Ansys FENSAP-ICE Tutorial Guide 2022 R2

Ansys FENSAP-ICE Tutorial Guide
ANSYS, Inc. Release 2022 R2

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Table of Contents
1. FENSAP-ICE: Graphical Environment ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Project Management Window ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Run Management Window ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1. Create a New Run ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2. Assign a Grid File ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3. Drag & Drop ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.4. List of Runs .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Import from Fluent ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.4. Project Management ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.4.1. List of Projects .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2. Import a Project ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Run Management ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.5.1. Archival ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.2. Global Settings ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.6. Basic Post-Processing ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.6.1. FENSAP Solution ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.2. DROP3D Solution ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.6.3. ICE3D Solution ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.7. Input Parameters and Convergence ................................................................................................... 9
1.7.1. FENSAP Input Parameters ......................................................................................................... 9
1.7.2. Convergence of FENSAP ......................................................................................................... 10
1.7.3. DROP3D Input Parameters ...................................................................................................... 10
1.7.4. Convergence of DROP3D ........................................................................................................ 11
1.7.5. ICE3D Input Parameters .......................................................................................................... 11
2. Introductory Tutorials to In-Flight Icing ............................................................................................... 13
2.1. In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE .............................................................................. 14
2.1.1. FENSAP Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil ................................................................................ 14
2.1.1.1. Flow Solution on the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil ................................................................. 14
2.1.1.2. Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil ............................................................... 20
2.1.1.3. Post-Processing Two Solutions with Viewmerical ............................................................ 22
2.1.2. DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 .................................................................. 28
2.1.2.1. Monodispersed Calculation ........................................................................................... 28
2.1.2.2. Langmuir-D Distribution ................................................................................................ 32
2.1.3. ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 .................................................................................... 36
2.1.4. Postprocessing an Ice Accretion Solution Using CFD-Post Macro ............................................. 40
2.1.5. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement ................................................... 46
2.1.5.1. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement - Postprocessing Using CFD-
Post .......................................................................................................................................... 49
2.1.6. FENSAP Performance Degradation ......................................................................................... 54
2.1.6.1. Lift and Drag on the Clean Airfoil ................................................................................... 54
2.1.6.2. Lift and Drag with Leading Edge Roughness ................................................................... 55
2.1.6.3. Lift and Drag on the Iced Airfoil ...................................................................................... 55
2.1.7. ICE3D: Required Heat Flux on a NACA0012 .............................................................................. 57
2.2. In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within FENSAP-ICE ................................................................................ 62
2.2.1. Fluent Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil .................................................................................. 63
2.2.1.1. Flow Solution on the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil ................................................................. 63
2.2.1.2. Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil ............................................................... 68
2.2.2. DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 (Starting from Fluent Airflow) ..................... 71
2.2.2.1. Monodispersed Calculation ........................................................................................... 72
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FENSAP-ICE Tutorial Guide
2.2.2.2. Langmuir-D Distribution ................................................................................................ 77

2.2.2.3. Post-Processing Using Viewmerical ................................................................................ 79
2.2.3. ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 .................................................................................... 89
2.2.4. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement ................................................... 93
2.2.5. Comparing In-Flight Icing Results of Fluent and FENSAP ......................................................... 97
2.3. In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within FENSAP-ICE .................................................................................. 101
2.3.1. CFX Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil .................................................................................... 101
2.3.1.1. Flow Solution on the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil ............................................................... 102
2.3.1.2. Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil .............................................................. 108
2.3.2. DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 (Starting from CFX Airflow) ....................... 111
2.3.2.1. Monodispersed Calculation ......................................................................................... 111
2.3.2.2. Langmuir-D Distribution .............................................................................................. 117
2.3.2.3. Post-Processing Using Viewmerical .............................................................................. 119
2.3.3. ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 .................................................................................. 129
2.3.4. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement .................................................. 134
2.3.5. Comparing In-Flight Icing Results of CFX and FENSAP ........................................................... 138
2.4. In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within Workbench ............................................................................ 142
2.4.1. Installation of the FENSAP-ICE Plugin .................................................................................... 142
2.4.2. Clean Droplet Study ............................................................................................................. 143
2.4.3. Rough Ice Study ................................................................................................................... 151
2.4.4. Post-Processing Multiple Solutions with Viewmerical in Workbench ...................................... 157
2.4.5. Icing Temperature Analysis for Design/Certification ............................................................... 162
2.4.6. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement .................................................. 170
2.5. In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within Workbench .................................................................................. 176
2.5.1. Rime Ice Study ..................................................................................................................... 177
2.5.2. Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS CFD-Post in Workbench ............................................. 185
2.6. In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within Workbench ............................................................................... 190
2.6.1. Rime Ice Study ..................................................................................................................... 190
2.6.2. Glaze Ice Study ..................................................................................................................... 200
2.6.3. Post-Processing Using Viewmerical in Workbench - Compare Against FENSAP Airflow Res-
ults ............................................................................................................................................... 210
2.6.4. Glaze Ice Multishot Study ..................................................................................................... 213
3. FENSAP Advanced Tutorials ................................................................................................................ 223
3.1.Three-Dimensional Flow over a Nacelle .......................................................................................... 223
3.2. Actuator Disk Tutorial .................................................................................................................... 227
3.2.1. Grid Generation ................................................................................................................... 227
3.2.1.1. Tetra Mesh Generation ................................................................................................. 227
3.2.1.2. Building the Prisms Layer ............................................................................................. 232
3.2.1.3. Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................... 234
3.2.1.4. Conversion into FENSAP Grid Format ........................................................................... 236
3.2.2. FENSAP Run Setup ............................................................................................................... 236
4. DROP3D Advanced Tutorials ............................................................................................................... 241
4.1. Droplet Impingement on a Complete Aircraft ................................................................................ 241
4.2. Splashing and Bouncing by Post-Processing on a NACA23012 Airfoil .............................................. 244
4.3. Splashing and Bouncing by Post Processing with Distribution on a NACA23012 Airfoil ................... 246
4.4. Particle Re-Injection on a 3D Fuselage of a Commercial Business Jet ............................................... 249
4.4.1. SLD Reinjection .................................................................................................................... 249
4.4.2. Ice Crystal Reinjection .......................................................................................................... 253
5. ICE3D Advanced Tutorial ..................................................................................................................... 257
5.1. Ice Accretion at High Speed ........................................................................................................... 257
5.1.1. FENSAP Setup ...................................................................................................................... 257
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5.1.2. DROP3D Setup ..................................................................................................................... 259

5.1.3. ICE3D Setup with Extended Icing Data .................................................................................. 260
5.2. Icing on a Rotating Spinner ........................................................................................................... 262
5.2.1. FENSAP Setup for the Spinner ............................................................................................... 262
5.2.2. DROP3D Setup for the Spinner ............................................................................................. 265
5.2.3. ICE3D Setup for the Spinner ................................................................................................. 267
5.3. Ice Crystal Impingement and Ice Accretion .................................................................................... 268
5.3.1. DROP3D Particle Impingement with Ice Crystals and Water Droplets ..................................... 268
5.3.2. ICE3D Contribution of Ice Crystals to Ice Accretion ................................................................ 272
6. FENSAP-ICE-Unsteady Advanced Tutorials ......................................................................................... 277
6.1. Icing on a Pitching and Plunging Airfoil ......................................................................................... 277
6.1.1. Steady Flow and Droplet Solutions ....................................................................................... 277
6.1.2. Unsteady Rime Ice Accretion on Moving Airfoil ..................................................................... 279
6.2. Screen Models .............................................................................................................................. 283
6.2.1. Steady-State Flow ................................................................................................................. 284
6.2.2. Steady-State Droplet Flow .................................................................................................... 287
6.2.3. Screen Icing ......................................................................................................................... 288
7. CHT3D Advanced Tutorials .................................................................................................................. 293
7.1. Unsteady Heat Conduction with Phase Change ............................................................................. 293
7.2. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Dry Air Regime ................................................................................ 300
7.2.1. Initial External Flow Calculation ............................................................................................ 301
7.2.2. Initial Internal Flow Calculation ............................................................................................. 307
7.2.3. CHT3D Conjugate Heat Transfer (Dry Air Regime) .................................................................. 310
7.2.3.1. CHT3D Conjugate Heat Transfer Constant Time Step (Dry Air Regime) ........................... 316
7.3. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air Regime (Anti-Icing) .............................................................. 317
7.3.1. External Water Droplets Calculation ...................................................................................... 318
7.3.2. Initial ICE3D Calculation ........................................................................................................ 319
7.3.3. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) ............................................................................ 319
7.3.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) with Surface Roughness ....................................... 323
7.3.5. Ice Accretion After CHT ........................................................................................................ 324
7.3.6. Ice Accretion After CHT with Roughness ............................................................................... 325
7.3.7. Multishot Ice Accretion After CHT with Roughness ................................................................ 326
7.4. Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent .............................................................................. 329
7.4.6. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) with Surface Roughness ....................................... 348
7.4.7. Ice Accretion After CHT ......................................................................................................... 350
7.4.8. Ice Accretion After CHT with Roughness ............................................................................... 351
7.5. Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using CFX .................................................................................. 353
7.5.6. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) With Surface Roughness ....................................... 372
7.5.7. Ice Accretion After CHT ......................................................................................................... 373
7.5.8. Ice Accretion After CHT With Roughness ............................................................................... 374
7.6. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air ................................................................................ 375
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7.6.4. Results of Simulation ............................................................................................................ 384
7.7. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air Using Fluent with FENSAP-ICE .................................. 386
7.7.4. Results of Simulation and Comparison .................................................................................. 396
7.8. Electro-Thermal Simulation of a Heating Element .......................................................................... 399
7.9. Axisymmetric Nacelle Anti-Icing System Operating in the Wet Air Regime – Droplets & Crystals ...... 407
7.9.3. External Water Droplets & Crystals Calculation ...................................................................... 420
8. FENSAP-ICE-TURBO Advanced Tutorials ............................................................................................. 439
8.1. FENSAP Airflow Through a Turbofan .............................................................................................. 439
8.1.1. Post-Processing FENSAP Turbo Airflow Solutions With CFD-Post ............................................ 448
8.1.1.1. Loading Solutions Into CFD-Post .................................................................................. 448
8.1.1.2. CFD-Post Turbo Initialization ........................................................................................ 450
8.1.1.3. Post-Processing Data ................................................................................................... 451
8.1.1.3.1. Using the Function Calculator .............................................................................. 451
8.1.1.3.2. Creation of Streamwise and Spanwise Plots ......................................................... 452
8.1.1.3.3. Creation of Contour Plots .................................................................................... 454
8.1.1.3.4. Creation of Surface Contours and Surface Plots .................................................... 456
8.2. CFX Airflow Through a Turbofan .................................................................................................... 458
8.2.1. Ansys CFX Turbofan Flow Setup ............................................................................................ 458
8.2.1.1. Flow Setup in Ansys CFX .............................................................................................. 459
8.2.1.2. Running the Flow Solution in Ansys CFX ....................................................................... 464
8.3. Impingement, Icing and Shedding on Rotating and Stationary Blades ............................................ 464
8.3.1. Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement .................................................................................... 465
8.3.2. Post-Processing of Turbomachinery Droplet and Ice Crystal Solutions with CFD-Post Turbo .... 478
8.3.2.1. Setting CFD-Post as the Default Post-Processor ............................................................ 478
8.3.2.2. Loading Crystal Solutions into CFD-Post ....................................................................... 479
8.3.2.3. CFD-Post Turbo Initialization ........................................................................................ 480
8.3.2.4. Post-Processing Data ................................................................................................... 481
8.3.2.4.1. Custom Variables ................................................................................................ 482
8.3.2.4.2. Using the Function Calculator .............................................................................. 482
8.3.2.4.3. Creation of Streamwise and Spanwise Plots ......................................................... 485
8.3.2.4.4. Creation of Contour Plots .................................................................................... 487
8.3.2.4.5. Creation of Surface Contours and Surface Plots .................................................... 489
8.3.3. Mixed Phase Icing ................................................................................................................ 491
8.3.4. Post-Processing of Turbomachinery Icing Solutions with CFD-Post Turbo ............................... 494
8.3.4.1. Loading Turbo Icing Solution into CFD-Post .................................................................. 494
8.3.4.2. Using Turbo Icing Macro to Post-process Data .............................................................. 495
8.3.5. Mixed Phase Icing - Constant Relative Humidity .................................................................... 500
8.3.6. Ice Shedding on Rotating Components ................................................................................. 502
8.4. Particle Reinjection ....................................................................................................................... 509
8.4.1. Complete Reinjection Mode ................................................................................................. 509
8.4.2. Film Reinjection off Trailing Edges ......................................................................................... 514
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8.5. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air .......................................................................................... 517

8.5.1. Initial Flow Calculation ......................................................................................................... 518
8.5.2. Water Droplets Calculation ................................................................................................... 523
8.5.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer ...................................................................................................... 526
8.5.5. Icing with the IPS Turned Off ................................................................................................. 529
8.5.5.1. Flow with IPS Turned Off .............................................................................................. 529
8.5.5.2. Droplets with IPS Turned Off ........................................................................................ 531
8.5.5.3. Icing with IPS Turned Off .............................................................................................. 531
8.6. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent ...................................................................... 532
8.6.1. Initial Flow Calculation ......................................................................................................... 533
8.6.2. Water Droplets Calculation ................................................................................................... 539
8.6.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer ....................................................................................................... 542
8.6.5. Icing with the IPS Turned Off ................................................................................................. 547
8.6.5.1. Flow with IPS Turned Off .............................................................................................. 547
8.6.5.2. Droplets with IPS Turned Off ........................................................................................ 549
8.6.5.3. Icing with IPS Turned Off .............................................................................................. 551
9. Tutorials on Mesh Adaptation ............................................................................................................. 553
9.1. Transonic Inviscid Flow Over a NACA0012 ...................................................................................... 553
9.1.1. Initial Adaptation ................................................................................................................. 554
9.1.2. Variation of the Target Error Density ...................................................................................... 557
9.1.3. Effect of the Minimum Tetra Aspect Ratio .............................................................................. 558
9.2. Laminar Flow Over a NACA0012 .................................................................................................... 559
9.2.1. Initial Adaptation ................................................................................................................. 560
9.3. Multi-Scalar Mesh Adaptation on a Piccolo Tube Chamber ............................................................. 563
9.4. Mesh Smoothing on the ONERA M6 Wing ...................................................................................... 567
9.5. Adapting for Combined Air and Droplet Solutions ......................................................................... 570
9.5.1. Setup and Execution ............................................................................................................ 571
9.5.2. Post-Processing .................................................................................................................... 576
9.6. Adapting for Fluent Air Solutions ................................................................................................... 579
9.6.1. Initial Fluent Airflow Simulation ............................................................................................ 579
9.6.2. First OptiGrid Grid Adaptation .............................................................................................. 584
9.6.3. Second Fluent Airflow Simulation and Second OptiGrid Grid Adaptation ............................... 586
9.6.4. Final Fluent Airflow Simulation ............................................................................................. 587
9.6.5. Post-Processing .................................................................................................................... 587
10. Multishot Advanced Tutorials ........................................................................................................... 591
10.1. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Optigrid .................................................... 591
10.1.1. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing - Postprocessing Using CFD-Post ................. 623
10.2. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing .......................................... 630
10.3. Mixed Phase Ice with CFX Airflow Solver and Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing ........... 650
10.3.1. Initial CFX External Flow Calculation .................................................................................... 650
10.3.2. MULTI-CFX Icing Simulation with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing .................... 655
10.3.3. Post-processing Multiple Icing Simulations Using CFD-Post ................................................. 661
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 671
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List of Figures
1.1. Pressure Coefficient at Z = 0.5m, GLC305 Wing ......................................................................................... 7
1.2. Collection Efficiency, GLC305 Wing .......................................................................................................... 8
1.3. Collection Efficiency at Z = 0.5m, GLC305 Wing ........................................................................................ 8
1.4. Ice Shape, GLC305 Wing .......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. NACA0012 Structured C-Mesh Overview and Close-Up .......................................................................... 14
2.2. Average Residual and Lift Coefficient Convergence ................................................................................ 18
2.3. Pressure and Mach Number Fields of the Clean NACA0012 at an AoA of 4 Degrees ................................. 19
2.4. Average Residual and the Total Heat Flux Convergence .......................................................................... 21
2.5. Velocity Magnitude Field of the Clean (Left) and Rough (Right) Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees ................. 25
2.6. Distribution of Pressure Coefficient on the Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees .................... 27
2.7. Distribution of Classical Heat Flux on the Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees ....................... 27
2.8. Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves ................................................................ 29
2.9. LWC at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region) .................................. 31
2.10. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees ............................. 31
2.11. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Langmuir D .......................... 34
2.12. Comparison of Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Monodisperse
vs. Langmuir D ............................................................................................................................................ 35
2.13. LWC Distribution and Shadow Zones for 44.4 Micron Droplets (Left) and 6.2 Micron Droplets (Right) .... 36
2.14. Mass Conservation Table Printed in the Log File of ICE3D ..................................................................... 38
2.15. Ice View in Viewmerical, Showing Shaded + Wireframe ........................................................................ 38
2.16. Ice Shapes at -25 C, -10 C, and -7.5 C ..................................................................................................... 39
2.17. Film Height Variation over the Ice at -25, -10, and -7.5 C ........................................................................ 40
2.18. Ice View with CFD-Post, Ice Cover ........................................................................................................ 42
2.19. Ice View in CFD-Post, Ice Cover with Display Mesh ................................................................................ 43
2.20. Ice View in CFD-Post, Instantaneous Ice Growth over Ice Cover Surface ................................................. 44
2.21. 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Clean Wall Surface and Ice Cover Surface .............................................................. 45
2.22. 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Water Film Distribution ........................................................................................ 46
2.23. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multishot Computations ..................................... 49
2.24. Ice View in CFD-Post, Final Ice Shape .................................................................................................... 51
2.25. 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Ice Shapes of the Multishot Simulation ................................................................. 53
2.26. Leading Edge Detail on the Displaced Grid of the Multishot Run .......................................................... 56
2.27. Lift and Drag Coefficients on a Clean, a Rough, and an Iced Airfoil ........................................................ 57
2.28. Fully Evaporative Required Heat Flux Distribution on the LE of a NACA0012 ......................................... 59
2.29. Running Wet Required Heat Flux Distribution on the LE of a NACA0012 ............................................... 59
2.30. Tables of IPS Requirements in the Log .................................................................................................. 60
2.31. Running Wet Required Heat Flux Distribution Including its Average and Maximum Values .................... 60
2.32. Ice Accretion Rate Using Average (Left) and Maximum (Right) Running Wet Required Heat Fluxes on
the Leading Edge of a NACA0012 ................................................................................................................ 62
2.33. NACA0012 Structured C-Mesh Overview and Close-Up ........................................................................ 63
2.34. Scaled Residuals ................................................................................................................................. 67
2.35. The Residual Values ............................................................................................................................. 67
2.36. Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients ........................................................................................... 68
2.37. Scaled Residuals ................................................................................................................................. 70
2.38. Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients of the Rough Airfoil ............................................................. 71
2.39. Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves .............................................................. 76
2.40. LWC over NACA 0012 at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region) ....................... 82
2.41. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees .............................................. 83
2.42. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Monodisperse ....................... 84
2.43. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Langmuir D .......................... 85
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2.44. Comparison of Collection Efficiency on the Surface, Langmuir D vs. Monodisperse ............................... 86
2.45. LWC Distribution and Shadow Zones for 44.4 Micron Droplets (Left) and 6.2 Micron Droplets (Right) .... 87
2.46. Comparison of Pressure Distributions on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Rough vs.
Clean surface .............................................................................................................................................. 88
2.47. Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Rough vs. Clean
Surface ....................................................................................................................................................... 88
2.48. Mass Conservation Table Printed in the Log File of ICE3D ..................................................................... 90
2.49. Ice View in Viewmerical, Showing Shaded + Wireframe ........................................................................ 91
2.50. Ice Shapes at -25, -10, and -7.5 C .......................................................................................................... 92
2.51. Film Height Variation over the Ice at -25, -10, and -7.5 C ........................................................................ 93
2.52. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multi-Shot Computations .................................... 97
2.53. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
Fluent vs. FENSAP ....................................................................................................................................... 97
2.54. Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
Fluent vs. FENSAP ....................................................................................................................................... 98
2.55. Comparison of Shear Stress Magnitude on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
Fluent vs. FENSAP ....................................................................................................................................... 98
2.56. Comparison of Collection Efficiency on a Rough Airfoil at the AoA of 4 Degrees, Case1 vs. Case2 ........... 99
2.57. Comparison of Single-Shot Ice Shapes at Different Icing Temperatures, case1 vs. case2 ......................... 99
2.58. Comparison of Film Thickness, Ice Accretion Rate, and Surface Temperature on the Surface of a Rough
Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 ............................................................................................................................... 100
2.59. Comparison of Ice Accretion Rate on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 ............................ 100
2.60. Comparison of Surface Temperature on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 ........................ 100
2.61. Comparison of a Single-Shot and a Multishot Ice Shape at an Icing Temperature of -7.48 C, case1 vs.
case2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 101
2.62. NACA0012 Structured C-Mesh Overview and Close-Up ...................................................................... 102
2.63. Momentum and Mass Residuals ........................................................................................................ 106
2.64. Heat Transfer Residual Residuals ........................................................................................................ 106
2.65. User Points: Wall Heat Flux Monitor .................................................................................................... 107
2.66. Surface Classical Heat Flux at 500, 1000 and 2000 Iterations ............................................................... 107
2.67. The Residual Values ........................................................................................................................... 108
2.68. Momentum and Mass Residuals ........................................................................................................ 109
2.69. Heat Transfer Residual ....................................................................................................................... 110
2.70. User Points: Wall Heat Flux Monitor .................................................................................................... 110
2.71. Surface Classical Heat Flux at 500, 1000 and 2000 Iterations ............................................................... 111
2.72. Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves ............................................................ 115
2.73. LWC over NACA0012 at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region) ...................... 122
2.74. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees ............................................ 123
2.75. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Monodisperse ..................... 124
2.76. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Langmuir D ......................... 126
2.77. Comparison of Collection Efficiency on the Surface, Langmuir D vs. Monodisperse ............................. 127
2.78. LWC Distribution and Shadow Zones for 44.4 Micron Droplets (Left) and 6.2 Micron Droplets (Right) ... 128
2.79. Comparison of Pressure Distributions on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Rough vs.
Clean Surface ........................................................................................................................................... 129
2.80. Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Rough vs. Clean
Surface ..................................................................................................................................................... 129
2.81. Mass Conservation Table Printed in the Log File of ICE3D ................................................................... 131
2.82. Ice View in Viewmerical, Showing Shaded + Wireframe ....................................................................... 132
2.83. Ice Shapes at -25, -10, and -7.5 C ........................................................................................................ 133
2.84. Film Height Variation over the Ice at -25, -10, and -7.5 C ...................................................................... 134
2.85. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multi-Shot Computations .................................. 138
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2.86. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
CFX vs. FENSAP ......................................................................................................................................... 139
2.87. Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
CFX vs. FENSAP ......................................................................................................................................... 139
2.88. Comparison of Shear Stress Magnitude on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
CFX vs. FENSAP ......................................................................................................................................... 140
2.89. Comparison of Collection Efficiency on a Rough Airfoil at the AoA of 4 Degrees, Case1 vs. Case2 ......... 140
2.90. Comparison of Single-Shot Ice Shapes at Different Icing Temperatures, case1 vs. case2 ....................... 141
2.91. Comparison of Film Thickness, Ice Accretion Rate, and Surface Temperature on the Surface of a Rough
Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 ............................................................................................................................... 141
2.92. Comparison of Ice Accretion Rate on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 ............................ 141
2.93. Comparison of Surface Temperature on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 ........................ 142
2.94. Convergence of Average Residual and Lift Coefficient ........................................................................ 148
2.95. Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves ............................................................ 149
2.96. Pressure (Left) and Mach Number (Right) on the NACA0012 - Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees ................. 150
2.97. LWC at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region) .............................. 151
2.98. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees ........................... 151
2.99. Convergence of Average Residual and the Total Heat Flux .................................................................. 155
2.100. Ice View in Viewmerical, Showing Shaded + Wireframe ..................................................................... 156
2.101. Mass Conservation Table Printed in the Log File of ICE3D .................................................................. 157
2.102. Velocity Magnitude Contours Comparison between Clean and Rough Air solutions .......................... 158
2.103. Pressure Coefficient 2D Plot Comparison Between Clean and Rough Air Solutions ............................ 159
2.104. Classical Heat Flux 2D Plot Comparison Between Clean and Rough Air Solutions .............................. 159
2.105. 7 Droplet Sizes 2D Plot Collection Efficiency Comparisons ................................................................ 160
2.106. Collection Efficiency 2D Plot Comparisons Between MVD and Composite Droplets ........................... 161
2.107. LWC Distribution and Shadow Zones for 44.4 Micron Droplets (Left) and 6.2 Micron Droplets
(Right) ...................................................................................................................................................... 162
2.108. Ice Shapes at -25, -10, and -7.5 C ....................................................................................................... 168
2.109. Film Height Variation over the Ice at -25, -10, and -7.5 C .................................................................... 170
2.110. Ice View in VIEWMERICAL, Showing Shaded + Wireframe - Final Ice Shape (3rd Shot) ......................... 175
2.111. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multishot Computations - Graphical Window
View ......................................................................................................................................................... 176
2.112. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multishot Computations .................................. 176
2.113. Average Residuals Monitors ............................................................................................................ 181
2.114. Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves .......................................................... 183
2.116. Pressure (Left) and Mach Number (Right) on the NACA0012 - Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees ............... 186
2.117. LWC at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region) ............................ 187
2.118. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees ......................... 188
2.119. Ice View in ANSYS CFD-Post, Showing Smooth Shading + Mesh Lines ............................................... 189
2.120. Pressure (Left) and Mach Number (Right) on the NACA0012 - Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees ............... 192
2.121. Fluent Transcript Window Displaying Residuals and Monitor Values .................................................. 193
2.122. Average Log Residuals, Lift and Drag Monitors ................................................................................ 193
2.123. Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves .......................................................... 196
2.124. LWC at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region) ............................................. 197
2.125. Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees .......................................... 198
2.126. Ice View in Viewmerical, Showing Shaded + Wireframe ..................................................................... 199
2.128. Fluent Transcript Window Displaying Residuals and Monitor Values .................................................. 202
2.129. Average Log Residuals, Lift and Drag Monitors ................................................................................ 202
2.130. Velocity Magnitude Contours Comparison between Clean and Rough Air solutions .......................... 205
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2.131. Pressure Coefficient 2D Plot Comparison between Clean and Rough Air Solutions ............................ 205
2.132. Classical Heat Flux 2D Plot Comparison between Clean and Rough Air Solutions .............................. 206
2.133. 7 Droplet Sizes 2D Plot Collection Efficiency Comparisons ................................................................ 206
2.134. Collection Efficiency 2D Plot Comparisons Between MVD and Composite Droplets ........................... 207
2.135. LWC Distribution and Shadow Zones for 44.4 Micron Droplets (Left) and 6.2 Micron Droplets
(Right) ...................................................................................................................................................... 208
2.136. Ice View in VIEWMERICAL, Showing Shaded + Wireframe .................................................................. 209
2.138. Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Fluent vs. FENSAP
................................................................................................................................................................. 212
2.139. Comparison of Shear Stress Magnitude on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Fluent vs.
FENSAP .................................................................................................................................................... 212
2.140. Ice View in VIEWMERICAL, Showing Shaded + Wireframe - Final Ice Shape (3rd Shot) ......................... 220
2.141. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multishot Computations - Graphical Window
View ......................................................................................................................................................... 221
2.142. Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multishot Computations .................................. 221
3.1. Residual Convergence of the Nacelle Air Flow Simulation ..................................................................... 225
3.2. Mach Number Contours (Viewmerical, Spectrum 2) ............................................................................. 226
3.3. Static Pressure Contours (Viewmerical, Spectrum 2) ............................................................................. 226
3.4. Detail of the Grid Near the Body on the Centerline Plane ...................................................................... 238
3.5. Local Mach Number Contours Around the Actuator Disk. Streamlines Crossing the Disk’s Outer Edge are
Shown in Black ......................................................................................................................................... 239
3.6. Total Pressure Contours Across the Disk ............................................................................................... 239
4.1.The Grid and the Flow Solution (Mach Number Contours Courtesy of Bombardier Aerospace).The Solution
Was Obtained with NSU3D ....................................................................................................................... 241
4.2. Collection Efficiency Distribution on the DLR-F6 Aircraft Wing/Body Configuration ............................... 243
4.3. Collection Efficiency Plots on the Wing at the Root (Z = 4), Middle (Z = 15), and the Tip (Z = 22.5) .......... 243
4.4. Detail of the Grid of the NACA23012 Airfoil (Left) and the Mach Number Contours (Right) .................... 244
4.5. SLD Clipping Effect of Splashing (Red) and Bouncing (Blue) on the Collection Efficiency ....................... 246
4.6. Grid of the Fuselage of a Commercial Business Jet (Left) and Its Surface Pressure Contour (Right) .......... 249
4.7. Convergence History of the Change in Total Beta ................................................................................. 251
4.8. Collection Efficiency of SLD Breakup Model (Left), SLD Breakup and Splashing/Bouncing Models (Middle),
and SLD Reinjection Model (Right) ............................................................................................................ 252
4.9. 2D Plot of Collection Efficiency of SLD Breakup Model (Grey), SLD Breakup and Splashing/Bouncing
Models (Blue), and SLD Reinjection Model (Red) ........................................................................................ 252
4.10. LWC & Collection Efficiency on a Pitot Tube Mounted on the Nose: SLD Breakup Model (Left), SLD
Breakup and Splashing/Bouncing Models (Middle), SLD Reinjection Model (Right) ..................................... 253
4.11. Convergence History of Change in Total Beta ..................................................................................... 255
4.12. Ice Crystal Content Without Crystal Reinjection (Left) and with Crystal Reinjection (Right) .................. 256
4.13. Crystal Collection Efficiency on the Pitot-Tube Without Crystal Reinjection (Left);With Crystal Reinjection
(Right) ...................................................................................................................................................... 256
5.1. LWC Distribution for the 0.1524m NACA0012, Mach 0.6, AoA 7 Degrees, MVD 20 Microns ...................... 260
5.2. Beak Ice on the NACA0012 Airfoil, Mach 0.6, AoA 7 Degrees, LWC 0.2 G/m3, MVD 20 Microns ................. 261
5.3. Collection Efficiency on the Spinner Surface with AoA = 5 Degrees ...................................................... 266
5.4. Ice Shapes Obtained with Rotation (Left) and Without Rotation (Right) at an Angle of Attack of 5 ° ........ 267
5.5. Distribution of the Collected Mass of Water with Rotation (Left) and Without Rotation (Right) ............... 268
5.6. Water Film Thickness Distribution with Rotation (Left) and Without Rotation (Right) ............................. 268
5.7. Grid and Airflow Solution: NACA0012 C-Grid with Chord Length of 0.9144m (Left), Mach Contours from
the Airflow Solution (Right) ....................................................................................................................... 269
5.8. Model Panel in the Configuration Settings ........................................................................................... 270
5.9. Comparison Between Droplet Collection Efficiency (Left) and Ice Crystals (Right) .................................. 272
xii of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
5.10. Comparison of Ice Shapes Obtained Using Droplets and Ice Crystals (Blue) and Droplets Only (Red) .... 275
5.11. Table of Mass Balance from the ICE3D Log File ................................................................................... 275
6.1. Contours of Mach Number (Left) and Liquid Water Content (Right). ...................................................... 279
6.2. Lift Coefficient Variation in Time Due to Pitching and Plunging Motions of the Airfoil ........................... 282
6.3. Snapshots From a Period Showing Static Pressure and the Location of the Airfoil .................................. 282
6.4. Pressure and Velocity Magnitude Contours Around the 2D Nacelle ....................................................... 286
6.5. Screens Extract Momentum from the Flow Due to the Friction over the Wires, Reducing the Total Pressure
Across Them ............................................................................................................................................. 287
6.6. Liquid Water Content Drop Across the Curved Screen .......................................................................... 288
6.7. Change in Maximum Wire Diameter (m) .............................................................................................. 290
6.8. Increase in Total Pressure Loss Across the Screen as Ice Accretes with Time (T=0.0s, T=30s, T=60s) ......... 290
6.9. Reduction in LWC Across the Screen as Ice Accretes with Time (T=0.0s, T=30s, T=60s) ............................ 290
6.10. Change in Screen Wire Diameter as Ice Accretes with Time (T=0.0s, T=30s, T=60s) ............................... 291
6.11. Grid at T=60s and the Original Grid Superimposed to Highlight the Ice Shape .................................... 291
7.1. Temperature Profiles at the Ice/Titanium Interface, with ONERA, DRA, and NASA Codes Comparison ..... 300
7.2. Views of the Grids for the External and Internal Flow Calculations ......................................................... 301
7.3. Mach Number Contours of the External Flow Solution ......................................................................... 303
7.4. Static Pressure Contours of the External Flow Solution ......................................................................... 304
7.5. Shear Stress Contours of the External Flow Solution ............................................................................. 305
7.6. Classical Heat Flux Contours of the External Flow Solution ................................................................... 306
7.7. Convergence Plots for Average and Energy Residuals, and the Total Heat Flux ....................................... 309
7.8. The Internal Flow Solution: Mach Number (Left) and Total Temperature Contours (Right) ...................... 310
7.9. Streamlines Exiting from the Orifice, Showing the Complexity of the Internal Flow ................................ 310
7.10. Exploded View of the Three Domains: The External, Internal and Solid Grids ........................................ 311
7.11. CHT3D Solution: Convergence History of the Maximum (Left) and Minimum (Right) Solid Wall Temper-
ature ........................................................................................................................................................ 314
7.12. Temperature Contours on the Solid Surfaces ...................................................................................... 315
7.13.Temperature Distribution vs Wrap Distance on the External Surface of the Solid at Z = 0.0001 m and
Z=0.02 m .................................................................................................................................................. 315
7.14.Temperature Contours on the Solid Surfaces Showing That the Auto Time Step Solution (Left) and the
Constant Time Step Solution (Right) Provide Similar Results ....................................................................... 317
7.15.Temperature Distribution vs Wrap Distance on the External Surface of the Solid at Z = 0.0001 M Showing
That the Auto Time Step Solution and the Constant Time Step Solution (the Curves Are Overlaid) Provide
Similar Results .......................................................................................................................................... 317
7.16. Anti-Icing System Grids ..................................................................................................................... 318
7.17. Droplet LWC and Collection Efficiency on the External Flow ............................................................... 319
7.18. Convergence History of the Maximum (Left) and Minimum (Right) Solid Wall Temperatures ................ 322
7.19.Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) and Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) .... 323
7.20.Temperature Distribution vs.Wrap Distance on the External Surface for Dry and Wet Air Runs (Z = 0.0001
m) ............................................................................................................................................................ 323
7.21. Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the Hot Air IPS Turned On .................................... 325
7.22. Residual Ice Shapes Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the IPS Turned on, without (Left) and with (Right)
Roughness ............................................................................................................................................... 326
7.23. 3D Views of the Residual Ice Shapes Accreted After 480 (Left), 1440 (Middle) and 2,400 (Right) Seconds
with the IPS Turned On, Using a Post CHT Multishot Simulation with Roughness ......................................... 328
7.24. External Mesh (Left: Symmetric Plane; Right: Surface Walls) ................................................................. 330
7.25. Convergent History of External Airflow Simulation ............................................................................. 333
7.26. Initial External Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .......................................... 333
7.27. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ....................................... 334
7.28. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ................................. 334
7.29. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ...................................... 334
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7.30. Internal Mesh (Left: Symmetric Plane; Right: Surface Walls) ................................................................. 335
7.31. Convergent History of Internal Airflow Simulation .............................................................................. 338
7.32. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ........................................... 339
7.33. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ....................................... 339
7.34. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .................................. 340
7.35. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ...................................... 340
7.36. Droplet LWC on the External Flow (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ........................................................... 341
7.37. Collection Efficiency on the External Flow (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............................................... 342
7.38. The 3 Computational Domains: Blue (External), Red (Internal), Green (Solid). Right: Stagnation Point .... 345
7.39. Convergence History of the Maximum Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst -
Energy Only) ............................................................................................................................................. 346
7.40. Convergence History of the Minimum (Right) Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-
sst – Energy Only) ..................................................................................................................................... 347
7.41. Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Energy Only) ............... 347
7.42. Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Energy
Only) ........................................................................................................................................................ 347
7.43. Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Energy
Only) ........................................................................................................................................................ 348
7.44.Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Full Navier-Stokes) ....... 349
7.45. Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Full Navier-
Stokes) ..................................................................................................................................................... 349
7.46. Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Full
Navier-Stokes) .......................................................................................................................................... 349
7.47. Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the Hot Air IPS Turned On (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP
kw-sst – Energy Only) ................................................................................................................................ 350
7.48. Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the Hot Air IPS Turned On (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP
kw-sst Energy only) ................................................................................................................................... 352
7.49. Displaced External Flow Grid with Residual Ice Obtained by Running ICE3D After CHT (Left: Fluent with
Roughness; Right: FENSAP kw-sst with Roughness) ................................................................................... 352
7.50. External Mesh (Left: Symmetric Plane; Right: Surface Walls) ................................................................. 354
7.51. Convergent History of External Airflow Simulation ............................................................................. 357
7.52. Initial External Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent Launcher.; Right: FENSAP) ....... 357
7.53. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .................... 357
7.54. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .............. 358
7.55. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .................. 358
7.56. Internal Geometry and Mesh ............................................................................................................. 359
7.57. Convergent History of Internal Airflow Simulation .............................................................................. 362
7.58. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ....................... 362
7.59. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .................... 363
7.60. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............... 363
7.61. Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ................... 364
7.62. Droplet LWC on the External Flow (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ........................................ 366
7.63. Collection Efficiency on the External Flow (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............................ 366
7.64. The 3 Computational Domains: Blue (External), Red (Internal), Green (Solid). Right: Stagnation Point .... 369
7.65. Convergence History of the Maximum Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP) ................................................................................................................................................... 370
7.66. Convergence History of the Minimum (Right) Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP) ................................................................................................................................................... 371
7.67. Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............................ 371
7.68. Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ........... 371
7.69. Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .... 371
xiv of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
7.70. Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............................ 372
7.71. Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ........... 373
7.72. Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .... 373
7.73. Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the Hot Air IPS Turned On (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP) .......................................................................................................................................... 374
7.74. Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds With the Hot Air Ips Turned On, With Roughness (Left:
CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............................................................................................................ 375
7.75. Grid of the External Flow Domain ...................................................................................................... 376
7.76. Mach Number Contours, External Domain ......................................................................................... 378
7.77. Collection Efficiency .......................................................................................................................... 379
7.78. Solid Maximum Temperature Change with Time ................................................................................ 385
7.79. Comparison of Heater Temperatures with Experiment ........................................................................ 385
7.80. Residual Ice Shape and Solid Temperature at (a) 100, (b) 110, (c) 120 and (d) 220 Seconds ................... 386
7.81. Grid of the External Flow Domain ...................................................................................................... 387
7.82. Mach Number Contours, External Domain ......................................................................................... 389
7.83. Collection Efficiency .......................................................................................................................... 391
7.84. Solid Maximum Temperature Change with Time (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ...................................... 397
7.85. Comparison of Heater Temperatures with Experiment (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ............................. 397
7.86. Residual Ice Shape and Solid Temperature at (a) 100, (b) 110, (c) 120 and (d) 220 Seconds; (Left: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP) .......................................................................................................................................... 398
7.87.Temperature at T=10s (20 Iterations), T=60s (120 Iterations) and T=110s (220 Iterations) ...................... 406
7.88. Voltage (Left) and Current Density Vector (Right) ................................................................................ 407
7.89. Maximum and Minimum Temperature Histories ................................................................................. 407
7.90. Exploded View of the Grids for the External, the Solid, and Internal Domains ....................................... 408
7.91. Mach Number Contours of the External Flow Solution ....................................................................... 411
7.92. Static Pressure Contours of the External Flow Solution ....................................................................... 412
7.93. Shear Stress Contours on the Engine Inlet Cowl ................................................................................. 413
7.94. Classical Heat Flux Contours on the Engine Inlet Cowl ........................................................................ 413
7.95. Internal Grid showing Jet Impingement Refinement Zones ................................................................ 414
7.96. Mach Number Contours and Wall Shear Stress at θ=0.0435 Radian (Top), θ=0 Radian (Bottom) ............ 417
7.97. Jet Velocity Vectors Exiting from the Orifice, Showing the Complexity of the Internal Flow at θ=0 Radian
(Left), θ=0.0435 Radian (Right) ................................................................................................................... 418
7.98. Total Temperature Contours and Wall Heat Fluxes at θ=0 Radian (Top), θ=0.0435 Radian (Bottom) ....... 419
7.99. The Internal Flow Solution: Classical Heat Flux Contours on Engine Nacelle ......................................... 420
7.100. Droplet LWC (Left) and Crystal ICC (Right) on the External Flow ........................................................ 422
7.101. Collection Efficiency of Droplets (Left) vs Crystals (Right) on the Engine Nacelle Lip & Nosecone ....... 422
7.102. Mass Caught Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine Inlet Cowl & Nosecone .. 424
7.103. Film Thickness Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine Inlet Cowl & No-
secone ...................................................................................................................................................... 424
7.104. Instant Ice Growth Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine Inlet Cowl & No-
secone ...................................................................................................................................................... 425
7.105. Convergence History of the Maximum (Left) and Minimum (Right) Solid Domain Temperatures ........ 431
7.106.Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) and Water Film Thickness and Ice Accretion Rate on the
External Surface (ICE3D) – Droplets Only (Left) and Droplets + Crystals (Right) ........................................... 433
7.107. Temperature Distribution vs. Wrap Distance on the Engine Inlet Cowl for Wet Air (Droplets + Crystals)
and Wet Air (Droplets Only) Runs at θ=0 Radian (Left), θ=0.0435 Radian (Right) ........................................... 435
7.108. 60 Seconds Runback Ice on the External Surface (ICE3D) – Droplets + Crystals .................................. 436
7.109. Ice Crystals Melting - Liquid Phase of Ice Crystals on the External Domain (DROP3D) ......................... 437
7.110. FENSAP-ICE Demonstration of Multiphysics Holding Flight Calculations of an Engine Nacelle Anti-Icing
System in an Appendix D Environment ...................................................................................................... 438
8.1.Turbofan Geometry: Nacelle, Nose Cone (Metallic), Fan (Red), Bypass (Yellow), IGV (Green) ..................... 440
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8.2. Interfaces Are Required to Transfer Boundary Conditions Blue: Nacelle-Nosecone, Purple: Nosecone-Fan,
Orange: Fan-Bypass, Green: Fan-Igv ............................................................................................................ 442
8.3. Interfaces Boundaries Connecting Exits of Each Row to Inlets of Communicating Rows ........................ 442
8.4. Static Pressure Contours on All Components ........................................................................................ 447
8.5. Axial Velocity from Fan to IGV .............................................................................................................. 448
8.6.Turbofan Geometry: Nacelle with Nose-Cone, Fan, Bypass OGV (Blue), IGV (Yellow), Rotor (Orange), Stator
(Red) ........................................................................................................................................................ 458
8.7. Interfaces: Blue: Nacelle-Fan, Orange: Fan-Bypass, Green: Fan-IGV, Cyan: IGV-Rotor, Purple: Rotor-
Stator ....................................................................................................................................................... 472
8.8. Interfaces Boundaries Connecting Exits of Each Row to Inlets of Communicating Rows ........................ 473
8.9. Ice Accretion on All Turbofan Components. Miniature Ice Growth inside Core (Rotor and Stator) ........... 494
8.10.Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Ice Shapes over All Rows in Full Circle Mode ....................... 496
8.11. Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Instantaneous Ice Growth over Blades and Hubs ................ 497
8.12.Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Instant Ice Growth over the Compressor (IGV, Rotor, and
Stator) ...................................................................................................................................................... 498
8.13. Full Circle View of Turbo Fan Ice Shapes; View of Compressor Components (IGV, Rotor, and Stator)
Blocked by Fan and Bypass ....................................................................................................................... 499
8.14. Limited Number of Row Copies of Turbo Fan Ice Shapes ..................................................................... 500
8.15. Film Thickness at 100 % Relative Humidity (Left) and Calculated Relative Humidity (Right) .................. 502
8.16. ICC Comparison Without (Left) and With (Right) Reinjection Due to Bouncing .................................... 513
8.17. ICC Comparison in Bypass, Core IGV and Stator Without (Left) and With (Right) Reinjection ................. 513
8.18. Comparison at the Fan Exit of LWC Before (Left) and After (Right) Accounting for Film Reinjection of
Fan and Spinner Walls. .............................................................................................................................. 517
8.19. Nose Cone Grid ................................................................................................................................. 518
8.20. Nose Cone: Shear Stress (Left) and Classical Heat Flux (Right) .............................................................. 522
8.21. Nose Cone: Mach Number Distribution on a Cross-Section, Showing the Jet on the Inside and the Air
Exhausting on the Outside ........................................................................................................................ 523
8.22. Droplet Collection Efficiency and LWC Distribution ............................................................................ 524
8.23. Initial Film Coverage and the 30-Second Ice Thickness on the Nose Cone ............................................ 525
8.24. Solid Minimum (Left) and Maximum (Right) Temperature ................................................................... 528
8.25. Average Residual of the Flow ............................................................................................................. 528
8.26. Solid Temperature of the Nose Cone .................................................................................................. 529
8.27. Film Height (Left) and Ice Growth Rate (Right) on the Surface with Anti-Icing ...................................... 529
8.28. Shear Stress Magnitude and Mach Number ....................................................................................... 530
8.29. Air Flow Streamlines Entering Through the Tip Hole and Exiting Through the Side Holes ..................... 530
8.30. Droplet Collection Efficiency on the Surface and LWC Distribution Inside and Outside the Cone ......... 531
8.31. 60-Second Ice Accumulation on the Nose Cone ................................................................................. 532
8.32. Nose Cone Grid ................................................................................................................................. 533
8.33. Initial External Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) .......................................... 538
8.34. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ................................. 538
8.35. Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ...................................... 538
8.36. Initial External Droplet Results: LWC Distribution (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ..................................... 540
8.37. Initial External Droplet Results: Collection Efficiency (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP) ................................ 541
8.38. Convergence History of the Minimum Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ..... 545
8.39. Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ..................................... 546
8.40. Film Height on the Surface (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ........................................................... 546
8.41. Ice Growth Rate on the Surface (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ..................................................... 547
8.42. Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) .............................................................................. 548
8.43. Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ................................................................................. 549
8.44. Droplet Collection Efficiency (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ........................................................ 550
8.45. LWC Distribution Inside the Cone (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ................................................. 551
xvi of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
8.46. 60-Second Ice Accumulation on the Nose Cone (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst) ............................ 552
9.1. Initial Grid (Left) and Inviscid Flow Solution (Right) with Symmetric Shock Waves ................................. 554
9.2. Minimum Tetra Aspect Ratio = 0.5 / Minimum Tetra Aspect Ratio = 0.05 ............................................... 559
9.3. Mach Number Contours on the Original Mesh / Error Distribution on the Original Mesh ....................... 560
9.4. Original Mesh and Adapted Mesh ........................................................................................................ 562
9.5. Detail of Leading Edge ........................................................................................................................ 563
9.6. Leading Edge Surface Detail ................................................................................................................ 563
9.7.The Jet Region Before (Left) and After (Right) Grid Optimization for the Piccolo Internal Case ................ 567
9.8. Initial (Left) and Smoothed (Right) Grids on the Symmetry Plane .......................................................... 569
9.9. Detail of the Leading Edge of the Initial (Left) and Smoothed (Right) Grids at the Symmetry Plane,
Showing Improvements in Grid Orthogonality and on the Curvature ......................................................... 570
9.10. Air Flow Solution (Pressure) on the Original (Left) and the Adapted (Right) Grid .................................. 577
9.11. Close-Up on the Upper Lip / Symm Plane Area: The Original (Left) and the Adapted (Right) Grid .......... 577
9.12. Droplet LWC and the Shadow Zone Before (Left) and After (Right) Grid Adaptation ............................. 578
9.13.Turbulent Viscosity (Left) and Droplet LWC (Right) on the Adapted Grid .............................................. 578
9.14. Boundary Locations .......................................................................................................................... 580
9.15. Scaled Residuals ................................................................................................................................ 582
9.16. Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients ......................................................................................... 583
9.17. Air Flow Solution (Eddy Viscosity) on the Original (Left) and the Adapted, Opti1 (Top-Right) and Adapted
Opti2 (Bottom-Right) Grid ......................................................................................................................... 588
9.18. Air Flow Solution (Eddy Viscosity) on the Original (Left) and the Adapted, Opti1 (Top-Right) and Adapted
Opti2 (Bottom-Right) Grid, with Grid Lines Not Shown ............................................................................... 589
9.19. Surface Pressure Contour Shown at a Close up on the Upper Lip on the Original (Left) and the Adapted,
Opti1 (Top-Right) and Adapted Opti2 (Bottom-Right) Grid ........................................................................ 590
10.1. Final Instance of the Table of Aerodynamic Components in the out File Located in
run_FENSAP_clean ................................................................................................................................... 622
run_FENSAP_Perf_Deg ............................................................................................................................. 623
10.3. Ice View in CFD-Post, Transparent Ice Cover of the Final Ice Shape ....................................................... 625
10.4. Ice View in CFD-Post, Instantaneous Ice Growth over the Final Ice Shape ............................................. 626
10.5. 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Third Shot Ice Shape at Z=0.5 ............................................................................. 628
10.6. 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Multishot Ice Shapes at a User-Defined Cutting Plane ......................................... 630
run_FENSAP_Clean ................................................................................................................................... 642
run_FENSAP_Perf_Deg_FM ....................................................................................................................... 643
10.9. Geometry and Defined Boundaries of the Cascade ............................................................................ 651
10.10. Mesh of the Cascade ....................................................................................................................... 651
10.11. Convergent History and Result (Mach Number) of External Airflow Simulation .................................. 655
10.12. Ice Shape after 6 seconds of Icing Exposure ..................................................................................... 660
10.13. 2D-Plots of all Computed Ice Shapes ................................................................................................ 661
10.14. Loading a Solution – Navigating to the Results File ........................................................................... 663
10.15. Loading a Solution – Assigning a Case Name to the Ice Solution ....................................................... 663
10.16. Multiple Solutions Loaded ............................................................................................................... 664
10.17. Post-processing Multiple Third Shot Ice Shapes ................................................................................ 665
10.18. Post-processing Multiple Third Shot Ice Accretion Rate Distributions ................................................ 666
10.19. Post-Processing Multiple Third Shot Ice Accretion Rate Distributions – Range Between 0 and 0.15
KG/m2/S ................................................................................................................................................... 666
10.20. Comparison Between Run RH 070 and Run RH 100 ........................................................................... 669
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. xvii
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List of Tables
2.1. Typical CFX Setup for General Icing Farfield Scenarios .......................................................................... 177
2.2.Typical Fluent Setup for General Icing Scenarios ................................................................................... 190
2.3. Additional Fluent Setup for Glaze Icing Scenarios ................................................................................. 201
7.1. Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature for H2O ..................................................................................... 294
7.2. Enthalpy vs. Temperature for H2O ........................................................................................................ 295
7.3. Material Properties .............................................................................................................................. 295
7.4. Density ............................................................................................................................................... 400
7.5. Thermal Conductivity .......................................................................................................................... 400
7.6. Enthalpy ............................................................................................................................................. 401
7.7. Electrical Conductivity ........................................................................................................................ 401
9.1. Effect of Aspect Ratio on the Grid Size ................................................................................................. 559
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. xix
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Chapter 1: FENSAP-ICE: Graphical Environment
The following sections of this chapter are:
1.1. Project Management Window
1.2. Run Management Window
1.3. Import from Fluent
1.4. Project Management
1.5. Run Management
1.6. Basic Post-Processing
1.7. Input Parameters and Convergence
The objective of this tutorial is to get familiar with the graphical environment of FENSAP-ICE.
Launch FENSAP-ICE either by typing fensapiceGUI in a terminal (LINUX) or by selecting FENSAP-ICE

