cylindrical ring-shaped magnets 12
placed underneath the cloaking region of graphene, which
provides a gradually alterable perpendicular magnetic field to 10
modulate the components Err and Eϕϕ . The singular behavior
of Eϕϕ at r = a might be resolved by the resonance mechanism 8 Eφ φ/E=Cr
1/2
/(r
3/2
−a
3/2 1/3
)
of fermions. Figures 2 and 3 show numerical variations of
6 E(r)/E
these two components. Small circles show the values that
need to be produced
√ by the ring-shaped magnets according
to E(r) = α B(r). Here, B(r) has been used to label the 4
strength variation of each ring-shaped magnet according to r.
Ten values of circles are tabulated in Table I. The fitting of 2
data could nearly be perfect with an increase in the number of
magnets. 0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
r/a
III. CLOAKING CHARGED FERMIONS UNDER
THE AB EFFECT FIG. 3. (Color online) The modulation of the energy component
of a fermion Eφφ in the cloaking shell. The solid curve corresponds
As is well known, the Hamiltonian operator that describes to the modulated energy Eφφ = ECr 1/2 /(r 3/2 − a 3/2 )1/3 . Since the
a charged fermion interacting with a magnetic field Bem = component Eφφ only depends on the radial distance too, it can also
∇ × Aem is given by Ĥ (r,p) = Ĥ0 (r,p−qAem ), where q is be modulated by a perpendicular gradually alterable magnetic field
the charge on the fermion and Ĥ0 (r,p) is the Hamiltonian of for graphene. The small circles show the fittings of the data, ten of
the fermion without the magnetic interaction but with all other which are listed in the third row of Table I.

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CLOAKING TWO-DIMENSIONAL FERMIONS PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 033624 (2011)

TABLE I. The table lists the fittings of the data of the energy components Err and Eφφ of a 2D fermion in the cloaking shell of the spinor
cloak. Each set of five numbers corresponds to a circle in Figs. 2 and 3 that could be supplied by a ring-shaped magnet, set under graphene, for
a fermion moving in graphene. The fitting can be as good as we want, see Figs. 2 and 3, as long as we increase the sets of magnets.

r/a 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Err /E 0 0.3489 0.5155 0.6327 0.7217 0.7920 0.8492 0.8966 0.9366 0.9706 1.0000
Eφφ /E ∞ 2.6189 2.1545 1.9448 1.8209 1.7382 1.6786 1.6337 1.5985 1.5702 1.5469

through multiplying  by a nonintegrable phase factor (NPF) a magnetic flux along the perpendicular direction hidden
as follows: at the origin of the symmetrical cloaked region above
  r  can be expressed as Aem = (−y êx + x êy )/[2π (x 2 + y 2 )].
q em  
 =  exp i
˜ A (r ) · dr , (31) Introducing an azimuthal angle ϕ(r) = tan−1 (y/x) around
h̄c r0 the flux tube, the components of the vector potential can
where r0 is an arbitrary fixed position and Planck constant h̄ be expressed as Aem u = ( /2π )∂u ϕ(r). The associated mag-
and light speed c are now written explicitly to manifest the netic field is confined to an infinitely thin tube as B3 =
measurement of flux in terms of flux quantum 0 = hc/q. ( /2π ) 3uv ∂u ∂v ϕ(r) = δ(x)δ(y). The magnetic flux is then
In general, the NPF has a multivalued structure [35]. For found to be dx dy B3 = . Note that the vector potential
the AB effect under consideration, the vector potential of spreads out through the entire x-y plane such that the

FIG. 4. (Color online) The cloaking of charged fermions under the AB effect. In all pictures, the fermions are incident from the right and
leave toward the left. (b) and (c) show the real part of the interference patterns of the large component under the AB effect in the absence of
the spinor cloak, where μ = / 0 is in units of the fundamental flux quantum 0 = h/qc. (d)–(f) exhibit the component and its interference
patterns, which are cloaked and are guided by the spinor cloak. Outside the cloak, the outgoing waves completely coincide with the patterns
shown in the first row.

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DE-HONE LIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 033624 (2011)

charged fermion would be influenced by the potential through where (m − μ) = 1 (−1) when (m − μ)  0 [(m − μ) < 0],
coupling (p−qAem ) even though the charged fermion does and μ = / 0 . Obviously, this is the correct cloaking solution
em
not enter the region of the nonzero magnetic  r field B . It under the AB effect [36]. For a charged antifermion, the same
is easy to see the integral in the NPF r0 Aem (r ) · dr = procedure yields
 ϕ+2nπ 
( /2π ) 0 dϕ = ( /2π )(ϕ + 2nπ ). Instead of ϕ, one 
∞
must write the upper bound as (ϕ + 2nπ ) because it is the (|E| + M0 )k0
˜ =
 (−i)|m−μ|
total angle turned through. The NPF of the AB effect is then m=−∞
2|E|
given by exp[i / 0 (ϕ + 2nπ )]. Let (j − 1/2) = m in order   k0 √

to include the AB effect in spinor  by the NPF. Equation (24) |E|+M0

J|m−μ| (k0 g)/ 2π
× √ eimϕ .
becomes − (m − μ)J|m−μ|+ (m−μ) (k0 g)eiϕ 2π
 ∞
(E + M0 )k0 (37)
= (−i)|m|
2E
m=−∞

