Superposition

81 Stationarywaves

A Superposition and interference of waves

Interference where two or more waves

is

meet or overlap to form a resultant wave

The resultant displacement at the

any point

is

sum of displacements the individul

waves
of

By The principle of superposition waves

of

When two or more waves meet at a

point the resultant displacement at any point

is equal to the sum of displacement the

at that point
of

individual waves

Note Displacement is a vector it can be both

ve m d ve

B Constructive Interference

For constructive interference two waves

meet at a point inphase

Phase diff 00,3600 7200

Path diff

o D 2D

wave I

3
o i

i t

wave 2

3
I

o o
t

Resultant crest meets crest

wave

trough meetstrough

61
i s

t o o

B Destructive interference

For destructive interference two waves

meet at a point in anti phase

Phase diff 1800 540,9000

Path diff 312 512

e wave I

3
c o I n I l I

o o
f

s wave 2

31

i
g i i

ist

crest meetstrough
s

trough meets crest

Resultant wave

O n i n t I i n is

B The formation of Stationary wave

i 00 is i 7 0

i i
I if

i i i t
Iz

test

t t t go i a
t T

BStationarywaven

When two progressive waves of

same speed frequency and amplitude

meet from opposite directions the

resultant wave formed is called

stationary wavy

P R

B E

1 80 4g pgD
A

8 a

g s

Stationary Progressive

1 Particles A BC D E 1 No
are particle is at rest

always at rest They are

called Nodes The distance 2 All particles have same

between two consecutive

amplitude if energy is not lost

nodes
L

3 Speed of
progressive wave

2 Particles PD R S have is not

maximum
zero
amplitude They

are called antinodes The 9 Phase difference between

distance between two consecutive

two particle increases

antinodes 12

when distance between the

particle increases
3
Speed of stationary wave

is is trapped
zero Energy

between two nodes

Phase difference between

two particles which are

between two consecutive

nodes
00

Phase difference between

two
particles which are

on the either
side of a node

1800


Stationary
DoFor Stationary Wave

wave

7 4s

t Os Is

Ig

t Is

t 2s

t 3

t 4s

B Stationary waves microwave

using

Measuring the wavelength and speed of microwave

ve
Mfetfector
miss

y A
f A

OMNI
microwave
detector

meter

The microwaves from the source reflect of the

metal detector and overlap with the

source to produce
incoming waves from

stationary

waves The reflector is moved towards or

away from the source until the signal by

the
detector fluctuates regularly as it is
slowly back and forth The minima

moved

are nodes of the stationary wave pattern and

the maxima are anti nodes of the stationary

wave


The distance moved by the detector between

suicesive nodes or successive anti nodes equal

half the wavelength of microwave

know the frequency
We com
of the wave

from microwave source

V
LD me
find

Using com peed of

microwave

Note

Using
above experiment above we
the

can
find speed of sound for

that we have to replace the

microwave a loud

source
by speaker

connected to a signal generator

and replace the microwave detector

by a microphone connected to CRO

on a

By Stationary waves string

signal generator

i s qstring
potty
i

t
vibration

generator

Had

Acts power supply

as a
Signals of different frequency

can be
generated

When the signal generator is switched on

the string vibrates Larger amplitude stationary

waves can be produced
by adjusting the frequency

As the frequency is increased it is possible to observe

1 loop 2 loops 3100ps and more

A flashing stroboscope is useful t reveal the

motion of the string as these frequencies

Length of string A

I
N N fo fundamental
frequenly

A A

L D n
N
i n
2JO

A A A

L 3D
Z
n
g g
N
Fo

By Stationnrywavesinair columni

1 An air column closed at one end

1
4 a N fo

1 3fo

34 A
IN A N

É I
AI

1 Sfo

54 ee n

2
An air column open at both ends

12 IFA

1 A

AT
If
D
NEA

E A 2

fo

n n n n

1
Method

ByDetermining the wavelength and speed of sound

ill

D
É frequency remains same

Length of the column varies



Lz t c
314

L t c
I

L
I

D 2 22 4

Data from experiment done in class

4 8 cm

22 27 am
1 900 Hz V
fD

1 242 L 900 0.38

27 8 342 mls

38cm

O 38M

method 2

Loudspeaker tube
signal generator

LIVE

Acts power supply

as a

we com vary frequency

we can rend frequency

A fine powder is sprinkled evenly along the

dry

transparent tube A loud speaker powered by a

generator is placed at the open end

signal

The frequency of the sound from the loud

speaker is gradually increased At certain

frequencies the powder forms itself into

evenly spaced heaps along the tube

A stationary has been setup in the air caused

by the interference of the sound wave

from

the loudspeaker and the wave reflected from

the closed end of the tube

At nodes there is no disturbance and the



powder im settle into heaps At antinode

the disturbance is at maximum and the

powder is dispersed

The distance between two consecutive

heaps will be measured using a meter rule

From this distance we can calculate the

wavelength of the sound wave

From the signal generator we com know the

frequency of the sound wave

the speed

Using v
sound
f D we can measure

of