in your application directory (WINDOWS).
1.1. Project Management Window

At start FENSAP-ICE lists all recent projects with icons. This is the project management window.
Create a new project directory by clicking on the icon:
Enter Tutorial_01 under Project name, and browse to position this directory in your account. Select
any location except the directory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/, which contains all
input files for the tutorials, and the directory ../completed_workshop_files/ which contains
all solution files for post-processing.
You will then be asked to assign a unit system to this new project. Select the default (metric) unit system
by clicking OK.
1.2. Run Management Window

When a new project is created, you are automatically transferred to its run management window that
lists all calculations associated to this project.
1.2.1. Create a New Run

Create a new run, or calculation, by clicking on the icon:
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 1
FENSAP-ICE: Graphical Environment
Select FENSAP as the flow solver and name the run FLOW. Click OK.
Each run contains three different sets of icons, here shown in grey since they have not yet been as-
signed:
• The icons listed on the left side of the config icon contain the input files of the simulation; in this
case a grid file.
• The configuration icon allows entering simulation input parameters, execution and monitoring of
the calculation.
• The icons placed on the right side of the config icon are all output files of this execution (solution,
ice shape, displaced grid, etc.).
1.2.2. Assign a Grid File

Download the 1_FENSAP-ICE_Graphical_User_Environment.zip file here.
Unzip 1_FENSAP-ICE_Graphical_User_Environment.zip to your working directory.
Assign a grid file by right-mouse clicking on the grid icon and by selecting Define. Browse to the
file ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Naca0012/naca0012.grid. The grid icon is
now shown in white since a file has been assigned.
Note:
The config icon is now colored in blue since all input files have been properly assigned.
Click the grid icon. On the right side of the interface, under Properties, click Read... to display some
grid-related information such as the total number of nodes (65,424), of elements (32,364) and all
boundary conditions.
The boundary condition tags in FENSAP-ICE are defined as follows:
• 1,000 to 1,999 for inlets (internal flow) or far-fields (external flow);
• 2,000 to 2,999 for walls;
• 3,000 to 3,999 for outlets (not required with a far-field inlet BC);
• 4,000 for general symmetry planes;
• 4,100 for X-symmetry planes;
• 4,200 for Y-symmetry planes;
• 4,300 for Z-symmetry planes;
• 6,000 to 6,999 for actuator disks.
2 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Run Management Window
• 7001 to 7999 for non-conformal interfaces.
1.2.3. Drag & Drop

Create a new DROP3D run and name it DROPLET.
It is not necessary to re-enter all input parameters when a new run is created. Simply drag & drop
the config icon of FLOW onto the config icon of DROPLET. All input parameters that are common
to both FENSAP and DROP3D are automatically copied and both grid and flow solution files are
transferred from one run to the other.
Note:
• Some DROP3D input parameters still need to be edited since only the parameters that
are common to both software were copied during the drag & drop.
• The input flow solution file required by DROP3D is shown in grey since there is no flow
solution in the FLOW directory. This icon will be colored in white once the associated
file is created, allowing you to run DROP3D.
Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE.
Drag & drop the input parameters of DROPLET onto ICE. All input parameters common to both
software are then copied and, the grid, flow and droplet solution files are transferred from one directory
to the other.
Note:
• Some ICE3D input parameters still need to be set since only the parameters that
are common to both software were copied during the drag & drop.
• The input flow and droplet solution files required by ICE3D are shown in grey since
there are no flow and droplet solutions in, respectively, the FLOW and DROPLET
directories. Each icon will be colored in white once the associated file is created,
allowing you to run ICE3D.
1.2.4. List of Runs

The order in which the runs are listed can be changed by left-clicking a run and moving it upward
or downward with your mouse. The run list view can be changed by clicking on:
to get a hierarchical view. In this view, all runs are listed with their associated directory and files. Click
again to change to a chronological view (listed by calculation dates). Click again to return to the ori-
ginal view.
Go back to the project management window by clicking on:
1.3. Import from Fluent

Create a new project NACA0012_FLUENT and select the default (metric) unit system.
Create a new DROP3D run.
A grid file can be assigned by right-clicking the grid icon and by selecting Define. This option imports
Fluent, CFX or CGNS grid & solution files. Select the file ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/Naca0012/naca0012_clean.cas.h5 and begin your import.
Note:
The *.dat(.h5) file must be in the same directory as the *.cas(.h5) file and share the
same file name to create an airflow solution file in FENSAP format. Otherwise, only a grid in
FENSAP format will be created.
The converter permits modification of the boundary condition tags between Fluent and FENSAP-ICE.
For now, keep the boundary conditions as automatically detected by FENSAP-ICE. Both grid and flow
solution will then be imported into the run directory. The config icon of your DROP3D run will become
blue, allowing you to launch your DROP3D simulation.
Note:
The units of the grid coordinates provided to FENSAP-ICE should always be in meters.
1.4. Project Management

Return to the project management windows.
Additional project information can be displayed on the right side, under Info, by clicking the project
icon, the project creation and modification dates, as well as comments under Notes. Enter some com-
ments about Tutorial_01. This section can be used to enter certain keywords for the runs to help
identify them later on when the list becomes large.
1.4.1. List of Projects

Click the following icon to change the project listing:
All projects are now listed in a tree structure.
Basic Post-Processing
Projects can be grouped by assigning them to a category. To do this, right-click Tutorial_01 and select
Set category. Click Add and enter the category Tutorials. Add Tutorial_01 to the category Tu-
torials. Right-click NACA0012_FLUENT and assign it to the same category.
1.4.2. Import a Project

Import an existing project with File → Open project. Select the directory GLC305 provided under
../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/. You have now been transferred to the associated
run management window that contains one FENSAP, one DROP3D and one ICE3D calculation of the
GLC305 wing.
1.5. Run Management

In this section you will manage different aspects of your FENSAP-ICE run.
1.5.1. Archival
Right-click FENSAP and select Archive run. This option copies the configuration and output files of
the run with name of the archive as the suffix in the same run directory. Name the archive
Archive_FENSAP_GLC305. All output icons are now shown in grey, and the execution can be re-
peated without overwriting the previous flow solution. All input files of DROP3D and ICE3D, linked
to the output files of FENSAP, are now shown in grey.
Double-click the archive icon to see the archive data and to manage them easily. Select To current
to replace the solution with the selected archive data. The solution icons are now shown in white.
1.5.2. Global Settings

Go to Settings → Units to change the unit system of all runs listed under this project. It is possible
to choose between the Metric and Imperial systems, or change the unit of one specific variable, for
example temperature from Kelvin to Celsius. For now, click Cancel.
Go to Settings → Preferences. Under Postprocessing, FENSAP-ICE supports different post-processing

packages, such as CFD-Post, FIELDVIEW, Fluent, EnSight, Tecplot, etc. Select Viewmerical, Ansys
FENSAP-ICE's own post-processing package, for these tutorials.
1.6. Basic Post-Processing

In this section you will post-process your FENSAP-ICE results using Viewmerical.
1.6.1. FENSAP Solution

Right-click the flow solution file of FENSAP, soln, and select View with Viewmerical. A new window
opens with basic post-processing tools to display the grid and flow solution.
Uncheck BC_1000 (far-field), BC_2000, BC_2001, BC_2002 and BC_2003 (walls). Leave only BC_4300
(Z-symmetry plane). Alternatively, keyboard key B can be pressed a number of times to cycle between
possible boundary activation options. Pressing B three times will make walls visible only.
Use the left mouse button to rotate the view, the middle mouse button to translate it, and the middle
scroll to zoom in and out of view. Double-clicking a point will make it the center of rotation. Ctrl+left-
click can also draw a zoom box.
Right-click the axis marker and select Top (Z) view. Alternatively, keys 1-6 can be used to switch
between X,Y, and Z aligned views, both directions.
Select data-soln in the Objects panel.
Note:
The grid name as well as its corresponding solution file name are displayed on the
left (bottom left) of the status bar.
Select Wireframe under Object to show the grid on the symmetry plane. Zoom in on the wing root
profile.
Select Shaded under Object to display the solution contours. The first solution field is automatically
chosen as the density field.
In the Data panel, change the flow variable to Mach number under Data and change the Color
range to Spectrum 2-32 to see the boundary layer and the wake.
In the Objects panel, choose the Z-coordinate under Cutting Plane and set the max value to 1.5.
To display the Mach number at different wing cross-sections, scroll the bar beneath the min and the
max values. Deactivate the cutting plane option when this is done by selecting None under Cutting
Plane.
To show pressure coefficient on the wing:
• In the Objects panel, uncheck BC_4300 and activate BC_2000 to BC_2003 (walls);
• In the Data panel, change the flow variable to Pressure Coefficient;
• In the Query panel, enable the 2D Plot option;
• Select a Cutting plane along Z (Z-axis), and change the horizontal axis of the plot, located at the
bottom left of the plot, to X, the X-coordinate of the grid.
• Scroll the bar located beside the Cutting plane to see the pressure coefficient at different wing
sections.
Basic Post-Processing
Figure 1.1: Pressure Coefficient at Z = 0.5m, GLC305 Wing
Close this window to return to the run management window.
1.6.2. DROP3D Solution

Right-click the droplet solution file of DROP3D, droplet, and select View with Viewmerical.
Display the LWC on the symmetry plane by only keeping the BC_4300 checked and by selecting
Spectrum 2-32 as the Color range. A shadow zone can be observed behind the wing (dark blue re-
gion).
Select BC_2000 to BC_2003 (uncheck all other boundaries). Right-click the axis and select Fit to
view. Alternatively, hit backspace to fit the view to the enabled boundaries.
Select Colored under Object.
In the Data panel, change the default variable, Droplet LWC (kg/m3), to Collection efficiency-Droplet
under Data to see the non-dimensional mass flux of water that impacts the wing, as well as the im-
pingement limits. Rotate the view to see the suction side of the wing.
Figure 1.2: Collection Efficiency, GLC305 Wing
To show the collection efficiency at a certain wing cross-section:
• In the Query panel, enable the 2D Plot option;
• Select a Cutting plane along Z (Z-axis), and change the horizontal axis of the plot, located at the
bottom left of the plot, to Y, the Y-coordinate of the grid.
• Scroll the bar located beside the Cutting plane to see the pressure coefficient at different wing
sections.
Figure 1.3: Collection Efficiency at Z = 0.5m, GLC305 Wing
Input Parameters and Convergence
1.6.3. ICE3D Solution

Right-click the ice solution file of ICE3D, swimsol, and select View ICE, a special version of Viewmer-
ical that displays only the ice shapes. Take a first look at the ice shape.
Figure 1.4: Ice Shape, GLC305 Wing
Under Data → ICE3D, change the display mode from Ice cover to Ice cover - Shaded.
ICE3D outputs a 3D CAD of the ice shape, either for manufacturing purpose or for assessing handling
qualities. To display the CAD, change the display mode to CAD output. The CAD can then be simplified
to remove any ice below a given height or to smooth sharp edges and saved as a point cloud or STL
file.
1.7. Input Parameters and Convergence

In this section you will use FENSAP-ICE's different input parameters and convergence criteria to view
residuals of a run.
1.7.1. FENSAP Input Parameters

Double-click the config icon of FENSAP to open its main driver. This window is divided into two
sections: left for the graphical display (similar to Viewmerical); right for all input parameters listed per
panel (category).
Take a quick look at the different input parameters of FENSAP by shifting from one panel to the
other. There are three important input parameters for in-flight icing simulation:
• In the Model panel, there is a place to specify Surface roughness. FENSAP allows imposing sand-
grain surface roughness on walls to model its impact on turbulence. Roughness is a crucial aspect
of in-flight icing, as it increases the heat flux and surface film evaporation rate. Here roughness is
set uniformly to 0.5 mm. Different correlations can also be selected, but remember that they may
not be suitable for all applications.
• In the Boundaries panel, click Wing - LE. The procedure for computing ice accretion with FENSAP-
ICE requires imposing a constant temperature on all walls (T_ref + 10 K is recommended) that is
greater than the reference air temperature (here 266.48 K). In this case, this temperature can be
set by right-clicking the cell next to Temperature and selecting Copy from... -> Adiabatic stagna-
tion temperature + 10. The flow solution then outputs a heat flux distribution that corresponds
to this wall temperature. ICE3D will then read this heat flux distribution and compute heat transfer
coefficients from the reference air temperature.
Close this window and do not save the input parameters.
1.7.2. Convergence of FENSAP

Right-click the FENSAP run and select View previous log/graph. This option allows you to look at
the convergence of the calculation, shown under Graphs:
• The averaged residual of the governing equations (mass, momentum and energy combined) are
monitored by selecting Residual – Average. This is the L2-norm of the FEM-integrated PDEs on
each grid node, and it is supposed to go towards zero as the calculations converge. For most flow
problems convergence of at least three orders of residual magnitude is sufficient, provided that
other integral quantities like lift, drag, mass balance, and total heat flux have stopped changing.
Although it is possible to reach machine accuracy residual for most of the cases, it is not worthwhile
to run the calculation for that long.
• True residual of each governing equation (mass and momentum (Residual – Navier-Stokes), energy
(Residual – Energy), turbulence (Residual – Spalart-Allmaras)).
• Integrated quantities, such as the lift (Forces – Lift coefficient) and drag coefficients (Forces –
Drag coefficient), and the total heat computed using the gradient of temperature, referred to as
Classical (Total heat (W)) in FENSAP-ICE, or using a Gresho (Total heat – Gresho (W)) formulation.
Total mass and enthalpy inflow, outflow and deficit are also monitored. The integrated values are
updated at each iteration.
• Convergence of the GMRES linear matrix solver for each governing equation. If the true residual is
not converging, first check the convergence (residual change) of the linear matrix solver. If it is not
converging enough per iteration, reduce the CFL number. If the GMRES residual change is stuck
at 1, this means the solution is not able to progress and CFL reduction is necessary.
Click within the convergence graphic to display local values. Shift + left-click and draw a box to zoom
on a section of the convergence curve. Middle click to return to the previous view setting.
Close this window.
1.7.3. DROP3D Input Parameters

Double-click the config icon of DROP3D. Take a first look at all the different input parameters by
shifting from one panel (category) to the other. They are described in the next tutorials.
Input Parameters and Convergence
1.7.4. Convergence of DROP3D

Right-click the DROP3D run and select View previous log/graph. This option allows you to look at
the convergence of past calculations, shown under Graphs:
• The average residual of the governing equations (mass and momentum combined) are located in
Droplets – Residual - Average It is normal for DROP3D residual to start at a very low value and
stay that way. The convergence of the total collection efficiency (beta) is a better indicator of
DROP3D’s convergence.
• The total collection efficiency on all surfaces or Droplets - Total Beta should converge to a constant
value.
• Change in total collection efficiency or Droplets – Change in total Beta usually converges quite
fast as this parameter tracks the difference in total collection efficiency between two iterations.
Note:
Collection efficiency tends to converge quicker than the LWC since the shadow zone
continues to develop way past the geometry of interest.
• True residual of each governing equation (mass (Droplets – Residual LWC) and momentum (Re-
sidual - Momentum)).
• Convergence of the GMRES linear matrix solver for each governing equation. If the true residual is
not converging, first check the convergence of the linear matrix solver. If it is not converging enough
per iteration, reduce the CFL number to increase the diagonal-dominance of the matrix. The default
CFL number works for most cases.
Close this window.
1.7.5. ICE3D Input Parameters

Double-click the config icon of ICE3D. Take a first look at all the different input parameters by shifting
from one category to the other. They are described in the next tutorials.
Chapter 2: Introductory Tutorials to In-Flight Icing
2.1. In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE
2.2. In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within FENSAP-ICE
2.3. In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within FENSAP-ICE
2.4. In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within Workbench
2.5. In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within Workbench
2.6. In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within Workbench
The first set of tutorials demonstrate the methodology of simulating ice accretion on aircraft external
surfaces and calculating the aerodynamic penalties on lift and drag coefficients. Overall, computing ice
accretion involves three main steps:
• Airflow and heat flux computations over the aircraft.
• Droplet impingement on aircraft surfaces.
• Computing water runback and ice accretion using the droplet collection efficiency, surface shear
stresses and heat fluxes.
In these tutorials, you will learn:
• Configuring air flow, droplet impingement, and ice accretion runs.
• Computing heat fluxes by setting surface temperatures in air flow.
• The effect of roughness on heat fluxes and ice accretion.
• The effect of cross wind artificial viscosity in air flow.
• The effect of droplet size on collection efficiency.
• Use of a single air flow solution for icing in different free stream temperatures.
• Characteristics of rime and glaze ice shapes.
• Automatic mesh displacement on iced surfaces.
• Multishot ice accretion computations.
• Computation of roughness distribution due to icing.
• Calculating aerodynamic penalties due to roughness and icing.
• Angle of attack sweep setup to obtain lift curves and drag polars.
Introductory Tutorials to In-Flight Icing
FENSAP-ICE executables require the MPI environment to be set up properly in order to launch the cal-
culations. Follow the instructions on how to configure the execution commands on your computer
provided in the document Ansys Licensing Guide. You may need system administrator access to carry
out some of the configuration. The FENSAP-ICE Tutorial Guide contains a number of examples of various
simulation with detailed instructions, commentary, and post-processing of results. The latest updates
of the Ansys FENSAP-ICE tutorials are available on the Ansys customer site. To access tutorials and their
input files on the Ansys customer site, go to http://support.ansys.com/training.
2.1. In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE

In this section you will set up an in-flight icing run using FENSAP within FENSAP-ICE.
2.1.1. FENSAP Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil

To keep this tutorial brief, the geometry chosen is a 2D NACA0012 airfoil. This grid consists of 114,700
nodes and 56,810 hexahedral elements, set up such that the maximum Y+ is below 1 in the first layer.
This mesh contains a single cell in the spanwise direction with one side declared as periodic to the
other. The chord length is 0.5334 meters (21 inches) and the depth of elements along the span (Z-
direction) is 0.1 meters. The mesh spacing can be considered medium, where the initial cell height
is 2.5e-6 chords and the expansion ratio is 1.14 in the normal direction to keep the number of nodes
low. The mesh spacing can be considered medium.
Figure 2.1: NACA0012 Structured C-Mesh Overview and Close-Up
You are invited to read FENSAP - Flow Solution in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual for more information
on how to set up the input parameters of the FENSAP module.
2.1.1.1. Flow Solution on the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil

The first case is the computation of air flow around the clean airfoil. It is called clean because no
surface roughness is imposed at this point. This will be the baseline configuration for lift and drag
computations on the uncontaminated geometry.
1. After launching FENSAP-ICE, create a new project directory by clicking on the icon:
In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE
Enter the name of the new project directory in the Project name box, and browse to position
it within your home directory.
2. A message window will ask about the unit settings. Accept the defaults to keep SI units for this
project.
3. Create a new run with FENSAP as the flow solver, by clicking on the icon:
Name this run: FENSAP_clean_4deg. A new run corresponds to a grid file icon, followed by
the configuration and solution icons as shown below:
4. Download the 2_In-Flight_Icing.zip file here.
Unzip 2_In-Flight_Icing.zip to your working directory.
5. Assign the grid file naca0012.grid provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/Naca0012/ by double-clicking on the grid icon and by browsing
to this directory.
6. Double-click the config icon (gear) to open the graphical and input parameter windows of
FENSAP.
7. The graphical window displays the airfoil and boundary edges in the far field. To zoom in on
the airfoil, use the mouse wheel or Ctrl + left-click to draw a bounding box around it. To center
the airfoil, press Backspace or right-click the axis marker and select Fit to view. The option
Reset view returns to the original view.
8. Solve the Navier-Stokes equations (viscous flow) with the energy equation (Full PDE). For tur-
bulence, select the Spalart-Allmaras model with low free stream turbulence (use a very low
Eddy/laminar viscosity ratio of 1.e-5). Turbulence is then only generated by the airfoil. Surface
roughness will not be considered in this calculation as this is a clean airfoil.
9. Set the following reference flow values in the Conditions panel:
Characteristic length 0.5334 m

Air velocity 102.8 m/s
Air static pressure 101325 Pa
Air temperature 265.67 K (-7.48 °C)
The Reynolds number, Mach number and Adiabatic stagnation temperature are automatically
updated by the graphical interface.
10. The initial solution (pressure, temperature, density) is set from the reference flow conditions of
step 8. Impose the initial velocity using Velocity angles and an Angle of attack (AoA) of 4
degrees and hit Enter. You can check the initial velocity vector displayed in the graphical window.
Click the cube icon to toggle the display.
11. Go to the Boundaries panel to set the boundary conditions.
FENSAP-ICE uses a 4-digit boundary condition designation scheme where the first digit determines
the main category: 1000 boundary conditions are Inlets, 2000 boundary conditions are Walls,
3000 boundary conditions are Exits, and 4000 boundary conditions are Symmetry planes.
Specifically, 4100 is for X-symmetry, 4200 is for Y-symmetry, and 4300 is for Z-symmetry. See
The Boundary Face Table within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual for more details.
Click BC_1000. Set the Type as Supersonic or far-field, for which all primitive variables are
required, and click Import reference conditions to automatically set the boundary conditions
from the reference and initial values set in steps 8 and 9.
Click BC_2001. Surface type shall be No-slip, with a specified temperature on the wall. Specifying
a surface temperature produces heat fluxes from the airfoil surface to the air which will be used
by ICE3D to calculate heat transfer from the water and ice surface. The final surface temperature
is calculated by ICE3D, and the temperature set at this step is discarded. The value of the surface
temperature should be several degrees above the adiabatic stagnation temperature in order to
compute heat fluxes with the correct sign on the entire aircraft surface. For convenience, right-
click in the Temperature box, choose Copy from… → Adiabatic stagnation temperature +
10 to assign the surface temperature. The BC_2001 settings should look like the following:
Repeat this step for the boundary conditions 2002, 2003, and 2004.
The BC_4300 boundary condition is the Z-symmetry plane that does not require any boundary
condition specifications.
12. Go to the Solver panel. Select the Steady option in the Time integration box. Set the value
of the CFL number to 50. With this strategy, the local time step is computed from the charac-
teristic velocity, speed of sound and length of each element.
Set the Maximum number of time steps to 300 to achieve steady-state.
Uncheck the Use variable relaxation option. This option is sometimes helpful to improve ro-
bustness when the solution diverges after a few iterations due to numerical instabilities.
Select the Streamline upwind (SU) artificial viscosity scheme with Cross-wind dissipation set
at 1e-9 and the order at 100% Second order. For more details on artificial dissipation, see
Artificial Dissipation in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
13. Go to the Out panel and save the flow solution every 20 iterations by overwriting the solution
file.
14. Compute the forces acting on the airfoil by selecting the option Drag direction based on inlet
BC under Forces. In this case, the drag direction matches the angle of attack imposed on the
inlet BC_1000. Select the positive Y as the lift direction.
Set the Reference area of the airfoil to 0.05334 m2 to compute the lift and drag coefficients.
This is the planform area of the airfoil as it appears in the grid. For correct lift and drag coefficient
calculations, the planform area should be accurately specified. The lift and drag forces will be
updated on Graphs at every 20 iterations as set in step 12.
15. Click the Run button to open the execution menu and set the Number of CPUs to 4 or more,
if possible.
16. Launch the calculation by clicking on the Start menu button.
17. Go to the Graphs panel to monitor the convergence of the run.
The first graph is the average residual which shows the convergence of the flow equations. This
value should reduce by at least three orders of magnitude from its initial value to obtain a
suitable solution. Ideally it should reach 1e-15 (machine zero) for perfect convergence. Many
things affect the level of convergence, primarily the quality and resolution of the mesh. For ex-
ample, a coarse boundary layer mesh will not be able to produce perfect convergence since
there is not enough resolution to properly capture the velocity profiles. In 3D unstructured grids,
transitioning too soon to isotropic tetras above a fine boundary layer can also have the same
effect.
The lift and drag coefficients, as global integral quantities, are also shown in Graphs panel. At
convergence, when the simulation reached steady state, these values should not change. Mass
inflow, outflow, and deficit graphs show the evolution of the total mass flow rates through inlets
(negative) and exits (positive), and their difference which should be small at convergence (mass
conservation). These quantities are computed every time the solution is saved, as specified in
the Out panel. If flow calculations diverge (residuals keep going up and reaching very high
values), it is the result of improper specification of inlet and exit boundary conditions in most
cases and the mass flow graphs will show amplifying oscillations.
GMRES - Navier-Stokes – Residual change graph shows the performance of linear system
convergence. The residual change should ideally be lower than 0.1. Small values (<0.5) mean
that the linear system is solved successfully; while a value of 1.0 means that the solution process
is not updating the results any longer. This can happen if the CFL is too high, if the mesh
quality is bad, or if the boundary conditions are imposed incorrectly.
At convergence, the lift and drag coefficients should read 0.46259 and 0.00958 respectively.
Figure 2.2: Average Residual and Lift Coefficient Convergence
18. Click the View with… (or View) button at the bottom of the Graphs panel to view the solution.
If a default post processor is not set, the application prompts you to choose one (Viewmerical,
Fieldview, etc.). Choose Viewmerical to view the solution in that case. It is recommended to set
Viewmerical as the default post processor (See ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 (p. 36))
since no file format conversion is needed.
In Viewmerical, you can choose which data field to display in the Data panel, and choose a
color range. The figures below are created using the color scheme Spectrum 2 – 16.
Figure 2.3: Pressure and Mach Number Fields of the Clean NACA0012 at an AoA of 4
Degrees
2.1.1.2. Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil

Ice forms surface roughness where it accretes on an aircraft. Roughness thickens the boundary
layer, which increases the momentum deficit, increasing both pressure drag and skin friction and
consequently increasing the convective heat flux or cooling effects. It is therefore essential to
properly account for or model the roughness produced naturally by the ice accretion process in
order to obtain realistic ice shapes.
The micro scale roughness of the ice surface is modeled in FENSAP by means of turbulence modeling.
Both Spalart-Allmaras and k-omega models can emulate the effect of sand-grain roughness by
means of modifying their boundary conditions and eventually increasing the intensity of the eddy
(turbulent) viscosity in the boundary layer. The micro scale roughness is in the range of 0.1 ~ 3.0
mm. It can be specified as a constant value on all walls, as different values on different walls, or as
a distribution via an additional roughness input file. Its value greatly influences the final ice shape;
therefore, it must be chosen appropriately. There are several empirical methods for choosing a
proper roughness value, some of which are provided as options in FENSAP-ICE. For more details
on surface roughness, consult Surface Roughness within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
1. Create a new FENSAP run within the same project directory and name it: FENSAP_rough_4deg.
2. To ease data entry, drag & drop the config icon (blue gear) of the initial run (Flow Solution on
the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 14)) onto this new run. The reference parameters of the first run
are then automatically copied into the new run.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the configuration window. In the Surface roughness box
choose Specified sand-grain roughness and set the value to 0.0005 m (default). This value has
been determined to be a good setting for most icing cases based on the validation data available
in the literature. Later in the tutorial, the proprietary ice roughness computation model (beading)
of FENSAP-ICE will be used to compute the ice roughness distribution over the airfoil as this ice
roughness naturally changes with time. For now, the classical approach of specifying a uniform
roughness on the airfoil is followed.
4. All the other settings regarding the Inlet and Wall boundary conditions, and solver settings are
imported from the previous tutorial. Launch the calculation by clicking Run and Start menu.
At convergence, the lift and drag coefficients read 0.42669 and 0.01968 respectively. That is a
7.8% loss in lift and a 105.4% increase in drag. The increase in drag due to roughness is quite
high in this case, partly because the roughness height is significant for this size of airfoil (0.5334
m chord) and that the whole surface is set as rough. In reality, only about the first 10% of the
chord gets iced in average. For icing calculations, the flow solution should be computed with
roughness set everywhere since there is no knowledge of droplet impingement and icing limits
a priori.
Figure 2.4: Average Residual and the Total Heat Flux Convergence
2.1.1.3. Post-Processing Two Solutions with Viewmerical

To ease post processing of FENSAP-ICE solution files, Ansys distributes Viewmerical with the install-
ation package. Viewmerical is a light weight graphical display tool specifically designed for FENSAP-
ICE solutions and applications, which can display solution field contours, velocity vectors, planar
cuts through the volumes, 2D graphs of variables, etc. This tutorial will demonstrate some basic
features of Viewmerical by comparing the two flow solutions obtained on the clean and rough
airfoils.
1. Go back to the main project window and set Viewmerical as the default post processor by going
to the Settings menu, opening Preferences, switching to Postprocessing tab, and selecting
VIEWMERICAL. Click OK.
2. Back in the project window, right-click the solution icon soln of the first run labeled
FENSAP_clean_4deg and choose View with VIEWMERICAL. The program will launch and show
an isometric display of the entire grid showing the first solution field which is Density.
3. Go back to the project window again and repeat the above step for the second run,
FENSAP_rough_4deg. A window will open asking if you would like to append the solution in
the previously launched Viewmerical window. Click Append.
You should now have both solutions loaded in Viewmerical.
4. The data sets will be listed on the right, as data-soln and data-soln-1, with the boundaries listed
under each item. You can rename the data sets to help with their identification by double-
clicking on their names. Change data-soln to clean and data-soln-1 to rough.
5. To display the data side by side, click the first data set that you just renamed to clean, and
choose Horizontal-Left under the Split screen menu.
At this point, the Viewmerical window should look like this:
6. Go to the Data tab, and click the lock icon next to Shared to apply any changes here to both
data sets.
7. You can choose any data field to display in the data list, which currently shows Density. Switch
to Velocity Magnitude instead. Then change the color range to Spectrum 2 – 32.
8. Align the view angle with the Z-symmetry plane by right-clicking on the 3D axes on the lower
left, and choosing Top (Z). Alternatively, you can left-click the Z axis itself, or press 5 on the
keyboard.
9. Zoom in on the front part of the airfoil. You can use Ctrl + left-click to draw a zoom box, or
scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in and middle-click to pan. Using the camera icon on the upper
left corner, you can take a snapshot of the solution window to capture the following image:
Figure 2.5: Velocity Magnitude Field of the Clean (Left) and Rough (Right) Airfoil at an
AoA of 4 Degrees
Note:
The boundary layer on the rough solution (right) is thicker.
10. To use bold fonts for the legend, click on the top left corner of the window and select
Command window; then type BIGFONTS in the command line of 3dview console and hit
Enter; now the legend fonts become bold.
11. For a more in-depth quantitative comparison, you will use 2D data plots. Click the Query tab
and enable 2D Plot.
12. Change the Cutting plane to Z and the horizontal axis to X.
13. First, you will compare the pressure coefficient on both solutions. On the lower right, there is
access to data sets and solution fields. Click the solution field section and choose Pressure
Coefficient.
14. The color and thickness of the data curves displayed in the graph can be changed via the cube
menu on the top right and by choosing Curve Settings. Set the first curve red and the second
blue, and both curve widths to 2 and click OK.
15. The Cp graph of both runs should look like the following:
Figure 2.6: Distribution of Pressure Coefficient on the Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA
of 4 Degrees
16. You can draw a zoom box by Shift + left-click, and zoom out by middle-clicking your mouse.
Left-clicking on the curves will display the value and location. Zooming in before left-clicking
on the curves will help. You will see that the pressure coefficient of the rough solution is slightly
higher on the suction side (negative Cp), resulting in the aforementioned 7.8% loss in lift.
17. Next, you will compare the heat fluxes in both cases. Keeping everything the same, switch to
Classical Heat Flux in the lower right corner of the window. Also, change the horizontal axis
to Y, which better highlights the leading-edge area. Applying roughness of 0.5 mm increases
the heat fluxes. This in turn will increase the ice accretion rate in ICE3D. It is crucial that the
flow solution for icing is computed with roughness, otherwise the computed ice thickness will
be lower and a lot of runback will take place.
Figure 2.7: Distribution of Classical Heat Flux on the Clean and Rough Airfoil at an AoA
of 4 Degrees
2.1.2. DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012

The objectives of this tutorial are to compute the droplet concentration around the NACA0012 airfoil
and to compare the collection efficiency of monodispersed droplets with respect to statistically-dis-
tributed droplet diameters. These calculations should be performed after completion of Flow Solution
on the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 14) and Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 20).
With DROP3D, you can obtain droplet impingement solutions for a distribution of droplet sizes as
well as monodispersed droplets. Monodispersed calculation assumes that a single droplet size repres-
ents the icing cloud the aircraft is flying in. In reality, icing clouds never contain only one size of
droplets; there is always a distribution of droplet sizes in a cloud. When running a single droplet
diameter, the median volumetric diameter (MVD) of the droplets in the cloud is chosen as the mon-
odispersed value. If a more accurate droplet solution is needed, then a distribution of droplet sizes
can be solved for, where the MVD of this distribution matches that of the cloud.
You are invited to read DROP3D - Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement in the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual for more information on how to set up the input parameters of the DROP3D module.
2.1.2.1. Monodispersed Calculation

