2.2 and 2.

3 Input Devices and Output Devices

I. Introduction
A.Definition: Input devices and output devices are essential
components of a computer system that enable communication
between users and the computer.
B. Input devices allow users to input data and instructions into the
computer.
C. Output devices present the processed information or results to the
users.
II. Input Devices
A. Keyboard
1. Definition: A set of keys used to input alphanumeric characters and
commands.
2. Function: Enables users to type and enter data into the computer.
B. Mouse
1. Definition: A hand-operated pointing device with buttons and a scrolling
wheel.
2. Function: Allows users to navigate the graphical user interface (GUI) and
make selections.
C. Scanner
1. Definition: A device that converts physical documents or images into digital
format.
2. Function: Enables users to input printed documents or images into the
computer.
D. Webcam
1. Definition: A camera connected to the computer that captures video or
images.
2. Function: Allows users to input live video or images into the computer.
E. Microphone
1. Definition: A device that captures audio or sound.
2. Function: Enables users to input audio or voice recordings into the
computer.
III. Output Devices
A. Monitor/Display
1. Definition: A screen that displays visual output from the computer.
 2. Function: Presents text, images, videos, and graphical interfaces to the
users.
B. Printer
1. Definition: A device that produces hard copies of digital documents or
images.
2. Function: Provides physical output by printing text and graphics on paper.
C. Speakers
1. Definition: Audio output devices that produce sound or music.
2. Function: Allows users to hear audio output from the computer.
D. Projector 1. Definition: A device that displays computer output on a larger
screen or surface. 2. Function: Enables users to project computer content for
larger audiences.
E. Headphones 1. Definition: Audio output devices worn over the ears. 2.
Function: Allows users to listen to audio output privately without disturbing
others.
IV. Conclusion A. Input devices enable users to provide data and instructions
to the computer. B. Output devices present the processed information or
results to the users. C. Understanding input and output devices is essential for
effective computer interaction and usage.
Note: Make sure to provide examples, demonstrations, and hands-on
experiences with different input and output devices to reinforce the
understanding of students.

2.4 Central Processing Unit (CPU) -

I. Introduction A. Definition: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component of a
computer system responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. B. Also
referred to as the "brain" of the computer, the CPU performs essential processing tasks.

II. Components of the CPU A. Control Unit (CU)

1. Definition: Manages the execution of instructions and controls the flow of data within the
CPU.

2. Function: Fetches instructions, decodes them, and coordinates activities between other CPU
components.

B. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

1. Definition: Performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) on data.

2. Function: Executes mathematical and logical operations required by the instructions.

C. Registers

1. Definition: Small, high-speed memory units within the CPU.

2. Function: Store data and instructions temporarily during processing for faster access and
retrieval.

III. CPU Operation A. Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

1. Fetch: Retrieves the next instruction from memory.

2. Decode: Determines the operation to be performed based on the fetched instruction.

3. Execute: Carries out the instruction by using the ALU and accessing data from registers or
memory.

B. Clock Speed

1. Definition: The frequency at which the CPU can execute instructions, measured in hertz (Hz).
2. Higher clock speeds allow for faster processing but may also result in increased heat
generation and power consumption.

IV. CPU Architecture A. Von Neumann Architecture

1. Definition: A classic computer architecture that includes a single CPU with integrated memory
for both instructions and data.

2. Instructions and data are stored in the same memory, and the CPU fetches them sequentially.

B. Multi-Core Processors

1. Definition: CPUs with multiple processing cores on a single chip.

2. Multiple cores enable simultaneous execution of instructions, leading to improved

performance in multitasking scenarios.

C. Cache Memory

1. Definition: A small, high-speed memory within the CPU that stores frequently accessed data
and instructions.
2. Cache memory helps reduce the time required to fetch data from main memory, enhancing
overall system performance.

V. Conclusion A. The CPU is the central component of a computer system responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations. B. It consists of the Control Unit, Arithmetic
Logic Unit, and registers. C. Understanding CPU operation and architecture is crucial for
understanding computer performance and optimization.

Note: Explain the role of the CPU in executing instructions, mention the impact of clock speed,
and discuss advancements such as multi-core processors. Additionally, consider providing
examples or demonstrations to enhance the students' understanding of the CPU's function and
importance.