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MALWARES
Harsh Rohila
(Roll No. 190490101014)
……………………… …………………….
Internal Examiner External Examiner
…………………………….
Submission Date
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTEXT
Malware can be distributed through a variety of methods, including email
attachments, software downloads, and malicious links. In the case of websites
that provide malware, users may be tricked into clicking on a link or
downloading a file that appears to be legitimate but actually contains harmful
code.
It's important for users to be cautious when browsing the internet and to only
download software or click on links from trusted sources. Installing and
regularly updating reliable antivirus and anti-malware software can also help
protect against these types of threats.
CHAPTER I
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSHROOMS
There are mainly three different types of mushrooms grown in India namely
oyster mushrooms, paddy straw mushrooms, and button mushrooms. All these
mushrooms are of commercial importance they are grown over different
techniques, and methods.
1. Button mushroom
The most popular kind of mushrooms are button mushrooms, often referred to
as white mushrooms, baby mushrooms, and cultivated mushrooms. These
mushrooms can be consumed raw or cooked, and are frequently added to salads,
soups, and as toppings for pizza. In the sixteenth century, button mushrooms
were first grown. Button mushrooms make up 85% of the annual production of
mushrooms.
Compost
a. Natural compost
b. Synthetic Compost
For synthetic compost, we needed urea, gypsum, wheat straw, bran, and
ammonium nitrate/ammonium sulphate. To begin, trim the staw to a length of 8
to 20 cm. Now cover the compost with a fine layer of cut straws and mist it with
water. You must now thoroughly combine the bran, calcium nitrate, urea,
gypsum, and other ingredients.
Filling the compost trays
The compost that has been processed is a deep brown tint. The compost
shouldn't be too damp or too dry when you put it in trays. Spray some water on
the compost if it's dry. Allow some water to evaporate if it is excessively wet.
You can choose the size of the compost-spreading trays to suit your needs. The
depth must be between 15 and 18 cm. Make sure the trays are constructed of
softwood as well. Compost must be poured into the trays to the rim and spread
out evenly.
Spawning
Casing
The tray must now be covered with a heavy layer of dirt. This soil can be
created by mixing garden soil and decomposing cow manure. Casing soil is the
term for this soil. This casing soil may hold a lot of water.
Harvesting
The cap should be gently torn off during harvest. To do this, hold it gently
between your forefingers, press it into the ground, and then twist it off. Cut off
the base of the stalk where mycelial threads and dirt granules adhere.
2. Paddy straw Mushroom
The most consumed mushroom in the world is the paddy straw mushroom. The
majority of it is grown in south-east Asia. Of all the activities, growing paddy
straw mushrooms requires the least amount of investment and is therefore the
most lucrative business. Straw mushrooms are fungi that grow on paddy straw.
See how paddy straw is used to grow mushrooms below.
Spawning
You must soak paddy straws to develop a mushroom farm. They are known as
straw spawn once they have finished reproducing.
Bed preparation
You must now prepare a solid foundation made of earth and bricks that can
support the entire weight. Spread spawn on the straw edges and arrange eight
bunches of straws with four on each side. Repeat these actions now
continuously.
Mushrooming
The easiest to produce and very pleasant to eat is the oyster mushroom. Unlike
button mushrooms, this kind of fungus does not need special growing
conditions. Additionally, oyster mushrooms are recommended by doctors to
people with diabetes and high blood pressure because they contain less fat.
For six to eight months out of the year, oyster mushrooms can grow at a
moderate temperature of 20 to 300 C and a humidity of 55 to 70 percent. By
adding the additional humidity required for its growth in the summer, it can also
be grown there. The best growing season is from March or April to September
or October in mountainous places, and from September or October to March or
April in lowland regions.
Oyster mushrooms are grown with minimum effort as compared with the button
mushroom.
Spawning
You notice the emergence of little buds and straw that has shut themselves
inside after 10 to 12 days. The optimum time to remove the polythene and place
it on shelves is right now. That has to be watered twice a day.
Casing
The tray must now be covered with a heavy layer of dirt. This soil can be
created by mixing garden soil and decomposing cow manure. Casing soil is the
term for this soil. This casing soil may hold a lot of water.
Harvesting
The cap should be gently torn off during harvest. To do this, hold it gently
between your forefingers, press it into the ground, and then twist it off. Cut off
the base of the stalk where mycelial threads and dirt granules adhere.
The cost of mushroom cultivation in India costs around 1,00,000 lakh rupees to
1,50,000 lakhs rupees respectively.
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO/SOFTWARE
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions
to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software
(IDE) based on Processing. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of
thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific
instruments. A worldwide community of makers – students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals – has gathered around this open-
source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount
of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts
alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool
for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics
and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino
board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products
for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments.