1. Create a new run in the same project directory as the previous tutorials by clicking on the new
run icon. Select the DROP3D solver, and name it DROP3D_MVD.
2. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the FENSAP_rough_4deg run (Flow Solution on the Rough
NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 20)) onto the config icon of DROP3D_MVD. The input parameters of
FENSAP will be automatically copied into DROP3D.
3. Open the configuration window by double-clicking the DROP3D config icon.
4. In the Model panel, the default configuration should appear which sets Physical model and
Particle type to Droplets, and Droplet drag model to Water – default.
5. In the Conditions panel, the reference flow conditions imposed for the air solution (FENSAP)
should have been copied automatically into DROP3D. In addition to the flow conditions the
droplet reference conditions need to be set.
6. Set the Liquid Water Content (LWC) to 0.55 g/m3 and the Droplet diameter to 20 microns.
The Droplet distribution box should read Monodisperse, which means that the diameter that
is set represents the MVD of the cloud. For certification purposes, the Appendix C is available
in FENSAP-ICE to pick the LWC and droplet size based on the free stream temperature and cloud
types. You can temporarily enable Appendix C and click Configure to see the charts and exper-
iment which MVD to get the matching LWC. Once you are done, click Cancel and disable the
appendix to return to the original settings.
7. The Droplet initial solution is based on constant reference values and an inlet velocity AoA of
4 degrees, automatically imported after conversion. Select Velocity angles under Droplet initial
solution and set the Angle of attack (X-Y) to 4 deg. The LWC field will be initialized with the
reference LWC value throughout the domain. The Dry initialization option sets the initial con-
dition to zero LWC everywhere except the inlets. This option may be needed depending on the
type of simulations, especially in the case of internal flows. Leave it unchecked for now.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the Inlet boundary and click the Import reference conditions
button to automatically set the Inlet conditions. The boundary type should be set to Supersonic
or far-field.
9. Go to the Solver panel. The local time step is computed from the local velocity, drag and the
length of each element. Set the CFL number to 20 and Maximum number of time steps to
300. DROP3D uses different time steps than FENSAP since the governing PDEs are different.
10. Go to the Out panel. Save the solution at every 40 iterations by overwriting the solution file.
11. Click the Run button at the bottom of the panel to switch to the run window. Run the compu-
tation using 4 or more CPUs if possible.
12. The calculations stop when the convergence level reaches the convergence limits set on the
residual and on the total collection efficiency. Otherwise, the simulation continues until DROP3D
reaches 300 iterations. In the Graphs panel, look at Average Residual, Total Beta (Collection
Efficiency), and Change in total Beta curves. Convergence of water catch is in general achieved
when these curves level off at low values of residual. Often the solution in the wake of the
droplet flow is still converging while the impingement at the surfaces is fully converged. If you
wish to converge the wake and the shadow zones further, Convergence level in the Advanced
solver settings of the Solver panel should be reduced. The droplet wake usually is not of interest
and it is sufficient to achieve convergence of the total beta alone. However, in some cases like
turbomachinery computations, the wake of one stage sets the inlet conditions of the next stage,
therefore it is crucial to converge the wake there as well.
Figure 2.8: Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in Total Beta Curves
13. View the solution in Viewmerical by clicking the View button. LWC will be available for the
whole domain while collection efficiency will only be displayed on the walls. Examine the LWC
distribution in the area close to the airfoil, as indicated in the figure below. The blue region is
called the shadow zone, where no droplets exist. In between the shadow zone and the free
stream, there are bands of high LWC concentrations which are the enrichment zones forming
due to the constriction of stream tubes in the continuum domain. These features can be of
special interest for aircraft components downstream.
Figure 2.9: LWC at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue
Region)
14. Switch to collection efficiency in the data box, and plot the 2D curve against Y axis in the Query
panel. The cutting plane should be Z. The maximum beta occurs at the stagnation point, just
below the leading edge in this case. The points on the upper and lower surfaces where beta
becomes zero are the impingement limits. In rime icing cases, all the water that impinges is
frozen instantly, therefore icing limits are the same as impingement limits. In glaze icing, water
can runback and freeze past the impingement limits. Maximum beta is usually no more than
1.0, and reduces as the droplet flow becomes tangent to the surface.
Figure 2.10: Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4
Degrees
2.1.2.2. Langmuir-D Distribution

There are several cloud droplet size distributions that have been published in the literature. The
distributions published by Langmuir have been used by NACA to determine the MVDs currently
listed in Appendix C, which is used for icing certification of aircraft. Advisory Circular No 20-73A
from FAA suggests using Langmuir-D distribution for MVDs up to 50 microns. For more details on
these distributions, you can consult the Advisory Circular, and the book by Irving Langmuir, The
Collected Works of Irving Langmuir (New York, Pergamon Press, 1960).
Note:
Icing wind tunnel conditions do not always match this distribution, and some icing
tunnel experiment publications list their own distributions as part of wind tunnel oper-
ating data. This is an important point to keep in mind when comparing computational
ice shapes to those obtained in wind tunnels.
The most important reason for considering an analysis using a distribution is that there are droplets
larger than the MVD in the distribution, which can impinge further back on the top and bottom of
the airfoil, creating a thin but rough layer of ice that can have adverse effect on aerodynamics and
control. In DROP3D, solutions for each droplet size of a given distribution are calculated separately.
The final solution is then created as a composite of all solutions using weights on each droplet size.
1. Create a new DROP3D run within the same project and name it DROP3D_Lang_D.
2. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the calculation performed in Monodispersed Calcula-
tion (p. 28) onto the config icon of this new run.
3. Double-click the config icon and go to the Conditions panel. Select the Langmuir-D distribution
in the Droplet Distribution box of the Droplets reference conditions section. Click the View
distribution button.
The droplet diameters are on the horizontal axis, and the weights (the percentage of droplets
of a given diameter contained in the cloud) are on the vertical axis. The individual weights are
shown with the blue curve, and the overall sum, cumulative weight, is shown with the red curve.
On the red curve, the data points are plotted at the mid-range of their cumulative weight inter-
vals. For example, the 20 microns droplet, which happens to be the MVD, covers the cumulative
weight range of 35% to 65% and it is therefore plotted at 50% cumulative weight on the red
curve.
4. Keep all the other settings the same, and run the calculation. The individual runs will be executed
one after the other, and the results will be combined.
5. Display all 7 droplet size solutions simultaneously in Viewmerical. First click the View button
and choose the first solution Distribution.01/droplet, this will open Viewmerical. Go back to
the DROP3D run and click the View button again and choose Append to load the second
solution Distribution.02/droplet in the same Viewmerical window. Repeat this operation for
all available solutions.
6. In Viewmerical, go to the Data panel and click Shared. Switch the data field to Collection Effi-
ciency-Droplet. Go to the Query tab, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. The
graph should display the 7 individual beta distributions. You can draw a zoom box by Shift +
left-click, and also you can rename the curves by renaming the original data set names in the
Objects panel if you wish.
Figure 2.11: Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees,
Langmuir D
The curve with the lowest beta corresponds to the smallest droplet size, and the one with the
largest beta corresponds to the largest droplet size. Small droplets are less ballistic, tend to
follow the airflow and avoid the aircraft therefore reducing their collection efficiency and im-
pingement limits. Larger droplets are more ballistic and they do not tend to follow the airflow
therefore their collection efficiency and impingement are usually higher than the smallest
droplets. In general, this information is crucial to properly design the IPS power requirements
and coverage.
Note:
The difference between beta curves of different droplet sizes become more pro-
nounced as the aircraft surface size increases. The effect can be dramatic on large
blunt surfaces like fuselage noses or radomes where the contribution from the
smaller size droplets can be negligible if compared to the largest ones. As a result,
the composite solution can be very different from the solution of the MVD itself.
Therefore, it is important to perform initial calculations with Langmuir-D distribution
and compare the composite result to that of the MVD first. In cases where the differ-
ence is small, the remaining calculations could be continued with MVD only.
7. Using the View button again, choose New Window, this time first load the composite droplet
solution that is listed at the end of the drop-down menu, then Append with distribution 4
which is the MVD. Go to Data, click Shared, choose Collection efficiency-Droplet as the data
field, and in Query, display the two data sets using the Z Cutting plane. You can name the
curves by renaming the data sets in the Objects panel.
Figure 2.12: Comparison of Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of
4 Degrees, Monodisperse vs. Langmuir D
The composite solution is fairly close to that of the MVD. The impingement limits of the com-
posite solution will always be further back due to the inclusion of larger droplets in the distri-
bution. The maximum beta of the composite is lower than the MVD here. This is not always the
case. Based on the size and shape of the impingement surface, the composite solution can have
a maximum beta that is several times higher than the MVD. In this case, however, the results
of the MVD and the distribution are close.
8. Load the largest and smallest droplet distribution solutions on a new Viewmerical window using
New Window and Append, and display them side by side showing the LWC using the procedure
learned in Post-Processing Two Solutions with Viewmerical (p. 22). Observe the difference in
the shadow zones. The smallest droplets follow the airfoil very closely but avoiding it while the
largest droplets barely change their path and hit almost straight on, leaving a larger shadow
zone.
Figure 2.13: LWC Distribution and Shadow Zones for 44.4 Micron Droplets (Left) and 6.2
Micron Droplets (Right)
2.1.3. ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012

The objective of this tutorial is to compute ice accretion and water runback on the NACA0012 airfoil
at different icing temperatures. Icing temperature refers to the free stream air temperature at which
the icing is to be computed, and in ICE3D it can be different than what’s used for the air flow free
stream temperature. Indeed, the formulation of the heat fluxes in ICE3D allows to use an air solution
obtained at a temperature different than the intended icing temperature.
You are invited to read ICE3D - Ice Accretion and Water Runback in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual for
more information on how to set up the input parameters of the ICE3D module.
1. In the main FENSAP-ICE window, click Settings → Units to open the Unit settings menu and
change the Temperature units from Kelvin to Celsius.
2. In the project window, create a new run and select the ICE3D ice accretion solver. Name it
ICE3D_m25.
3. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the DROP3D_Lang_D run (droplet solution computed with
Langmuir-D distribution from Langmuir-D Distribution (p. 32)) onto the config icon of ICE3D.This
automatically copies the input parameters of DROP3D into ICE3D.
4. Double-click the config icon and go to the Model panel. Verify that the air and droplet solution
files have been assigned properly.
5. In the Icing model section, select the Glaze - Advanced option in the Ice – Water model box.
Select Classical in the Heat flux type box. Select the Concavity fix option (default). This option
helps the grid displacement process while ice grows and prevents tight concave corners from
occurring at the icing limits.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. The reference conditions set for the air (FENSAP) and droplet (DROP3D)
calculations should have been automatically copied.
Set the Recovery factor value to 0.9. The surface recovery temperature is computed by ICE3D
assuming a recovery factor of 0.9, which is an experimentally determined value. This temperature
is set on all dry regions of the airfoil surface.
7. In the Model parameters section, set the Icing air temperature value to -25 °C (248.15 K).
Keep the default density of ice at 917 kg/m3.
8. In general, there is nothing to set in the Boundaries panel unless icing is to be turned off on
certain surfaces to reduce computational effort or sink boundaries are to be declared. Examine
the options available in this panel without performing any changes.
9. Go to the Solver panel. Keep the Total time of ice accretion at 420 seconds and the Automatic
time step option checked. ICE3D is an explicit time-accurate code where the stability of the
solution strongly depends on the value of the time step. Automatic time stepping option calculates
the optimal stable time step at every iteration, which can change greatly depending on the size
of the geometry and the mesh density. If the time step is specified by the user, you should reduce
it with mesh size. For example, in turbomachinery applications, the time step may go as low as
1e-5 seconds while in external icing cases it can be in the order of 0.01s.
10. Go to the Out panel. Here you can set the frequency of solution output, and specify if it should
be overwritten or saved into numbered files. You can also set the grid to be displaced due to
presence of ice. Keep the default options for this case.
11. Click the Run button at the bottom of the panel to go to the Settings panel. Running on 1 or 2
CPUs should be appropriate in this case.
12. Look through the log output of ICE3D. The accumulated time, value of the time step, total im-
pingement, film, and mass of ice are printed at selected iterations. Heat flux and ice mass per wall
boundary condition are listed in the following two tables. Finally, energy and mass conservation
tables are printed. Most of the items in these tables are self-explanatory except perhaps mass of
clipped film and runback flux. Clipped film refers to any film that is removed by sink boundaries
and on certain nodes which collect and shed water (trailing edges, wing and blade tips, etc.) that
are detected automatically. Runback flux is the sum of all edge fluxes in the domain which will
be equal to the film removed by sink boundaries, or close to zero (mass conservation).
Figure 2.14: Mass Conservation Table Printed in the Log File of ICE3D
13. Cycle through the Graphs. You will observe the change in total mass of ice, instantaneous ice
growth, water film thickness, and ice surface temperature with time. Since the input flow and
droplet solutions are steady-state, the icing solutions will eventually reach a steady-state where
instantaneous ice growth, water film thickness, and ice surface temperature do not change after
a while.
14. Click the View Ice button to see the ice shape and the original surface in Viewmerical. You can
change the Metallic + Smooth option to other choices in the Object box to see the wireframe
profiles and the surface meshes. In the Data panel, you can adjust the ice display threshold based
on ice growth to hide display errors due to overlapping iced and clean surfaces.
Figure 2.15: Ice View in Viewmerical, Showing Shaded + Wireframe
15. At -25 °C (248.15 K), the result is a pure rime ice shape. Before doing any more post processing,
run two more calculations at warmer temperatures so that they can be loaded together and
compared to one another. Make a new ICE3D run and name it together and compared to one
another. Make a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_m10.
16. Drag & drop the config file of the previous ICE3D run onto the config icon of this new run. Double-
click the config icon and go to the Conditions panel. Set the Icing air temperature value to -10
°C (263.15 K) in the Model parameters section. Run the calculation.
17. Repeat steps 15 & 16, this time with an Icing air temperature value of -7.48 °C (265.67 K), same
as the reference flow solution). Name the new run ICE3D_m7p5.
18. Now that there are 3 different ice shapes computed, you will analyze them using Viewmerical. In
the project window, the map.grid files listed on the solution side of ICE3D runs are the original
surface grids. Right-click a map.grid file and select View with Viewmerical. Choose New Window
if the prompt appears. Next, right-click ice.grid of the ICE3D_m25 run, View with Viewmerical,
and choose Append. Repeat for the other two runs ICE3D_m10 and ICE3D_m7p5. All four data
sets should be loaded in the same Viewmerical window.
19. In the Objects panel of Viewmerical, rename the data sets to Clean, Ice -25C, Ice -10C,
and Ice -7.5C. Click the lock button at the bottom right of the data set list window located
in the Objects panel, to enable all the grids in the 2D plot.
20. Go to Query panel and enable the 2D plot. Change the cutting plane to Z and the horizontal axis
to X. All four data sets should be plotted in Geometry mode. Change the color and thickness of
the curves by clicking on the cube menu on the top right and then by choosing the Curve settings
menu.
Figure 2.16: Ice Shapes at -25 C, -10 C, and -7.5 C
At -25 °C (248.15 K), the cooling effects are large and all droplets freeze almost instantly producing
a rime ice shape. This shape generally resembles the original airfoil profile and can be considered
somewhat aerodynamic. As the icing temperature increases, more water can run back away from
the stagnation zone and freeze where cooling effects become more predominant. This mechanism
initiates the growth of ice horns on the upper and lower sides of the airfoil. These geometric
features are common in glaze icing conditions and induce flow separation therefore they dramat-
ically change the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.
In order to properly capture the shape of the horns a multishot computation is recommended
where the grid, air and droplet solutions are updated at certain intervals.
21. Finally, you will compare the film height of the 3 solutions. Go back to the project window, right-
click the swimsol icon of the ICE3D_m25 run, select View with Viewmerical, and choose New
Window. Next, repeat these steps for the -10 °C and -7.5 °C runs, using Append.
22. In the Objects panel, rename the data sets to -25 °C, -10 °C, and -7.5 °C.
23. In the Data panel, click Shared and choose Film Thickness as the data field.
24. Go to the Query panel and activate the 2D plot. Set the Cutting plane to Z. The three curves
showing the film height for the 3 different temperatures should be visible. Change the curve colors
and thickness using the Curve Settings in the cube menu located at the top right.
The film height and extent grow with increasing icing temperatures. Although the coldest case
contains a small portion of film at the stagnation point, the amount of water that runbacks does
not produce horns. Therefore, this case cannot be classified as glaze icing. On the contrary, the
amount of water runback of the other two cases clearly produce ice horns and these cases can
be considered as glaze icing conditions.
Figure 2.17: Film Height Variation over the Ice at -25, -10, and -7.5 C
2.1.4. Postprocessing an Ice Accretion Solution Using CFD-Post Macro

In this tutorial, you will learn how to quickly post-process one-shot ICE3D results (Ice shape and ice
solution fields) using two dedicated CFD-Post macros: Ice Cover – 3D-View and Ice Cover – 2D-Plot.
For this purpose, the icing solution of run ICE3D_m25 is used and, therefore, completion of ICE3D
Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 (p. 36) is required.
For more information regarding these macros, consult CFD-Post Macros in the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual.
1. In the FENSAP-ICE main menu, go to Settings → Preferences → Postprocessing and set the
Default post-processor software to CFD-Post. Select Write CFD-Post launch files. Click OK to
close the window.
2. Right-click on the ICE3D_m25 run’s config icon and select View previous log/graph. Click View
Ice at the bottom of the Execution panel to view the results in CFD-Post.
Note:
CFD-Post will automatically load the icing results when it’s opened through View
Ice. In the case of a multishot run, a View with CFD-Post window will appear after
clicking View Ice. Select -All files- from the drop-down list to load all icing solutions
inside CFD-Post and click OK to close the window.
3. After opening CFD-Post, a Domain Selector window will request confirmation to load the following
domains: ice swimsol, map grid, and map swimsol. Click OK to proceed.
4. Go to the Calculators tab and double-click on Macro Calculator. The Macro Calculator’s interface
panel will be activated and displayed.
Note:
The Macro Calculator can also be accessed by selecting Tools → Macro Calculator
from the CFD-Post’s main menu.
5. Select the Ice Cover – 3D-View macro script from the Macro drop-down list. This will bring up
the user interface which contains all input parameters required to view ICE3D output solutions in
the CFD-Post 3D Viewer.
6. The default settings inside the Macro Calculator panel will allow you to automatically output the
ice shape of a one-shot icing simulation by pressing Calculate. Figure 2.18: Ice View with CFD-
Post, Ice Cover (p. 42) shows the output of the default settings of the macro.
Figure 2.18: Ice View with CFD-Post, Ice Cover
Note:
To change the style of the ice shape display, go to Display Mode and select one of
following options: Ice Cover, Ice Cover – Shaded, Ice Cover – No Orig, Ice Cover
(only) or Ice Cover (only) - shaded. To output the surface mesh of the ice shape, go
to Display Mesh and select Yes. Figure 2.19: Ice View in CFD-Post, Ice Cover with Display
Mesh (p. 43) shows the output of activating Ice Cover under Display Mode and of
selecting Yes under Display Mesh.
Figure 2.19: Ice View in CFD-Post, Ice Cover with Display Mesh
7. To display the solution fields of your icing simulation, you can either select Ice Solution – Overlay,
Ice Solution or Surface Solution under Display Mode. In this case, you will output the ice accretion
rate over the ice layer. To do this, select Ice Solution – Overlay in Display Mode, Instant. Ice
Growth (kg s^-1 m^-2) in Display Variable and No in Display Mesh to turn off the displaying
surface mesh.
8. Click Calculate to view the instantaneous ice growth over the ice shape. Figure 2.20: Ice View in
CFD-Post, Instantaneous Ice Growth over Ice Cover Surface (p. 44) shows the output of the macro.
Figure 2.20: Ice View in CFD-Post, Instantaneous Ice Growth over Ice Cover Surface
Note:
You are invited to modify the input parameter of Display Variable to view different
fields of the ICE3D solution.
9. You will now explore some quick post-processing capabilities of the Ice Cover – 2D-Plot macro.
In the Macro drop-down list of the Macro Calculator panel, change the macro to Ice Cover –
2D-Plot.
Note:
This switches the macro from Ice Cover – 3D-View to Ice over – 2D-Plot. Switch back
to Ice Cover – 3D-View in the same way if needed.
10. Change Plot’s Title from default, ICE SHAPE PLOT, to Ice Shape at -25 C, since you will
be first creating a 2D-plot of the ice shape.
11. Inside 2D-Plot (with),
• Set Mode to Geometry to output an ice shape. The other options output the ice solution fields.
• Set Cutting Plane to Z plane. Specify a Z=0 plane by setting X/Y/Z Plane to 0.
• Set the X-Axis to X and the Y-Axis to Y.
12. To center the 2D-Plot around the leading edge of the NACA0012, in 2D-Plot (with),
• Change the (x)Range of the X-Axis from Global to User Specified. Specify values of 0.075
and -0.01 in the input boxes of (Usr.Specif.x)Max and (Usr.Specif.x)Min, respectively.
• Change the (y)Range of the Y-Axis from Global to User Specified. Specify values of 0.03 and
-0.03 in the input boxes of (Usr.Specif.y)Max and (Usr.Specif.y)Min, respectively.
13. Leave the other default settings unchanged and click Calculate to create a 2D-Plot of the ice
shape in a floating ChartViewer of CFD-Post. Adjust the output window’s size. Figure 2.21: 2D-
Plot in CFD-Post, Clean Wall Surface and Ice Cover Surface (p. 45) shows the output of the macro.
Figure 2.21: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Clean Wall Surface and Ice Cover Surface
14. To create a 2D-plot of an ice solution field, first change the name of the plot. In this case, enter
Water Film at -25 C in the Plot’s Title field since you will create a water film 2D plot along
the thickness of the airfoil.
• Set Mode to Solution (on Map Surfaces) to output the water film over the NACA0012. Selecting
Solution (on Ice Surfaces) will output the ice field over the ice shape.
• Set the X-Axis to Y.
• Set the Y-Axis to Film Thickness (m).
16. To center the 2D-Plot around a meaningful scale to clearly see the water film distribution, in 2D-
Plot (with),
• Make sure that (x)Range of the X-Axis is set to User Specified. Enter values of 0 and -0.01
for (Usr.Specif.x)Max and (Usr.Specif.x)Min, respectively.
• Set (y)Range of the Y-Axis to Global. The macro will use the max./min. values of the water
film thickness to define the range of the Y-axis.
17. Leave the other default settings unchanged and click Calculate to update the 2D plot in the
ChartViewer. Figure 2.22: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Water Film Distribution (p. 46) shows the output
of the macro.
Note:
You are invited to modify the input parameter of 2D-Plt (with) → Y-Axis to view dif-
ferent fields of the ICE3D solution.
Figure 2.22: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Water Film Distribution
2.1.5. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement

As ice grows, the geometric profile of the contaminated airfoil changes and modifies the transport
of air and water droplets around the airfoil. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use a quasi-steady
multishot approach to compute realistic and accurate ice shapes. In this approach, the total time of
ice accretion is divided into smaller steady-state intervals or shots where air, droplets and ice are
computed on a fixed grid. At the end of each shot, the new mesh is produced to account for the
additional ice deposition obtained during this shot and is used as the next fixed grid for the following
shot.
In the current version of FENSAP-ICE, multishot runs are done using automatic mesh displacement,
where the ice surface given by ICE3D is used to displace the contaminated walls and consequently
the volume mesh around these walls. This process keeps the number of nodes constant. As the ice
shape grows, the total area covered by the boundary wall mesh increases which changes the size
and the aspect ratio of the elements near the ice. This may result in a less than optimal grid spacing
if the initial (undeformed) mesh is not fine enough. For complex ice shapes, manual remeshing, outside
of FENSAP-ICE, may be required in order to continue the multishot process.
1. In the project window, create a Sequence run by clicking the new run icon, or by right-clicking
an empty area in the project window and clicking New run, and then choosing Sequence at the
bottom of the list. Hit the Configure button.
2. The New sequence window will open which will list several options. Choose MULTI-FENSAP. A
multishot run with branches for fensap, drop, and ice should appear in the project window.
3. Drag and drop the grid file naca0012.grid from one of the previous runs onto the grid icon
of this run (top left of the MULTI_FENSAP run).
4. Drag and drop the config icon of FENSAP_rough_4deg run onto the fensap config icon, the
config icon of DROP3D_MVD run onto the drop config icon, and the config icon of ICE3D_m7p5
run onto the ice config icon. This will color the gear icons of every separate run in blue. You will
run this analysis with monodispersed droplets to save some computational time for this tutorial.
5. The settings for all the modules should have been carried over automatically. The only additional
setting that you will introduce is the roughness model inside ICE3D. This model will replace the
constant roughness of 0.5 mm used previously. ICE3D can compute the evolution of the ice surface
roughness using the beading model of FENSAP-ICE. At the end of each shot, ICE3D produces a
roughness distribution file that can be used for the flow solution of the next shot. This approach
removes any arbitrary specification of roughness value and removes empiricism in the specification
of roughness. The first shot always needs some initial roughness, value specified by the user, since
ICE3D was not run a priori. However, the remaining shots will use the distribution obtained from
the beading model.
Note:
Alternatively, the initial shots could be conducted over small time intervals where the
surface roughness can be allowed to grow from 0 to a reasonable level, removing the
need to specify an initial roughness completely.
Double-click the config icon of ice. Activate the Beading option in the Model panel. The
Roughness output should automatically switch to Sand-grain from beading, and be grayed out.
6. In the ICE3D Solver panel, change the total time from 420 to 140 seconds, (1/3rd of the total
time). This will facilitate the setting of 3 multishots of equal length in the main configuration of
the run.
7. Make sure that the Generate displaced grid option is activated in the Out panel, with the Default
(Coupled) option using 5 sub-iterations. Save and close the configuration window.
8. Go to the main configuration of the multishot run, which is next to the grid file. Here, number of
shots, and additional variable changes per shot can be set. You will set up 3 shots of equal lengths.
By default, the first iteration appears with 100 seconds set as the time. Remove this iteration by
clicking Remove iteration button at the bottom, then add 3 iterations using the Add iteration
button. The total time set in the ice configuration will be copied here as the time for the iterations.
9. Click the Run button. Set the Number of CPUs for the flow, drop, and grid displacement solvers
on top and for ICE3D at the bottom. ICE3D uses a much smaller mesh than the other solvers, so
it can be run with less number of CPUs. There is a restart option in case the multishot run gets
cancelled due to machine problems, insufficient disk space, power outage, etc. Click Start menu
to begin the run.
10. The graphs, log files, and solution files are numbered using quasi-steady shot numbers (as 000001,
000002, etc). You can follow the process by looking through the graphs. As the shots progress
and the surface grid gets coarser near the horn, the convergence of fensap will start to degrade,
which is normal.
11. Once all the computations are complete, you can view the ice shape by clicking on the View Ice
button, and choosing –All files- from the drop-down menu. Do this in a new window. Choose
Shaded + Wireframe for display. In the Data panel, the slider can be used to switch between
the ice shapes of each shot.
12. Let us compare the ice shape of the multishot run to that of the single shot run. While the View-
merical window displaying the multishot ice shape is up, go back to the project window and right-
click the swimsol icon of the run ICE3D_m7p5. Choose View ICE and Append. Both grids will
now be loaded in the Viewmerical window, one being shaded and wireframe, the other in smooth
metallic mode. Click the lock icon at the lower right of the data set list in the Objects window.
Choose Shaded + Wireframe once again to apply it on the newly loaded data set. Turn the view
around and observe the differences in the ice shapes. You can align the view with the Z plane by
clicking on the Z axis at the lower left corner of the 3D view panel. Notice that the multishot
solution has the upper horn more pronounced, and lower ice thickness much higher due to in-
creased roughness with time in this region.
You can produce a similar view with the 2D plot. Rename the data sets to Multi-shot and
Single-shot in the Objects panel, then enable 2D plot in the Query panel. Switch the Mode
to Geometry, Cutting plane to Z, and the horizontal axis to X. Remember to click the lock icon
at the lower right of the data set list in the Objects window in order to enable multiple 2D plots.
The curves that have the -map suffix refer to the original surface in both data sets.
Figure 2.23: Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multishot Computations
2.1.5.1. Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement - Postpro-

cessing Using CFD-Post
In this tutorial, you will learn how to quickly post-process and generate figures and animations of
a multishot ice accretion simulation (ice shape and ice solution fields) using two dedicated CFD-
Post macros: Ice Cover – 3D-View and Ice Cover – 2D-Plot. For this purpose, the icing solution of
run MULTI_FENSAPDROPICE is used and, therefore, completion of Multishot Ice Accretion with
Automatic Mesh Displacement (p. 46) is required.
Manual.
1. If not already done, in the FENSAP-ICE main menu, go to Settings → Preferences → Postpro-
cessing and set the Default post-processor software to CFD-Post. Select Write CFD-Post
launch files. Click OK to close the window.
2. Right-click on the MULTI_FENSAPDROPICE run’s config icon and select View previous
log/graph. Click View Ice at the bottom of the Execution panel to view the results in CFD-Post.
3. A View with CFD-Post window will appear. Select -All files- from the drop-down menu and
click OK to close the window. CFD-Post will automatically load the ICE3D solutions of every
shot.
4. After opening CFD-Post, a Domain Selector window will request confirmation to load the fol-
lowing domains: ice swimsol, map grid, and map swimsol. Click OK to proceed.
5. Go to the Calculators tab and double-click on Macro Calculator. The Macro Calculator’s inter-
face panel will be activated and displayed.
Note:
the user interface which contains all input parameters required to view ICE3D output solutions
in the CFD-Post 3D Viewer.
7. The default settings inside the Macro Calculator panel will allow you to automatically output
the ice shape of the first shot of the multishot simulation. Output the ice shape at the end of
the multishot simulation of Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement (p. 46),
this corresponds to the ice shape of shot 3, by specifying 3 besides the MultiShot Num and
then by clicking Calculate. Figure 2.24: Ice View in CFD-Post, Final Ice Shape (p. 51) shows the
output the final ice shape.
Figure 2.24: Ice View in CFD-Post, Final Ice Shape
Note:
(only) or Ice Cover (only) - shaded. To output the surface mesh of the ice shape,
go to Display Mesh and select Yes.
8. You can also generate and save animations that highlight the ice shape evolution of your
multishot simulation. Follow these steps to create and save a custom animation.
• Set Multi-shot # to 1. The animation starts at the assigned shot number in Multi-shot # to
the last shot of the simulation.
• Set (Mulitshot) Movie to On and click Calculate to see the animation on the 3D Viewer
window.
• To save this animation, in (Mulitshot) Movie,
– Set Save to Yes.
– Select an export Format. Two formats are supported, WMV and MPEG4. The default is
WMV.
– Specify a Filename.
• Click Calculate to generate and save the animation. A message will appear to notify the user
of the location where the animation is saved and of the first shot used to generate the anim-
ation.
Note:
If CFD-Post was opened through a MULTISHOT run, the animation will be saved
in the run folder. If CFD-Post was opened in standalone mode, the animation will
be saved in the Window’s system default folder.
9. Select Ice Cover – 2D-Plot from the Macro drop-down list to create 2D-plots of the multishot
simulation. You will create a 2D-Plot that contains all the ice shapes generated by the multishot
simulation.
10. Make sure that Multi-shot # is set to 1.
11. Change Plot’s Title from default, ICE SHAPE PLOT, to Multishot Ice Shape at -7.5
C (3 shots).
12. Select Multi-Shots in 2D-Plot (with). The macro will generate a series of 2D plot curves, starting
from the assigned shot number in Multi-shot # to the last shot of the simulation.
• Set Mode to Geometry to output an ice shape. The other options output the ice solution
fields.
14. To center the 2D-Plot around the leading edge of the NACA0012, in 2D-Plot (with),
• Change the (x)Range of the X-Axis from Global to User Specified. Specify values of 0.06
and -0.025 in the input boxes of (Usr.Specif.x)Max and (Usr.Specif.x)Min, respectively.
• Change the (y)Range of the Y-Axis from Global to User Specified. Specify values of 0.025
and -0.035 in the input boxes of (Usr.Specif.y)Max and (Usr.Specif.y)Min, respectively.
15. Leave the other default settings unchanged and click Calculate to create a 2D-Plot of the multiple
ice shapes in a floating ChartViewer of CFD-Post. Adjust the output window’s size. Fig-
ure 2.25: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Ice Shapes of the Multishot Simulation (p. 53) shows the output
of the macro.
Figure 2.25: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Ice Shapes of the Multishot Simulation
Note:
To create 2D plots of the ice solution fields, go to 2D-Plot (with) → Mode and select
either Solution (on Ice Surfaces) or Solution (on Map Surfaces). Then go to 2D-
Plot (with) → Y-Axis and select the ice solution field of interest. Specify a (x)Range
and a (y)Range that are suitable. Click Calculate to output the 2D-Plot of the ice
solution field in a floating ChartViewer.
16. The 2D-Plot macro can also export all plotted curves to a CSV format file and simultaneously
save the plot as a figure. Keep all input parameters above unchanged and follow these steps.
• To export all plotted curves to a CSV file, set Export (to csv) to Yes and specify a file name
under Filename (csv).
• To save a figure of the 2D-Plot, set Save Figure to Yes, select a Format for the figure (PNG
or BMP) and specify a Filename to save the figure.
• Click Calculate to generate the 2D plot, export all data points to a csv file and save the plot
into a figure file. A message will appear to notify the user of the location where the csv and
figure file are saved.
Note:
If CFD-Post was opened through a MULTISHOT run, both the CSV and figure files
will be saved in the run folder. If CFD-Post was opened in standalone mode, both
files will be saved in the Windows’ system default folder.
2.1.6. FENSAP Performance Degradation

Ice on aircraft components result in aerodynamic performance penalties, which may be severe for
low powered vehicles like turbo-props, UAVs, etc. The lift and drag of wings and rotors can degrade
significantly, increasing power requirements to maintain safe level flight. Reduction in stall angles
due to ice may require increased approach and landing speeds which can be dangerous. Imbalance
of lift on helicopter blades due to uneven ice shedding events can induce strong vibrations. Jet engines
too can suffer from ice accretion by means of reduced performance or flame-outs. In this tutorial, you
will carry out a performance degradation analysis study using the NACA0012 airfoil by comparing lift
and drag curves obtained over a clean airfoil and two contaminated airfoils. The first contaminated
airfoil represents an airfoil going the early stages of ice contamination and therefore a sand-grain
roughness is imposed over its leading edge. The second represents an airfoil that has gone through
a long period of icing exposure and therefore an ice shape is attached to its leading edge. You will
use the displaced grid of the multishot icing computation of the previous tutorial to represent the
second contaminated scenario. The angle of attack sweep mode will be enabled in the run section
to perform back to back calculations of air flow at different angles of attack for these three cases. A
large number of computations will be done as part of the sweep setup, therefore these tutorials are
recommended to run over night.
2.1.6.1. Lift and Drag on the Clean Airfoil

1. Create a new run and select FENSAP as flow solver. Name it SWEEP_clean.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the run FENSAP_clean_4deg onto the config icon of this new
run.
3. These runs will not be used for icing computations; therefore, you do not need to compute
heat fluxes on the walls. Double-click the config icon and proceed to the Boundaries panel.
Switch the wall boundary conditions parameters from Temperature to Heat flux, and apply 0
(adiabatic walls). Change all four wall boundary conditions like so. In the Solver panel, increase
the Maximum number of time steps to 1000.
4. Click the Run button and go to the Sweep panel. Enable the sweep mode by choosing BC Inlet
– Angle of attack (X-Y). Enter the Minimum and Maximum angles as 0 and 20, and the
Number of steps to 11. This will make the step size 2 degrees between the runs.
5. Start the calculations. A total of 11 flow solutions will be done. This may take some time depend-
ing on the Number of CPUs available for the job.
6. Each run’s graphs and log files will be collected under a different name specifying the angle of
attack. In the Graphs panel, you can switch to the Lift Coefficient graph and cycle the solution
steps to see the lift for each angle of attack. There is no automatic way of reporting the converged
lift values for each step and produce a graph; this step should be done manually. Record the
converged value of lift and drag for each angle of attack. The data should look like this:
AoA 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
CL 0.0000 0.2321 0.4633 0.6915 0.9144 1.1288 1.3252 1.3842 1.2392 0.9598 0.8484
CD 0.0085 0.0088 0.0096 0.0111 0.0133 0.0165 0.0213 0.0395 0.0856 0.1766 0.2588
2.1.6.2. Lift and Drag with Leading Edge Roughness

1. Create a new run and select FENSAP as the solver. Name it SWEEP_rough.
2. Drag and drop the config icon of the previous run, SWEEP_clean, onto the config icon of this
run.
3. Double-click the config icon. In the Model panel, set Surface roughness to Sand-grain
roughness – BC type. This will enable wall by wall specification of the roughness amount.
4. Go to the Boundaries panel. Choose BC_2002 which covers the first 20% of the airfoil, and set
the Sand-grain roughness in the BC wall parameters section to 0.003 meters. This value is
commonly used when performing analyses for icing certification. Visit the other wall boundary
conditions and set this value to 0.
5. Click the Run button, and go to the Sweep panel. Set the Sweep variable to BC Inlet - Angle
of attack (X-Y), Minimum and Maximum angles to 0 and 20, and set 11 steps. Start the
computations.
6. Like before, get the converged lift and drag coefficient readings from the lift and drag conver-
gence graphs of each run executed in the sweep.
AoA 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
CL 0.0000 0.2120 0.4191 0.6144 0.7869 0.9115 0.7849 0.6749 0.6808 0.7077 0.7406
CD 0.0155 0.0162 0.0183 0.0224 0.0294 0.0432 0.1013 0.1692 0.2171 0.2615 0.3062
2.1.6.3. Lift and Drag on the Iced Airfoil

1. Create a new run and select FENSAP as the solver. Name it SWEEP_iced.
2. Drag and drop the config icon of the previous run, SWEEP_clean, onto the config icon of this
run.
3. Switch the grid from the clean naca0012 to the last displaced grid in the multishot run completed
in Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh Displacement (p. 46). To do this, double-click
the grid icon which currently holds naca0012.grid, navigate to the run directory labeled
run_MULTI_FENSAPDROPICE in the project directory, and choose the file grid.ice.000004.
4. Double-click the config icon. On the Model panel, enable surface roughness and choose the
Sand-grain roughness – file option. Click the folder icon to the right and browse to the same
multishot run directory. Choose the file named roughness.dat.ice.000003.This is the
beading roughness distribution obtained at the last shot by ICE3D.
5. This grid is too coarse at the leading edge and reducing the CFL or using variable relaxation in
the Solver panel is helpful to improve robustness. Activate the Use variable relaxation option
and leave the other settings as they are.
Figure 2.26: Leading Edge Detail on the Displaced Grid of the Multishot Run
6. Click the Run button, and go to the Sweep panel. Set the Sweep variable to BC Inlet - Angle
of attack (X-Y), Minimum and Maximum angles to 0 and 20, and set 11 steps. Start the
computations.
7. On the Graphs panel, cycle the solution steps (or angle of attacks) and look at the Residual –
Average and Forces - Lift Coefficient graphs to ensure convergence is achieved for each angle
of attack. Since the grid is very coarse at the leading edge of the horns, the average residual
decreases by only two orders of magnitude at some solution steps (angle of attack of 6 and 8
degrees). For this tutorial, you will consider these results as accurate and converged. However,
manual remeshing around the ice is strongly suggested to obtain accurate aerodynamic results.
8. Like before, get the converged lift and drag coefficient readings from the lift and drag conver-
gence graphs of each run executed in the sweep.
AoA 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
CL 0.0146 0.2196 0.4072 0.5512 0.6005 0.5442 0.5702 0.6073 0.6475 0.6910 0.7343
CD 0.0175 0.0178 0.0237 0.0372 0.0758 0.1364 0.1748 0.2128 0.2521 0.2923 0.3348
9. When the data is assembled in the above graphs using Excel, the overall trend appears.
Roughness alone is responsible for lowering the lift slope and decreasing the stall angle consid-
erably. The increase in drag due to roughness alone is massive at high angles. With the ice
shape included, lift slope and stall angle further decreases, and drag increases even more. Al-
though this example is only showing the effects on a 2D NACA0012 airfoil, similar behavior is
expected on 3D wings, helicopter blades, propeller blades, turbo-fan and compressor blades,
etc.
Figure 2.27: Lift and Drag Coefficients on a Clean, a Rough, and an Iced Airfoil
2.1.7. ICE3D: Required Heat Flux on a NACA0012

The objective of this tutorial is to illustrate the methodology to compute the required heat flux distri-
bution to keep an airfoil’s surface free of ice (running wet), and free of water (fully evaporative). This
information is useful for making a quick assessment of the amount of power required by an anti-icing
heater. This methodology will be demonstrated on the NACA0012 airfoil geometry and can be extended
to more complex cases.
ICE3D_RHF_m7p5.
2. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the ICE3D_m7p5 run (ice solution at -7.48 °C obtained in
ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 (p. 89)) onto the config icon of ICE3D_RHF_m7p5. This
automatically copies the input parameters of ICE3D_m7p5 onto ICE3D_RHF_m7p5.
3. Double-click the config icon of ICE3D_RHF_m7p5 and go to the Model panel.
4. In the Boundaries panel, ensure that Icing is Enabled for the wall boundary BC_2002 and Disabled
for the remaining walls BC_2001, BC_2003 and BC_2004. In this manner, the required heat flux
is only computed at the leading edge of the airfoil, which is the part that accretes ice and requires
protection. See results of ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 (p. 89).
5. In the Solver panel, set the ice accretion time to 10 seconds, and ensure that the Automatic
time step is enabled. Since you are only interested in obtaining the required heat flux distribution,
the total time of ice accretion is not important.
6. In the Out panel, set the Time between solution output to 10 seconds. Check Compute IPS
load conditions. This option ensures that ICE3D will output the required heat flux information.
Set Generate displaced grid to No, as the purpose of this simulation is not to accrete ice. Also,
double click Advanced to reveal the advanced ICE3D options and uncheck to disable Compute
ice grid shape.
7. Click the Run button. The run Settings panel will be displayed. Set the Number of CPUs to 1 or
2 and click Start menu.
8. Once the simulation has completed, click View to view the solution with Viewmerical. When
Compute IPS load conditions is enabled, the variables contained within the ICE3D solution file
will change. The required heat flux to keep the airfoil surface ice free is contained within the
datafield FE Required HF and RW Required HF, for fully evaporative and running wet conditions,
respectively. No ice shape is computed and no ice.grid is generated in this run.
9. In the Data panel, set the Data field to FE Required HF (W/m2). This is the heat flux distribution
required to have a water free leading edge. This distribution resembles the mass caught or collec-
tion efficiency distribution as this heat flux fully evaporates any water droplet that hits the leading
edge.
Figure 2.28: Fully Evaporative Required Heat Flux Distribution on the LE of a NACA0012
10. In the Data panel, set the Data field to RW Required HF (W/m2). This is the heat flux distribution
required to keep the leading edge free of ice while allowing water to remain on its surface (running
wet). Its distribution strongly resembles the ice accretion rate (Instant. Ice Growth) of the
ICE3D_m7p5 simulation.
Figure 2.29: Running Wet Required Heat Flux Distribution on the LE of a NACA0012
11. Go to the Log panel of the run window. Scroll up to find the tables, IPS REQUIREMENTS FOR
FULLY EVAPORATIVE and IPS REQUIREMENTS FOR RUNNING WET. These tables provide average,
maximum and total integrated values of the required heat flux on all wall boundaries. In this case,
496.2 W and 138.5 W are required to keep the leading edge ice free in the fully evaporative and
running wet modes, respectively.
Figure 2.30: Tables of IPS Requirements in the Log
12. This tabulated data can be further investigated by looking at a 2D Plot of the RE Required Heat
Flux. Go back to the Viewmerical windows displaying the results of your simulation. In the Query
panel, set 2D Plot to Enabled, set Cutting plane to Z, and set the X-axis to Distance. A graph
of the spanwise variation of the RW Required HF will be displayed. In Figure 2.31: Running Wet
Required Heat Flux Distribution Including its Average and Maximum Values (p. 60), the average
and maximum values of RW Required HF, obtained from the table above, have been overlaid on
this chart.
Figure 2.31: Running Wet Required Heat Flux Distribution Including its Average and Maximum
Values
One can use the average and maximum required heat fluxes to assess the amount of constant
heat flux needed to prevent ice formation on the leading edge of the NACA0012. Follow these
steps to conduct this analysis.
13. Create a new run and select the ICE3D ice accretion solver. Name it ICE3D_Average_RHF_m7p5.
ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 (p. 36) onto the config icon of the new ICE3D run.
15. Double-click the config icon of the new ICE3D run and go to the Boundaries panel. Select
BC_2002, check Heat Flux, and set its value to the average running wet required heat flux of
5830 W/m2. Keep BC_2001, BC_2003, and BC_2004 as Enabled but do not impose any heat
flux on these boundaries.
16. Click the Run button. Set the Number of CPUs to 1 or 2 and click Start menu.
17. Create a new run and select the ICE3D ice accretion solver. Name it ICE3D_Maximum_RHF_m7p5.
ICE3D Ice Accretion on the NACA0012 (p. 36) onto the config icon of the new ICE3D run.
19. Double-click the config icon of the new ICE3D run and go to the Boundaries panel. Select
BC_2002, check Heat Flux, and set its value to the maximum running wet required heat flux of
12600 W/m2. Keep BC_2001, BC_2003, and BC_2004 as Enabled but do not impose any heat
flux on these boundaries.
20. Click the Run button. Set the Number of CPUs to 1 or 2 and click Start menu.
Figure 2.32: Ice Accretion Rate Using Average (Left) and Maximum (Right) Running Wet Required
Heat Fluxes on the Leading Edge of a NACA0012 (p. 62) shows the Instant. Ice Growth when
the average (5,830 W/m2) and maximum (12,600 W/m2) running wet required heat fluxes are applied
over the leading edge (BC_2002).
Figure 2.32: Ice Accretion Rate Using Average (Left) and Maximum (Right) Running Wet
Required Heat Fluxes on the Leading Edge of a NACA0012
Figure 2.32: Ice Accretion Rate Using Average (Left) and Maximum (Right) Running Wet Required
Heat Fluxes on the Leading Edge of a NACA0012 (p. 62) shows that the average running wet re-
quired heat flux does not prevent ice from accreting on the upper surface of the leading edge of
the NACA0012, since this region requires more heat flux than the average value whereas the
maximum required heat flux impedes ice formation over the entire leading edge as it considers
the most adverse point within the leading edge. However, in both cases, refreezing occurs past
the leading edge BC due to runback icing. In order to prevent ice accretion past the heated region,
a heat flux higher than 12,600 W/m2 could be used.
Residual ice formation on the suction side of a wing can be significantly detrimental to the stability
and control of an aircraft. Even a few millimeters of ridge-ice at this point can be enough to cause
serious adverse aerodynamic effects when the aircraft starts to maneuver, changing pitch and
bank angles. The aerodynamic penalties due to ice formation can be assessed if the ice shape and
roughness is used in extra air flow simulations (See Multishot Ice Accretion with Automatic Mesh
Displacement (p. 46) and FENSAP Performance Degradation (p. 54)).
Note:
One can explore several configurations of heated surfaces within the leading edge of the
NACA0012 in order to minimize the amount of heat required to prevent ice formation
and/or to prevent refreezing past the leading edge. To do so, first subdivide the leading
edge, BC_2002, into more boundary conditions. Then, obtain required heat fluxes over
these boundary conditions. Finally, conduct ice accretion simulations using average or
maximum quantities or distributions of required heat flux within each boundary condition.
2.2. In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within FENSAP-ICE

In this section you will set up an in-flight icing run using Fluent within FENSAP-ICE.
In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within FENSAP-ICE
2.2.1. Fluent Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil

The objective of this tutorial is to obtain airflow solutions around a clean and rough NACA0012 airfoil
using Fluent that are similar to those produced by FENSAP-ICE and to use these solutions for water
catch and ice accretion simulations.
In this tutorial, the NACA0012 grid of In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14) has
been converted into a case file to ease comparison between In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within
FENSAP-ICE (p. 14) and In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 62). In this manner, the
Fluent grid consists of 114,700 nodes and 56,810 hexahedral cells. This 2-D problem is solved in 3-D
by considering a single cell layer in the span-wise direction and symmetry boundary surfaces are
imposed on each side of the airfoil. The chord length is 0.5334 meters (21 inches) and the depth of
elements along the span (Z-direction) is 0.1 meters. A no-slip (zero velocity) wall boundary is imposed
on the airfoil surface. Since the flow is viscous and turbulent, grid points have been clustered around
the airfoil to better capture the boundary layer and wake. The initial cell height is 2.5e-6 chords, set
up such that the maximum Y+ is below 1 in the first layer, and the expansion ratio is 1.14 in the
normal direction to keep the number of nodes low. A far-field boundary is imposed on the outer
surfaces of the grid. The mesh spacing can be considered medium.
You are invited to read Recommendations to Set up a Fluent Calculation within the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual for more information on how to set up the input parameters of the Fluent module.