Figure 4 shows the real part of the large component of the
√
J|m| (k0 g)eimϕ / 2π spinor without and under the AB effect. In all cases, the
×  k0 √ , (32) charged fermions are incident from the right and leave toward
(m) E+M 0
J|m|+ (m) (k0 g)ei(m+1)ϕ 2π the left. In the absence of the cloaking shell, the interference
where (m) = 1 (−1) when m  0 (m < 0). With the aid of pattern under the AB effect of an ideal magnetic flux at the
the Poisson summation formula for any summand F(m), where origin is plotted in Figs. 4(b) and 4(c). Figures 4(d)–4(f)
F(m) is any function of integer m, show the cloakings of the component and its interfer-
ence patterns. The spinor cloak shown indeed cloaks and
∞ ∞  ∞ guides the component through the cloaking shell perfectly,
F(m) = dα F(α) exp(2π inα). (33) keeping the interference patterns outside the cloaking shell
m=−∞ n=−∞ −∞ unaltered.
Equation (24) converts into
∞  IV. CONCLUSIONS
(E + M0 )k0 ∞
= dα(−i)|α| In this paper, the possibility of manipulating a 2D fermion
n=−∞
2E −∞
 √
field has been explored. It is shown that, through provid-
J|α| (k0 g)/ 2π ing a perpendicular effective magnetic field and controlling
×  k0 iϕ
√ eiα(ϕ+2nπ) . the energy and mass variations of the fermion according
(α) E+M J|α|+ (α) (k 0 g)e 2π
0 to the specific manner within a ring-shaped cloaking shell,
(34) the distribution of the fermion field can be controlled such that
∞ the field propagates along the cloaking shell undisturbed and
The spinor has the form  = n=−∞ Tn (g,ϕ) in which
leaves an invisible region. Several remarks on the fermion’s
Tn (g,ϕ) has the same multivalued structure of the NPF of
cloak are made as follows. (i) Since the cloaking shell not
the AB effect such that we can combine the AB effect into 
only cloaks the fermion, but also cloaks its spin structure,
by replacing Tn (g,ϕ) with Tn (g,ϕ) exp[ / 0 (ϕ + 2nπ )] [35].
the cloaking shell is also a spin cloak with respect to the
Thus, we have
invisible region. (ii) Since the efficiency of the cloaking
∞ 
(E + M0 )k0 ∞ shell remains even when there is a magnetic flux within the
=
˜ dα(−i)|α| cloaked region, the cloaking shell provides an ideal setup
2E −∞
n=−∞ for exhibiting some global quantum effects on the fermion,
 √

J|α| (k0 g)/ 2π such as the AB effect and the global interference of the
×  k0 √ AB effect on the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair [37]. (iii)
(α) E+M 0
J|α|+ (α) (k0 g)eiϕ 2π The vector potential Aem dictates the magnetic interaction,
× ei(α+ / 0 )(ϕ+2nπ) . (35) while the effective vector potential Aeff is key to determining
∞ the distribution of the fermion field. As shown in Fig. 4,
Applying
∞ the Poisson formula m=−∞ exp[ik(ϕ + 2mπ )] = the effective potential together with the specific energy and
n=−∞ δ(k − n) exp[inϕ] to this representation again, the mass variations do not alter the interaction of the spinor with
cloaking solution of a charged fermion under the AB effect the AB effect that results in the interference pattern while it
is found to be has rearranged the distribution of the interference pattern, see
 ∞ also Fig. 1. From an alternative viewpoint, the action of the
(E + M0 )k0
=
˜ (−i)|m−μ| vector potential Aeff can be expressed in terms of the integral
m=−∞
2E approach,
 √

J|m−μ| (k0 g)/ 2π    r    r 

×  k0 √ ˜ = exp − Aeff (r ) · dr exp −iq Aem (r ) · dr ,
(m − μ) E+M 0
J|m−μ|+ (m−μ) (k 0 g)e iϕ
2π r0 r0

×e imϕ
, (36) (38)

033624-6
CLOAKING TWO-DIMENSIONAL FERMIONS
where
satisfies the Dirac equation of energy and mass magnitude of the fermion field, while the phase factor dictates
variations,
 2
 1 M0
σu ∂u − σ3 +
= 0, (39)
u=1
Euu E I would like to thank Professor M. H. Tsai and H. C. Ruth
from which it is obvious to see that the nonintegrable scale
factor [38] is key to the quantum cloaking of spinors that mod-
ulates the magnitude of
. Together with the specific energy My work has been supported by the National Science Council
and mass variations, the factor determines the distribution of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
for their critical reading of the manuscript, Professor P. G. Luan
for introducing transformation optics to me, Doctor Y. H. Ho,
Professor Y. N. Chen, and Professor Q. Chen for discussions.
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