All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to
build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular
needs. The software too, is open-source, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.
TYPES OF ARDUINO BOARDS
Arduino Uno rev3
Technical specification:-
Microcontroller Atmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 Ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 32 KB (Atmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
SRAM 2 KB (Atmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (Atmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Examples:-
BLYNK APP
THINGSPEAK
ThingSpeak is an open data platform for the
Internet of Things. Your device or
application can communicate
with ThingSpeak using a rest ful api, and
you can either keep your data private, or
make it public. In addition, use ThingSpeak
to analyze and act on your data.
CHAPTER III
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS INTERFACED DURING MAKING
THIS PROJECT
ARDUINO UNO
NODE MCU
DHT11 SENSOR
WATER PUMP
GSM MODULE
SIM
ARDUINO UNO
NODEMCU
WATER PUMP
Submersible water pumps are designed to run inside a tank’s water. They are easy to
install and maintain compared to in-line
pumps, but they rely on the aquarium’s water
for cooling. Submersible pumps dissipate
heat into the tank’s water, meaning that fish
that are sensitive to temperature changes can
be negatively affected.
One big advantage of submersible pumps is
their quiet operation. Because they are
placed in a tank, water absorbs the motor’s
sound. This allows for peaceful, effective
circulation in your aquarium. Some
submersible pumps also contain filters that
clean dirt and other debris from a tank’s
water. Other submersible pumps include
features such as timers, gages, LEDs, and controllers for flow rate and noise.
In-line water pumps, also called external pumps, are not waterproof and sit outside an
aquarium. Inlet and outlet tubing route water to and from the pump. Unlike
submersible pumps, in-line water pumps do not dissipate heat back into the tank, so
fish will not suffer adverse effects from constant temperature changes. If you have
other pets or small children, they may be tempted to mess with the tubing on an
external pump and consequently compromise the health of your aquarium. Ensuring
that your pump will not be disrupted is essential in maintaining the health of an
aquarium with an external pump.
One disadvantage of in-line water pumps is the effect gravity has on them. Since water
must be piped out of the tank to be pumped back in, the pump’s inlet and outlet must
be powerful enough to feed water into the pump and out of the tank. Choosing the
proper location for your in-line pump can mitigate the effect of gravity, so optimizing
your setup is crucial in running an efficient pump. Another disadvantage of in-line
pumps is the noise they create. Because they are placed outside of a tank, there is no
water to suppress the motor’s sound. As a result, in-line pumps are much louder than
submersible pumps.
FLOW OF WATER PUMP
An water pump’s flow rate should be at least five times higher than the
volume of the tank. For example, if your aquarium holds 40 gallons, you will
want to invest in a water pump with at least a 200 GPH (gallons per hour) flow
rate. However, the advertised flow rate of a water pump is the maximum flow
rate when no obstacles are involved. These obstacles can reduce the flow rate of
a pump greatly and, as a result, affect the flow of the aquarium. Factors that
impact the flow rate of a pump include the height of the pump head, indirect
routes in plumbing, and the size of inlet and outlet tubing used. You can attempt
to mitigate these factors, or you can purchase a water pump that produces a flow
rate higher than five times the tank’s volume.
GSM MODULE
A customised Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM) module is designed
for wireless radiation monitoring through
Short Messaging Service (SMS). This
module is able to receive serial data from
radiation monitoring devices such as survey
meter or area monitor and transmit the data as
text SMS to a host server.
SIM(SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE)
A SIM card, also known as a subscriber identity module, is a smart card that
stores identification information that pinpoints a smartphone to a specific
mobile network.
Without a SIM card, some phones would not be able to make calls, connect to
internet services such as 4G LTE and 5G or send SMS messages. SIM cards are
removable and have anywhere from 32 KB to 128 KB.
Not all phones with SIM cards work the same, however. There are two distinct
technologies used; GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). GSM is the most widely adopted
technology digital mobile network. Network carriers such as AT&T and T-
Mobile use GSM. If a carrier uses GSM, users can remove their SIM card from
a device and move it to another mobile device with all the same data and
contacts on it. The network carrier will still be able to identify the user as well.
CDMA enabled phones do not need a SIM card; instead, the mobile device will
use an electronic serial number (ESN). Users that have a phone with an ESN
cannot switch between devices as easily as users would need permission from
their network carrier. Network carriers such as Sprint and Verizon use CDMA.
Even though carriers such as Sprint and Verizon do not need SIM cards, SIM
cards are can still be found in devices under those networks. This is because
mobile devices need the use of SIM cards to use 4G LTE.
A device called a SIM card reader can be used to upload data from a SIM card
to a computer or other device.