The first case consists in computing the air flow around the clean airfoil. It is called clean because
no surface roughness is imposed at this point. This will be the baseline configuration for lift and
drag computations on the uncontaminated geometry.
1. After launching FENSAP-ICE, create a new project directory by clicking on the icon below:
Enter the name of the new project directory, FLUENT_ICING, in the Project name box, and
browse to position it within your home directory.
project.
3. Launch Fluent from your computer. Click Show More Options in the Fluent Launcher window.
Under General Options, set your Working Directory to the FLUENT_ICING directory.
4. Select Dimension as 3D, pick Double Precision under Options, and assign 2 to 4 CPUs under
Solver Processes. Press Start menu to close the Fluent Launcher.
5. Read the case file by going to File → Read → Case. Browse to and select the file ../work-
shop_input_files/Input_ Grid/Naca0012/naca0012.cas.h5.
6. From the top bar navigation menu, select Physics → Solver → Operating Conditions.... Set
the Operating Pressure (pascal) to 101325 Pa. Press OK.
7. From the side menu, select General. Ensure the Solver is set to Type: Pressure-Based, Velocity-
Formulation: Absolute, and Time: Steady.
8. From the side menu, select Models → Energy and ensure it is turned on. Then double-click
Viscous to open the Viscous Model menu. There are different turbulence models that can be
selected. For icing applications using FENSAP-ICE with Fluent, it is strongly recommended to
use the popular k-ω SST model. Therefore, change the Model to k-omega (2 eqn) and SST. In
the Options section, enable Viscous-Heating and Production Limiter to be consistent with
FENSAP. In the Model Constants section, change the Energy Prandtl Number and Wall Prandtl
Number to 0.9 and the Production Limiter Clip Factor to 10. Press OK.
9. From the side menu, click Materials → Fluid and double-click air to open the air properties.
Set the Density to ideal-gas. Set the Cp (Specific Heat) to 1004.6882 j/kg.K. This value is
equal to 7/2 R air when air is treated as an ideal gas. In FENSAP, the gas constant R is always
287.05376 j/kg.K. Set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.023439363 W/m.K and Viscosity to
1.6801754e-05 Kg/m.s. These values match the previous FENSAP tutorial, In-Flight Icing Using
FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14), and have been computed using the equations presented in
the ANSYS FENSAP-ICE User Manual. Click Change/Create to save the air properties, then press
Close.
Note:
For simplicity, thermal conductivity and viscosity equations presented in the User’s
manual are shown below.
where refers to the ambient air static temperature, and , and are
equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K3/2, 288 K and 17.9*10-6 Pa.s, respectively.
10. From the side menu, right-click pressure-inlet-4 boundary under Boundary Conditions and
change the type to pressure-far-field. Double-click it to open and set the far field boundary
conditions.
• In the Momentum panel: Set the Mach Number to 0.31461268; set the Coordinate System
to Cartesian (X, Y, Z); set the X, Y and Z-Component’s to 0.99756405, 0.069756474,
and 0. This simulates a 4-degree angle of attack (AoA). In the Turbulence section, set the
Specification Method to Intensity and Viscosity Ratio. Then, set the Turbulence Intensity
to 0.08% and the Turbulent Viscosity Ratio to 1e-05.
• In the Thermal panel: Set the Temperature to 265.67 K. Press OK.
11. Double-click the wall-5 boundary. In the Momentum panel, set the Shear Condition to No
Slip. In the Thermal panel, set the Thermal Conditions to Temperature, and set the Temper-
ature to 280.929174208 K, and press OK. This temperature corresponds to the Adiabatic
stagnation temperature + 10 set in FENSAP. Repeat this process for the wall-6, 7, 8 boundaries.
12. Ensure that symmetry-9 and symmetry-10 boundaries are set to symmetry type.
13. Select Reference Values from the side menu. Under Compute from, select pressure-far-field-
4. Set the Area to 0.05334 m2 and the Length to 0.5334 m. These reference values will be
used only for postprocessing purposes. For instance, Force coefficients use the reference area,
density, and velocity.
14. Click Solution → Methods on the side menu. Set the Pressure-Velocity Coupling scheme to
Coupled. Under Spatial Discretization, set the Gradient to Green-Gauss Node Based and the
remaining options to Second or Second Order Upwind.
Note:
If the Fluent simulation diverges after a few iterations due to numerical instabilities,
enabling High Order Term Relaxation helps to improve convergence. In the current
tutorial, there is no need to enable this term.
15. Double-click Solution → Controls on the side menu. Set the Flow Courant Number to 50. Set
Under-relaxation Factors for Turbulent Viscosity and Energy to 0.9.
16. From the side menu, double-click Monitors → Residuals and modify the Absolute Criteria for
convergence to 1e-12 for all parameters. Make sure that the Print to Console and the Plot
are enabled and ensure that Monitor Check and Convergence are selected for all parameters.
17. Monitor the drag and lift coefficients during the simulation.
• Double-click the Report Definitions window, select New → Force Report → Drag. Change
the Name to report-drag and set the Force Vector to 0.99756405, 0.069756474,
and 0. Enable Report File, Report Plot, and Print to Console under Create, and Drag
Coefficient under Report Output Type. Select wall-5, wall-6, wall-7 and wall-8 under the
Wall Zones section. Press OK.
• In the Report Definitions window, select New → Force Report → Lift. Change the Name to
report-lift and set the Force Vector to -0.069756474, 0.99756405, and 0. Enable
Report File, Report Plot, and Print to Console under Create and Lift Coefficient under
Report Output Type. Select wall-5, wall-6, wall-7, and wall-8 under the Wall Zones section.
Press OK and close the Report Definitions window.
18. From the side menu, double-click Solution → Initialization and initialize with Hybrid Initializ-
ation. Click Initialize.
Note:
The number of iterations required to obtain an initial solution can be modified by

selecting More Settings and changing the Number of Iterations under General
Settings. Modifying this parameter might help convergence in some cases. In this
simulation, the default number of iterations is adequate.
19. Double-click Run Calculation from the side menu. Set the Number of iterations to 500. Click
Calculate to start this simulation.
20. Monitor the convergence of this calculation in the Graphics and the Console windows:
• Choose Scaled Residuals tab in Graphics window, located at the top-right of your screen,
to see the convergence of different residuals. The z-velocity residual is negligible (order of
1e-23). To remove this residual from the Scaled Residuals tab, double-click Monitors → Re-
siduals from the side menu and uncheck z-velocity in the Monitor Check section. Press Plot
to see all residuals except the z-velocity residual (as shown in Figure 2.34: Scaled Resid-
uals (p. 67)). This plot reveals that residuals of the governing equations have at least decrease
by 5 orders of magnitude in 500 iterations.
Figure 2.34: Scaled Residuals
• To see the exact values for each residual, look at the Console window, located at the bottom-
right side of your screen. Scroll up and down to see the values of residuals at each iteration.
(See Figure 2.35: The Residual Values (p. 67)).
Figure 2.35: The Residual Values
• Change the tab at the top of the Graphics window to see the convergence of Lift and Drag
coefficients. The history of lift and drag coefficients confirm the good convergence of this
steady-state simulation (See Figure 2.36: Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients (p. 68)).
Figure 2.36: Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients
21. Once the simulation is completed, go to Files → Write → Case & Data and save this calculation
in the project directory FLUENT_ICING. Name this simulation naca0012_clean.

In Fluent, additional roughness models for icing applications are now available if you selected the
Spalart-Allmaras or the SST k-ω model in the Viscous Model dialog box. The additional roughness
models will be available on the Wall boundary condition panel on the Momentum tab under Wall
Roughness → Roughness Models → High Roughness (Icing). The models can emulate the effect
of sand-grain roughness by means of modifying their boundary conditions and eventually increasing
the intensity of the eddy (turbulent) viscosity in the boundary layer. The micro scale roughness is
usually in the range of 0.1 ~ 3.0 mm. It can be specified on each wall as a constant value, as distri-
butions via empirical methods, or as a distribution via an interpolation file. Roughness value greatly
influences the final ice shape; therefore, it must be chosen appropriately. For more details on surface
roughness, see Wall Roughness Effects in Turbulent Wall-Bounded Flows within the Fluent User's
Guide and Surface Roughness within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
1. Launch Fluent from your computer. Click Show More Options. Under General Options, set
your Working Directory to the FLUENT_ICING directory.
2. In the Fluent Launcher window, select Dimension as 3D, pick Double Precision under Options,
and assign 2 to 4 CPUs under Solver Processes. Press Start menu to close the Fluent
Launcher.
3. Read the case file by going to File → Read → Case. Browse to and select the file
naca0012_clean.cas.h5 created in the previous section.
4. Double-click the wall-5 boundary. In the Wall Roughness section of the Momentum panel,
select High Roughness (Icing) under Roughness Models, choose Specified Roughness under
Sand-Grain Roughness, and set Roughness Height (m) to 0.0005 m as a constant value. In
the Thermal panel, set the Temperature to 280.929174208 K, and press OK. Repeat this
process for wall boundaries wall-6, wall-7, and wall-8.
5. In this tutorial, reports of lift and drag coefficients convergence are not required. Only plots are
sufficient to monitor lift and drag coefficients convergence. To cancel these reports, go to
Solution → Monitors → Report Files from the side menu, right-click each report, and Delete
them.
Note:
In case you want to write these reports, assign a different name for each report before
launching this simulation as the current names contain the results of the previous
section. To do this, go to Solution → Monitors → Report Files from the side menu,
and double-click each report. Set a new name in Output File Base Name.
During a multishot simulation, writing these convergence reports may interrupt the
simulation since a text message appears at the beginning of each Fluent calculation
asking for overwriting permissions. It is therefore suggested to delete these reports
in Fluent. Moreover, FENSAP-ICE keeps a record of lift and drag coefficients computed
in Fluent and are accessible through its interface. It is also possible to calculate these
coefficients from Fluent by going to Results → Reports → Forces.
6. Double-click Solution → Initialization from the side menu. Initialize with Hybrid Initialization.
Click Initialize.
7. Double-click Run Calculation from the side menu. Increase the Number of iterations to 1000.
Click Calculate.
8. Once the simulation is completed, go to Files → Write → Case & Data and save this calculation
in the project directory FLUENT_ICING. Name this simulation naca0012_rough.
9. Take a look at the convergence history of this simulation in the Graphics window located at
the right of your screen. The following two figures show the convergence of residuals and lift
and drag coefficients. You can enlarge and move the legend box in the Graphics windows by
dragging one side of or whole the box. Also, examine the convergence of lift and drag coeffi-
cients.
Figure 2.38: Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients of the Rough Airfoil
2.2.2. DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 (Starting from Fluent

Airflow)
With DROP3D, you can obtain droplet impingement solutions for a distribution of droplet sizes as
well as monodispersed droplets. Monodispersed calculation assumes that a single droplet size repres-
ents the icing cloud the aircraft is flying in. In reality, icing clouds never contain only one size of
droplets; there is always a distribution of droplet sizes in a cloud. When running a single droplet
diameter, the median volumetric diameter (MVD) of the droplets in the cloud is chosen as the mon-
odispersed value. If a more accurate droplet solution is needed, then a distribution of droplet sizes
can be solved for, where the MVD of this distribution matches that of the cloud.

1. Create a new run in the project directory FLUENT_ICING by clicking the new run icon. Select
the DROP3D solver, and name it DROP3D_MVD.
2. Right-click the grid icon and select the Define option. Browse and select
naca0012_rough.cas.h5. Click Open. When the grid is loaded, the Grid converter dialog
window will open to prompt for the selection/verification of the boundary condition types. The
data fields will be converted to FENSAP standards.
Use the default settings and click Next. Another window will appear after to double-check the
Reference condition.
Press OK.
Note:
Any modification in reference conditions can be made later. Another window will
open after.
Use the default settings and click Next. The next window will show details of the process for
converting the Fluent case and data files to FENSAP-ICE grid and solution files (.soln, .hflux,
.surface, and .params).
Once complete, click Finish. The DROP3D run now has the FENSAP format grid and solution
files displayed with Fluent overlaid.
5. In the Conditions panel, the reference flow conditions imposed for the air solution (Fluent)
should have been copied automatically into DROP3D. Verify that the following settings have
been copied correctly:
Characteristic Length 0.5334 m

Air Velocity 102.8 m/s
Air Static Pressure 101325 Pa
Air Static Temperature 265.67 K (-7.48 °C)
6. In addition to the flow conditions, the droplet reference conditions should also be set. Therefore,
set the Liquid Water Content (LWC) to 0.55 g/m3 and the Droplet diameter to 20 microns.
is set represents the MVD of the cloud.
For certification purposes, the Appendix C is available in FENSAP-ICE to pick the LWC and
droplet size based on the free stream temperature and cloud types. You can temporarily enable
Appendix C and click Configure to see the charts and experiment which MVD to get the
matching LWC. Once you are done, click Cancel and disable the appendix to return to the ori-
ginal settings.
type of simulations, especially internal flows. Leave it unchecked now.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the Inlet boundary and click the Import reference conditions
button to automatically set the Inlet conditions. The boundary type should be Supersonic or
far-field.
300.
tation using 4 or more CPUs if possible.
reaches 300 iterations. In the Graphs panel, you can look at Average Residual, Total Beta
(Collection Efficiency), and Change in total Beta curves.
Convergence of water catch is in general achieved when these curves level off at low values of
residual. Often the solution in the wake of the droplet flow is still converging while the impinge-
ment at the surfaces is fully converged. If you wish to converge the wake and the shadow zones
further, Convergence level in the Advanced solver settings of the Solver panel should be
reduced. The droplet wake usually is not of interest and it is sufficient to achieve convergence
of the total beta alone. However, in some cases like turbomachinery computations, the wake
of one stage sets the inlet conditions of the next stage, therefore it is crucial to converge the
wake there as well.
13. To post process the results of this section, you can skip the next section and go directly to Post-
Processing Using Viewmerical (p. 79).

these distributions, you can consult the Advisory Circular, and also the book by Irving Langmuir,
The Collected Works of Irving Langmuir (New York, Pergamon Press, 1960).
Note:
ice shapes to those obtained in wind tunnels.
The most important reason for considering an analysis using a distribution is that there are droplets
larger than the MVD in the distribution, which can impinge further back on the top and bottom of
the airfoil, creating a thin but rough layer of ice that can have adverse effect on aerodynamics and
control. In DROP3D, solutions for each droplet size of a given distribution are calculated separately.
The final solution is then created as a composite of all solutions using weights on each droplet size.
2. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the calculation performed in Monodispersed Calcula-
tion (p. 72) onto the config icon of this new run.
curve.
5. Go to the Graphs panel to monitor the convergence of each run. Look at Average Residual,
Total Beta (Collection Efficiency), and Change in total Beta curves to ensure the simulation is
converged sufficiently for each run. You can also look at the log file of each run through the
Log panel.
2.2.2.3. Post-Processing Using Viewmerical

To ease post processing of FENSAP-ICE solution files, Ansys distributes Viewmerical with the install-
cuts through the volumes, 2D graphs of variables, streamlines, etc. This tutorial will demonstrate
some basic features of Viewmerical by comparing the two droplet solutions obtained in the previous
sections. This tutorial also compares the airflow solutions obtained using Fluent in Flow Solution
on the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 63) and Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 68)
to those obtained using FENSAP in In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14).
to Settings → Preferences → Postprocessing → VIEWMERICAL. Click OK.
2. Back in the project window, right-click the solution icon droplet of the DROP3D_MVD run and
choose View with VIEWMERICAL. The program will launch and show an isometric display of
the entire grid showing the first solution field which is Droplet LWC.
You can also see the solution after launching the simulation, directly, by clicking the View
button at the bottom of the Graphs panel.
3. You can choose any field to display in the data list. Go to the Data tab and choose Droplet
LWC (kg/m3) to display LWC. Then change the color range to Spectrum 2 – 16.
left, and choosing Top (Z). Alternatively, you can left-click the Z axis itself.
5. Zoom in on the airfoil. You can use Ctrl + left-click to draw a zoom box, or scroll the mouse
wheel to zoom in and middle-click to pan.
Command window; then type BIGFONTS in the command line of the 3dview console and hit
Enter. The legend fonts now become bold.
7. Using the camera icon on the upper left corner, you can take a snapshot of the solution window
to capture the following image.
Figure 2.40: LWC over NACA 0012 at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone
(Blue Region)
Examine the LWC distribution in the area close to the airfoil. The blue region is called the
shadow zone, where no droplets exist. In between the shadow zone and the free stream, there
are bands of high LWC concentrations which are the enrichment zones forming due to the
constriction of stream tubes in the continuum domain. These features can be of special interest
for aircraft components downstream.
8. Go to the Data tab and choose Collection efficiency-Droplet. Collection efficiency is only dis-
played on the walls of your geometry. Go to Objects tab and uncheck BC_1000 and BC_4300
to display the collection efficiency distribution only on the walls (BC_2000, BC_2001, BC_2002,
and BC_2003).
Use left mouse buttons to rotate, middle mouse button to pan, and right-mouse button to zoom
in the airfoil surface to obtain following figure.
Figure 2.41: Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4 Degrees
9. For a more in-depth quantitative view, it would be possible to create 2D data plots using
Viewmerical. Click the Query tab and enable 2D Plot.
Change the Cutting plane to Z and the horizontal axis to Y.
On the lower right corner of Viewmerical, you can directly modify data sets and solution fields.
Leave them as they are now.
10. The color and thickness of the data curve displayed in the graph can be changed by left clicking
on the cube menu located on the top right and by choosing Curve Settings. Set the curve
color to red and the curve widths to 2 and press OK.
Finally, the following 2D plot is generated.
Monodisperse
The maximum beta occurs at the stagnation point, just below the leading edge in this case.
The points on the upper and lower surfaces where beta becomes zero are the impingement
limits. In rime icing cases, all the water that impinges is frozen instantly, therefore icing limits
are the same as impingement limits. In glaze icing, water can runback and freeze past the im-
pingement limits. Maximum beta is usually no more than 1.0, and reduces as the droplet flow
becomes tangent to the surface.
11. To save data points of this collection efficiency distribution, go to the cube menu on the top
right and choose Save one file. A new window pups up to browse and name the file that should
contain these data points.
Close the Viewmerical window.
12. You can also open and compare several solution files using Viewmerical. Let’s display simultan-
eously all 7 droplet size solutions obtained in DROP3D_Lang_D run.
Back in the project window, right-click the solution icon droplet of the DROP3D_Lang_D run,
choose View with VIEWMERICAL, and select the first solution Distribution.01/droplet; this
will open Viewmerical. Go back in the project window, right-click the droplet icon of the same
run, choose View with VIEWMERICAL, and choose Append to load the second solution Distri-
bution.02/droplet in the same Viewmerical window. Repeat this operation for all the available
solutions.
ciency-Droplet.
Go to Query tab, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. The graph should display
7 individual beta distributions. You can draw a zoom box by Shift + left-click and you can rename
the curves by double-clicking on the original name of each dataset in the Objects panel and
entering the new name in the window Rename dataset. In addition, you can change the color
and thickness of the data curve displayed in the graph via the cube menu on the top right and
by choosing Curve Settings.
Langmuir D
largest beta corresponds to the largest droplet size. Smallest droplets are less ballistic, tend to
follow the air flow and avoid the aircraft therefore reducing their collection efficiency and im-
pingement limits. Larger droplets are more ballistic and they do not tend to follow the airflow.
Therefore, their collection efficiency and impingement are usually higher than the smallest
and coverage.
Note:
smaller size droplets can be negligible if compared to the largest ones. As a result,
the composite solution can be very different from the solution of the MVD itself.
Therefore, it is important to perform initial calculations with Langmuir-D distribution
and compare the composite result to that of the MVD first. In cases where the differ-
ence is small, the remaining calculations could be continued with MVD only.
14. To compare the composite result to that of the MVD, right-click the solution icon droplet of
the DROP3D_Lang_D run and choose View with VIEWMERICAL. Choose New Window and
select the composite droplet solution that is listed at the end of the drop-down menu. Go back
to the project window and right-click the solution icon droplet of the DROP3D_MVD run, and
Append.
Go to Data, click Shared, choose Collection efficiency-Droplet as the data field. Go to Query
tab, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z to display the two data sets. You can
name the curves by renaming the data sets in the Objects panel, and change the color and
thickness of the data curves using Curve Settings. The following figure shows resultant 2D-
plots.
Figure 2.44: Comparison of Collection Efficiency on the Surface, Langmuir D vs.

Monodisperse
15. Load the largest and smallest droplet distribution solutions on a new Viewmerical window using
New Window and Append, and display their LWC side by side.
Click the first data set, largest droplet size, and choose Horizontal-Left under Split screen
menu.
Go to the Data tab, and click the lock icon next to Shared to apply any changes here to both
data sets. Keep LWC data field to display in the data list and change the color range to Spectrum
2 – 16. Align the view angle with the Z-symmetry plane and zoom in to capture the following
image:
Observe the difference in the shadow zones. The smallest droplets follow the airfoil very closely
but avoiding it while the largest droplets barely change their path and hit almost straight on,
leaving a larger shadow zone.
16. Now, let’s compare the Fluent airflow results obtained on the clean airfoil, Flow Solution on the
Clean NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 63) and on the rough airfoil, Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012
Airfoil (p. 68). Viewmerical only reads FENSAP format files, therefore comparisons will be done
using the Fluent solution files converted in FENSAP format.
Right-click the airsol icon naca0012_rough.soln of the DROP3D_MVD run, select View
with Viewmerical, and choose New Window to display the airflow solution.
In the case of the clean airfoil solution, create a new DROP3D run and name it DROP3D_Clean.
Right-click the grid icon and select the Define option to browse and select
naca0012_clean.cas.h5, and then follow the same procedure used in step 2 of DROP3D
Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 (Starting from Fluent Airflow) (p. 71), to convert Fluent
case and data files into FENSAP-ICE grid and soln files. Once this is done, right-click the airsol
icon naca0012_clean.soln of this run and Append this solution in Viewmerical.
17. In the Objects panel of Viewmerical, rename the first dataset to Fluent-rough and the second
dataset to Fluent-clean. Go to Data panel, click Shared and choose Pressure as the data
field. Go to Query tab, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. The graph should
display 2 individual pressure distributions. Change the color and thickness of the data curve
using Curve Settings. Set the first curve red and the second blue, and both curve widths to 2
and click OK. You will see that the pressure of the rough solution is slightly higher on the suction
side, resulting in reduction of lift (10%). The lift coefficient of the clean airfoil is 0.4480 while
the lift coefficient of the rough airfoil is 0.4023.
Figure 2.46: Comparison of Pressure Distributions on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA
of 4 Degrees, Rough vs. Clean surface
18. On the lower right corner of your Viewmerical screen, you can modify to solution field. Change
Pressure to Classical heat flux to display the following image.
Figure 2.47: Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of
4 Degrees, Rough vs. Clean Surface
As shown in the figure above, applying roughness of 0.5 mm increases the heat fluxes. This in
turn will increase the ice accretion rate in ICE3D as cooling effects have increased. It is crucial
that the flow solution for icing is computed with roughness, otherwise the computed ice
thickness will be much smaller and a lot of runback will take place.

obtained at a temperature different than the intended icing temperature. In this manner, several icing
temperatures can be investigated using the same airflow solution.
1. In the main FENSAP-ICE window, select Settings → Units on the top left corner of the window
to open the Unit settings menu and change the Temperature units from Kelvin to Celsius.
ICE3D_m25.
3. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the DROP3D_Lang_D run (droplet solution computed with
Langmuir-D distribution from Langmuir-D Distribution (p. 32) onto the config icon of ICE3D.This
automatically copies the input parameters of DROP3D into ICE3D.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. The reference conditions set for the droplet (DROP3D) calculations
should have been automatically copied.
Keep the default density of ice at 917 kg/m3.
11. Click Run to go to the Settings panel. Running on 1 or 2 CPUs should be appropriate in this case.
a while.
compared to one another. Make a new ICE3D run and name it together and compared to one
another. Make a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_m10.
17. Repeat steps 15 & 16, this time with an Icing air temperature value of -7.48 °C (265.67 K),
same as the reference flow solution. Name the new run ICE3D_m7p5.
20. Go to Query panel and enable the 2D plot. Change the Cutting plane to Z and the horizontal
axis to X. All four data sets should be plotted in Geometry mode. Change the color and thickness
of the curves by right-clicking on the cube menu on the top right and then by choosing the Curve
Settings menu.
Figure 2.50: Ice Shapes at -25, -10, and -7.5 C
features are common in glaze icing conditions and induce flow separation therefore they dramat-
ically change the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.
To properly capture the shape of the horns, a multishot computation is recommended where the
grid, air and droplet solutions are updated at certain intervals.
The film height and extent grow with increasing icing temperatures. At -25 °C, all droplets freeze
upon impact and there is no water film and runback on the surface, producing a rime ice shape.
In the contrary, the amount of film and water runback of the other two cases clearly produce ice
horns and form glaze ice shapes.

computed on a fixed grid. At the end of each shot, the new mesh is produced to account for the
additional ice deposition obtained during this shot and is used as the next fixed grid for the following
shot.
an empty area in the project window and clicking New run, and then choosing Sequence at the
bottom of the list. Press the Configure button.
2. The New sequence window will open which will list several options. Choose MULTI-FLUENT. A
multishot run with branches for fluent, drop, and ice should appear in the project window.
3. Right-click the grid icon and select Define. Browse and select naca0012_rough.cas.h5, click
Open. Since this Fluent case file and its respective data files have already been converted to
FENSAP-ICE format in Monodispersed Calculation (p. 72), the following window pops up. Press
Keep to assign the converted FENSAP grid and solution file to the current run. This will color the
gear icons of every separate run in blue.
4. Drag and drop the config icon of DROP3D_MVD run onto the drop config icon and the config
icon of ICE3D_m7p5 run onto the ice config icon. Press OK if FENSAP-ICE asks to overwrite the
configuration. You will run this analysis with monodispersed droplets to save some computational
time for this tutorial.
the beading model.
Note:
Double-click the configuration icon of ice. Activate the Beading option in the Model panel. The
6. In the ICE3D Solver tab, change the total time from 420 to 140 seconds, (1/3rd of the total time).
This will facilitate the setting of 3 multishots of equal length in the main configuration of the run.
clicking the Remove iteration button at the bottom, then add 3 iterations using the Add iteration
In addition, the number of fluent time steps or iterations should be defined. Click Add variables
and press OK if asked to confirm FLUENT iterations as Variable.
In the Sequence settings window, double-click the number of FLUENT iterations, and set 100,
1000, and 1000 for shots 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the first shot only 100 iterations are set
since you begin from a converged Fluent solution.
9. Click the Run button. Under Execution Settings, set the Number of CPUs of the flow, drop, and
grid displacement solvers and, under Solver settings, set the number of ICE3D CPUs of the ice
accretion solver. ICE3D uses a much smaller mesh than the other solvers, it can be run with less
number of CPUs. There is a restart option in case the multishot run gets cancelled due to machine
problems, insufficient disk space, power outage, etc. Click Start menu to begin the run.
and the surface grid gets coarser near the horn, the convergence of Fluent will start to degrade,
which is normal.
merical window that displays the multi-shot ice shape is up, go back to the project window and
right-click the swimsol icon of the run ICE3D_m7p5. Choose View ICE and Append. Both grids
will now be loaded in the Viewmerical window, one being shaded and wireframe, the other in
smooth metallic mode. Click the lock icon at the lower right of the data set list in the Objects
window. Choose Shaded + Wireframe once again to apply it on the newly loaded data set. Turn
the view around and observe the differences in the ice shapes. You can align the view with the
Z plane by clicking on the Z axis at the lower left corner of the 3D view panel.
Note:
The multishot solution has the upper horn more pronounced, and lower ice thickness
much higher due to increased roughness with time in this region.
13. You can produce a similar view with the 2D plot. Rename the data sets to Multi-shot and
The curves that have the -map suffix refer to the original surface and the curves that have the
-ice suffix refer to the final iced surface (at 420 s) in both data sets. Change the color and thickness
of the curves using Curve Settings menu. You can also draw a zoom box by Shift + left-click.
Figure 2.52: Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multi-Shot Computations
2.2.5. Comparing In-Flight Icing Results of Fluent and FENSAP

In this section, the results of In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 62) (case 1) are com-
pared to the results of an in-flight icing tutorial that was ran using FENSAP with k-ω SST (case 2) as
the turbulence model. This hypothetical tutorial is identical to In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within
FENSAP-ICE (p. 14) and therefore share the same in-flight conditions as In-Flight Icing Using Fluent
Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 62) with the exception that the turbulence model used is not the Spalart-All-
maras model but the k-ω SST model and the Maximum number of time steps is 500 in order to
make proper comparisons between Fluent and FENSAP numerical results.
The following figures show the differences between Fluent and FENSAP results on the surface of a
clean and rough (with 0.5 mm sand-grain roughness) airfoil at an AoA of 4 degrees. The pressure
coefficients are very similar for both clean and rough airfoils. Classical heat flux and shear stress
comparisons reveal slight differences between Fluent and FENSAP results for both clean and rough
airfoils. Therefore, similar ice shapes are expected.
Figure 2.53: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at
an AoA of 4 Degrees, Fluent vs. FENSAP
Figure 2.54: Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at
an AoA of 4 Degrees, Fluent vs. FENSAP
Figure 2.55: Comparison of Shear Stress Magnitude on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil
at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Fluent vs. FENSAP
The following figure compares the collection efficiency of case 1 and case 2. This figure shows minute
differences between droplet solutions.
Figure 2.56: Comparison of Collection Efficiency on a Rough Airfoil at the AoA of 4 Degrees,
Case1 vs. Case2
Comparisons between single-shot ice shapes confirm that FENSAP and Fluent produce very similar
ice shapes. (See Figure 2.57: Comparison of Single-Shot Ice Shapes at Different Icing Temperatures,
case1 vs. case2 (p. 99)). Comparisons of film thickness, ice accretion rate, and surface temperature,
which are the primitive variables of ICE3D reveal that the Fluent settings of Fluent Airflow on the
NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 63) correctly capture the airflow behavior required for icing simulations using
FENSAP-ICE. (See Figure 2.58: Comparison of Film Thickness, Ice Accretion Rate, and Surface Temper-
ature on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 (p. 100).
Figure 2.57: Comparison of Single-Shot Ice Shapes at Different Icing Temperatures, case1 vs.
case2
Figure 2.58: Comparison of Film Thickness, Ice Accretion Rate, and Surface Temperature on the
Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2
Figure 2.59: Comparison of Ice Accretion Rate on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2
Figure 2.60: Comparison of Surface Temperature on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs.
case2
In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within FENSAP-ICE
The following figure shows comparisons of a single- and a 3-shot ice shape of cases 1 and 2. Results
reveal that differences between case 1 and case 2 accentuate with the number of quasi-steady shots.
In this case, these differences remain small. In a multishot simulation, as the number of shots increases,
the surface grid coarsens as ice expands. Therefore, the mesh quality decreases and differences
between airflow solvers become more apparent as Fluent and FENSAP have different discretization
schemes. In order to mitigate these differences, a certain level of mesh quality has to be maintained
between shots. This can be achieved by increasing the mesh refinement of the baseline grid, by in-
creasing the number of shots or by remeshing between shots.
Figure 2.61: Comparison of a Single-Shot and a Multishot Ice Shape at an Icing Temperature of
-7.48 C, case1 vs. case2
2.3. In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within FENSAP-ICE

In this section you will set up an in-flight icing run using CFX within FENSAP-ICE.
2.3.1. CFX Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil

The objective of this tutorial is to obtain airflow solutions around a clean and rough NACA0012 airfoil
using CFX that are similar to those produced by FENSAP-ICE and to use these solutions for water
catch and ice accretion simulations. In this manner, this tutorial reproduces equivalent results to those
obtained in In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14).
In this tutorial, the NACA0012 grid of In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14) has
been converted into a .CFX file to ease comparison between In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within
FENSAP-ICE (p. 14) and In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 101). In this manner, the CFX
grid consists of 114,700 nodes and 56,810 hexahedral cells. This 2D problem is solved in 3D by con-
sidering a single cell layer in the span-wise direction and symmetry boundary surfaces are imposed
on each side of the airfoil. The chord length is 0.5334 meters (21 inches) and the depth of elements
along the span (Z-direction) is 0.1 meters. A no-slip (zero velocity) wall boundary is imposed on the
airfoil surface. Since the flow is viscous and turbulent, grid points have been clustered around the
airfoil to better capture the boundary layer and wake. The initial cell height is 2.5e-6 chords, set up
such that the maximum Y+ is below 1 in the first layer, and the expansion ratio is 1.14 in the normal
direction to keep the number of nodes low. A far-field boundary is imposed on the outer surfaces of
the grid. The mesh spacing can be considered medium.
You are invited to read Recommendations to Set up a CFX Calculation in the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual for more information on how to set up the input parameters of the CFX module. For further
details on CFX, consult the CFX-Pre User's Guide.