Standard SIM cards measure 25x15mm and are used in older and
basic phones.
Micro SIM cards measure 15x12mm and are more likely to be found
in phones from the 2010s and later.
Nano SIM cards measure 12.3x8.8mm and are used in
newer smartphones.
Embedded SIMs, or eSIMs, measure 6x5mm, and have the SIM card
installed in the phone already. ESIMs are activated remotely by the
network carrier.
Some phones now offer support of dual-SIM, meaning a user can have two
different SIM cards activated in the same device. For example, the iPhone 10s
supports dual-SIM; one SIM card is removable and the other is an eSIM. Dual-
SIM cards are useful for people who want to have two phone numbers for one
device. For example, one work and one private contact number.
In another common situation, if a phone's battery runs out of power, the user can
easily install the card to another subscriber's phone to borrow it without running
up that user's minutes. Some vendors offer prepaid SIM cards that can provide
travelers with local numbers as long as their cell phones are not locked to a
specific carrier.
SIM cards do have a security code to prevent it from being used in a separate
device so users can go into their phone's settings and change the PIN code for
the SIM card to something more complicated. Other security features
include authentication and encryption to protect data and prevent
eavesdropping.
CHAPTER IV
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT
ADVANTAGES/FUTURE SCOPE OF THE
PROJECT
#include <SimpleDHT.h>
const int lm35_pin=A1;
int pinDHT11 = 2;
SimpleDHT11 dht11(pinDHT11);
float temp=0;
int hum=0;
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial gsm(7,8);
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#include <WiFiManager.h>
char auth[] = "xmBR7FliPLLWHJOioiIS5syrmi9GoAL";
Blynk.begin(auth, "REDMI Y2", "Kanu@1312");
BLYNK_WRITE(V7)
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
gsm.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
check_hum_temp();
if( temp>28||temp<25)
{
mgsno_1();
delay(5000);
no_1();
delay(10000);
mgsno_2();
delay(5000);
no_2();
delay(10000);
mgsno_3();
delay(5000);
no_3();
delay(10000);
}
//Irrigation System
{
int value = param.asInt();
if (value == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH); // turn on the relay
} else {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW); // turn off the relay
}
WiFiManager wifiManager;
wifiManager.autoConnect("AutoConnectAP");
Serial.println("Connected.");
server.begin();
}
pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);
void check_hum_temp()
{
int temp_adc_val;
float temp_val;
int hum_val;
temp_adc_val = analogRead(lm35_pin);
temp_val=(temp_adc_val/2.06);
Serial.println(temp_adc_val);
Serial.print("temperature");
Serial.println(temp_val);
byte temperature = 0;
byte humidity = 0;
int err = SimpleDHTErrSuccess;
if ((err = dht11.read(&temperature, &humidity, NULL)) !=
SimpleDHTErrSuccess) {
Serial.println("Read DHT11 failed, err="); Serial.println(err);delay(1000);
return;
}
temp=temp_val;
hum=humidity;
void mgsno_1()
{
Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(1000);
Serial.print("AT+CMGS=\phone_number_1\r");
gsm.print("AT+CMGS=\phone_number_1\r");
//Phone number you want to send the sms
delay(1000);
Serial.println("temperature is :"+ String(temp));
gsm.println("temperature is :"+ String(temp));
Serial.println("humidity is :"+ String(hum));
gsm.println("humidity is :"+ String(hum));
delay(1000);
gsm.write(0x1A); //sends ctrl+z end of message
gsm.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
void mgsno_2()
{
Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
gsm.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(1000);
Serial.print("AT+CMGS=\phone_number_2\r");
gsm.print("AT+CMGS=\phone_number_2\r");
//Phone number you want to send the sms
delay(1000);
Serial.println("temperature is :"+ String(temp));
gsm.println("temperature is :"+ String(temp));
Serial.println("humidity is :"+ String(hum));
gsm.println("humidity is :"+ String(hum));
delay(1000);
gsm.write(0x1A); //sends ctrl+z end of message
}
void mgsno_3()
{
Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
gsm.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(1000);
Serial.print("AT+CMGS=\phone_number_3\r");
gsm.print("AT+CMGS=\phone_number_3\r");
//Phone number you want to send the sms
delay(1000);
Serial.println("temperature is :"+ String(temp));
gsm.println("temperature is :"+ String(temp));
Serial.println("humidity is :"+ String(hum));
gsm.println("humidity is :"+ String(hum));
delay(1000);
gsm.write(0x1A); //sends ctrl+z end of message
//call
void no_1()
{
Serial.print("ATD");
gsm.print("ATD");
Serial.println(phone_number_1);
gsm.print(phone_number_1);
Serial.println(";");
Serial.println();
gsm.println(";");
gsm.println();
}