The first case consists in computing the air flow around the clean airfoil. It is called clean because
no surface roughness is imposed at this point. This will be the baseline configuration for lift and
drag computations on the uncontaminated geometry.
1. After launching FENSAP-ICE, create a new project directory by clicking on the icon below:
Enter the name of the new project directory, CFX_ICING, in the Project name box, and browse
to position it within your home directory.
project.
3. Launch CFX from your computer to open the CFX launcher window. Set the Working Directory
to the CFX_ICING directory.
4. Select CFX → CFX-Pre from the top menu to launch CFX-Pre.
5. Import a previously saved .cfx file. Select File → Open Case. Browse to and select the file
../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Naca0012/naca0012.cfx.
6. In the top menu bar, go to Edit, and select Options. In CFX-Pre → General → Beta Options
→ Physics Beta Features, click to Enable Beta Features.
Note:
Beta features are required in R19.0 to enable the Blended Near Wall Treatment
Option, which is needed when using CFX for icing simulations.
7. Double-click Domain 1 under Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 to edit the domain settings.
• In the Domain 1 → Basic Settings tab, change the Fluid 1 Material to Air Ideal Gas and
the Reference Pressure to 101325 Pa.
• In the Domain 1 → Fluid Models tab, under Heat Transfer, set the Heat Transfer Option
to Total Energy and enable Incl. Viscous Work Term. Under Turbulence, select Shear Stress
Transport and enable Blended Near Wall Treatment (Beta). Click OK.
8. Set-up boundary conditions inside Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 → Domain 1.
• Double-click to edit the Exit_3000 boundary condition. In the Basic Settings tab, set the
Boundary Type to Outlet. In the Boundary Details tab, set the Flow Regime Option to
Subsonic, the Mass and Momentum Option to Static Pressure, and the Relative Pressure
to 0 Pa. Click OK.
• Double-click to edit the Inlet_1000 boundary condition. In the Basic Settings tab, set the
Boundary Type to Inlet. In the Boundary Details tab, set the Flow Regime Option to
Subsonic. Set the Mass and Momentum Option to Car. Vel. Components with [U, V, W]
components of [102.5495844, 7.170965501, 0] m/s. Set the Turbulence Option to In-
tensity and Eddy Viscosity Ratio with a Fractional Intensity of 0.0008 and an Eddy Vis-
cosity Ratio of 1e-5. Set the Heat Transfer Option to Static Temperature and the Static
Temperature to 265.67 K. Click OK.
• Double-click to edit the Wall_2000 boundary condition. In the Basic Settings tab, set the
Boundary Type to Wall. In the Boundary Details tab, set the Mass and Momentum Option
to No Slip Wall, the Wall Roughness Option to Smooth Wall, and the Heat Transfer Option
to Temperature with a Fixed Temperature of 280.929174208 K (adiabatic temperature +10
K). Click OK.
• Repeat the above step for Wall_2001 and Wall_2002.
9. Under Simulation → Flow Analysis 1, double-click Initialization to edit the Global Initialization
settings. Set the Velocity Type to Cartesian, with Option set to Automatic with Value with
[U, V, W] components of [102.5495844, 7.170965501, 0] m/s. Set the Static Pressure Option
to Automatic with Value and the Relative Pressure to 0 Pa. Set the Temperature Option to
Automatic with Value and the Temperature to 265.67 K. Set the Turbulence Option to In-
tensity and Eddy Viscosity Ratio, the Fractional Intensity Option to Automatic with Value
with a Value of 0.0008, and the Eddy Viscosity Ratio Option to Automatic with Value with
a Value of 1e-5. Click OK.
10. Under Simulation → Flow Analysis 1, go to Solver and double-click Solver Control. In the
Basic Settings tab, set the Advection Scheme and Turbulence Numerics to High Resolution.
Set Max. Iterations to 2000. Set the Timescale Control to Local Timescale Factor and the
Timescale Factor to 2.0. Set the Convergence Criteria Residual Type and Target to RMS
and 1e-20, respectively.
Note:
A Local Timescale Factor of 2 was necessary because of the small element edge
lengths and high aspect ratios of elements in the prism layer, particularly in the 1st
layer, where the prism layer height is on the order of 1e-6. This, combined with the
activation of the Beta feature for Blended Near Wall Treatment, can cause small oscil-
lations in surface variables such as heat flux, who’s accuracy is essential in icing
computations. These convergence controls reduce oscillations in surface variables
through damping and by ensuring a slower and more steady convergence rate.
However, this will also cause convergence to be slower.
11. On the side menu bar panel, edit the default Air Ideal Gas properties located under Simulation
→ Materials.
• Inside the Basic Settings tab, select Pure Substance under Option. Set the Material Group
to Air Data & Calorically Perfect Ideal Gas. Enable Material Description / Air Ideal Gas
(constant Cp). Select Gas under Thermodynamic State.
• Inside the Material Properties tab, select General Material under Option. Verify that the
Equation of State is set to Ideal Gas with a Molar Mass of 28.96 kg/kmol. Set the Specific
Heat Capacity to 1004.6882 J/kg/K. Set the Transport Properties Dynamic Viscosity to
0.16801754e-4 kg/m/s and Thermal Conductivity to 0.023439363 W/m/K. Click OK.
Note:
These values match the previous FENSAP tutorial, In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP
Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14), and follow Sutherland’s law presented in the FENSAP-
ICE User Manual. Thermal conductivity and viscosity equations used in FENSAP
and presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual are as follows:
where refers to the ambient air static temperature, and , and are
3/2 -6
equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K , 288 K and 17.9*10 Pa.s, respectively.
12. Right-click the Simulation Control and go to Insert → Execution Control. Inside Execution
Control, select Double Precision, and set Number of Processors to 4, if available. Set the
Solver Input File to naca0012_clean.def and change the path such that it lies within the
CFX_ICING project directory.
13. Right-click Expressions on the side menu panel, and select Insert → Expression. Name the
expression Surface Heat Flux. In the expression Definition panel, enter the equation
from the figure below, and click Apply. This equation computes the averaged heat flux, which
is important for monitoring the convergence of the simulation.
14. Save the CFX case by going to Files → Save Case As and save this calculation in the project
directory CFX_ICING. Name this simulation naca0012_clean.cfx.
15. Select Run Solver and Monitor from the top menu to start this simulation. A window may pop
up requesting to choose the location of your .def file. Click Rename and save the .def file
to the project directory CFX_ICING. Name the file naca0012_clean.def.
16. The CFX-Solver Manager will open and the simulation will start. Monitor the convergence of
this calculation using the graph and the out file monitor windows:
• The default range of residuals is shown between 1e-6 and 1e+0. Change this range by right-
clicking on the graph of interest (for example, the Momentum and Mass residual graph),
and by selecting Monitor Properties to open the properties panel. Choose Range Settings
and set the Lower Bound to 1e-8. This plot reveals that residuals of mass and momentum
have decreased by at least 4 orders of magnitude in 2000 iterations.
Figure 2.63: Momentum and Mass Residuals
Figure 2.64: Heat Transfer Residual Residuals
• One of the most impactful features of the flow solution that is used in icing simulations are
the surface heat transfer characteristics. Therefore, it is essential that the surface heat flux is
fully converged. Go to the User Points monitor tab to show the convergence of the area
averaged wall heat flux (the expression monitor that was setup earlier). Change the Upper
and Lower Bounds to 7500 and 9500, respectively. You will notice in this simulation, it
takes at least 1200 iterations before the average heat flux converges to its final value.
Figure 2.65: User Points: Wall Heat Flux Monitor
• The 2D plot below shows the Classical heat flux on the surface at 500, 1000 and 2000 itera-
tions. You will notice the heat flux produced at 500 iterations simulation is significantly different
than the heat flux distribution at 2000 iterations. This difference would have a significant
impact on the final ice shape. Therefore, it is advisable to be careful to track the convergence
of the heat flux distribution when using CFX for icing simulations
Figure 2.66: Surface Classical Heat Flux at 500, 1000 and 2000 Iterations
• To see the exact values for each residual, look at the out file window, located at the right
side of your screen.
Figure 2.67: The Residual Values
17. Once the simulation is completed, CFX will save the solution file automatically in the project
directory CFX_ICING and its name is naca0012_clean_001.res.

In CFX, an additional roughness model for icing applications is now available when the Shear Stress
Transport turbulence model is enabled. The additional roughness model is available on the Wall
→ Boundary Details panel under Wall Roughness → Option → High Roughness (Icing). The
model emulates the effect of sand-grain roughness by means of modifying their boundary conditions
and eventually increasing the intensity of the eddy (turbulent) viscosity in the boundary layer. The
micro scale roughness is usually in the range of 0.1 ~ 3.0 mm. It can be specified on each wall as
a constant value or as a distribution via a file. Roughness value greatly influences the final ice shape;
therefore, it must be chosen appropriately. For more details on surface roughness, see Surface
Roughness within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
1. Launch CFX from your computer the open the CFX launcher window. Set the Working Directory
to the CFX_ICING directory.
2. Select CFX → CFX-Pre from the top menu to launch CFX-Pre.
3. Open the case file by going to File → Open Case. Browse to and select the file
naca0012_clean.cfx created in the previous section.
4. Double-click the Wall_2000 boundary. In the Wall Roughness section of the Boundary Details
panel, select High Roughness (Icing) under Option and set Sand-Grain Roughness to 0.0005
m. Click OK. Repeat this process for wall boundaries Wall_2001, and Wall_2002.
5. On the top menu bar panel, go to Execution Control. Inside Execution Control, select Double
Precision, and set Number of Processors to 4, if available. Set the Solver Input File to
naca0012_rough.def and change the path such that it lies within the CFX_ICING project
directory.
6. Save the CFX case by going to Files → Save Case As and save this calculation in the project
directory CFX_ICING. Name this simulation naca0012_rough.cfx.
7. Select Run Solver and Monitor from the top menu to start this simulation. A warning window
may pop up requesting to confirm the location and name of your .def file. Check to see that
it is correctly named naca0012_rough.def and located in the project directory CFX_ICING.
Click Continue.
8. The CFX-Solver Manager will open and the simulation will start. Monitor the convergence of
this calculation using the graph and out file monitor windows.
Figure 2.68: Momentum and Mass Residuals
Figure 2.69: Heat Transfer Residual
Figure 2.70: User Points: Wall Heat Flux Monitor
• Just like in the clean simulation, notice that at 500 iterations the Classical Heat Flux distribution
has not yet converged. It is important to monitor and ensure proper convergence of the
surface heat flux to obtain accurate icing simulations.
Figure 2.71: Surface Classical Heat Flux at 500, 1000 and 2000 Iterations
2.3.2. DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 (Starting from CFX

Airflow)
With DROP3D, you can obtain droplet impingement solutions for a single droplet size (monodispersed
distribution) or a distribution of droplet sizes. In the case of a monodispersed distribution, a single
droplet size represents the icing cloud that the aircraft is flying in. In reality, icing clouds never contain
only one size of droplets; there is always a distribution of droplet sizes in a cloud. When running a
single droplet diameter, the median volumetric diameter (MVD) of the droplets in the cloud is chosen
as the monodispersed value. If a more accurate droplet solution is needed, then a distribution of
droplet sizes can be solved for, where the MVD of this distribution matches that of the cloud.

1. Create a new run in the project directory CFX_ICING by clicking the new run icon. Select the
DROP3D solver, and name it DROP3D_MVD.
2. Right-click the grid icon and select the Define option. Browse and select
naca0012_rough_001.res. Click Open. When the grid is loaded, the Grid converter dialog
window will open to prompt for the selection/verification of the boundary condition types. CFX
data fields will be converted to FENSAP standards.
Leave the rest as default and click Next. Another window will appear to double check the con-
version of datafields.
Use the default settings and click Next. Another window will appear to double-check the Ref-
erence conditions. The FENSAP-ICE converter will attempt to import reference conditions by
reading grid dimensions and boundary conditions from the CFX run.
Press OK. Another window will appear where the reference conditions can be modified if neces-
sary. In this case, the boundary conditions may not have been read precisely. Set the Reference
length to 0.5334, the Reference static temperature to 265.67 and the Reference velocity
to 102.8. During conversion, all reference conditions use the SI unit system.
Click Next. The next window will show details of the process for (soln, .hlux, and .surface
files). A .params file is created that converting the CFX .res file to FENSAP-ICE grid and
solution files (.soln, .hflux, and .surface files). A .params file is created that contains
the conversion settings.
Once complete, click Finish. The DROP3D run now has the FENSAP format grid and solution
files displayed with CFX overlay.
5. In the Conditions panel, the reference flow conditions imposed to the air solution (CFX) should
have been copied automatically into DROP3D. Verify that the following settings have been
copied correctly:
Characteristic Length 0.5334 m

Air Velocity 102.8 m/s
Air Static Pressure 101325 Pa
Air Static Temperature 265.67 K (-7.48 °C)
6. In addition to the flow conditions, the droplet reference conditions should also be set. Therefore,
set the Liquid Water Content (LWC) to 0.55 g/m3 and the Droplet diameter to 20 microns.
is set represents the MVD of the cloud.
For certification purposes, the Appendix C is available in FENSAP-ICE to pick the LWC and
droplet size based on the free stream temperature and cloud types. You can temporarily enable
Appendix C and click Configure to see the charts and experiment which MVD to get the
matching LWC. Once you are done, click Cancel and disable the appendix to return to the ori-
ginal settings.
type of simulations, useful for internal flows or for strong secondary flows. Leave it unchecked
now.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select Inlet_1000 and click the Import reference conditions
button to automatically set the Inlet conditions by using the droplets reference conditions and
the initial droplet velocity vector.
300.
tation using 4 CPUs, if possible.
reaches 300 iterations. In the Graphs panel, you can look at Average Residual, Total Beta
(Collection Efficiency), and Change in total Beta curves to monitor convergence.
Convergence of water catch is in general achieved when these curves level off at low values of
residual. Often the solution in the wake of the droplet flow is still converging while the impinge-
ment at the surfaces is fully converged. If you wish to converge the wake and the shadow zones
further, the Convergence level in the Advanced solver settings of the Solver panel should
be reduced. The droplet wake usually is not of interest and it is sufficient to achieve convergence
of the total beta alone. However, in some cases like turbomachinery computations, the wake
of one stage sets the inlet conditions of the next stage, therefore it is crucial to converge the
wake there as well.
13. To post process the results of this section, you can skip the next section and go directly to Post-
Processing Using Viewmerical (p. 79).

these distributions, you can consult the Advisory Circular, and also the book by Irving Langmuir,
The Collected Works of Irving Langmuir (New York, Pergamon Press, 1960).
Note:
ice shapes to those obtained in icing tunnels.
The most important reason for considering an analysis using a distribution is the presence of droplets
larger than the MVD in the distribution. These droplets impinge further back on the top and bottom
of the airfoil, creating a thin but rough layer of ice that can have adverse effect on aerodynamics
and control. In DROP3D, solutions for each droplet size of a given distribution are calculated separ-
ately. The final solution is then created as a composite of all solutions using weights on each droplet
size.
2. Drag & drop the blue config icon of DROP3D_ Lang_D onto the config icon of this new run.
curve.
5. Go to the Graphs panel to monitor the convergence of each run. Look at Average Residual,
Total Beta (Collection Efficiency), and Change in total Beta curves to ensure the simulation is
converged sufficiently for each run. You can also look at the log file of each run through the
Log panel.
2.3.2.3. Post-Processing Using Viewmerical

To ease post processing of FENSAP-ICE solution files, ANSYS distributes Viewmerical with the install-
cuts through the volumes, 2D graphs of variables, streamlines, etc. This tutorial will demonstrate
some basic features of Viewmerical by comparing the two droplet solutions obtained in the previous
sections. This tutorial also compares the airflow solutions obtained using CFX in Flow Solution on
the Clean NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 102) and Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 108) to
those obtained in In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 14).
to Settings → Preferences → Postprocessing → VIEWMERICAL. Click OK.
2. Back in the project window, right-click the solution icon droplet of the DROP3D_MVD run and
choose View with VIEWMERICAL. The program will launch and show an isometric display of
the entire grid showing the first solution field which is Droplet LWC.
You can also see the solution after launching the simulation, directly, by clicking the View
button at the bottom of the Graphs panel.
3. You can choose any field to display in the data list. Go to the Data tab and choose Droplet
LWC (kg/m3) to display LWC. Then change the color range to Spectrum 2 – 16.
left, and choosing Top (Z). Alternatively, you can left-click the Z axis itself.
5. Zoom in on the airfoil. You can use Ctrl + left-click to draw a zoom box, or scroll the mouse
wheel to zoom in and middle-click to pan.
Command window; then type BIGFONTS in the command line of the 3dview console and hit
Enter. The legend fonts now become bold.
7. Using the camera icon on the upper left corner, you can take a snapshot of the solution window
to capture the following image.
Figure 2.73: LWC over NACA0012 at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue
Region)
Examine the LWC distribution in the area close to the airfoil. The blue region is called the
shadow zone, where no droplets exist. In between the shadow zone and the free stream, there
are bands of high LWC concentrations which are the enrichment zones forming due to the
constriction of stream tubes in the continuum domain. These features can be of special interest
for aircraft components downstream.
8. Go to the Data tab and choose Collection efficiency-Droplet. Collection efficiency is only dis-
played on the walls of your geometry. Go to the Objects tab and uncheck BC_1000 and BC_4300
to display the collection efficiency distribution only on the walls (BC_2000, BC_2001, BC_2002,
and BC_2003).
Use the left mouse button to rotate, middle mouse button to pan, and right mouse button to
zoom into the airfoil surface to obtain following figure.
9. For a more in-depth quantitative view, it would be possible to create 2D data plots using
Viewmerical. Click the Query tab and enable 2D Plot.
Change the Cutting plane to Z and the horizontal axis to Y.
On the lower right corner of Viewmerical, you can directly modify data sets and solution fields.
Leave them as they are for now.
10. The color and thickness of the data curve displayed in the graph can be changed by left clicking
on the cube menu located on the top right and by choosing Curve Settings. Set the curve
color to red and the curve widths to 2 and press OK.
Finally, the following 2D plot is generated.
Monodisperse
The maximum beta occurs at the stagnation point, just below the leading edge in this case.
The points on the upper and lower surfaces where beta becomes zero are the impingement
limits. In rime icing cases, all the water that impinges is frozen instantly, therefore icing limits
are the same as impingement limits. In glaze icing, water can runback and freeze past the im-
pingement limits. Maximum beta is usually no more than 1.0, and reduces as the droplet flow
becomes tangent to the surface.
11. To save data points of this collection efficiency distribution, go to the cube menu on the top
right and choose Save one file. A new window appears to browse and name the file that should
contain these data points.
Close the Viewmerical window.
12. You can also open and compare several solution files using Viewmerical. Let’s display simultan-
eously all 7 droplet size solutions obtained in the DROP3D_Lang_D run.
Back in the project window, right-click the solution icon droplet of the DROP3D_Lang_D run,
choose View with VIEWMERICAL, and select the first solution Distribution.01/droplet; this
will open Viewmerical. Go back in the project window, right-click the droplet icon of the same
run, choose View with VIEWMERICAL, and choose Append to load the second solution Distri-
bution.02/droplet in the same Viewmerical window. Repeat this operation for all the available
solutions.
ciency-Droplet.
7 individual beta distributions. You can draw a zoom box by Shift + left-clicking. You can rename
the curves by double-clicking on the original name of each dataset in the Objects panel and
then by entering the new name in the window Rename dataset. In addition, you can change
the color and thickness of the data curve displayed in the graph via the cube menu on the top
right and by choosing Curve Settings.
Langmuir D
largest beta corresponds to the largest droplet size. Smallest droplets are less ballistic, tend to
follow the air flow and avoid the aircraft therefore reducing their collection efficiency and im-
pingement limits. Larger droplets are more ballistic and they do not tend to follow the airflow.
Therefore, their collection efficiency and impingement limits are usually higher than the smallest
and coverage.
Note:
smaller size droplets becomes negligible when compared to the largest droplets. As
a result, the composite solution can be very different from the solution of the MVD
itself. Therefore, it is important to perform initial calculations with Langmuir-D distri-
bution and compare the composite result to that of the MVD first. In cases where
the difference is small, the remaining calculations could be continued with MVD only.
14. To compare the composite result to that of the MVD, right-click the solution icon droplet of
the DROP3D_Lang_D run and choose View with VIEWMERICAL. Choose New Window and
select the composite droplet solution that is listed at the end of the drop-down menu. Go back
to the project window and right-click the solution icon droplet of the DROP3D_MVD run, and
Append.
Go to Data, click Shared, choose Collection efficiency-Droplet as the data field. Go to Query
tab, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z to display the two data sets. You can
name the curves by renaming the data sets in the Objects panel, and change the color and
thickness of the data curves using Curve Settings. The following figure shows the resultant 2D-
plots.
Figure 2.77: Comparison of Collection Efficiency on the Surface, Langmuir D vs.

Monodisperse
Load the largest and smallest droplet distribution solutions on a new Viewmerical window using
New Window and Append, and display their LWC side by side.
Click the first data set, largest droplet size, and choose Horizontal-Left under Split screen
menu.
Go to the Data tab, and click the lock icon next to Shared to apply any changes here to both
data sets. Keep LWC data field to display in the data list and change the color range to Spectrum
2 – 16. Align the view angle with the Z-symmetry plane and zoom in to capture the following
image.
but avoiding it while the largest droplets barely change their path and hit almost straight on,
leaving a larger shadow zone.
15. Now, let’s compare the CFX airflow results obtained on the clean airfoil, Flow Solution on the
Clean NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 102) and on the rough airfoil, Flow Solution on the Rough NACA0012
Airfoil (p. 108). Viewmerical only reads FENSAP format files, therefore comparisons will be done
using the CFX solution files converted in FENSAP format.
Right-click the airsol icon naca0012_rough.soln of the DROP3D_MVD run, select View with
Viewmerical, and choose New Window to display the airflow solution.
In the case of the clean airfoil solution, create a new DROP3D run and name it DROP3D_Clean.
Right-click the grid icon and select the Define option to browse and select
naca0012_clean_001.res, and then follow the same procedure used in step 2 of the
DROP3D Droplet Impingement on the NACA0012 (Starting from CFX Airflow) (p. 111), to convert
the CFX .res files into FENSAP-ICE grid and soln files. Once this is done, right-click the airsol
icon naca0012_clean_001.soln of this run and Append this solution in Viewmerical.
16. In the Objects panel of Viewmerical, rename the first dataset to CFX-rough and the second
dataset to CFX-clean. Go to Data panel, click Shared and choose Pressure as the data field.
2 individual pressure distributions. Change the color and thickness of the data curve using Curve
Settings. Set the first curve red and the second blue, and both curve widths to 2 and click OK.
You will see that the pressure of the rough solution is slightly higher on the suction side.
Figure 2.79: Comparison of Pressure Distributions on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA
of 4 Degrees, Rough vs. Clean Surface
17. On the lower right corner of your Viewmerical screen, you can modify to solution field. Change
Pressure to Classical heat flux to display the following image.
Figure 2.80: Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of
4 Degrees, Rough vs. Clean Surface
As shown in the figure above, applying roughness of 0.5 mm increases the heat fluxes. This in
turn will increase the ice accretion rate in ICE3D as cooling effects have increased. It is crucial
that the flow solution for icing is computed with roughness, otherwise the computed ice
thickness will be much smaller and a lot of runback will take place.

obtained at a temperature different than the intended icing temperature. In this manner, several icing
temperatures can be investigated using the same airflow solution.
1. In the main FENSAP-ICE window, select Settings → Units on the top left corner of the window
to open the Unit settings menu and change the Temperature units from Kelvin to Celsius.
ICE3D_m25.
3. Drag & drop the blue config icon of the DROP3D_Lang_D run onto the config icon of ICE3D.
This automatically copies the input parameters of DROP3D into ICE3D.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. The reference conditions set for the droplet (DROP3D) calculations
should have been automatically copied.
Keep the default density of ice at 917 kg/m3
11. Click Run to go to the Settings panel. Running on 1 or 2 CPUs should be appropriate in this case.
a while.
compared to one another. Make a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_m10.
17. Repeat steps 15 & 16, this time with an Icing air temperature value of -7.48 °C (265.67 K),
same as the reference flow solution. Name the new run ICE3D_m7p5.
20. Go to the Query panel and enable the 2D plot. Change the Cutting plane to Z and the horizontal
axis to X. All four data sets should be plotted in Geometry mode. Change the color and thickness
of the curves by right-clicking on the cube menu on the top right and then by choosing the Curve
Settings menu.
features are common in glaze icing conditions, induce flow separation and therefore dramatically
change the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.
To properly capture the shape of the horns, a multishot computation is recommended where the
grid, air and droplet solutions are updated at certain intervals.
The film height and extent grow with increasing icing temperatures. At -25 °C, all droplets freeze
upon impact and there is no water film and runback on the surface, producing a rime ice shape.
In the contrary, the amount of film and water runback of the other two cases clearly produce ice
horns and form glaze ice shapes.

computed on a fixed grid. At the end of each shot, a new mesh is produced to account for the addi-
tional ice deposition obtained during this shot and is used as the next fixed grid for the following
shot.
an empty area in the project window, clicking New run, and then choosing Sequence at the
bottom of the list. Press the Configure button.
2. The New sequence window will open which will list several options. Choose MULTI-CFX. A
multishot run with branches for CFX, drop, and ice should appear in the project window.
3. Right-click the grid icon and select Define. Browse and select naca0012_rough_001.res,
click Open. Since this CFX .res file and its respective data files have already been converted to
FENSAP-ICE format in Monodispersed Calculation (p. 111), the following window pops up. Press
Keep to assign the converted FENSAP grid and solution file to the current run. This will color the
gear icons of every separate run in blue.
4. Drag and drop the config icon of DROP3D_MVD run onto the drop config icon and the config
icon of ICE3D_m7p5 run onto the ice config icon. Press OK if FENSAP-ICE asks to overwrite the
configuration. You will run this analysis with monodispersed droplets to save some computational
time for this tutorial.
the beading model.
Note:
Double-click the config icon of ice. Activate the Beading option in the Model panel. The
6. In the ICE3D Solver tab, change the total time from 420 to 140 seconds, (1/3rd of the total time).
This will facilitate the setting of 3 multishots of equal length in the main configuration of the run.
clicking the Remove iteration button at the bottom, then add 3 iterations using the Add iteration
9. Click the Run button. Under Execution Settings, set the Number of CPUs to 4 for the flow, drop,
and grid displacement solvers and, under Solver settings, set the number of ICE3D CPUs to 4 for
the ice accretion solver. There is a restart option in case the multishot run gets cancelled due to
machine problems, insufficient disk space, power outage, etc. Click Start menu to begin the run.
Note:
When using CFXDROPICE for multishot simulations, the automatic grid displacement
will be performed by the CFX solver (instead of the FENSAP solver, as is used for
FENSAPDROPICE and FLUENTDROPICE multishot simulations). For this 2D simulation,
it has been noticed that the grid displacement can generate a very small number of
low quality elements if too many CPUs are used to displace the grid, potentially causing
the simulation to fail. Therefore, for this simulation, it is recommended using 4 CPUs.
and the surface grid gets coarser near the horn, the convergence of cfx will start to degrade,
which is normal.
merical window that displays the multishot ice shape is up, go back to the project window and
right-click the swimsol icon of the run ICE3D_m7p5. Choose View ICE and Append. Both grids
will now be loaded in the Viewmerical window, one being shaded and wireframe, the other in
smooth metallic mode. Click the lock icon at the lower right of the data set list in the Objects
window. Choose Shaded + Wireframe once again to apply it on the newly loaded data set. Turn
the view around and observe the differences in the ice shapes. You can align the view with the
Z plane by clicking on the Z axis at the lower left corner of the 3D view panel.
Note:
The multishot solution has the upper horn more pronounced, and the lower ice thickness
much higher due to increased roughness with time in this region.
13. You can produce a similar view with the 2D plot. Rename the data sets to Multi-shot and
The curves that have the -map suffix refer to the original surface and the curves that have the
-ice suffix refer to the final iced surface (at 420 s) in both data sets. Change the color and
thickness of the curves using Curve Settings menu. You can also draw a zoom box by Shift +
left-click.
Figure 2.85: Ice Shapes at -7.5 C, Obtained Using Single Shot and Multi-Shot Computations
2.3.5. Comparing In-Flight Icing Results of CFX and FENSAP

In this section, the results of In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within FENSAP-ICE (p. 101) (case 1) are compared
to the results of an in-flight icing tutorial that was ran using FENSAP with k-ω SST (case 2) as the
turbulence model. This hypothetical tutorial is identical to In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within FENSAP-
ICE (p. 14) and therefore share the same in-flight conditions as In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within
FENSAP-ICE (p. 101) with the exception that the turbulence model used is not the Spalart-Allmaras
model but the k-ω SST model and the Maximum number of time steps is 500 in order to make
proper comparisons between CFX and FENSAP numerical results.
The following figures show the differences between CFX and FENSAP results on the surface of a clean
and rough (with 0.5 mm sand-grain roughness) airfoil at an AoA of 4 degrees. The pressure coefficients
are very similar for both clean and rough airfoils. Classical heat flux and shear stress comparisons reveal
slight differences between CFX and FENSAP results for both clean and rough airfoils. Therefore, similar
ice shapes are expected.
Figure 2.86: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at
an AoA of 4 Degrees, CFX vs. FENSAP
Figure 2.87: Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil at
an AoA of 4 Degrees, CFX vs. FENSAP
Figure 2.88: Comparison of Shear Stress Magnitude on the Surface of a Clean and Rough Airfoil
at an AoA of 4 Degrees, CFX vs. FENSAP
The following figure compares the collection efficiency of case 1 and case 2. This figure shows minute
differences between droplet solutions.
Figure 2.89: Comparison of Collection Efficiency on a Rough Airfoil at the AoA of 4 Degrees,
Case1 vs. Case2
Comparisons between single-shot ice shapes confirm that CFX and FENSAP produce very similar ice
shapes. (See Figure 2.90: Comparison of Single-Shot Ice Shapes at Different Icing Temperatures, case1
vs. case2 (p. 141)). Comparisons of film thickness, ice accretion rate, and surface temperature, which
are the primitive variables of ICE3D reveal that the CFX settings of CFX Airflow on the NACA0012
Airfoil (p. 101) correctly capture the airflow behavior required for icing simulations using FENSAP-ICE.
(See Figure 2.91: Comparison of Film Thickness, Ice Accretion Rate, and Surface Temperature on the
Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2 (p. 141).
Figure 2.90: Comparison of Single-Shot Ice Shapes at Different Icing Temperatures, case1 vs.
case2
Figure 2.91: Comparison of Film Thickness, Ice Accretion Rate, and Surface Temperature on the
Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2
Figure 2.92: Comparison of Ice Accretion Rate on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs. case2
Figure 2.93: Comparison of Surface Temperature on the Surface of a Rough Airfoil, case1 vs.
case2
2.4. In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within Workbench

In this section you will set up an in-flight icing run using FENSAP within Workbench.
2.4.1. Installation of the FENSAP-ICE Plugin

1. Open Ansys Workbench.
2. Select Install Extensions under the Extensions menu bar. Select the FENSAPICE-WB.wbex file
located in your installation ../fensapice/workbench subdirectory. A dialog box should appear,
Select OK to confirm.
3. Select Manage Extensions under the Extensions menu. The Extension Manager will open, check
mark the FENSAP-ICE plugin and right-click to select Load as default. Close the Extension Manager.
In-Flight Icing Using FENSAP Within Workbench
4. You should now see the FENSAP-ICE analysis systems in the Toolbox window of Workbench, under
Analysis Systems.
5. You can now close the unsaved Workbench project.
2.4.2. Clean Droplet Study

This tutorial will allow you to setup a simple air-droplet analysis system over a clean NACA0012 airfoil
within Ansys Workbench. You will learn how to define a FENSAP clean air flow problem, combined
with a monodispersed droplet particle simulation in a single analysis system.
The NACA0012 airfoil grid consists of 114,700 nodes and 56,810 hexahedral elements, set up such
that the maximum Y+ is below 1 in the first layer. This mesh contains a single cell in the spanwise
direction with one side declared as periodic to the other. The chord length is 0.5334 meters (21 inches)
and the depth of elements along the span (Z-direction) is 0.1 meters. The mesh spacing can be con-
sidered medium, where the initial cell height is 2.5e-6 chords and the expansion ratio is 1.14 in the
normal direction to keep the number of nodes low.
2. Save the project as naca0012-fensap-ice in a preferred user path location.
3. Create a new Fluid Flow - Icing (FENSAP) analysis system by dragging and dropping onto the
Project Schematic window. Name the system as Clean-Drop.
4. Under the View menu, enable Properties
5. In Project Schematic, define the airflow problem by selecting the Setup Flow cell of system A
(cell A2).You can define many of the standard flow problems easily via the Properties window
on the right. Alternatively, you can double-click the Setup Flow cell to open the FENSAP graphical
window and set up the problem from there.
6. Under the Input files properties, set the input grid to: ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/Naca0012/FENSAP_WB/naca0012.grid.
Note:
If you want to store the file inside the project, then right-click the Setup Flow cell (A2),
and select Define from file... option. A message dialogue box will appear, giving you
a choice to save the file locally or preserve the file path. Select Yes to save the grid in
the project directory, or No to use the file path of its current location.
7. Under Model properties, keep the default settings.
8. Under Reference conditions and Initial conditions properties, enter as below. For the Boundary
conditions properties, keep the default settings.
9. Under Solver properties, set number of iterations to 300 and the CFL number to 50.
10. Double-click the Setup Flow cell to verify or add other settings
Note:
In general, you will not need to verify any boundary conditions under the Boundaries
panel, as step (8) above already does that for you. For this case, the following boundary
conditions are set:
• Click BC_1000, the Type is set to Supersonic or far-field. This is the default
Inlet Type.
• Click BC_2001, the Surface type is set to No-slip, with a specified temperature
on the wall. Specifying a surface temperature produces heat fluxes from the
airfoil surface to the air which will be used by ICE3D to calculate heat transfer
from the water and ice surface. The final surface temperature is calculated by
ICE3D, and the temperature set at this step is discarded. The value of the surface
temperature should be several degrees above the adiabatic stagnation temper-
ature in order to compute heat fluxes with the correct sign on the entire aircraft
surface. As a result, Adiabatic stagnation temperature + 10 should be assigned
as the surface temperature. Similarly, for the boundary conditions 2002, 2003
and 2004 the above should be assigned.
• The BC_4300 is the Z-symmetry plane that does not require any boundary
condition specifications.
11. Go to the Solver panel. Uncheck the Use variable relaxation option. Select the Streamline upwind
(SU) artificial viscosity scheme with Cross-wind dissipation set at 1e-9 and the order at 100%
Second order. These settings should be set to compute viscous forces and heating results with
great accuracy.
file. Compute the forces acting on the airfoil by selecting the option Drag based on inlet BC. In
this case, the drag direction matches the angle of attack imposed on the inlet BC_1000. Select
the positive Y as the lift direction.
calculations, the planform area should be accurately specified.
13. Click Save and Close the FENSAP graphical window.
14. Next, define the droplet problem by selecting the Setup Droplets cell of system A (Cell A4). You
can define many of the standard droplet problems easily via the Properties window on the right.
Alternatively, you can double-click the Setup Flow cell to open the DROP3D graphical window
and set up the problem there.
15. Under Model properties keep the default settings. For the Conditions properties, enter the fol-
lowing:
You will use a monodispersed droplet distribution. Only one droplet diameter will be considered
in this calculation. A Langmuir-D distribution will be analyzed in the next tutorial.
Note:
You can also enter a custom droplet distribution under Distribution by selecting
Other. This is useful to replicate recognized or measured droplet size distributions.
16. Under Solver properties, set number of iterations to 300.
17. Double-click the Setup Droplets cell to verify/add other settings.
18. Under the Conditions panel, activate Appendix C, under Choose Appendix, and click Configure
to open the Appendix C in graphical form. FENSAP-ICE offers you the ability to choose between
CM and IM conditions in order to automatically set the LWC corresponding to the input mean
droplet diameter. Corrections for cloud extends are also offered. Click Cancel and select Disabled
under Choose Appendix since you will not use these options in this tutorial.
19. Go to the Boundaries panel to set the boundary conditions. Click BC_1000 and click Import
reference conditions to automatically set the boundary conditions from the reference and initial
values.
20. Go to the Out panel. Save the flow solution at every 40 iterations by overwriting the solution file.
21. Click Save and Close the DROP3D graphical window.
22. At this point, you are ready to solve the airflow and droplet problem. Select the Solution Flow
cell of system A. In the Properties of Schematic, select 2 CPUs (or more if possible) under Run
settings. Allocate the same number of CPUs for the water droplet simulation, under the Solution
Droplets cell properties.
23. To launch the air-droplet analysis system, right-click Solution Droplets cell and select Update.
This will solve all the upstream components and the current cell.
24. Once launched, the FENSAP graphical window will open first. While running, you can monitor the
convergence of this calculation by going over the list of graphs in the Graphs panel. Similarly,
once the airflow solution is obtained, the DROP3D graphical window will open to monitor the
convergence of the simulation from the Graphs panel.
Note:
The graphical window of FENSAP-ICE will automatically open when the calculations
start and automatically close once the calculations are completed.
Tip:
You can view the convergence plots and logs at any time for all completed FENSAP-
ICE calculations by double-clicking any of the Solution (Flow/Droplets/Ice) cells.
The first graph in FENSAP is the average residual which shows the convergence of the flow
equations, and it is expected to reduce at least three orders of magnitude from its initial value
for a decent solution. Ideally it should reach 1e-15 (machine zero) for perfect convergence. Many
things affect the level of convergence, however, the quality and resolution of the mesh is a primary
factor. For example, a coarse boundary layer mesh will not be able to produce perfect convergence
since there is not enough resolution to properly capture the velocity profiles. Similarly, in 3D un-
structured grids, transitioning too soon to isotropic tetras above a fine boundary layer can also
affect convergence.
The lift and drag coefficient graphs will show the convergence of these global integral quantities.
They should level off as the solution reaches steady state. Mass inflow, outflow, and deficit graphs
show the evolution of total mass flow rates through inlets (negative) and exits (positive), and their
difference should be small (mass conservation). These quantities are computed every time the
solution is saved, as specified in the Out panel. Divergence of flow calculations (where residuals
keep increasing and reaching very high values) can frequently be attributed to improper specific-
ation of inlet and exit boundary conditions. In these situations, the mass flow graphs will show
amplifying oscillations.
GMRES - Navier-Stokes – Residual change graph shows the performance of the linear solver
convergence. The residual change should ideally be lower than 0.1. Small values (<0.5) mean that
the linear system is solved successfully; while a value of 1.0 means that the solution process is no
longer updating the results. This can happen if the CFL is too high, if the mesh quality is bad, or
if the boundary conditions are imposed incorrectly.
At convergence, the lift and drag coefficients read 0.46260 and 0.009587 respectively.
Figure 2.94: Convergence of Average Residual and Lift Coefficient
In the Graphs panel of DROP3D, look at Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in total Beta
curves. The main indication of droplets convergence is the flat-lining of the total beta curve, which
is a measure of the total collection efficiency. This can happen long before the residual reaches
its lowest value, since often the solution in the wake of the droplet flow is still converging while
the impingement at the surfaces is fully converged. If you wish to converge the wake and the
shadow zones further, the Convergence level in the Advanced solver settings of the Solver
panel should be reduced. The droplet wake is usually of less interest and it is sufficient to achieve
convergence of the total beta alone. However, in some cases, such as turbomachinery computations,
the wake of one stage defines the inlet conditions of the next stage, therefore it is crucial to
converge the wake.
25. Once the simulation has completed, the system should appear as below:
26. Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save the updates.
27. To view the convergence plots for FENSAP & DROP3D after the simulations are complete or at a
later time, one can double-click the Solution Flow & Solution Droplets cells respectively.
28. To quickly view the FENSAP air solution, right-click the Solution Flow cell and select View solution.
Similarly, to view the DROP3D droplet solution, right-click the Solution Droplets cell and select
View solution. In both cases, you will view the solution data in Viewmerical.
In Viewmerical, you can choose which data field to display in the Data panel, and choose a color
range. The figures below are created using the color scheme Spectrum 2 – 16.
Figure 2.96: Pressure (Left) and Mach Number (Right) on the NACA0012 - Angle of Attack of 4
Degrees
When viewing the DROP3D solution, LWC will be available for the whole domain while collection ef-
ficiency will only be displayed on the walls. Examine the LWC distribution in the area close to the
airfoil, as indicated in the figure below. The blue region is called the shadow zone, where no droplets
are present. In between the shadow zone and the free stream, there are bands of high LWC concen-
trations which are the enrichment zones formed due to the constriction of stream tubes in the con-
tinuum domain. These features can be of special interest for placement of aircraft components and
instruments, especially since components upstream can have a significant impact on downstream
located components.
Figure 2.97: LWC at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region)
Switch to collection efficiency in the data box, and plot the 2D curve against the Y axis in the Query
panel. The cutting plane should be Z. In this case, the maximum beta occurs at the stagnation point,
located just below the leading edge. The points on the upper and lower surfaces where beta becomes
zero are the impingement limits. In rime icing cases, all the impinging water freezes instantly, therefore
icing limits are the same as impingement limits. In glaze icing, water can runback and freeze past the
impingement limits. Maximum beta is usually no more than 1.0, and reduces as the droplet flow be-
comes tangent to the surface.
Figure 2.98: Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees
2.4.3. Rough Ice Study

In this tutorial, you will setup a simple air-ice analysis system over a rough NACA0012 airfoil within
Ansys Workbench. You will learn how to define a FENSAP rough air flow problem, along with the
Langmuir-D droplet particle distribution and icing setup in a single analysis system.
Ice forms surface roughness wherever it accretes. Roughness thickens the boundary layer, which in-
creases the momentum deficit and increases the profile drag. For an airfoil (or aircraft), for example,
these effects can be more profound on the upper (suction) surface which result in reduction of the
overall lift and significantly increases the convective heat losses (i.e. promoting further cooling effects).
Therefore, surface roughness (created by the ice formation), not only has a negative impact on aero-
dynamic penalties but it also further aggravates the ice accretion behaviour. It is therefore essential
to account for the roughness generated by the ice during airflow calculations to guarantee a realistic
viscous airflow solution (e.g. convective heat fluxes, shear stresses, and boundary layer effects etc.)
and ice shapes.
The micro scale roughness of the ice surface is modeled in FENSAP by means of turbulence modeling.
Both Spalart-Allmaras and k-omega models can emulate the effect of sand-grain roughness by
modifying their boundary conditions and eventually increasing the intensity of the eddy (turbulent)
viscosity in the boundary layer. The micro-scale sand-grain roughness is in the range of 0.1 ~ 3.0 mm.
It can be specified as a constant value on all walls, as a constant value for each wall, or as a distribution
via an additional roughness input file. Its value greatly influences the final ice shape; therefore it must
be chosen appropriately. There are several empirical methods for choosing a proper roughness value,
some of which are provided as options in FENSAP-ICE. For more details on surface roughness, consult
Surface Roughness in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
1. Create a new Fluid Flow - Icing (FENSAP) analysis system on the Project Schematic window.
This can be easily done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Clean-Drop system, by clicking
on the reverse triangle in system A, then select Duplicate. Rename to Rough-Ice.
2. Define the airflow problem by selecting the Setup Flow cell of System B. You could easily setup
many of the standard flow parameters via the Properties window on the right. Alternatively,
double-clicking the Setup Flow cell opens the FENSAP graphical window. You could also set up
the problem in this manner.
3. Specify sand grain roughness of 0.5mm inside the Model properties of cell B2. This value has
been determined to be a good setting for many icing calculations. Alternatively, the proprietary
ice roughness computation model (beading model) of FENSAP-ICE can be used to compute the
ice roughness distribution over the airfoil as it changes in time. Refer to Multishot Ice Accretion
with Automatic Mesh Displacement (p. 46). For now, the classical approach of specifying a uniform
roughness on the airfoil is shown below:
Note:
Since system B is a duplicate of system A, all airflow and water droplet properties of
system A are preserved in the Setup Flow and Setup Droplets cells of system B.
4. Now define the droplet problem by selecting the Setup Droplets cell of System B.
5. Under Conditions properties, set the Distribution to Langmuir-D.
6. Double-click the Setup Droplets cell and go to the Conditions panel. Click the View distribution
button in the Droplets reference conditions section.
The droplet diameters are on the horizontal axis, and the weights (the percentage of droplets of
a given diameter contained in the cloud) are on the vertical axis. The individual weights are shown
with the blue curve, and the overall sum is shown with the red curve. On the red curve, the data
points are plotted at the mid-range of their weights, such that the 20 microns, which happens to
be the MVD, appears at 50% and covers the range between 35% to 65% (weight of 30%). The last
diameter appears at 97.5%, covering the range between 95% to 100%, etc.
8. Next, set up the icing problem. Click Setup Ice inside system B. You can define many of the
standard icing parameters easily via the Properties window on the right. Alternatively, double-
clicking the Setup Ice cell opens the ICE3D graphical window, allowing you to set up the problem
there.
9. Enter the following for the Model, Conditions & Solver properties of cell B6.
The surface recovery temperature is computed by ICE3D assuming a recovery factor of 0.9, which
is an experimentally determined value. This temperature is set on the dry sections of the surface.
The Ice/water film surface temperatures will be computed by the SWIM model of ICE3D.
10. Double-click the Setup Ice cell, to verify/add other settings.
There is nothing to set in the Boundaries panel in general, unless icing is to be turned off on
certain walls or sink boundaries are to be declared. Examine the options available in this panel
without performing any changes.
In the Solver panel, Automatic time step option is checked. ICE3D is a time-accurate explicit
time marching code where the stability of the solution strongly depends on the value of the time
step. Automatic time stepping option calculates the optimal stable time step at every iteration,
which can change greatly depending on the size of the geometry and the mesh density. If the
time step is specified by the user, you should reduce it with mesh size. For example, in turboma-
chinery applications, the time step may go as low as 1e-5 seconds while in external icing cases it
can be in the order of 0.01s.
11. No additional settings are needed. Click Save and Close the ICE3D graphical window.
12. At this point, you are ready to solve the airflow, droplet and icing problem. Click Save Project
from the main Workbench menu before launching any runs. Select the Solution Flow cell. In the
Properties of Project Schematic, select 2 CPUs (or more if possible) under Run settings. Repeat
this for Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells.
13. To launch the runs, right-click Results cell and select Update. This will solve all the upstream
components and the current cell.
14. Once launched, the FENSAP graphical window will open so that you can view the Graphs panel
to monitor the convergence. Later, once the FENSAP flow solver has completed, the DROP3D
graphical window will open to allow you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel. Fi-
nally, when the droplet simulation is complete, the ICE3D graphical window will open, to allow
you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel.
At convergence, the lift and drag coefficients read 0.4270 and 0.01968 respectively. That is a 7.7%
loss in lift and a 105.3% increase in drag when compared to the clean results in Clean Droplet
Study (p. 143). The increase in drag is high in this case, partly because the roughness height is
significant for this size of airfoil (0.5334 m chord) and because all the surface walls are modeled
as rough. In general, only the leading edge accretes ice. For icing calculations, the flow solution
should be computed with roughness set everywhere since there is no knowledge of droplet im-
pingement and icing limits a priori.
Figure 2.99: Convergence of Average Residual and the Total Heat Flux
15. Once the simulation has completed, system B should appear as below:
17. To monitor the convergence plots for FENSAP, DROP3D & ICE3D after the simulations are done
or at a later time, one can double-click the Solution Flow, Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells
respectively.
Similarly, to view the DROP3D droplet & ICE3D ice solutions, right-click the Solution Droplets
and/or Solution Ice cell and select View solution. In all cases, you will view the solution data in
Viewmerical. Before continuing to the next step, see Post-Processing Multiple Solutions with
Viewmerical in Workbench (p. 157).
19. To view the final ice shape, one can right-click Solution Ice and select View ice. You can change
the Metallic + Smooth visualization option to other choices in the Object toolbox under the
Objects panel to view in the wireframe mode. In the Data panel, you can adjust the ice display
threshold levels based on ice growth to hide display errors due to overlapping iced and clean
surfaces.
20. A good practice is to look through the log output of ICE3D (Log panel) by double-clicking the
Solution Ice cell to open the ICE3D graphical window. The accumulated time, value of the time
step, total impingement, film, and mass of ice are printed at selected iterations. Heat flux and ice
mass per wall boundary condition are listed in the subsequent two tables. Finally, energy and
mass conservation tables are also printed. Most of the items in these tables are self-explanatory
except perhaps mass of clipped film and runback flux. Clipped film refers to any film that is removed
by sink boundaries and on certain nodes which collect and shed water (trailing edges, wing and
blade tips, etc.). Runback flux (mass of exit film minus the mass of inlet film) is the sum of all
edge fluxes in the domain which will be equal to the film removed by sink boundaries, or close
to zero otherwise to confirm mass of water film conservation.
21. Next, under the Graphs panel of ICE3D, cycle through the graphical plots. You can visualize the
ice growth with time, and change in film height and wall temperature. Since the input flow and
ice accretion rate, film height, and wall temperature do not change after a while (only true for
single shot computations).
2.4.4. Post-Processing Multiple Solutions with Viewmerical in Workbench

To compare airflow solutions between Clean-Drop and Rough-Ice FENSAP-ICE analysis systems, you
will be using Viewmerical.
1. To quickly view the FENSAP air solution of system A (Clean-Drop), right-click the Solution Flow
cell (A3) and select View solution. Viewmerical will open the grid and load the airflow solution
of system A.
2. Load the second FENSAP air solution of system B (Rough-Ice), from the Viewmerical graphical
window, by clicking .
3. The Open files dialog box will open where you will define the path of the grid and solution files.
4. Choose ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/Naca0012/FENSAP_WB/naca0012.grid for the grid file. Select the solution file
located in ../naca0012-fensap-ice_files/dp0/ICING_FENSAP-
1/ACT/run_FENSAP/soln and select Load.
5. From here on, follow the steps shown in Post-Processing Two Solutions with Viewmerical (p. 22)
to generate the figures shown below:
Figure 2.102: Velocity Magnitude Contours Comparison between Clean and Rough Air
solutions
Note:
Figure 2.103: Pressure Coefficient 2D Plot Comparison Between Clean and Rough Air Solutions
Figure 2.104: Classical Heat Flux 2D Plot Comparison Between Clean and Rough Air Solutions
Applying a roughness of 0.5 mm increases the convective heat fluxes. This in turn will increase the
ice accretion rate in ICE3D. It is crucial that the flow solution for icing is computed with roughness,
otherwise the computed ice thickness will be lower and a lot of runback will take place.
Similarly, you can compare droplet solutions for all the 7 droplet sizes (Langmuir-D distribution) in
the Rough-Ice FENSAP-ICE analysis system (system B), using Viewmerical.
1. To view all 7 droplet size solutions of system B (Rough-Ice) simultaneously in Viewmerical, double-
click the Solution Droplets cell (B5) to open the DROP3D graphical window. Click the View
button under the Graphs panel and choose the first solution Distribution.01/droplet, this will
open Viewmerical. Go back to the DROP3D graphical window and click the View button again
and choose Append to load the second solution Distribution.02/droplet in the same Viewmer-
ical window. Repeat this operation for all the available solutions.
2. Once all the 7 droplet solutions are loaded, go to the Data panel inside Viewmerical and click
Shared. Switch the data field to Collection Efficiency-Droplet. Go to Query panel, enable 2D
plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. The graph should display the 7 individual beta distribu-
tions. You can draw a zoom box by Shift + left-click, and you can also rename the curves by re-
naming the original data set names in the Objects panel.
Figure 2.105: 7 Droplet Sizes 2D Plot Collection Efficiency Comparisons
The curve with the lowest beta corresponds to the smallest droplet size, and the curve with the largest
beta corresponds to the largest droplet size. In general, small-sized droplets are less ballistic, are en-
trained with the airflow and therefore would tend to avoid the oncoming aircraft, which in turn would
translate into reduced collection efficiencies. Larger droplets, on the other hand, tend to be more
ballistic in nature, therefore increasing the collection efficiency on the aircraft components. The im-
pingement limits also increase significantly with droplet size. Consequently, accurate prediction of
the impingement limits is crucial in the design of an Ice Protection System (IPS).
The separation between the beta curves of different droplet sizes become more pronounced as the
aircraft surface size increases. The effect can be dramatic on large blunt surfaces like fuselage noses
or radomes where the contribution from the smaller size droplets can be negligible if compared to
the largest ones. As a result, the composite solution can be very different from the solution of the
MVD itself. Therefore, it is important to perform initial calculations using a droplet size distribution
and compare the composite result of this distribution to that of the droplet size that represents the
MVD. In cases where the difference is small, the remaining calculations could be continued with the
droplet size of the MVD.
Do the following to compare two droplet solutions (MVD and Langmuir-D composite droplet for in-
stance) using Viewmerical. In the Rough-Ice FENSAP-ICE analysis system (system B):
1. Click the View button again inside the DROP3D graphical window. This time, select New Window
in the Information Dialogue box that opens. Next, load the composite droplet solution that is
listed at the end of the drop-down menu. Click the View again, and select Append in the Inform-
ation Dialogue box that opens and choose Distribution.04/droplet (for example, MVD droplet
size) in the drop-down menu).
2. Inside Viewmerical, under the Data panel, click Shared, choose Collection efficiency as the data
field, and under the Query panel in 2D plot, display the two data sets using the Z Cutting plane.
You can name the curves by renaming the data sets in the Objects panel.
Figure 2.106: Collection Efficiency 2D Plot Comparisons Between MVD and Composite Droplets
The composite solution is fairly close to that of the MVD. The impingement limits of the composite
solution will always be further back due to the inclusion of larger droplets in the distribution. The
maximum beta of the composite is lower than the MVD here, which is not always the case. Based on
the size and shape of the impingement surface, the composite solution can have a maximum beta
that is several times higher than the MVD. In this case, however, the results of the MVD and the dis-
tribution are close.
To compare two droplet solutions (smallest and largest droplet in Langmuir-D), in the Rough-Ice
FENSAP-ICE analysis system (system B), using Viewmerical:
1. Load the largest and smallest droplet solutions on a new Viewmerical graphical window using
New Window and Append, and display them side by side showing the LWC using the procedure
learned in Post-Processing Two Solutions with Viewmerical (p. 22).
while the largest droplets barely change their path and hit almost straight on, creating a larger
shadow zone.
Note:
All solutions (air, droplet and ice) can also be post processed in Ansys CFD-Post from
the Results cell. To see how this can be done, see Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS
CFD-Post in Workbench (p. 185).
2.4.5. Icing Temperature Analysis for Design/Certification

at different icing temperatures within Ansys Workbench. Icing temperature refers to the free stream
air temperature at which the icing is to be computed, and in ICE3D it can be different than what’s
used for the air flow free stream temperature. Indeed, the formulation of the heat fluxes in ICE3D allows
to use an air solution obtained at a temperature different than the intended icing temperature. This
makes things easy as it requires only one air solution to compute ice shapes for a range of several
free stream (icing) temperatures. You will learn how to define parametrization in a single FENSAP-ICE
icing analysis system.
This can easily be done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Rough-Ice system, by clicking
on the reverse triangle in system B, then selecting Duplicate. Rename to Rough-Ice-Design.
This is how system C should appear:
2. To allow for different icing temperature design points, define the Conditions properties of cell
C6 as follows:
By controlling the icing temperature (for example within a given icing flight envelope), you are
able to quickly explore other adverse icing scenarios and analyze the worst cases based on ice
shape and ice thickness. In addition, depending on the aircraft design component and the certi-
fication requirements, a user is able to meet those requirements in a quick and efficient manner.
3. For certain parts of the aircraft (engine intake as an example), you might need to know how the
icing temperature influences the mass of ice accreted. This can easily be done by defining the
Output parameters properties of cell C7 as follows:
The final system setup should appear like this:
4. To add the new icing temperature design points, double-click the Parameter Set cell and add
the new icing temperatures under column B of the Table of Design Points. Ensure you check
the box under the Retain Column for all design points. The design points table should look like
this at the end of your setup:
6. To launch all the design points, click Update All Design Points from the Toolbar menu of
Workbench.
7. Once the simulations are complete, the design points table and system should appear in this
manner:
Right-click the Results cell (C9) cell and select Update. This will update the DP0 files. Click Save
Project from the main Workbench menu to save the updates.
For the 3 icing temperature design points, the Table of Design Points shows the total mass of
ice accreted on the NACA0012 airfoil surface.
Viewmerical.
9. Since there are 3 separate ice solutions for the 3 design points, you can individually view each
one. To view a specific design point solution, for example DP1, right-click DP1 inside the Table
of Design Points, and select as Set as Current. Then go back to the Project Schematic window,
and right-click the Solution Ice cell (C7) cell and select View solution or View ice. Right-click the
Results cell (C9) cell and select Update. Repeat the process for DP0 and DP2.
10. Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save all the updates.
11. Compare the 3 different ice shapes in the Rough-Ice-Design FENSAP-ICE analysis system (system
C), using Viewmerical.
12. Set DP0 as Current. To quickly view the design point 0 ice shape of system C (Rough-Ice-Design),
right-click the Solution Ice cell (C7) and select View ice. Viewmerical will open with the ice grid
and solution files loaded.
13. Load the design point 1 (DP1) ice shape of system C (Rough-Ice-Design), from the Viewmerical
graphical window, by clicking in the Objects panel.
14. The Open files dialog box will open where you will define the path of the grid file.
15. Choose ../naca0012-fensap-ice_files/dp1/ICING_FENSAP-

2/ACT/run_ICE/ice.grid for the grid file and select Load.
16. Repeat steps 13-14 for design point 2 (DP 2) ice shape of system C (Rough-Ice-Design).

2/ACT/run_ICE/ice.grid for the grid file and select Load.
18. Once all the 3 ice shapes are loaded, go to the Objects panel inside Viewmerical and click Shared
. Go to Query panel, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. Switch the Mode to
Geometry. The graph should display the 3 individual ice shape profiles. You can draw a zoom
box by Shift + left-click, and you can rename the curves by renaming the original data set names
in the Objects panel.
At -25 °C (248.15 K), the convective heat fluxes are high such that all droplets freeze almost instantly,
producing a rime shape. Rime ice generally resembles the original airfoil profile and can be con-
sidered somewhat aerodynamic. As the icing temperature increases, more water runs back away
from the stagnation zone and freeze where cooling effects are higher. This mechanism initiates
the growth of ice horns on the upper and lower sides which makes glaze ice very dangerous from
the aerodynamic point of view. With a single shot computation like this one, the horns will not
be as apparent. Therefore, a Multishot computation is recommended for glaze ice shapes where
the grid, air and droplet solutions are updated at certain intervals.
19. Finally, you will compare the film heights of the 3 solutions. To do this, right-click DP0 inside the
Table of Design Points, and select Set as Current. Then go back to the Project Schematic window,
and right-click the Solution Ice (C7) cell and select View solution. Viewmerical will open with
the map.grid and swimsol files of design point 0 (DP 0).
20. Load the design point 1 (DP 1) ice solution of system C (Rough-Ice-Design), from the Viewmerical
21. The Open files dialog box will open where you will define the path of the map.grid and swimsol
files.

2/ACT/run_ICE/map.grid for the grid file and ../naca0012-fensap-
ice_files/dp1/ICING_FENSAP-2/ACT/run_ICE/swimsol for the solution file. Select
Load.
23. Repeat steps 20-21 for design point 2 (DP2) ice solution of system C (Rough-Ice-Design).

2/ACT/run_ICE/map.grid for the grid file and ../naca0012-fensap-
ice_files/dp2/ICING_FENSAP-2/ACT/run_ICE/swimsol for the solution file. Select
Load.
25. Once all the 3 ice solutions are loaded, go to the Objects panel inside Viewmerical and click
Shared . In the Objects panel, rename the data sets (by double-clicking on each) to -25C,
-10C, and -7.5C.
26. In the Data panel, choose Film Thickness as the data field.
27. Go to Query panel, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. The graph should display
the 3 individual film height profiles. You can draw a zoom box by Shift + left-click, and you can
change the curve colors and thickness using the Curve Settings by clicking on the top right.
The water film height and its extent grow with increasing icing temperatures. Although the coldest
design point has a small film region at the stagnation zone, the water film height is too low to
be considered as a glaze ice shape. The other two design points are considered glaze ice shapes
with non-zero film present over the ice surface.

As ice grows, the surrounding aerodynamics change, affecting the air flow (shear stresses and heat
fluxes consequently) and the droplet impingement profile. Therefore, it is highly recommended that
ice shapes are computed using a quasi-steady multishot approach. In this approach, the total time
of ice accretion is divided into smaller intervals, and the grid, airflow, and droplet impingement
solutions are updated after each interval. This not only accounts for the change in the aerodynamics,
but also updates the geometry of the surfaces to better account for the total mass of impinging
droplets.
where the ice surface given by ICE3D is used to displace the boundary and volume mesh for air and
droplet flow computations. This process keeps the number of nodes constant. As the ice shape grows,
the total area covered by the boundary mesh increases which changes the size and the aspect ratio
of the elements near the ice. This may result in a less than optimal grid spacing if the initial (unde-
formed) mesh is not fine enough. For complex ice shapes, manual remeshing, outside of FENSAP-ICE,
may be required in order to continue the multishot process.
This tutorial will allow you to set up a simple multishot icing system for a NACA0012 airfoil within
Ansys Workbench. You will learn how to define a FENSAP rough (with beading) air flow problem, to-
gether with a monodispersed droplet particle distribution and icing simulation using different mul-
ticomponent-analysis systems.
This can easily be done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Rough-Ice system, by clicking
on the reverse triangle in system B, then select Duplicate. Rename to Multishot-Ice.
2. Right-click the Setup Flow cell (D2) and select Reset. This will ensure no old files (from the Du-
plicate step in (1)) remain in the current system directory (ICING_FENSAP-4).
3. Double-click the Setup Flow cell of D and go to the Boundaries panel to set the boundary con-
ditions.
Click BC_2001. Set Surface type to No-slip, with a specified temperature on the wall. Specifying
a surface temperature produces convective heat fluxes over the airfoil surface which will be used
by ICE3D. The final surface temperature is calculated by ICE3D, and the temperature set at this
step is discarded. The value of the surface temperature should be several degrees above the
adiabatic stagnation temperature in order to compute heat fluxes with the correct sign on the
entire aircraft surface. For convenience, right-click in the Temperature box, choose Copy from…
and Adiabatic stagnation temperature + 10 to assign the surface temperature.
Repeat this step for the boundary conditions 2002, 2003 and 2004.
file.
Compute the forces acting on the airfoil by selecting the option Drag based on inlet BC. In this
case, the drag direction matches the angle of attack imposed on the inlet BC_1000. Select the
positive Y as the lift direction.
calculations, the planform area should be accurately specified. The lift and drag forces will be
updated by FENSAP in the flow solution writing step at every 20 iterations.
5. Right-click the Setup Flow cell of D and select Update to update the Setup Flow cell inputs.
6. Click Save and Close the FENSAP graphical window.
7. Click Setup Droplets cell and change the Distribution to Monodispersed.
8. Double-click the Setup Droplets cell. Go to the Out panel. Save the droplet solution at every 40
iterations by overwriting the solution file.
10. An additional setting is introduced here to compute surface roughness by ICE3D instead of using
a constant roughness of 0.5 mm for the entire simulation. ICE3D can compute the evolution of
the ice surface roughness in time using the beading model of FENSAP-ICE. At the end of each
shot, ICE3D produces a roughness distribution file that can be used by the flow solver at the next
shot. This approach removes empiricism in the specification of surface roughness. The first shot
always needs some initial roughness since ICE3D was not run a priori. However, the remaining
shots will use the distribution obtained from the beading model. Alternatively, the first several
shots could be done for small time intervals where the roughness can be allowed to grow from
0 to a reasonable level, removing the need to specify an initial roughness completely. Click the
Setup Ice cell, and under Beading in the Properties of Project Schematic window, select Activ-
ated. Change the Total icing time to 140 seconds under the Solver properties.
11. At this point, you are ready to solve the flow, droplet and icing problem. Select the Solution Flow
cell. In the Properties of Project Schematic, select 4 CPUs (or more if possible) under Run settings.
Repeat this for the Solution Droplets and Solution Ice cells.
12. This completes the setup for the 1st shot icing calculation. Click Save Project from the main
Workbench menu to save all the updates.
This can easily be done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Multishot-Ice system, by
clicking on the reverse triangle in system D, then select Duplicate. Rename this system to
Multishot-Ice-2.
14. Drag and drop the Displaced grid cell (D8) of system D onto the Setup Flow cell (E2) to link the
new displaced grid of shot 1 to the FENSAP flow solver.
15. Click the Setup Flow cell (E2). Under the Input files properties, change the Input mode to
Workbench connection and select Enabled for the Restart from input option. Right-click the
Setup Flow cell (E2) and select Update to update the restart files and setup inside the FENSAP
flow solver. The Input files in the Properties of Project Schematic window should appear as
follows:
16. For the final shot, repeat steps 12-14, ensuring that the name of the new Fluid Flow - Icing
(FENSAP) system is Multishot-Ice-3.
17. This completes the setup for the 420 seconds 3-shot icing calculation. Each shot computes ice
accretion for 140 seconds. Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save all the
updates.
18. To launch all the runs at once, right-click the Results cell (F9) and select Update. This will solve
all the upstream components and update the current cell.
19. Once launched, for each Fluid Flow - Icing analysis system, the FENSAP graphical window will
open so that you can view the Graphs panel to monitor the convergence. Later, once the FENSAP
flow solver has completed, the DROP3D graphical window will open to allow you to monitor the
convergence from the Graphs panel. Finally, when the droplet simulation is complete, the ICE3D
graphical window will open to allow you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel.
20. To monitor the convergence plots for FENSAP, DROP3D & ICE3D after the simulations are done
or at a later time, for any of the Icing analysis systems, one can double-click the Solution Flow,
Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
and/or Solution Ice cell and select View solution. This can be done for any of the icing analysis
systems. To view the ice shape of any of the shots, right-click the Solution Ice cell and select
View ice. In all the above cases, you will view the solution data in Viewmerical.
22. The final workflow of the multishot icing with FENSAP, when completed, should appear as shown
below:
23. To view the final ice shape at the end of the third shot, one can right-click the Solution Ice cell
(E7) and select View ice. This loads Viewmerical. Under the Data panel. Choose Ice cover (only)
for the Display mode.
Load the original clean geometry map.grid of Multishot-Ice (system D) from the Viewmerical
graphical window, by clicking in the Objects panel to generate the figure below:
Figure 2.110: Ice View in VIEWMERICAL, Showing Shaded + Wireframe - Final Ice Shape (3rd
Shot)
24. Finally, you will compare the ice shape of the multishot icing analysis to that of the single shot
icing analysis. From the Viewmerical graphical window displaying the multishot ice shape, load
the second single shot ice shape ice.grid from Rough-Ice (system B), by clicking in the Objects
panel. Rotate the view and observe the differences in the ice shapes. You can align the view with
the Z plane by clicking the Z axis at the lower left corner of the 3D view panel.
Note:
Notice that the multishot solution has a more pronounced upper horn, and that
its lower horn is thicker as a result of a larger surface roughness in this region.
- Graphical Window View
25. You can produce a similar view with 2D plot. To do this, go to the Object panel inside Viewmer-
ical and click Shared . Rename the ice.grid and map.grid data-sets to Multishot, Single-
shot and NACA0012 in the Objects panel, then enable 2D plot in the Query panel. Switch the
Cutting plane to Z, and the horizontal axis to X. The curve that has the -map suffix refers to the
original surface of the final ice shot and can be deselected by clicking on its legend.
2.5. In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within Workbench

In this section you will set up an in-flight icing run using CFX within Workbench.
In-Flight Icing Using CFX Within Workbench
2.5.1. Rime Ice Study

1. Open Ansys Workbench
2. Save the project as naca0012-cfx-ice in a preferred user path location.
3. Create a new CFX component system by dragging and dropping the CFX Component Systems
on the Project Schematic window. Name the system as Clean-Air-CFX.
4. Import a previously saved CFX simulation file. Right-click the Setup cell (A2) and select Import
Case → Browse.... Choose and select ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/Naca0012/CFX_WB/Clean-Air-CFX.cfx
5. If not enabled already, under the View Workbench menu, enable Properties.
6. Double-click the Setup cell to verify/add other settings inside the CFX-Pre Solver. For general
icing calculations, the following CFX settings are recommended:
Note:
For further details on CFX, consult the CFX-Pre User's Guide.
Table 2.1: Typical CFX Setup for General Icing Farfield Scenarios
Simulation → Flow Analysis → Domain

Basic Settings Air Ideal Gas, Reference Pressure to 101325
Pa (Farfield Pressure)
Fluid Models Heat Transfer: Total Energy and Incl.
Viscous Work Term.
Turbulence: Shear Stress Transport and

Blended Near Wall Treatment (Beta).
(If the beta options are not visible, in the

top menu bar, go to Edit, and select Op-
tions.
In CFX-Pre → General → Beta Options

→ Physics Beta Features, click to Enable
Beta Features)
Exit Basic Settings: Boundary Type to Out-
let.
Boundary Details:
• Flow Regime to Subsonic.
• Mass and Momentum Option to

Static Pressure with Relative Pressure
to 0 Pa
Or
Basic Settings: Opening.
Boundary Details:
• Mass and Momentum Option to En-

trainment with Relative Pressure to
0 Pa.
• Pressure Option to Static Pressure

and Heat Transfer to Static Temperat-
ure (265.67 K).
Inlet Basic Settings: Boundary Type to Inlet.
Boundary Details:
• Mass and Momentum Option to Cart.

Vel. Components with [U,V,W] of
[102.549584367, 7.1709655009,
0]m/s.
• Turbulence Option to Intensity and

Eddy Viscosity Ratio with Fractional
Intensity of 0.0008 and an Eddy
Viscosity Ratio of 1e-5.
• Heat Transfer Option to Static Tem-

perature and its value to 265.67 K.
Wall Basic Settings: Boundary Type to Wall.
Boundary Details:
• Mass and Momentum to No Slip Wall.
• Wall Roughness to Smooth Wall.
• Heat Transfer to Temperature with

Fixed Temperature of
280.929174208 K (adiabatic
temperature + 10K). This value is
needed in ICE3D.
Simulation → Flow Analysis → Solver
Solver Control Basic Settings:
• Advection Scheme and Turbulence

Numerics to High Resolution.
• Timescale Control to Local Timescale

Factor and the Timescale Factor to
2.0.
• Convergence Criteria Residual Type

to RMS with a Residual Target of 1e-
20.
Simulation → Materials
Basic Settings • Pure Substance.
• Material Group to Air Data,Calorically

Perfect Ideal Gases.
• Thermodynamic State to Gas and

enable Material Description / Air Ideal
Gas (constant Cp).
Material Properties • Option = General Material.
• Equation of State to Ideal Gas. Molar

Mass = 28.96 kg/kmol
• Specific Heat Capacity = 1004.6882

J/kg/K
• Transport Properties:
– Dynamic Viscosity =
0.16801754e-4 kg/m/s
– Thermal Conductivity =
0.023439363 W/m/K
Simulation Control
Execution Control Double Precision
Note:
These values match the previous FENSAP tutorial, Clean Droplet Study (p. 143), and
follow Sutherland’s law presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual. Thermal con-
ductivity and viscosity equations used in FENSAP and presented in the FENSAP-
ICE User Manual are as follows:
where T∞ refers to the ambient air static temperature, C1, Tref and µref are respect-
ively equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K3/2, 288 K and 17.9*10-6 Pa s.
7. Double-click the Solution cell, to define run settings. Check the box for Double Precision.
Set the Run Mode to Intel MPI Local Parallel and number of Partitions (CPU) to 4 (or more
if possible). Select Save Settings and close the CFX-Solver Manager.
8. Create a new Fluid Flow - Icing (CFX) analysis system by dragging and dropping on the
Project Schematic window. Name the system as Rime-Ice-CFX.
9. Drag and drop the Solution cell of A to Airflow cell of B. Right-click the Airflow cell of B
and select Update to launch CFX and update the Airflow cell inputs.
10. To quickly view the CFX air solution using Viewmerical, right-click the Airflow cell of system
B and select View solution.
Note:
For this tutorial, you will be using Ansys CFD-Post to view and post process the
air solution. See Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS CFD-Post in Work-
bench (p. 185).
11. To check convergence of the CFX-Solver, right-click the Solution cell of system A and select
Display Monitors.
Figure 2.113: Average Residuals Monitors
12. Set up the droplets problem by following steps 14-21 (excluding 19) in Clean Droplet
Study (p. 143).
13. Next, set up the icing problem. Click Setup Ice inside system B. You could define many of
the standard icing problems setup easily via the Properties window on the right. Alternatively,
double-clicking the Setup Ice cell opens the ICE3D graphical window, allowing you to set
up the problem there. Both methods will be shown in this tutorial.
Notice that the icing temperature has been modified to a lower icing temperature, where
rime ice is expected. To do this, select Custom under Icing temperature, and enter 248.15
K for Icing Air Temperature, inside the properties panel of the Setup Ice cell.
15. Double-click the Setup Ice cell to verify/add other settings. No additional settings are needed,
Click Save and Close the ICE3D graphical window.
16. At this point, you are ready to solve the droplet and icing problem. Click Save Project
from the main Workbench menu before launching any runs. Select the Solution Droplets
cell. In the Properties of Project Schematic, select 4 CPUs (or more if possible) under Run
settings. Repeat for the Solution Ice cell.
17. To launch the runs, right-click the Results cell and select Update. This will solve all the up-
stream components and update the current cell.
18. Once launched, the DROP3D graphical window will open to allow you to monitor the conver-
gence from the Graphs panel. Similarly, the ICE3D graphical window opens when the droplet
simulation is complete to allow you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel.
Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save all the updates.
20. To monitor the convergence plots for DROP3D & ICE3D after the simulations are done or at
a later time, one can double-click the Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
21. To quickly view the DROP3D droplet & ICE3D ice solutions, right-click the Solution Droplets
and/or Solution Ice cell and select View solution. To view the final ice shape, you can right-
click Solution Ice and select View ice. In all cases, you will view the solution data in Viewmer-
ical.
Note:
For this tutorial you will be using CFD-Post to view and post process the droplet
and icing solutions. See Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS CFD-Post in Work-
bench (p. 185).
22. A good practice is to look through the log output of ICE3D (Log panel) by double-clicking
Solution Ice cell to open the ICE3D graphical window. The accumulated time, value of the
time step, total impingement, film, and mass of ice are printed at selected iterations inside
the Log panel. Heat flux and ice mass per wall boundary condition are listed in the subsequent
two tables. Finally, energy and mass conservation tables are also printed. Most of the items
in these tables are self-explanatory except perhaps mass of clipped film and runback flux.
Clipped film refers to any film that is removed by sink boundaries and also on certain nodes
which collect and shed water (trailing edges, wing and blade tips, etc.) that are detected
automatically. Runback flux (mass of exit film minus the mass of inlet film) is the sum of
all edge fluxes in the domain which will be equal to the film removed by sink boundaries, or
close to zero otherwise to confirm mass conservation.
23. Next, under the Graphs panel of ICE3D, cycle through the graphical plots. You can visualize
the ice growth with time, and change in film height and wall temperature. Since the input
flow and droplet solutions are steady-state, the icing solutions will eventually reach a steady-
state where ice accretion rate, film height, and wall temperature do not change after a while
(only true for single shot computations).
2.5.2. Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS CFD-Post in Workbench

Ansys CFD-Post can be used to visualize all FENSAP-ICE grids and solutions. In this section, you will
get to create some figures and plots from the solutions obtained in the Rime Ice Study.
1. You will first visualize the airflow solution obtained with CFX. Right-click the Results cell of system
A and select Update to update the cell inputs.
2. Double-click the Results cell (A4), to open Ansys CFD-Post.
3. Define Absolute Pressure contour plots on the symmetry plane using the settings below:
4. Repeat for Mach no. contours. The figures below are created using the color scheme Fluent
Rainbow – 16.
Figure 2.116: Pressure (Left) and Mach Number (Right) on the NACA0012 - Angle of Attack
of 4 Degrees
5. Next, you will visualize the droplet solution. Select the Results cell (B8) and under the Properties
window, select Results settings → Type → Droplets. The solution from Rime-Ice-CFX (system
B) gets converted into a CGNS format file for Ansys CFD-Post to read.
6. Create a new Results component system by dragging and dropping onto the Project Schematic
window. Name the system as Rime-Droplet-Results.
7. Drag and drop the Results cell of system B to the Results cell of system C. Right-click the Results
cell of system C and select Update to update the cell inputs. Your entire workflow and system
status should appear as follows:
8. Double-click the Results cell (C2), to open Ansys CFD-Post.
9. Define LWC contour plots on the symmetry plane using settings similar to step 3. The figure below
was created using the color map Fluent Rainbow – with 16 Contours.
When viewing the DROP3D solution, LWC will be available for the whole domain while collection
efficiency will only be displayed on the walls. Examine the LWC distribution in the area close to
the airfoil, as indicated in the figure below. The blue region is called the shadow zone, where no
droplets exist. In between the shadow zone and the free stream, there are bands of high LWC
concentrations which are the enrichment zones forming due to the constriction of stream tubes
in the continuum domain. These features can be of special interest for downstream aircraft com-
ponents.
Figure 2.117: LWC at an Angle of Attack of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue
Region)
10. Create a Collection Efficiency Chart using a Polyline defined along Z=0.05m.
Figure 2.118: Collection Efficiency on the Surface of the Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4
Degrees
In this case, the maximum beta occurs at the stagnation point, just below the leading edge. The
points on the upper and lower surfaces where beta becomes zero are the impingement limits. In
rime icing cases, all the water that impinges freezes instantly, therefore icing limits are the same
as impingement limits. In glaze icing, water can runback and freeze past the impingement limits.
Maximum beta is usually no more than 1.0, and reduces as the droplet flow becomes tangent to
the surface.
11. To view the final ice shape, select the Results cell (B8) and under the Properties window, set
Results settings Type as Ice solution. The solution from Rime-Ice-CFX (system B) is converted
into a CGNS format file for Ansys CFD-Post to read.
12. Create a new Results component system by dragging and dropping on the Project Schematic
window. Name the system as Rime-Ice-Results.
13. Drag and drop the Results cell of system B to the Results cell of system D. Right-click the Results
cell of system D and select Update to update the cell inputs. Your entire workflow and system
status should appear as follows:
14. Double-click the Results cell (D2), to open Ansys CFD-Post. The final ice shape showing mesh
lines can be seen below:
Figure 2.119: Ice View in ANSYS CFD-Post, Showing Smooth Shading + Mesh Lines
2.6. In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within Workbench

In this section you will set up an in-flight icing run using Fluent within Workbench.
2.6.1. Rime Ice Study

In this tutorial you will set up a simple rime ice analysis system for a NACA0012 airfoil within Ansys
Workbench using Fluent as the air flow solver. You will learn how to define a Fluent clean air flow
problem, together with the monodispersed droplet particle and icing setup in a single analysis system.
2. Save the project as naca0012-fluent-ice in a preferred user path location.
3. Create a new Fluent component system by dragging and dropping on the Project Schematic
window. Name the system as Clean-Air-Fluent.
4. Import a previously saved Fluent case file. Right-click the Setup cell (A2) and select Import Fluent
Case. Choose and select ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Naca0012/Flu-
ent_WB/Clean-Air-Fluent.cas.
5. If not enabled already, under the View Workbench menu, enable Properties.
6. Click the Setup cell and under General properties, set Precision to Double Precision and check
the box for Run Parallel Version.
7. Under Parallel Run Settings properties, set Number of Processors to 4 CPUs or more.
8. Similarly, click the Solution cell and under General properties, check the box for Generate
Solution Monitor Plots for Report.
9. Under Solution Process properties, select Run in background under Update Option.
10. Double-click the Setup cell, to verify/add other settings inside the Fluent Solver. For general icing
calculations, the following Fluent settings are recommended:
Note:
For further details on Fluent, consult the Fluent User's Guide. Additionally, a step by
step Fluent setup for icing calculations on a NACA0012 airfoil, has been shown in Fluent
Airflow on the NACA0012 Airfoil (p. 63).
Table 2.2: Typical Fluent Setup for General Icing Scenarios
General and Models

Solver Double Precision, Pressure Based Coupled Solver
(PBCS)
Space 3ddp
Time Steady (Courant No.= 50; Under Relaxation
Turbulent Viscosity &
In-Flight Icing Using Fluent Within Workbench
Energy to 0.9); 500 iterations

Viscous Turbulence model (SST k-ω); For consistency with
FENSAP, Enable Viscous Heating & Production
Limiter; Set Energy Prandtl Number& Wall
Prandtl Number to 0.9
Energy On
Operating Conditions
Operating Pressure 101325 Pa
Pressure Farfield Boundary Conditions
AOA 4 deg; X, Y and Z components 0.99756405,
0.069756474, and 0
Mach No 0.31461268
Gauge Pressure 0Pa
Temperature 265.67 K
Turbulence Specification Turbulence Intensity 0.08% & Viscosity Ratio
1e-05
Wall Boundary Conditions
Walls Shear Conditions to No slip & Thermal
Conditions to Temperature=280.929174208
(Adiabatic stagnation temperature + 10)
Reference Conditions
Compute from Pressure Farfield; Area=0.05334, Length=0.5334
Material Properties
Air Density ideal-gas
Cp (Specific Heat) – 1004.6882 j/kg-k
*Thermal Conductivity – 0.0234393 w/m-k
*Viscosity – 1.6801754e-05 kg/m-s
Molecular Weight – 28.966 kg/kgmol
Solution Methods
Pressure-Velocity Coupling Coupled
Green-Gauss Node Based
Pressure Second Order
Density Second Order Upwind
Momentum Second Order Upwind
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Second Order Upwind
Turbulent Dissipation Rate Second Order Upwind
Energy Second Order Upwind
Warped-Face Gradient Correction Enabled/Disabled
Report Definitions
Force Report & Plots Lift & Drag coefficients
Note:
These values match the previous FENSAP tutorial, Clean Droplet Study (p. 143), and
follow Sutherland’s law presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual. Thermal conductivity
and viscosity equations used in FENSAP and presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual
are as follows:
where T∞ refers to the ambient air static temperature, C1, Tref and µref are respectively
equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K3/2, 288 K and 17.9*10-6 Pa s.
11. Create a new Fluid Flow - Icing (Fluent) analysis system by dragging and dropping on the Project
Schematic window. Name the system as Rime-Ice-Fluent.
12. Drag and drop the Solution cell of A to Airflow cell of B. Right-click the Airflow cell of B and
select Update to launch Fluent and update the Airflow cell inputs.
13. To quickly view the completed Fluent air solution in Viewmerical, right-click the Airflow cell of
system B and select View solution.
In Viewmerical, you can choose which data field to display in the Data panel, and choose a color
range. The figures below are created using the color scheme Spectrum 2 – 16.
Figure 2.120: Pressure (Left) and Mach Number (Right) on the NACA0012 - Angle of Attack
of 4 Degrees
14. To check the convergence of the Fluent solver, right-click the Solution cell of system A, and select
Show Solution Monitoring. The Workbench Solution Monitoring Charts window opens in a
separate tab. Scroll and click through to the Residuals and the Force Monitors to display.
At convergence, the lift and drag coefficients read 0.44791 and 0.0094998 respectively as can be
seen in the Fluent Transcript window.
Figure 2.121: Fluent Transcript Window Displaying Residuals and Monitor Values
Figure 2.122: Average Log Residuals, Lift and Drag Monitors
Next,set up the droplets problem by following steps 14-21 (except 19) in Clean Droplet
Study (p. 143).
15. Next, you will set up the icing problem. Click Setup Ice inside system B. You can define many of
the standard icing problems setup easily via the Properties window on the right. Alternatively,
double-clicking the Setup Ice cell opens the ICE3D graphical window, allowing you to set up the
problem there. Both methods will be shown in this tutorial.
Note:
Notice that the icing temperature has been lowered, where rime ice is expected. To
do this, select Custom under Icing temperature, and enter 248.15 K for Icing Air
Temperature, inside the properties panel of the Setup Ice cell.
17. Double-click Setup Ice cell, to verify/add other settings.
18. No additional settings are needed, Click Save and Close the ICE3D graphical window.
19. At this point, you are ready to solve the droplet and icing problem. Click Save Project from
the main Workbench menu before launching any runs. Select the Solution Droplets cell. In the
these steps for the Solution Ice cell.
20. To launch the runs, right-click the Results cell and select Update. This will solve all the upstream
components and update the current cell.
21. Once launched, the DROP3D graphical window will open to allow you to monitor the convergence
from the Graphs panel. Similarly, the ICE3D graphical window opens when the droplet simulation
is complete to allow you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel.
In the Graphs panel of DROP3D, look at the Average Residual, Total Beta, and Change in total
Beta curves. The main indication of DROP3D convergence is the flat lining of the total beta curve,
which is a measure of the collection efficiency. This can happen long before the residual reaches
its lowest value, since often the solution in the wake of the droplet flow is still converging while
the impingement at the surfaces is fully converged. If you wish to converge the wake and the
shadow zones further, Convergence level in the Advanced solver settings of the Solver panel
should be reduced. The droplet wake is usually not of interest and it is sufficient to achieve con-
vergence of the total beta alone. However, in some cases, such as turbomachinery computations,
the wake of one stage defines the inlet conditions of the next stage, therefore it is crucial to
converge the wake.
Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save all the updates.
23. To monitor the convergence plots for DROP3D & ICE3D after the simulations are done or at a later
time, you can double-click the Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
and/or Solution Ice cell and select View solution. To view the final ice shape, you can right-click
Solution Ice and select View ice. In all cases, you will view the solution data in Viewmerical.
When viewing the DROP3D solution, LWC will be available for the whole domain while collection
efficiency will only be displayed on the walls. Examine the LWC distribution in the area close to
the airfoil, as indicated in the figure below. The blue region is called the shadow zone, where no
droplets exist. In between the shadow zone and the free stream, there are bands of high LWC
concentrations which are the enrichment zones forming due to the constriction of stream tubes
in the continuum domain. These features can be of special interest for aircraft components
downstream.
Figure 2.124: LWC at an AoA of 4 Degrees, Showing the Shadow Zone (Blue Region)
Switch to collection efficiency in the data box, and plot the 2D curve against Y axis in the Query
panel. The cutting plane should be Z. The maximum beta occurs at the stagnation point, just below
the leading edge. The points on the upper and lower surfaces where beta becomes zero are the
impingement limits. In rime icing cases, all the water that impinges freezes instantly, therefore
icing limits are the same as impingement limits. In glaze icing, water can runback and freeze past
the impingement limits. Maximum beta is usually no more than 1.0, and reduces as the droplet
flow becomes tangent to the surface.
25. To view the final ice shape, right-click Solution Ice and select View ice. You can change the
Metallic + Smooth visualization option to other choices in the Object toolbox under the Objects
panel to view in the wireframe mode. In the Data panel, you can adjust the ice display threshold
levels based on ice growth to hide display errors due to overlapping iced and clean surfaces.
Note:
All solutions (air, droplet and ice) can also be post processed in CFD-Post from the
Results cell. To see how this can be done, see Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS
step, total impingement, film, and mass of ice are printed at selected iterations in the Log panel.
Heat flux and ice mass per wall boundary condition are listed in the subsequent two tables. Finally,
energy and mass conservation tables are also printed. Most of the items in these tables are self-
explanatory except perhaps mass of clipped film and runback flux. Clipped film refers to any film
that is removed by sink boundaries and also on certain nodes which collect and shed water
(trailing edges, wing and blade tips, etc.) that are detected automatically. Runback flux (mass of
exit film minus the mass of inlet film) is the sum of all edge fluxes in the domain which will be
equal to the film removed by sink boundaries, or close to zero otherwise to confirm mass conser-
vation.
2.6.2. Glaze Ice Study

This tutorial will allow you to setup a simple glaze ice analysis system for a NACA0012 airfoil within
Ansys Workbench. You will learn how to define a Fluent rough air flow problem, together with the
Langmuir-D droplet particle distribution and icing setup in a single analysis system.
Ice forms surface roughness where it accretes on aircraft. Roughness thickens the boundary layer,
which increases the momentum deficit, increasing both pressure drag and skin friction drag of the
airfoil. It reduces lift because of reduced suction on the upper surface. It significantly increases heat
fluxes. Icing thermodynamics involve heat transfer and evaporation from the water film covering the
surface to the air, and the process is primarily governed by heat fluxes. Roughness of ice compounds
the ice accretion rate due to increased heat fluxes. Therefore, it is essential in icing calculations to
account for roughness in the flow solution process to obtain realistic heat fluxes.
The micro scale roughness of the ice surface can also be modeled in Fluent by means of turbulence
modeling. Both Spalart-Allmaras and k-omega models can emulate the effect of sand-grain roughness
by means of modifying their boundary conditions and eventually increasing the intensity of the eddy
(turbulent) viscosity in the boundary layer. The micro scale roughness is in the range of 0.1 ~ 3.0 mm.
It can be specified as a constant value on all walls, as different values on different walls, or as a distri-
bution via an additional roughness input file. Its value greatly influences the final ice shape, therefore
it must be chosen appropriately. For more details on surface roughness, see Surface Roughness
within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
1. Create a new Fluent component system by dragging and dropping on the Project Schematic
window. Name the system as Rough-Air-Fluent.
2. Import a previously saved Fluent case file. Right-click the Setup cell (C2) and select Import Fluent
Case. Choose and select ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Naca0012/Flu-
ent_WB/Rough-Air-Fluent.cas.
6. Under Solution Process properties, select Run in background under Update Option.
7. Double-click the Setup cell, to verify/add other settings inside Fluent Solver. For glaze icing cal-
culations, see Recommendations to Set up a Fluent Calculation within the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual and, additionally, refer to the table below:
Table 2.3: Additional Fluent Setup for Glaze Icing Scenarios
General
Time Steady (Courant No.= 50; Under Relaxation Turbulent Viscosity & Energy to
0.9); 1000 iterations
Wall Boundary Conditions
Wall Rough- High Roughness (Icing) Model; Sand-Grain Roughness Height (m) = 0.0005
ness
8. Create a new Fluid Flow - Icing (Fluent) analysis system on the Project Schematic window. This
can easily be done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Rime-Ice-Fluent system, by clicking
on the reverse triangle in system A, then select Duplicate. Rename to Glaze-Ice-Fluent.
9. Remove the connection between Systems D & A, by selecting the blue connection link, and
pressing the delete button on your keyboard.
10. Right-click the Airflow cell (D2) and select Reset. Repeat for Setup Droplet cell (D3). This will
ensure that no old files (from the Duplicate step in (8)) remain in the current system directory
(ICING-1).
11. Next, drag and drop the Solution cell of C to the Airflow cell of D. Right-click the Airflow cell of
D and select Update to launch Fluent and update the Airflow cell inputs.
12. To check the convergence of the Fluent solver, right-click the Solution cell of system C, and select
Show Solution Monitoring. The Workbench Solution Monitoring Charts window opens in a
separate tab. Scroll and click through to the Residuals and the Force Monitors to display.
At convergence, the lift and drag coefficients read 0.40234 and 0.0198 respectively as shown in
the Fluent Transcript window.
Figure 2.128: Fluent Transcript Window Displaying Residuals and Monitor Values
Figure 2.129: Average Log Residuals, Lift and Drag Monitors
13. Next, set up the droplets & icing problem by following steps 4-11 of Rough Ice Study (p. 151).
14. At this point, you are ready to solve for droplets and ice. Select Solution Droplets. In the Properties
of Project Schematic, select 4 CPUs (or more if possible) under Run settings. Repeat this for the
Solution Ice cell.
15. To launch the runs, right-click Results cell and select Update. This will solve all the upstream
components and the current cell.
16. Once the simulation has completed, system D should appear as below:
Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save the updates.
17. To monitor the convergence plots for DROP3D & ICE3D after the simulations are done or at a later
time, one can double-click the Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
18. To quickly view the Fluent air solution, right-click the Airflow cell and select View solution. Sim-
ilarly, to view the DROP3D droplet & ICE3D ice solutions, right-click the Solution Droplets and/or
Solution Ice cell and select View solution. In all cases, you will view the solution data in View-
merical. The figures below have been generated following similar steps that were shown in Post-
Processing Multiple Solutions with Viewmerical in Workbench (p. 157).
19. You will first compare the rough and clean air flow solutions obtained in Clean Droplet Study (p. 143)
using FENSAP with the ones obtained here using Fluent. Before continuing to the next step, see
Post-Processing Using Viewmerical in Workbench - Compare Against FENSAP Airflow Results (p. 210).
20. To compare airflow solutions between Rime-Ice-Fluent and Glaze-Ice-Fluent Icing analysis systems,
use Viewmerical to generate:
Figure 2.130: Velocity Magnitude Contours Comparison between Clean and Rough Air
solutions
Note:
Figure 2.131: Pressure Coefficient 2D Plot Comparison between Clean and Rough Air Solutions
Figure 2.132: Classical Heat Flux 2D Plot Comparison between Clean and Rough Air Solutions
Application of roughness of 0.5 mm increases the heat fluxes. This in turn will increase the ice
accretion rates in ICE3D. It is crucial that the flow solution for icing is computed with roughness,
otherwise the computed ice thickness will be lower and a lot of runback will take place
21. Similarly, to compare droplet solutions for all 7 droplet sizes (Langmuir-D distribution) in the
Glaze-Ice-Fluent Icing analysis system (system D), use Viewmerical to generate:
Figure 2.133: 7 Droplet Sizes 2D Plot Collection Efficiency Comparisons
The curve with the lowest beta corresponds to the smallest droplet size, and the curve with the
largest beta corresponds to the largest droplet size. In general, small-sized droplets are less ballistic
and are entrained with the airflow. Given an in-flight situation, such droplets would avoid the
oncoming aircraft, which in turn would translate into reduced collection efficiency. Larger droplets,
on the other hand, tend to be more ballistic in nature, therefore increasing the collection efficiency
on the aircraft components. The impingement limits also increase significantly with the droplet
size. Consequently, accurate prediction of the impingement limits is crucial in design of an Ice
Protection Systems’ (IPS) power requirements and coverage, for example.
The separation between the beta curves of different droplet sizes become more pronounced as
the aircraft surface size increases. The effect can be dramatic on large blunt surfaces like fuselage
noses or radomes where the contribution from the smaller size droplets can be negligible if
compared to the largest ones. As a result, the composite solution can be very different from the
solution of the MVD itself. Therefore, it is important to perform initial calculations with Langmuir-
D distribution and compare the composite result to that of the MVD first. In cases where the dif-
ference is small, the remaining calculations could be continued with MVD only.
22. To compare two droplet solutions (MVD and Langmuir-D composite droplet), in the Glaze-Ice-
Fluent Icing analysis system (system D), use Viewmerical to generate:
Figure 2.134: Collection Efficiency 2D Plot Comparisons Between MVD and Composite Droplets
The composite solution is fairly close to that of the MVD. The impingement limits of the composite
solution will always be further back due to the inclusion of larger droplets in the distribution. The
maximum beta of the composite is lower than MVD here, which is not always the case. Based on
the size and shape of the impingement surface, composite solutions can have a maximum beta
that is several times higher than the MVD. In this case, however, the results of the MVD and the
distribution are close.
23. Use Viewmerical to compare two droplet solutions (smallest and largest droplet in Langmuir-D),
in the Glaze-Ice-Fluent FENSAP-ICE analysis system (system D):
while the largest droplets barely change their path and hit almost straight on, creating a larger
shadow zone.
Note:
All solutions (air, droplet and ice) can also be post processed in Ansys CFD-Post from
the Results cell. To see how this can be done, see Post-Processing Solutions with ANSYS
24. To view the final ice shape, you can right-click Solution Ice and select View ice. You can change
the Metallic + Smooth visualization option to other choices in the Object toolbox under the
Objects panel to view in the wireframe mode. In the Data panel, you can adjust the ice display
threshold levels based on ice growth to hide display errors due to overlapping iced and clean
surfaces.
Figure 2.136: Ice View in VIEWMERICAL, Showing Shaded + Wireframe
step, total impingement, film, and mass of ice are printed at selected iterations. Heat flux and ice
mass per wall boundary condition are listed in the subsequent two tables. Finally, energy and
mass conservation tables are also printed. Most of the items in these tables are self-explanatory
except perhaps mass of clipped film and runback flux. Clipped film refers to any film that is removed
by sink boundaries and also on certain nodes which collect and shed water (trailing edges, wing
and blade tips, etc.) that are detected automatically. Runback flux (mass of exit film minus the
mass of inlet film) is the sum of all edge fluxes in the domain which will be equal to the film
removed by sink boundaries, or close to zero otherwise to confirm mass conservation.
Note:
Currently, for translational periodic grid types, the energy and mass conservation tables
inside the log output of ICE3D prints values that correspond to half of the true geometry.
2.6.3. Post-Processing Using Viewmerical in Workbench - Compare Against

FENSAP Airflow Results
In this section, you will compare the rough and clean air flow solutions obtained in Clean Droplet
Study (p. 143) with the ones obtained in Rime Ice Study (p. 177).
1. To quickly view the Fluent air solution of system A (Clean-Air-Fluent), right-click the AirFlow cell
(B2) and select View solution. Viewmerical will open with the grid and solution loaded.
2. Load the second Fluent air solution of system D (Rough-Air-Fluent), from the Viewmerical
3. The Open files dialog box will open where you will define the path of the grid and solution files.
4. Choose ..\naca0012-fluent-ice_files\dp0\ICING-2\ACT\Rough-Air-Fluent-
1.grid for the grid file. Select the solution file located in ..\naca0012-fluent-
ice_files\dp0\ICING-2\ACT\Rough-Air-Fluent-1.soln and select Load.
5. Next, repeat steps 2-3 for the FENSAP air solutions of system A (Clean-Drop) and system C (Rough-
Ice). For convenience, all of the FENSAP air flow solutions have been placed in ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/Naca0012/Fluent_WB.
6. Choose naca0012.grid and Clean-Drop.soln for the grid and clean air flow FENSAP solution
files.
7. Choose naca0012.grid and Rough-Ice.soln for the grid and rough air flow FENSAP solution
files.
8. Once all four air flow solutions are loaded, go to the Objects panel inside Viewmerical and click
Shared . In the Objects panel, rename the data sets (by double-clicking on each) to Fluent-
clean, Fluent-rough, FENSAP-clean, and FENSAP-rough.
9. In the Data panel, choose Classical Heat Flux as the data field.
10. Go to the Query panel, enable 2D plot, and switch the Cutting plane to Z. The graph should
display the 4 individual heat flux profiles. You can draw a zoom box by Shift + left-click, and also
you can change the curve colors and thickness using the Curve Settings by clicking on the
top right.
Figure 2.138: Comparison of Classical Heat Flux on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA of 4
Degrees, Fluent vs. FENSAP
11. On the lower right side of the Query panel, change the data field to Shear stress magnitude to
display the following figure:
Figure 2.139: Comparison of Shear Stress Magnitude on the Surface of the Airfoil at an AoA
of 4 Degrees, Fluent vs. FENSAP
Fluent and FENSAP air flow results are very similar for both clean and rough airfoils. There are,
however, small differences near the leading of the airfoil where the transition begins, and that
can mostly be attributed to the different turbulence models used for the flow problems; Spalart-
Allmaras model for FENSAP and SST k-ω for Fluent. For icing purposes, these small differences do
not bring about a huge change in the droplet or icing calculations.
2.6.4. Glaze Ice Multishot Study

As the ice grows, the surrounding aerodynamics change, affecting the air flow (shear stresses and
heat fluxes consequently) and the droplet impingement profile. Therefore, it is highly recommended
that ice shapes are computed using a quasi-steady multishot approach. In this approach, the total
time of ice accretion is divided into smaller intervals, and the grid, airflow, and droplet impingement
solutions are updated after each interval. This not only accounts for the change in the aerodynamics,
but also updates the geometry of the surfaces to more accurately account for the total mass of
impinging droplets.
where the ice surface given by ICE3D is used to displace the boundary and volume mesh for air and
droplet flow computations. This process keeps the number of nodes constant. As the ice shape grows,
the total area covered by the boundary mesh increases which changes the size and the aspect ratio
of the elements near the ice. This may result in a less than optimal grid spacing if the initial (unde-
formed) mesh is not fine enough. For complex ice shapes, manual remeshing, outside of FENSAP-ICE,
may be required in order to continue the multishot process.
This tutorial will allow you to set up a simple multishot icing system for a NACA0012 airfoil within
Ansys Workbench. You will learn how to define a Fluent rough (with beading) air flow problem, to-
gether with the Monodispersed droplet particle distribution and icing setup in multicomponent-
analysis systems.
can easily be done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Glaze-Ice-Fluent system, by clicking
on the reverse triangle in system D, then select Duplicate. Rename to Multishot-Ice-Fluent.
2. Right-click the Airflow cell (E2) and select Reset. Repeat for Setup Droplet cell (E3). This will
ensure no old files (from the Duplicate step in (1)) remain in the current system directory (ICING-
2).
3. Right-click the Airflow cell of E and select Update to update the Airflow cell inputs.
4. Click the Setup Droplets cell and change the Distribution to Monodisperse.
5. Double-click the Setup Droplets cell. Go to the Out panel. Save the flow solution at every 40 it-
erations by overwriting the solution file.
7. An additional setting is introduced here to compute surface roughness by ICE3D instead of using
a constant roughness of 0.5 mm for the entire simulation. ICE3D can compute the evolution of
ice surface roughness in time using the beading model of FENSAP-ICE. At the end of each shot,
ICE3D produces a roughness distribution file that can be used for the flow solution of the next
shot. This approach removes empiricism in the specification of roughness. First shot always needs
some initial roughness specified by the user since ICE3D was not run a priori, however, the remain-
ing shots will use the distribution obtained from the beading model. Alternatively, the first several
shots could be done for small time intervals where the roughness can be allowed to grow from
0 to a reasonable level, removing the need to specify an initial roughness completely. Click the
Setup Ice cell, and under Beading in the Properties of Project Schematic, select Activated.
Change the Total icing time to 140 seconds under Solver properties.
8. At this point, you are ready to solve the droplet and icing problem. Click Save Project from
the main Workbench menu before launching any runs. Select the Solution Droplets cell. In the
for the Solution Ice cell.
from the Graphs panel. Similarly, the ICE3D graphical window opens, when the droplet simulation
is complete, to allow you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel.
11. Once the simulation has completed, system E should appear as below:
12. This completes the 1st shot of the 3-shot icing calculation. Click Save Project from the main
Workbench menu to save all the updates.
13. To monitor the convergence plots for DROP3D & ICE3D after the 1st shot simulations are done,
you can double-click the Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
and/or Solution Ice cell and select View solution. To view the 1st shot ice shape, right-click
15. Create a new Fluent component system by dragging and dropping from the Toolbox Component
Systems list on to the Project Schematic window. Name the system to Rough-Air-Fluent-
2.
16. Drag and drop the Displaced grid cell (E7) of system E onto the Setup cell (F2) and then to the
Solution cell (F3) of system F to link the new displaced grid of shot 1 to the Fluent solver.
17. Right-click the Setup cell and select Update to update the files and setup inside the Fluent solver.
21. Under Solution Process properties, select Run in Background under Update Option.
22. Double-click the Setup cell to verify/add other settings inside Fluent solver.
23. To ensure that beading roughness is imposed on the wall boundary conditions, first save a
journal file in the Fluent directory of the Rough-Air-Fluent-2 (FLU-2) system as Rough-Air-
Fluent-1.grid.disp.jou.
24. The journal file should contain the location of the roughness profile file rough.prof, as well as
the interpolation method to use when importing the profile. Here is the sample journal Rough-
Air-Fluent-1.grid.disp.jou file:
file/read-profile ../../ICING-2/ACT/run_ICE/rough.prof
define/profile/interpolation-method ROUGHNESS1
The rough.prof file should be in the run_ICE directory of the previous Multishot-Ice-Fluent
(ICING-2) system. To prepare the roughness profile for Fluent, use the following command:
"C:/Program Files/ANSYS Inc/v202/fensapice/bin/timebc2profile.exe"
Rough-Air-Fluent-1.grid.disp.cas roughness.dat -out=rough.prof
25. Read the journal file by clicking File → Read → Journal.
26. For all wall boundary conditions, set the Roughness Height to roughness field from the profile
file just read.
27. Close Fluent to save the current settings.
can easily be done using the Duplicate option. Duplicate the Multishot-Ice-Fluent system, by
clicking on the reverse triangle in system E, then select Duplicate. Rename to Multishot-Ice-
Fluent-2.
29. Remove the connection between system G & C, by selecting the blue connection link, and pressing
Delete button on your keyboard.
30. Right-click the Airflow cell (G2) and select Reset. Repeat for the Setup Droplet cell (G3). This will
ensure no old files (from the Duplicate step in (19)) remain in the current system directory (ICING-
3).
31. Next, drag and drop the Solution cell of F to Airflow cell of G. Right-click the Airflow cell of G
and select Update to launch Fluent and update the Airflow cell inputs.
32. To quickly view the completed Fluent air solution in Viewmerical, right-click the Airflow cell of
system G and select View solution. To check convergence of the Fluent solver, right-click the
Solution cell of system F, and select Show Solution Monitoring. The Workbench Solution
Monitoring Charts window opens in a separate tab. Scroll and click through to the Residuals
and the Force Monitors to display.
33. Double-click the Setup Droplets cell (G3). Go to the Out panel. Save the flow solution at every
40 iterations by overwriting the solution file.
34. Click Save and Close the DROP3D graphical window
35. Double-click the Setup Icing cell (G5) and under the Model panel, enable Restart file. Browse
and choose the icing restart files:
../../../ICING-2/ACT/run_ICE/swimsol
../../../ICING-2/ACT/run_ICE/ice.grid
36. Click Save and Close the ICE3D graphical window.
37. At this point, you are ready to solve the droplet and icing problem since all the droplet and icing
settings are up-to-date. Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu before launching
any runs. Select the Solution Droplets cell. In the Properties of Project Schematic, select 4 CPUs
(or more if possible) under Run settings. Repeat for this Solution Ice cell.
from the Graphs panel. Similarly, when the droplet simulation is complete, the ICE3D graphical
window opens to allow you to monitor the convergence from the Graphs panel.
40. Once the simulation has completed, system G should appear as below:
41. Click Save Project from the main Workbench menu to save the updates
42. To monitor the convergence plots for DROP3D & ICE3D after the 2nd shot simulations are done,
you can double-click the Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
and/or Solution Ice cell and select View solution. To view the 2nd shot ice shape, right-click
44. For the final shot simulations, repeat steps 15-41, ensuring that the following are done:
• Name the new Fluent component system as Rough-Air-Fluent-3 and the new Fluid Flow
- Icing (Fluent) system as Multishot-Ice-Fluent-3.
• Save a journal file in the Fluent directory of the Rough-Air-Fluent-3 (FLU-3) system as Rough-
Air-Fluent-1.grid.disp-1.grid.disp.jou.
• The journal Rough-Air-Fluent-1.grid.disp-1.grid.disp.jou file should contain:
– file/read-profile ../../ICING-3/ACT/run_ICE/rough.prof
define/profile/interpolation-method ROUGHNESS1
The rough.prof file should be in the run_ICE directory of the previous Multishot-Ice-
Fluent (ICING-3) system. To prepare the roughness profile for Fluent, use the following
command: "C:/Program Files/ANSYS Inc/v202/fensapice/bin/timebc2pro-
file.exe" Rough-Air-Fluent-1.grid.disp-1.grid.cas roughness.dat -
out=rough.prof
• Browse and choose the following icing restart files from the previous Multishot-Ice-Fluent-2
(ICING-3) system:
– ../../../ICING-3/ACT/run_ICE/swimsol
– ../../../ICING-3/ACT/run_ICE/ice.grid
45. The final workflow of the multishot icing with Fluent as the flow solver should appear as shown
below:
46. To monitor the convergence plots for DROP3D & ICE3D after the 3rd shot simulations are done
or at a later time, you can double-click the Solution Droplets & Solution Ice cells respectively.
Viewmerical.
48. To view the 3rd shot ice shape, one can right-click Solution Ice and select View ice. This loads
Viewmerical, and under the Data panel, choose Ice cover (only) for the Display mode.
Load the original clean geometry map.grid from Multishot-Ice-Fluent (system E) from the
Viewmerical graphical window, by clicking in the Objects panel to generate the figure below:
Figure 2.140: Ice View in VIEWMERICAL, Showing Shaded + Wireframe - Final Ice Shape (3rd
Shot)
49. Finally, you will compare the ice shape of the multishot icing analysis to that of the single shot
icing analysis. From the Viewmerical graphical window displaying the multishot ice shape, load
the second single shot ice shape ice.grid from Glaze-Ice-Fluent (system C), by clicking in the
Objects panel. Rotate the view and observe the differences in the ice shapes. You can align the
view with the Z plane by clicking on the Z axis at the lower left corner of the 3D view panel.
Note:
Notice that the multishot solution has a more pronounced upper horn, and that
lower ice horn thickness is much higher due to increased roughness with time in
this region.
- Graphical Window View
50. You can produce a similar view with the 2D plot. Go to the Objects panel inside Viewmerical and
click Shared . Rename the ice.grid and map.grid data-sets to Multishot, Single-shot and
NACA0012 in the Objects panel, then enable 2D plot in the Query panel. Switch the Cutting
plane to Z, and the horizontal axis to X. The curve that has the -map suffix refer to the original
surface of the final ice shot and can be deselected by clicking on its legend.
Chapter 3: FENSAP Advanced Tutorials
3.1.Three-Dimensional Flow over a Nacelle
3.2. Actuator Disk Tutorial
This set of tutorials will:
• Demonstrate the airflow around a basic 3 dimensional nacelle.
• Demonstrate the airflow through a 3 dimensional actuator disk.
In these tutorials, you will learn:
• To configure a 3D geometry to run airflow computations.
• To use mass flow boundary conditions to regulate mass flow rates at inlets and exits.
• Grid generation techniques for creating screens and actuator disks.
3.1. Three-Dimensional Flow over a Nacelle

In this tutorial, you will solve the air flow around a basic axisymmetric nacelle placed at 4° angle of attack
towards the incoming flow. The intake is modeled as a mass flow exit boundary condition, while the
exhaust is a mass flow exit with the same mass flow rate specified as the intake, but with higher total
temperature to obtain realistic flow conditions. The grid is unstructured with prisms for the boundary
layer and tetrahedrons for the rest of the domain. Only one side of the symmetry plane is modeled to
save computational time.
1. Launch FENSAP-ICE.
FENSAP Advanced Tutorials
2. Create a new project using the File → New project menu or the New project icon. Give an appro-
priate project name and select the metric unit system at the prompt.
3. Create a new run using the File → New run menu or the new run icon. Select FENSAP as the flow
solver. Name the new run NACELLE.
4. Download the 3_FENSAP_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 3_FENSAP_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
5. Right-click the grid icon and select the Define menu option to assign the grid file. Navigate to the
subdirectory /workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Air in the FENSAP-ICE tutorials main
directory and select the nacelle.grid grid file provided by Ansys.
Once the grid file has been assigned, the color of the config icon changes from grey to blue, indic-
ating that the input parameters can now be set.
6. Double-click the config icon. A new window opens to enable the selection of the input parameters.
7. Go to the Model panel. In the Physical model section, select the Navier-Stokes option (viscous
flow) in the Momentum equations box. Select the Full PDE option in the Energy equation box.
8. In the Turbulence model tab, select the Spalart-Allmaras option.
The Eddy/laminar viscosity ratio should be set to a low value (1e-5), for low free stream turbulence.
As for most applications, the Number of iterations of the Spalart-Allmaras model per Navier-Stokes
iteration should be set to 1. The Relaxation factor should be set to 1.
In this tutorial, roughness and transition are not considered.
9. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the following reference conditions:

Air velocity 100 m/s
Air static pressure 97717.874 Pa
Air temperature 265 K (-8.15 °C)
These reference values are used to non-dimensionalize the grid and flow equations and to compute
the Reynolds number, Mach number and the Adiabatic stagnation temperature, as shown by
FENSAP-ICE.
10. In the initial solution section, select the Velocity angles option and set an Angle of Attack of 4
degrees. The Yaw angle should remain 0.
11. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the nacelle exhaust boundary by clicking on BC_1000. This is
an Inlet boundary condition for the flow domain. Specify this inlet type as Mass flow. Set the
Static temperature to 400 K (126.85 °C) and a Mass flow rate of 12.6 kg/s
Select BC_1100 and set the boundary Type to Supersonic or farfield. Click Import reference
conditions to set the Pressure, Temperature and Velocity components.
Three-Dimensional Flow over a Nacelle
Select BC_3000 and set the boundary Type to Mass flow. Specify a mass flow rate of 12.6 kg/s.
Note:
This mass flow rate is only for one side of the symmetry plane. The actual geometry would
have twice the value. Since you only simulate half of the flow domain using a symmetry
plane, you have to provide the mass flow rate accordingly.
12. Go to the Solver panel. Set the value of the CFL number to 100 and the value of the Maximum
number of time steps to 400. Click the Use variable relaxation button and set 300 Time steps.
This option increases the CFL number linearly from 1 to 100 in 300 time steps. It is recommended
whenever mass flow exits are used.
13. In the Artificial viscosity section, keep the default settings which are Streamline upwind with
Cross-wind dissipation at 1e-7 and 100% second order scheme.
14. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 20 iterations.
15. Run this calculation on 4 processors, if possible.
Figure 3.1: Residual Convergence of the Nacelle Air Flow Simulation
Figure 3.2: Mach Number Contours (Viewmerical, Spectrum 2)
Figure 3.3: Static Pressure Contours (Viewmerical, Spectrum 2)
Actuator Disk Tutorial
3.2. Actuator Disk Tutorial

This tutorial introduces the setup of an actuator disk simulation, from the generation of the unstructured
grid with ICEM CFD to the FENSAP solution.
3.2.1. Grid Generation

An example of grid generation for an actuator disk using Ansys ICEM CFD is given. The grid generation
proceeds in four steps:
1. Element size set-up and tetra mesh generation.
2. Prisms layer extrusion from the active walls.
3. Boundary conditions file generation.
4. Grid conversion to FENSAP format.
Note:
The general procedure can also be adapted to other mesh generation packages.
3.2.1.1. Tetra Mesh Generation

1. Copy the ICEM CFD CAD file acdisk.tin from the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/acdisk into your working directory and start ICEM CFD.
2. Use the File → Geometry → Open Geometry menu to select the acdisk.tin file and load
the geometry. At the prompt to create a new project, select No.
3. Display the geometry by activating the surfaces in the lower left panel. Click Model → Geometry
→ Surfaces. In Parts, deactivate the INLET, LIVE and ORFN, and center the view.
4. Go to the Mesh menu tab and click the icon shown below: Part Mesh Setup.
The window shown below will open. Set the Max Size for the LIVE to zero, and then set the
Max Size to 5 for the INLET part, 0.01 for the CTBODY, 0.005 for the SPINNR and 0.02 for
the ACDISK. For actuator disks simulations, click the button Int Wall on the ACDISK line near
far right to make sure that the actuator disk surface is set as an internal surface. Press Apply to
save your settings, and then Dismiss to close this window.
Tip:
To improve the mesh and capture the wake correctly, you should define mesh
density regions around and behind the body.
5. Go to the Geometry tab and click the Create Point icon.
In the left panel, select Explicit Coordinates.
Enter coordinate (4,0,0) and press Apply. Then, enter coordinate (20,0,0) and press Apply.
Note:
A third point, located on the origin of the coordinate system is already present.
6. Go to the Mesh tab. Click the Create Mesh Density button.
Two mesh densities will be created using these three points. To show the points, go into the
lower left panel, under Model → Geometry, and left-click Points. To facilitate point selection,
deselect Curves, Surfaces and Bodies. Identify the point at the origin and the points you just
created.
In the upper left panel, enter an element Size of 0.05, a Width of 4, and leave the Ratio to 0.
Then, in the Density Location box, select Points, and click the arrow besides the Points text
box.
Left-mouse click the point at the origin (0,0,0), then left-click the point at (4,0,0). Finally, press
the middle mouse button. Press Apply in the Create Density panel at top left. The first density
box will appear around the center-body.
Repeat this operation to create a longer and wider density box: enter an element Size of 0.25
and a Width of 6; select the point at the origin and the point located at (20,0,0); accept the
selection with the middle mouse button and press OK in the Create Density panel at top left.
Go to the File menu and Save the geometry.
7. In the Mesh tab, click the Compute Mesh button.
Click the Volume Mesh button.
On the left panel, click OK to start the volume meshing with the default tetra mesh settings.
This operation may take a few minutes to complete.
8. Make sure that the quality of your mesh is acceptable. Go to the Edit Mesh tab and click the
Smooth Mesh Globally icon.
A histogram of the elements quality distribution will appear. As indicated in the left panel, the
quality metric is based on the elements’ (volumes and shells) aspect ratios. Each column shows
the number of elements within a given interval of the chosen quality metric. Mesh smoothing
is required to improve the quality of the grid via node displacement.
To perform smoothing, first choose a target quality value that is slightly higher than the minimum
quality bar displayed on the grid, for example, a target of 0.2 could be set for the grid associated
to the graph above. Enter this value in the left panel, in the Up to value category. Set the
smoothing iterations to 1, then click Apply. Observe the effect of the smoothing on the histo-
gram.
Repeat the operation until the target quality is achieved, or until the histogram stops changing.
Repeat several times, increasing the target quality a little at a time, up to about 0.5.
Tip:
Some elements may not improve during smoothing, since their neighbors’ quality
would suffer. This problem can be remedied by selecting a higher number of elements
for smoothing. To do so, select Not just worst 1% in the advanced options of the
Smooth elements globally panel. You will notice however that the smoothing re-
quires significantly more time, since all the nodes are involved.
3.2.1.2. Building the Prisms Layer

The most efficient way to generate a prism layer is to proceed in two steps:
• Extrude a one-element prism layer and then
• Split this layer into the target number of layers
1. In the Mesh panel, click the Global Mesh Setup icon:
Select the fourth option in the Global Mesh Parameters panel: Prisms Meshing Parameters.
2. To compute the total height of the prisms layer: first erase any values that may appear in the
Total height box. Select an exponential Growth law, set the Initial height to 5.0e-6, the
Height ratio to 1.2, the Number of layers to 35, and then press the Compute Params button.
The total height of the prisms layer will appear in the Total height section.
3. Take the value displayed for Total height (roughly 0.0147) and copy it into Initial height (replace
the value entered in the previous step). Then reset the Height ratio and the Number of layers
to 1.
4. A few parameters can be changed to give more flexibility to the mesh generator: set the Min
prism quality to 0.001, the Ortho weight and the Fillet ratio to 0.01, and the Max prism
angle to 179. Press Apply. This does not mean that a poor extrusion will be performed, merely
that a lot of leeway is allowed to prevent the appearance of degenerate elements.
5. Go back to the Set meshing Params By Parts window and select the Prism check box for CT-
BODY and SPINNR. Press Apply to save settings, and then Dismiss to close the window.
6. To generate the prisms layer, go to Mesh Prism in the Mesh panel, and click OK on the left
panel.
7. Check that the mesh was generated correctly by going into the Edit Mesh panel, and selecting
Check Mesh.
In the Error column on the left panel, select only Missing internal faces, Volume orientations,
Surface orientations and Penetrating elements. Double-click the Possible problems tab to
deactivate all the check boxes. Click OK.
8. Some tetra elements may have been distorted by the prisms extrusion. To correct them, click
Smooth Mesh Globally in the Edit Mesh panel:
In the left panel, set the number of smoothing iterations to 1 and the target quality to 0.3. In
the Smooth Mesh Type menu, set the TETRA_4 and TRI_3 to Smooth and freeze the PENTA_6
and QUAD_4 elements to prevent the deformation of the prism elements. Press Apply. Repeat
the smoothing process, as described in step 8, until a sufficient mesh quality is obtained.
9. The prisms layer can now be split. In the Edit Mesh panel, click the Split Mesh button:
Then choose Split Prisms in the left panel:
Select Fix ratio in Method. Set the Prism ratio to 1.2 and set the number of layers to 35, as
in the original Total height calculation performed in step 2. Press OK.
Note:
The Fix ratio method is more robust than the Fix initial height method, since the
prisms layer height may not be perfectly uniform. The Fix ratio method will always
give a smooth layer distribution, whereas the Initial height method may result in an
irregular layer subdivision if the total prism layer height is lower than expected.
10. Save your mesh by selecting File → Mesh → Save Mesh As.... Enter a name for your mesh, such
as acdisk.uns. Also save the geometry, under File → Geometry → Save Geometry As....
3.2.1.3. Boundary Conditions
Note:
In the steps below, click the Accept button only when you have finished setting the
boundary conditions.
1. Go to the Output tab and click the Select Solver button. Select FENSAP and press OK.
2. Click the Boundary conditions button:
In the Family boundary conditions window, expand the Mixed/unknown family type. Expand
ACDISK and click Create New. Select ACDIS in the selection window and press Okay.
Note:
If several actuator disks are present in the grid, specify a different subtype for each
one of them. The subtype is an identification number that FENSAP uses to separate
different boundaries which share similar types of boundary condition.
3. Expand CTBODY in the Family boundary conditions window and click Create new. Choose
WALL and click Okay. Repeat for the SPINNR part, and reset its subtype to 2. Repeat also the
INLET part, but this time select the INLET boundary condition. Do not set any boundary condi-
tions for the family LIVE or ORFN. Press Accept to save your settings only when finished and
close the Family boundary conditions window.
4. Click the Write input icon:
Enter a name for your family boundary conditions file in the Save as window, such as
acdisk.fbc, then press Save. The next window asks you to choose a grid. Click Cancel.
Note:
Since the assignment of boundary conditions is a time-consuming process when

many boundary families are present, it is a good procedure, when the grid generation
process is finished, to make a copy of the boundary condition file in case it is acci-
dentally erased or overwritten.
3.2.1.4. Conversion into FENSAP Grid Format

1. You can now close ICEM CFD and generate the FENSAP grid with the command writefensap
in a terminal. The command writefensap should be located in the bin directory of the ICEM
CFD installation. Open a terminal and go to the working directory where the ICEM CFD mesh
has been generated. Then, type:
writefensap acdisk.uns grid acdisk.fbc
This command generates a grid in FENSAP format, named grid, from the ICEM CFD file
acdisk.uns and the family boundary conditions acdisk.fbc.
2. You can now convert the FENSAP grid to the desired visualization format and examine it with
your visualization software.
3.2.2. FENSAP Run Setup

You are invited to read Actuator Disk Tutorial (p. 227) for more information on how to set up each
input parameter. You can also consult Actuator Disk Tutorial (p. 227) in the same document, which
explains the format of the actuator disk file in detail.
1. Open FENSAP-ICE and create a new project. Click New run and select FENSAP.
2. Right-mouse click the grid icon and select Define in the menu. Navigate to the location of the
actuator disk grid created in Grid Generation (p. 227), or alternatively use the grid provided in the
tutorial data subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/acdisk/actuat-
or_disk_grid. Click the Open button.
3. Double-click the config icon.
4. In the Model panel, keep the default settings: Navier Stokes, Full PDE, and Spalart-Allmaras
for the equations systems.
5. Go to the Conditions panel. In the Reference conditions section, set the Characteristic length
to 1.15 m and the Air velocity to 100 m/s. In the Initial solution section, set the Velocity X
value to 100 m/s.
6. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the BC_6001 family. This corresponds to the actuator disk.
The actuator disk is now highlighted in the graphics window. The origin, the 12 o' clock point and
the thrust vector are also displayed.
In the BC_6001 – Actuator disk box, select the Actuator disk type and click the disk icon. In the
information window, press Load. Select the actuator disk data file disk_data.dat located in
the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/acdisk. When asked
if the file uses metric units, click the Yes button.
In this tutorial, a radial load distribution is imposed on the actuator disk. Although not shown
here, it is also possible to specify a non-uniform circumferential distribution. The total force exerted
by the disk is 5 kN. The following figure shows how the load is distributed along the radius of the
disk.
7. Select the inlet boundary BC_1001. In the Type tab, set the inlet type to Supersonic or far-field.
Then, press the Import reference conditions button. Verify that the imposed pressure is equal
to the reference pressure.
8. Go to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number value to 100, and the Maximum number of time
steps to 400. Uncheck the Use variable relaxation option.
9. Go to the Out panel and select Solution every 20 iterations. Set the Overwrite mode for the
solution file.
10. Press the Run button at the bottom of the panel to go to the execution environment. In the
Settings panel, select the Number of CPUs. If possible, run this calculation with 4 processors.
Press the Start menu button.
The following figures show the grid, Mach number and Total pressure contours of the solution
computed by FENSAP on a cross-section passing through the disk and the center body.
Note:
In accordance with Momentum Theory, the flow velocity increases smoothly across the
disk and the streamlines at the edge of the disk visibly contract in a region spanning
roughly one disk diameter upstream and downstream of the disk, whereas the total
pressure increases suddenly past the disk.
Figure 3.4: Detail of the Grid Near the Body on the Centerline Plane
Figure 3.5: Local Mach Number Contours Around the Actuator Disk. Streamlines Crossing the
Disk’s Outer Edge are Shown in Black
Figure 3.6: Total Pressure Contours Across the Disk
Chapter 4: DROP3D Advanced Tutorials
4.1. Droplet Impingement on a Complete Aircraft
4.2. Splashing and Bouncing by Post-Processing on a NACA23012 Airfoil
4.3. Splashing and Bouncing by Post Processing with Distribution on a NACA23012 Airfoil
4.4. Particle Re-Injection on a 3D Fuselage of a Commercial Business Jet
In this chapter you will first calculate 3D droplet impingement on a realistic airplane configuration. Next
you will calculate the SLD (supercooled large droplets) regime where the large droplets can break-up,
splash, and bounce based on their size and impact velocity, changing the collection efficiency distribution.
You are invited to read DROP3D - Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual
for more information on how to set up each input parameter of DROP3D. You should be familiar with
Post-Processing Two Solutions with Viewmerical (p. 22), Monodispersed Calculation (p. 28), and Langmuir-
D Distribution (p. 32) before proceeding with this tutorial.
4.1. Droplet Impingement on a Complete Aircraft

This tutorial demonstrates the droplet impingement computation over the DLR-F6 aircraft (wing/body)
geometry. There is no yaw angle and the grid only contains one side of the symmetry plane. The grid
is unstructured, composed of 2.3 million tetras and 443 hundred nodes approximately.
Figure 4.1: The Grid and the Flow Solution (Mach Number Contours Courtesy of Bombardier
Aerospace). The Solution Was Obtained with NSU3D
1. Create a new project using File → New project or, the New project icon. Name it DLRF6. At the
prompt, select the metric units system.
2. Create a new run using File → New run or, the new run icon. This tutorial uses DROP3D as droplet
impingement solver. You can rename this run Droplet.
DROP3D Advanced Tutorials
3. Download the 4_DROP3D_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 4_DROP3D_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
Assign a grid file by double-clicking the grid icon. Select the grid file DLR.grid provided in the
tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Droplet.
4. Assign an air solution file by double-clicking the airsol icon. Select the file SOLN2 provided in the
tutorials subdirectory workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Droplet.
Once the grid and air solution files are assigned, the config icon is shown in blue, indicating that
the input parameters can now be set.
5. Double-click the config icon to assign the input parameters.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. This section links the droplet calculation with its associated air solution.
Set the following reference conditions:

Air static temperature 258.46 K (-14.69 °C)
These values ensure that the reference Reynolds and Mach numbers are the same for both air and
droplet calculations.
7. The Liquid water content (LWC) is set to 1 g/m3, the water density to 1000 kg/m3 and a Monod-
ispersed calculation will be performed at 80 microns.
8. Set the Initial solution to 241.71 m/s for the Velocity X component and 0 m/s for the other two
components.
9. Go to the Boundaries panel. Set the inlet boundary conditions based on the initial droplet velocity
and the reference LWC by clicking Import reference conditions.
10. Go to the Solver panel. Change the CFL number to 20 and the Maximum number of time steps
to 300.
11. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 40 iterations in Overwrite mode. Name the solution
file droplet.
13. View the solution with Viewmerical. In the Objects panel, select the loaded data set and enable the
Repeat option to Z-mirror to display a mirrored copy of the grid and solution across the symmetry
plane. Switch the data field to Collection Efficiency, and hide all boundaries except the wall. You
can take 2D cuts at different Z locations to see how the collection efficiency changes across the
wing span.
Droplet Impingement on a Complete Aircraft
Figure 4.2: Collection Efficiency Distribution on the DLR-F6 Aircraft Wing/Body Configuration
Figure 4.3: Collection Efficiency Plots on the Wing at the Root (Z = 4), Middle (Z = 15), and the
Tip (Z = 22.5)
The peak in the collection efficiency increases towards the tip of the wing, due to the decrease in
the thickness of the leading edge as the wing gets tapered. As mentioned in Langmuir-D Distribu-
tion (p. 32), the droplets of same size are pushed away more by thicker sections of the aircraft, while
thinner sections receive more of the same size droplets.
4.2. Splashing and Bouncing by Post-Processing on a NACA23012 Airfoil

When the supercooled droplets are larger than 40 microns, they start to exhibit complex phenomena:
deform and break up into smaller droplets as they get close to aircraft surfaces, splash into smaller
droplets upon impact that can be lost from the collection efficiency, and bounce off the surface if the
local impingement angle is too shallow. To properly calculate collection efficiency for SLD, these phe-
nomena should be accounted for. This tutorial illustrates how to compute droplet impingement over
a NACA23012 airfoil using the splashing and bouncing by post-processing model developed for Super-
cooled Large Droplets (SLD).
Figure 4.4: Detail of the Grid of the NACA23012 Airfoil (Left) and the Mach Number Contours
(Right)
1. Create a new project using the File → New project or the New project icon. Select the metric units
system at the prompt.
2. Create a new run using the File → New run menu or, the new run icon. Choose DROP3D for droplet
impingement solution. You can name this run DROP3D_SLD_POSTPROC.
3. Assign the grid file by double-clicking the grid icon. Select the grid file provided in the tutorials
subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/SLD.
4. Assign an air solution file by double-clicking the airsol icon. Select the file soln provided in the
tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/SLD. The air solution (Mach
number contours) is shown above.
5. Double-click the config icon. A new window appears for the configuration of the input parameters
for DROP3D.
6. In the Model panel, activate the SLD model by selecting Enabled in the SLD tab. Select Post-pro-
cessing in the Splashing and bouncing box. This model changes the collection efficiency to account
for droplet splashing and droplet bouncing. Select Mundo in the Splashing model box. Select None
in the Break-up model box and Disabled in the Terminal velocity box, as shown in the following
figure.
Splashing and Bouncing by Post-Processing on a NACA23012 Airfoil
7. Go to the Conditions panel: This panel links the droplet calculation with its associated air solution.
Set the following values:

Air static temperature 299 K (25.85 °C)
8. Set the Liquid water content (LWC) value to 0.5 g/m3, the Droplet diameter to 111.106 microns,
the Water density to 1000 kg/m3, and the Droplet distribution to Monodisperse.
9. In the Initial solution section, set the Velocity X value to 78.232 m/s and 0 for the other two
components.
10. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the BC_1000 family and click the Import reference conditions
button to set the Inlet boundary conditions.
11. Go to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 20 and the Maximum number of time steps to
300.
12. Go to the Out section. Save the Solution every 40 iterations. Name the solution file droplet.
13. Click the Run button to go to the execution environment. Run this calculation on 4 processors, if
possible. The execution should stop in about 140 iterations due to the convergence criteria on the
residual and total beta.
View the droplet solution by clicking on the View button. The graph below shows the difference in
collection efficiency when splashing and bouncing are enabled through post processing. Splashing
effects remove some collection at the stagnation point while bouncing removes collection past a
certain chord-wise limit on the upper and lower surfaces. (To obtain the curve without splashing
and bouncing, a separate DROP3D run should be performed).
Figure 4.5: SLD Clipping Effect of Splashing (Red) and Bouncing (Blue) on the Collection
Efficiency
4.3. Splashing and Bouncing by Post Processing with Distribution on a

NACA23012 Airfoil
This tutorial illustrates how to compute droplet impingement over a NACA23012 airfoil using the
Splashing and Bouncing by Post Processing model for Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) while using
a 27 diameter droplet distribution. In this tutorial, a custom droplet distribution of 27 different sizes
will be used, therefore the case will take additional time to complete.
1. In the same project window as the previous tutorial, create a new run using the File → New run
menu or clicking on the new run icon. This tutorial uses DROP3D as the droplet impingement
solver. Name this run DROP3D_SLD_POSTPROC_DISTRIBUTION.
2. Drag & drop the config icon from the DROP3D_SLD_POSTPROC run onto this one to carry the
grid, air solution, and configuration parameters.
3. Double-click the config icon. In the Model tab, SLD should already be enabled.
4. Go to the Conditions panel, keep the same reference conditions set in the previous tutorial, except
the LWC and the droplet size. Change the LWC to 0.267 g/m3 and Droplet distribution to Custom
distribution.
5. Click the Set distribution button to open the User input distribution window, then click the disk
icon to select the file containing the distribution data. Click the Import values button in the Inform-
ation dialog box.
Splashing and Bouncing by Post Processing with Distribution on a NACA23012 Airfoil
Select the file mvd111_27.txt provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_in-

put_files/Input_Grid/SLD. Once loaded, the content of this file is displayed in the form of
a table.
Click the OK button to close the User input distribution window.
6. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the BC_1000 (Inlet) family. Click the Import reference conditions
button to set the Inlet boundary conditions from the initial droplet velocity and the reference LWC.
7. Go to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 20 and Maximum number of time steps to 600.
8. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 40 iterations.
9. Run this calculation on 4 processors, if possible. Each of the 27 droplet size runs will be executed
in sequence.
10. View the droplet solution by clicking on the View button. A window will appear asking which droplet
solution you would like to view. Those listed as Distribution.01/droplet through Distribu-
tion.27/droplet are the individual droplet sizes as selected in the droplet distribution. At the bottom
of the list, select droplet to view the combined droplet solution.
The first graph below shows the difference in collection efficiency when splashing and bouncing
are enabled through post processing while considering a droplet size distribution. In this case, the
sudden jump in collection efficiency produced by bouncing a monodispersed droplet is no longer
present as the final solution is the result of the combined monodispersed solutions (27 monodispersed
solutions in this tutorial). As seen in Splashing and Bouncing by Post-Processing on a NACA23012
Airfoil (p. 244), splashing effects remove some collection at the stagnation point while bouncing re-
moves collection past a certain chord-wise limit on the upper and lower surfaces.
Particle Re-Injection on a 3D Fuselage of a Commercial Business Jet
4.4. Particle Re-Injection on a 3D Fuselage of a Commercial Business Jet

This section demonstrates the importance of enabling the Particle Re-injection model of DROP3D to
model the transport of bouncing particles to better assess ice contamination on downstream aircraft
components and instruments. To highlight this feature, an SLD and Ice Crystal Reinjection tutorial are
presented here.
4.4.1. SLD Reinjection

This tutorial explains how to apply the SLD Reinjection model to simulate the transport of SLD particles
after they bounce off a commercial business jet fuselage. You can use this tutorial as a reference for
other applications where the total collection efficiency of a given component is strongly dependent
on upstream bouncing effects, for instance a pitot tube located near the nose of a fuselage.
Figure 4.6: Grid of the Fuselage of a Commercial Business Jet (Left) and Its Surface Pressure
Contour (Right)
1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Name it Fuselage.
Select the metric units system at the prompt.
2. Create a new run using the File → New run menu or, the New run icon. Choose DROP3D for
droplet impingement solution. You can name this run DROP3D_SLD_Reinject.
3. Double-click the grid icon and select the Commercial-Jet-pitot.grid file provided in the
tutorials sub-directory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/REINJECTION.
4. Assign an air solution file by double-clicking the airsol icon. Select the file soln-airflow-SLD
provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/REINJEC-
TION. The air solution (surface pressure contours) is shown above.
5. Double-click the config icon. A new window appears to configure this run.
6. In the Model panel, activate the SLD Reinjection model by selecting Enabled in the Particle re-
injection tab. Keep the default Mundo model under Droplets splashing model. Set Number of
subdivisions to 3 and Maximum reinjection loops to 1.
Note:
The subdivisions are split zones on all wall boundaries for particle re-injection, through
which the ejecta, if any, is reinjected into to the flow stream as a particle inflow
boundary condition. The use of subdivisions reduces the errors in reinjected particle
stream. Subdividing the original wall boundary conditions also permits reimpingement
of reinjected particles onto the same wall boundary condition family. Increasing the
number of subdivisions improves the precision of the reinjection simulation and in-
creases computational cost.
Particles (especially crystals) can bounce off multiple surfaces. The Maximum reinjection
loops count is the limit of how many reinjection instances are to be solved for each
boundary enabled for reinjection. When a large number is provided, reinjection will
occur until no boundary has any more particle left to reinject. This setting will also in-
crease the total cost of the simulation.
For more information regarding this feature, consult SLD Reinjection within the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual.
7. Go to the Conditions panel. This panel links the droplet calculation with its associated air solution.
Set the following values under Reference conditions.
Characteristic length 1m
Air static temperature 263.15 K (-10 °C)
8. Set the Liquid water content (LWC) to 0.25 g/m3, the Droplet diameter to 150 microns, the
Water density to 1,000 kg/m3, and the Droplet distribution to Monodisperse.
9. In the Droplet initial solution section, select Velocity components, and set the Velocity X to
100 m/s and the other two components to 0 m/s.
500.
12. Go to the Out section. Save the Solution every 40 iterations. Name the solution file droplet.
13. Click the Run button to go to the execution environment. Run this calculation on 4 processors
or more, if possible. The execution will perform 2000 iterations in total.
In the following convergence graph, the first 500 iterations represent the primary droplet simulation,
then the following intervals of 500 iterations represent the 3 reinjection simulations defined in
step 6 of this tutorial.
Figure 4.7: Convergence History of the Change in Total Beta
The simulation has two key output solutions, the droplet_primary and the final droplet
files. The droplet_primary is the solution without considering re-injection and bouncing of
droplets. The droplet file is the combined solution of the primary and the reinjection simulations.
To view these two solutions, click on the View button and select droplet or droplet_primary
from the dropdown box menu.
Figure 4.8: Collection Efficiency of SLD Breakup Model (Left), SLD Breakup and Splashing/Bouncing
Models (Middle), and SLD Reinjection Model (Right) (p. 252) shows the effect of considering several
SLD models. The first image to the left, which is the primary solution of the run, has been obtained
using the Pilch & Erdman Breakup Model. Since no bouncing models have been included in this
simulation, this solution exhibits more collection efficiency then the other two solutions. The
middle image has been obtained using Mundo’s Splashing & Bouncing by post-processing model
in addition to droplet break-up. Therefore, as particles bounce, less LWC remains on the surface
of the cockpit, locally reducing the collection efficiency. The third image corresponds to the col-
lection efficiency produced at the end of in this tutorial. By considering the transport of particles
after bouncing, the re-injected particles hit the windshield of the cockpit thus increasing its col-
lection efficiency.
Note:
In Figure 4.8: Collection Efficiency of SLD Breakup Model (Left), SLD Breakup and
Splashing/Bouncing Models (Middle), and SLD Reinjection Model (Right) (p. 252), an
additional DROP3D run was conducted to produce the collection efficiency of the
middle image. This simulation can be run by enabling the SLD’s Pilch & Erdman
Breakup model and Mundo’s Splashing & bouncing by post-processing model.
Figure 4.8: Collection Efficiency of SLD Breakup Model (Left), SLD Breakup and
Splashing/Bouncing Models (Middle), and SLD Reinjection Model (Right)
The graph below shows a 2D-plot of the collection efficiency at Z equals to 0, middle of the fusel-
age.
Figure 4.9: 2D Plot of Collection Efficiency of SLD Breakup Model (Grey), SLD Breakup and
Splashing/Bouncing Models (Blue), and SLD Reinjection Model (Red)
Figure 4.10: LWC & Collection Efficiency on a Pitot Tube Mounted on the Nose: SLD Breakup
Model (Left), SLD Breakup and Splashing/Bouncing Models (Middle), SLD Reinjection Model
(Right) (p. 253) shows that the droplets that bounce off the radome increase the LWC in front of
the pitot probe, thus increasing the collection efficiency of this component.
Figure 4.10: LWC & Collection Efficiency on a Pitot Tube Mounted on the Nose: SLD Breakup
Model (Left), SLD Breakup and Splashing/Bouncing Models (Middle), SLD Reinjection Model
(Right)
4.4.2. Ice Crystal Reinjection

This tutorial illustrates how to apply the Crystal Reinjection model to simulate the transport of ice
crystals after they bounce off a commercial business jet fuselage. You can use this tutorial as a reference
for other applications where the total collection efficiency of a given component is strongly dependent
on upstream bouncing effects, for instance a pitot tube located near the nose of a fuselage.
1. In the same project as SLD Reinjection (p. 249), create a new run using File → New run menu or
by clicking on the New run icon. This tutorial uses DROP3D as the droplet impingement solver.
Name this run DROP3D_Crystal_Reinject.
2. Double-click the grid icon and select the Commercial-Jet-pitot.grid file provided in the
tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/REINJECTION.
3. Assign an air solution file by double-clicking the airsol icon. Select the file soln-airflow-
CRYSTAL provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/RE-
INJECTION.
4. Double-click the config icon. A new window appears to configure your DROP3D run.
5. In the Model panel, select Crystals as the Particle type under the Particles parameters tab.
Activate the Crystal Reinjection model by selecting Enabled in the Particle reinjection tab. Set
Number of subdivisions to 2 and Maximum reinjection loops to 1.
Note:
For more information on these parameters, visit step 6 of the SLD reinjection tutorial.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. This panel links the crystal calculation with its associated air solution.
Set the following values in Reference conditions.
Characteristic length 1m
7. Under the Ice crystals reference conditions tab, set Ice Crystal Content to 9 g/m3, Crystal
density to 917 kg/m3, Size to 150 microns, Aspect ratio to 0.5, and Crystal distribution to
Monodisperse.
8. In the Crystal initial solution section, select Velocity components and set the Velocity X to
215 m/s and the other two components to 0 m/s.
10. Select the BC_2001 family, cockpit of the aircraft, and set Mass reinjection to Enabled. In this
manner, only this wall BC will allow particle re-injection.
Note:
Enabling wall boundaries for ice-crystal reinjection should be done with care, because
DROP3D does not consider the ice crystal sticking correlations and models that ICE3D
includes. Thus all crystals that hit a wall enabled for crystal reinjection bounce in
DROP3D. Only those walls that crystals are guaranteed to bounce from should be en-
abled for ice-crystal reinjection. This solution process is meant for external flows and
aimed at capturing crystals bouncing off from the unheated frontal surfaces of aircraft
like the nose, etc. Enabling crystal reinjection on walls that could cause them to stick
due to heating or film flow should be avoided.
500.
12. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 40 iterations. Name the solution file crystal.
13. Click the Run button to go to the execution environment. Run this calculation on 4 processors
or more, if possible. The execution will perform 1500 iterations in total. In the following convergence
graph, the first 500 iterations represent the primary crystal simulation, then the following intervals
of 500 iterations represent the 2 reinjection simulations defined in step 5 of this tutorial.
Figure 4.11: Convergence History of Change in Total Beta
The simulation has two key output solutions, the crystal_primary and the final crystal
files. The crystal_primary is the solution without considering re-injection and bouncing of
crystals. The crystal solution is the combined solution of all the crystal simulations that have
been conducted. Therefore, it contains the primary crystal solution and its secondary (re-injected)
crystal solutions.
To view these two solutions, click on the View button and select crystal or crystal_primary from
the dropdown box menu.
Figure 4.12: Ice Crystal Content Without Crystal Reinjection (Left) and with Crystal Reinjection
(Right) (p. 256) shows the Ice Crystal Content (ICC) around the cockpit of the fuselage when the
crystal reinjection model is disabled (left) and enabled (right). By considering the transport of
bouncing crystals, the ICC around the nose and windshield increases.
Note:
In Figure 4.12: Ice Crystal Content Without Crystal Reinjection (Left) and with Crystal
Reinjection (Right) (p. 256), the left ICC contour is the primary crystal solution of the
run. The contour on the right is the final crystal solution of the run and it considers
the transport of crystal bouncing.
Figure 4.12: Ice Crystal Content Without Crystal Reinjection (Left) and with Crystal Reinjection
(Right)
The enrichment of ICC will increase the amount of crystals that will impact on instruments located
on/ near the radome and windshield. Figure 4.13: Crystal Collection Efficiency on the Pitot-Tube
Without Crystal Reinjection (Left); With Crystal Reinjection (Right) (p. 256) shows how the crystal
collection efficiency of the pitot tube, mounted on the nose of the fuselage, has largely increased,
specially at the tip of the pitot tube, as a result of crystals bouncing over the radome of the fuselage.
Figure 4.13: Crystal Collection Efficiency on the Pitot-Tube Without Crystal Reinjection (Left);
With Crystal Reinjection (Right)
Chapter 5: ICE3D Advanced Tutorial
5.1. Ice Accretion at High Speed
5.2. Icing on a Rotating Spinner
5.3. Ice Crystal Impingement and Ice Accretion
The following tutorials illustrate some of the advanced capabilities of FENSAP-ICE, such as the Extended
Icing Data and the 2D capabilities of ICE3D.
5.1. Ice Accretion at High Speed

Icing calculations at high air speeds require special treatment when the total temperature of the flow
is very close or above freezing temperature. This condition may arise when the icing temperature is
low but the Mach number is in the mid- to transonic range. The ice shapes encountered in this flow
regime, typically referred to as beak ice, are usually characterized by well-defined small horns growing
at a short distance from the stagnation point on a mostly uncontaminated surface. This is a type of ice
shape that is usually observed on the outboard sections of helicopter main rotor blades. For these
severe cases, an additional feature called Extended Icing Data (EID) should be activated, where FENSAP
performs additional post-processing of the flow to improve the icing thermodynamics in ICE3D for this
regime.
5.1.1. FENSAP Setup

Download the 5_ICE3D_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 5_ICE3D_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
1. Create a new project, and call it High_Speed_Icing.
2. Create a new run by selecting FENSAP as the flow solver.
3. Assign the grid file naca0012_fine provided by Ansys in the tutorials subdirectory ../work-
shop_input_files/Input_Grid/Extended_Icing_Data by double-clicking the grid
icon and navigating to this directory. This grid is a fine version of the one used in the introductory
tutorials.
4. Double-click the config icon to open the FENSAP graphical and input parameter windows.
5. Go to the Model section. Select the Navier-Stokes option in the Momentum equations box
(viscous flow) and the Full PDE in the Energy equation box. Select the Spalart-Allmaras option
in the Turbulence model box. Set the value of the Eddy/Laminar viscosity ratio to 1e-5. Tur-
bulence is then only generated by the airfoil.
ICE3D Advanced Tutorial
In the Surface roughness tab, set the Specified sand-grain roughness value to 0.0005 m.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the reference flow conditions to:

Air static temperature 257 K (-16.15 °C)
7. Set the Initial solution with the Velocity angles option and set the angle of attack to 7 degrees.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel to set the boundary conditions.
Set BC_1000 to type Supersonic or far field, for which all primitive variables are required, and
click Import reference conditions to automatically copy the boundary conditions from the refer-
ence values set at step 6.
Click BC_2001. Impose a no-slip condition and set a surface heat flux of 0 W/m2. For the EID cal-
culations, icing walls need to be set as adiabatic walls. HTC will be extracted later on as part of
EID solution.
Click the Yes button.
Repeat for the remaining three wall boundaries 2002, 2003, and 2004.
9. Go to the Solver menu. Select Steady in the Time integration box. Set the CFL number to 100.
Set the Maximum number of time steps to 1,000. Activate Use variable relaxation and specify
300 Time steps.
10. Select the Streamline upwind (SU) artificial viscosity scheme with second-order crosswind coeffi-
cient set to 1.0e-7. These settings should appear by default.
11. Go to the Out panel, set Solution every 20 iterations.
Ice Accretion at High Speed
12. Click the Forces tab and select the Drag direction based on inlet BC option. Set the Reference
area to 0.02322576 m2.
13. Click the Run button at the bottom of the window to open the execution menu and start the
computations.
5.1.2. DROP3D Setup

1. Create a new DROP3D run in the project directory of the previous section.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the FENSAP run onto the config icon of the DROP3D run. This
will automatically transfer the necessary airflow settings.
3. Open the DROP3D config icon. In the Model panel, set the Physical model to Droplets. Set
Particle type in the Particles parameters section to Droplets.
4. Go to the Conditions panel and set a value of 0.2 g/m3 for LWC and a droplet diameter of 20
microns.
Water density should appear by default with a value of 1000 kg/m3.
5. In the Boundaries panel, select the Inlet boundary and click the Import reference conditions
button to automatically copy the inlet boundary conditions of DROP3D.
150.
7. Go to the Out panel and select Solution every 40 iterations.
8. Click Run and start the computations. The final results, visualized with Viewmerical, should be
similar to those appearing in the following figure.
Figure 5.1: LWC Distribution for the 0.1524m NACA0012, Mach 0.6, AoA 7 Degrees, MVD 20
Microns
5.1.3. ICE3D Setup with Extended Icing Data

1. Create a new ICE3D run in the same project directory used for the previous FENSAP and DROP3D
calculations.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the DROP3D calculation onto the config icon of ICE3D.This auto-
matically copies the input parameters of DROP3D into ICE3D.
3. Double-click the config icon to access the settings.
4. In the Model panel, select the Glaze – Advanced option in the Icing model section. Set the Heat
flux type to Classical.
5. While in the Model panel, activate the EID calculation by setting Compute EID to Enabled:
Ice Accretion at High Speed
This option computes the heat transfer coefficients from the adiabatic solution before executing
the icing simulation.
6. In the Conditions panel, verify that the reference flow and droplet conditions have been correctly
copied from the airflow and droplet configuration files. Set the Recovery factor value to 0.9.
7. In the Model parameters section, verify that the Icing air temperature is set to 257 K (-16.15
°C). Leave the parameters in this section to their default values. Ice density should be set to
Constant type and its default value of 917 kg/m3.
8. In the Boundaries panel, click BC_2004. In the Icing box, change the option to Sink. Sink
boundaries remove any impingement and runback and prevent ice formation on them. In this
case, you will use it to remove runback water from reaching the trailing edge on the lower side
and requiring a very small time step for a stable solution.
9. Go to the Solver panel and set the Total time of ice accretion to 60 seconds. Keep the Automatic
time step enabled.
11. The ice shape should be like the one shown in the following figure:
Figure 5.2: Beak Ice on the NACA0012 Airfoil, Mach 0.6, AoA 7 Degrees, LWC 0.2 G/m3, MVD
20 Microns
5.2. Icing on a Rotating Spinner

This tutorial illustrates the procedure required to compute ice accretion on a rotating axisymmetric
surface with FENSAP-ICE, using steady-state airflow and droplet solutions. When the rotating geometry
is axisymmetric, a steady-state flow solution can be obtained by imposing an angular velocity boundary
condition on the no-slip wall. The resulting ice shape will also be axisymmetric, regardless of the angle
of attack of the rotating surface. This computational method can be used to compute ice accretion on
propeller and engine spinners. The surface grid does not need to be axisymmetric, which is the case in
general for unstructured grids. There is no limitation on the number of spinners, their locations and
orientations, allowing solutions for full aircraft configurations with spinners and engine nacelles.
5.2.1. FENSAP Setup for the Spinner

To obtain a flow solution for a general 3D geometry with rotating spinner(s):
1. Create a new project and name it Spinner.
2. Create a new FENSAP run by clicking on the new run icon.
3. Assign the grid file spinner provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/Spinner, by double-clicking on the grid icon and by navigating
to this directory.
4. Double-click the config icon to open the FENSAP graphical and input parameter window.
5. In the Model panel, go to the Turbulence model section and select the Spalart-Allmaras model.
In the Surface roughness section, select the Specified sand-grain roughness option and set a
value of 0.0005 m.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. In the Reference conditions section, change the following values:

Air static temperature -11 °C (262.15 K)
In the Initial Solution section, switch to Velocity angles and set:
Icing on a Rotating Spinner
Angle of attack 5 deg.

Yaw angle 0 deg.
Tip:
The units displayed can be changed through the Settings menu in the main FENSAP-
ICE window.
7. Go to the Boundaries panel. For the inlet boundary BC_1000 choose inlet type Supersonic or
far-field, and click Import reference conditions to assign the boundary conditions.
8. Click BC_2000 to set the wall boundary conditions for the spinner. This wall surface is at the front
of the geometry and an angular velocity is assigned to it. Set the Temperature value to 14.85
°C in order to compute the heat fluxes needed in the glaze ice simulation. Note that in order to
obtain meaningful heat fluxes the wall temperature must always be a few degrees greater than
the adiabatic stagnation temperature.
Note:
In the case of an axisymmetric rotating surface the maximum value of the tangential
velocity must also be taken into account to determine the maximum wall stagnation
temperature value.
The axis of rotation is automatically detected by FENSAP-ICE, and displayed in the viewer port on
the left. In the Rotation box, select the Enabled option and assign a rotation rate of 4000 rpm.
The direction of the rotation always follows the right-hand rule. Click the Apply button. Zoom in
on the selected wall to see the rotation axis and the direction of the rotation.
Note:
To reverse the direction of rotation, simply add a minus (-) sign in front of the rotation
magnitude.
9. Click BC_2001 to set the wall conditions. This surface is the cylindrical part of the geometry which
is not rotating. Set the wall temperature to 14.85 °C and keep Rotation disabled on this wall.
10. Go to the Solver tab. Set the CFL number to 100. Set the number of time steps to 300. Uncheck
the Use variable relaxation option. Change the Crosswind dissipation to 1e-6, which is better
for coarse meshes like this.
11. Click the Run button at the bottom of the panel to go to the Execution environment. In the
Settings panel, set the number of CPUs to 4 if possible.
12. Click the Start menu button to start the calculation. The progress of the calculation can be mon-
itored in the Execution panel.
13. Load the converged solution on Viewmerical using the View button. To display the surface velocity
and shear stress vectors, first disable all boundaries but walls. Zoom in on the front of the spinner.
In the Data panel, choose Velocity Vectors in the data field box. You can change the vector display
lengths by + and - buttons in the Scale box.
To overlay the wall boundary with the vectors, click the cube menu to the right of Vector Data
box and check Overlay boundaries.
Similarly, you can display the shear stress vectors on the surface, showing the effect of rotation.
5.2.2. DROP3D Setup for the Spinner

DROP3D does not require wall boundary conditions, therefore no boundary condition is needed for
the rotating spinner surface. The effect of the rotation of the spinner induces rotation in the boundary
layer, which affects the droplets when they are very close to the surface. Large droplets will not be
affected by this much. In the current example the tangential velocity of the surface is small compared
to the axial velocity and the effect on the droplets is miniscule.
1. Create a new DROP3D run by clicking on the new run icon.
2. Drag and drop the config icon of the previous FENSAP run onto the config icon of this DROP3D
run to copy the reference and boundary conditions from the flow solution.
3. For this tutorial, the default values of free stream LWC (1 g/m3) and MVD (20 microns) are retained.
Do not modify the reference and boundary conditions that have been automatically assigned by
the drag & drop operation.
4. Go to the Boundaries panel. For the BC_1000, press the Import reference conditions to copy
the reference velocities and LWC into the boundary conditions.
5. Go to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 20 and the number of time steps to 100.
6. Click the Run button at the bottom of the panel to go to the Execution settings. In the Settings
panel, set the Number of CPUs to 4 if possible.
7. Click the Start menu button to start the calculations. The progress of the calculations can be
monitored in the Execution panel.
Figure 5.3: Collection Efficiency on the Spinner Surface with AoA = 5 Degrees
Note:
The collection efficiency shown in the figure above will be circumferentially averaged
by ICE3D to include the effect of rotation before the ice accretion calculation is per-
formed.
5.2.3. ICE3D Setup for the Spinner

Water runback and ice accretion on the spinner for glaze icing conditions are computed with ICE3D.
The water film is very thin and rotates with the spinner surface. The rotation induces a centrifugal
force on the water film, which translates into an additional force vector tangent to the surface. The
film is now moving under the effect of both shear stresses and centrifugal forces.
1. Create a new ICE3D run by clicking on the new run icon.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the previous DROP3D run onto the config icon of this ICE3D run
to copy the reference and boundary conditions from the airflow and droplet solutions.
3. Go to the Models panel. In the Icing model section, select the Glaze - Advanced model and select
the Classical heat flux option.
4. Go to the Boundaries panel. The drag & drop operation should have automatically assigned the
rotation settings on the spinner wall designated by BC_2000.
5. Go to the Solver panel. Keep the Automatic time step enabled and set the Total time of ice
accretion to 120 seconds.
Settings panel, set the Number of CPUs to 4 if possible.
7. Click the Start menu button to start the calculation. The progress of the calculation can be mon-
itored in the Execution panel.
Figure 5.4: Ice Shapes Obtained with Rotation (Left) and Without Rotation (Right) at an Angle
of Attack of 5 °
Figure 5.5: Distribution of the Collected Mass of Water with Rotation (Left) and Without
Rotation (Right)
Figure 5.6: Water Film Thickness Distribution with Rotation (Left) and Without Rotation
(Right)
5.3. Ice Crystal Impingement and Ice Accretion

The following sections of this tutorial are:
5.3.1. DROP3D Particle Impingement with Ice Crystals and Water Droplets
5.3.2. ICE3D Contribution of Ice Crystals to Ice Accretion
5.3.1. DROP3D Particle Impingement with Ice Crystals and Water Droplets
The objectives of this tutorial are to solve the particle field (droplets and ice crystals) around a
NACA0012 airfoil, and to investigate the impact of ice crystals on the collection efficiency.
Ice Crystal Impingement and Ice Accretion
1. If this step has not already been performed, create a new project using File → New project or,
the New project icon and select the metric unit system. Name the project Ice_Crystals.
2. Create a new run using File → New run or the new run icon. This tutorial uses DROP3D as the
impingement solver. You can name this run DROP3D_MULTIPHASE.
3. Assign a grid file by double-clicking the grid icon. Select the grid file provided in the tutorials
subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Ice_Crystals. The grid file
shown below is in FENSAP format and contains a NACA0012 airfoil with a chord length of 0.9144
m.
Figure 5.7: Grid and Airflow Solution: NACA0012 C-Grid with Chord Length of 0.9144m (Left),
Mach Contours from the Airflow Solution (Right)
4. Assign an airflow solution file by double-clicking on the airsol icon. Select the file soln file
provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Ice_Crys-
tals.
5. Double-click the config icon. A new window appears for the configuration of the input parameters
for DROP3D.
6. In Particle parameters section, select Droplets + Crystals as the Particle Type. The drag model
for droplets is default, and the drag model for crystals is assigned automatically.
Figure 5.8: Model Panel in the Configuration Settings
7. Select the Conditions panel and configure the following figures:
8. Select the Boundaries panel and select the inlet boundary BC_1000. Set the Type to Supersonic
or far field. Click the Import reference conditions icon at the bottom of the panel. This will import
the initial conditions for droplets and ice crystals from those entered in the Conditions panel.
9. Select the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 20 and Maximum number of time steps to 300.
10. Select the Out panel. Save the droplet and crystal solution files, in FENSAP format, and choose to
Overwrite files every 50 iterations. Name the solution file for droplets droplet and the solution
file for crystals, crystal.
11. Run this calculation on 2 or more processors, if possible. The run should stop due to convergence
in about 130 iterations.
12. Load the two solutions, droplet and crystal, using the View button to compare the collection effi-
ciency of droplets and crystals with the 2D plot.
Figure 5.9: Comparison Between Droplet Collection Efficiency (Left) and Ice Crystals (Right)
Note:
Ice crystals have a higher collection efficiency than droplets due to their high inertia.
5.3.2. ICE3D Contribution of Ice Crystals to Ice Accretion

The objective of this tutorial is to evaluate the impact of ice crystals to ice accretion. Note that this
tutorial requires droplet and ice crystal solutions that should be obtained by following the tutorial
DROP3D Particle Impingement with Ice Crystals and Water Droplets (p. 268).
1. Create a new run using File → New run or the new run icon. This tutorial uses ICE3D as the ice
accretion solver. Name the run ICE3D_MULTIPHASE.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the DROP3D_MULTIPHASE calculation (droplet and ice crystal
input parameters) onto the config icon of ICE3D_MULTIPHASE. This automatically copies the
required input parameters for both droplets and ice crystals.
3. Double-clicking on the config icon opens the input parameter window of ICE3D, the ice accretion
solver.
4. Select the Model panel. In the Icing Model section, select Glaze - Advanced for Ice – Water
model, and Classical for Heat flux type.
5. Choose Droplets+Crystals in the Ice crystals tab to activate ice crystals.
6. Choose the NTI bouncing model as the particle bouncing mode. This adds the effect of ice crystals
surface collisions dynamics to the ice shape.
7. In the Forces and fluxes section, assign the surface.dat and hflux.dat files by choosing
them in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Ice_Crystals.
8. Select the Conditions panel. Ensure that the following Reference conditions and Model para-
meters are set:
9. Select the Solver panel. Solve the ice accretion for 600 seconds in time, with Automatic time
step enabled.
10. Switch to the Out panel. Output the solution at the end of the ice accretion time (600 seconds).
Generate a displaced grid by selecting Yes and choose the Grid Displacement Method as Default
(Coupled) and Displacement sub-iterations of 5.
A comparison of the ice shapes obtained using 0.7 g/m3 droplets + 0.3 g/m3 ice crystals (in blue),
and using 1.0 g/m3 droplets only (red) is shown below. The mass added by crystals is miniscule
due to bouncing effects, which can be verified in the mass balance table in the log file of ICE3D
(shown below). When this is the case, ice mostly forms by the 0.7 g/m3 droplet impingement.
Compared to 1 g/m3 droplets, there is less runback, which is why the ice shape looks different on
either side of the leading edge.
Figure 5.10: Comparison of Ice Shapes Obtained Using Droplets and Ice Crystals (Blue) and
Droplets Only (Red)
Figure 5.11: Table of Mass Balance from the ICE3D Log File
Chapter 6: FENSAP-ICE-Unsteady Advanced Tutorials
6.1. Icing on a Pitching and Plunging Airfoil
6.2. Screen Models
6.1. Icing on a Pitching and Plunging Airfoil

In this tutorial, you will compute rime ice accretion using a fully coupled unsteady approach, where the
air and droplet solvers run in time-accurate mode as the grid geometry gets updated at each time step
with ice accretion. Since unsteady solutions are expensive, the grid is coarse with no boundary layer
resolution. The grid is acceptable for inviscid calculations and can be used with the Rime ice model as
it does not require a viscous flow solution.
The airfoil is assigned a pitching and plunging motion that approximates the motion of a helicopter
blade section during forward-flight. This motion is assigned using the Rigid Mesh Motion technique,
where the entire mesh moves without any deformation. This greatly saves computational time by not
solving for mesh deformation during the unsteady simulation process.
To provide a good initial solution to the unsteady problem, steady-state flow and droplet solutions will
be obtained on the clean airfoil.
6.1.1. Steady Flow and Droplet Solutions

1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Select the metric units
system.
2. Create a new run using File → New run or the new run icon. Select FENSAP as the flow solver.
Keep the default run name, FENSAP.
3. Download the 6_Unsteady_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 6_Unsteady_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
4. Double-click the grid icon to assign the grid file. Select the grid file naca0012_inviscid
provided by ANSYS in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/Multiphase.
The grid is shown in the figure below. This grid is similar to the one used in the introductory tu-
torials section, but coarser in the normal direction near the wall, and therefore it is not suited for
viscous calculations.
5. Double-click the config icon. A new window pops up to enable the selection of the FENSAP input
parameters.
FENSAP-ICE-Unsteady Advanced Tutorials
6. In the Momentum equations box, choose the Euler option (inviscid flow) and keep the Full PDE
option in the Energy equation box. The prescribed motion of the airfoil generates work, therefore
the air flow energy equation should be activated.
7. Go to the Conditions panel. Enter the Reference conditions for air:

8. In the Initial solution tab, select the Velocity angles option. Set the Angle of attack value to 4
degrees.
9. Go to the Boundaries panel. Click the BC_1000 family and select the Riemann option in the
Type box. Click the Import reference conditions button. Verify that the three velocity components
correspond to the imposed angle of attack.
Note:
The Riemann invariants based on far field conditions permit the grid nodes of BC_1000
to seamlessly switch between inflow/outflow states, which is a necessity when the entire
grid is set to pitch and plunge.
The wall boundaries 2001, 2002, 2003, should be set to Slip condition. No other ad-
justment is possible in inviscid flows.
10. Skip the Solver panel. The default CFL setting (100) and the default number of iterations (250)
will be sufficient to converge the residuals to approximately 1e-10. Uncheck the Use variable
relaxation option.
Icing on a Pitching and Plunging Airfoil
11. Go to the Out panel. Choose Solution every 20 iterations in the Overwrite mode. Enable lift
and drag computation in the Forces box by choosing Drag direction based on inlet BC. Set the
Reference area to 0.28451556 m2 which is the planform area of the airfoil in this grid.
13. Next, obtain a steady-state droplet solution. Create a new DROP3D run, and drag & drop the
config icon of the FENSAP run onto the config of the DROP3D run.
14. In the Conditions panel, set the Liquid Water Content to 5.0 g/m3. The LWC here is set inten-
tionally high in order to accrete a sizeable amount of ice in a short period of time. The following
unsteady calculation will be kept short in order to save execution time and disk space.
The rest of the reference conditions are copied from the FENSAP run.
15. In the Boundaries panel, click the Inlet (BC_1000) and click Import reference conditions to
copy the value of the Liquid Water Content.
16. Run the calculation on 4 CPUs if possible.
Figure 6.1: Contours of Mach Number (Left) and Liquid Water Content (Right).
6.1.2. Unsteady Rime Ice Accretion on Moving Airfoil

1. Create a new run within the same project. Choose FENSAP as the solver. You can name the run
Multiphase.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the DROP3D run onto the config icon of this new run.
3. Go to the Model panel. In the Physical model box, choose Air + Droplets. This enables the airflow
and droplet coupled solution mode. Note that the coupling is one way, meaning airflow affects
the droplets but not the other way around.
Set the Momentum Equations to Euler as it was done for the initial flow calculation.
Choose the Rime option in the Icing model box near the bottom of the panel. A dialog box will
appear prompting to enable the unsteady mode. Click OK to accept.
Keep the default ice density value.
4. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the Liquid Water Content to 5.0 g/m3 in the Droplets reference
conditions section. This unsteady calculation should begin with the steady-state flow and droplet
solutions computed in the previous steps. To do this, select the Solution restart option in the
Initial solution tab. Select the soln and droplet files produced in the two previous runs of this
tutorial.
5. Go to the Boundaries panel and click the Inlet (BC_1000). Make sure it is set to Riemann as the
BC Type, so that the inflow/outflow state of the boundary nodes can adapt automatically to the
motion of the grid. Click Import reference conditions button to make sure the droplet conditions
are set as well. Note that Riemann invariants are used to resolve the air flow boundary conditions
only. Droplets use the standard far field algorithm when air is set as Riemann.
6. Go to the Solver panel and select the Unsteady – Dual time stepping in the Time integration
tab.
Set the CFL number to 50 for both the flow and the droplet equations. The CFL number is used
for the inner iterations of each physical time step, in order to converge the non-linear problem
better. You should set the CFL number of both flow and droplet equations the same here so that
both systems converge at the same pace. Set the value of Max. pseudo time iterations to 4 dual
time integrations within each physical time step.
In the next step, the frequency of the pitching and plunging motion will be set as 0.5 Hz. This is
about 10 times less than a typical helicopter blade. This setting is used in this tutorial to be able
to keep the unsteady time step high. It is recommended to resolve a period of motion with a
decent temporal resolution to maintain time accuracy of an unsteady run. In this example, 200
time steps are used for one period, which requires a time step of 0.01 seconds.
Set the Time step to 0.01 seconds and the Total time to 10 seconds.
7. Select the Streamline upwind (SU) artificial viscosity scheme and set its Cross-wind dissipation
to 1e-7 and its order to 100%, second order.
Icing on a Pitching and Plunging Airfoil
8. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 4 iterations and choose Do not overwrite. This
will save numbered grid and solution files every 0.04 seconds, which could be used to animate
the motion of the airfoil real-time at 25 frames per second.
9. In the same Out panel, set the ALE mode to Rigid motion. A new table of cyclic motion parameters
will appear that defines the motion of the entire grid. The motion is broken down as translation
and rotation about a given axis. Both modes of motion are governed by the sine trigonometric
function. The translation mode assigns the grid velocity. Without a phase lag, the velocity in a
given coordinate starts at 0 m/s at t = 0 and reaches its maximum value at quarter-period. By using
a phase lag of 0.25 periods, the sine function can be converted to the cosine function to start the
motion at the maximum speed at t = 0. The rotation mode uses the actual value of the rotation
in degrees, relative to the original orientation of the grid. Following the sine function, at t = 0,
the grid will be at 0 degrees, and at quarter-period it will have been rotated to the max amplitude
of the rotation. To invert the motion, a negative amplitude can be entered, or alternatively the
phase lag can be adjusted appropriately.
In this tutorial the amplitudes of the pitching and plunging motions will be set to 4 degrees and
1 m/s, respectively. The flapping motion occurs along the Y axis, therefore set the flapping velocity
amplitude to 1 m/s for the Y coordinate with a frequency of 0.5 Hz. The speed is set low in order
to keep the airfoil in the viewing panel when animating the solutions in Viewmerical. This is a
side effect of entering a low flapping frequency. The initial position of the blade is at its lowest,
meaning that the translational velocity is 0 at t = 0. Therefore no phase lag is to be entered for
the Y translation.
Next, the rotation parameters need to be set for the pitching motion. Change the axis to Z, the
amplitude to 4 degrees and the frequency to 0.5 Hz. At t = 0, the airfoil is at its nominal angle of
attack with a rotation of 0 degrees, meaning that no phase lag is to be set for the rotation either.
The Pivot point will be set at the aerodynamic center of the airfoil, which is at X = 0.13335 m.
The rotation follows the right-hand rule. In this grid the Z axis points “out of the screen” and a
positive rotation will pitch the airfoil down, reducing the angle of attack.
The final Rigid motion parameter settings should look like this:
10. In the Forces menu, choose Drag direction based on inlet BC option, the Positive lift direction
as +Y, and the Reference area to 0.28451556 m2. The lift and drag curves in the Graphs panel
will show the effect of motion on the aerodynamic forces experienced by the airfoil.
11. Run this calculation on 4 or more processors, if possible.
12. In the Graphs panel, switch to Lift coefficient in order to monitor its time-history. Every 800 iter-
ations make up a period.
Figure 6.2: Lift Coefficient Variation in Time Due to Pitching and Plunging Motions of the
Airfoil
13. Upon completion, click the View button in the Execution panel to visualize the flow and the
droplet solutions on the displaced grid after 10 seconds of icing. After clicking View, choose soln
category to access the menu for the air solution files. Next, choose soln.000000 from the list of
air solution files. Loading the numbered solution files will automatically load the numbered grid
files that have been modified with motion and ice surface displacement.
Figure 6.3: Snapshots From a Period Showing Static Pressure and the Location of the Airfoil
In the Data panel of Viewmerical, the solution files can be cycled using the slider bar. Doing so
will display the grid and the solution at that step. The button can automatically cycle through
the files. Align the view with Z axis and zoom in to see the airfoil in motion.
Screen Models
To see the ice shape, move the slider bar all the way to the right to display the final grid at 10
seconds. Go back to the Objects panel, and by clicking the button on the top right, add the
original grid naca0012_inviscid. Choosing this second grid object in the list, switch the display
to Shaded and set the Cell color to white. With static pressure displayed in the first object, the
view should look like this:
6.2. Screen Models

Screens covering the intakes of engines are prone to icing just as much as any other component that
is exposed to incoming free stream air. Due to thin wire diameters that are in the order of a millimeter
or less, screens have a high collection efficiency and they can ice quite rapidly. Screen icing can cause
blockage and engine performance loss, which is an added burden on an aircraft which may already be
suffering from icing effects like increased drag and stall speeds.
This tutorial demonstrates the screen icing model on a 2D Nacelle with a curved screen. You are invited
to read Screen Models in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual for more information on screens. The first part
of this tutorial sets up a steady-state airflow and droplet calculation to be used as the starting point
for the unsteady simulation with icing carried out in the second part.
6.2.1. Steady-State Flow

1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Name the project
Screen-Ice. Select the metric units system.
3. Double-click the grid icon to assign the grid file. Select the grid file grid_screen_v2 provided
by Ansys in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Screen.
The grid is shown in the figure below. The geometry is a 2D-Nacelle with a curved screen placed
in-front of the intake.
Screen Models
4. Double-click the config icon. A new window opens to enable the selection of the FENSAP input
parameters.
5. Keep the Navier-Stokes (viscous flow) and the Full PDE options. Select the Spalart-Allmaras
turbulence model with an Eddy/laminar viscosity ratio value of 1e-5.
6. Go to the Conditions panel. Enter the Reference conditions for air:

7. In the Initial solution box select the Velocity angles option and keep them 0.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel.
Click the BC_1000 family and select the Supersonic or far field option in the Type tab. Click the
Import reference conditions button. Verify that the three Velocity components correspond to
the values specified in the initial conditions.
Click the BC_1001 family and select the Mass flow option in the Type tab. Set the Static temper-
ature and Mass flow rate to 450 K (176.85 °C) and 8 kg/s respectively. Alpha and Beta should
be set to 0.
All wall boundaries should remain as No-slip with Heat flux set to 0 (adiabatic walls).
Click the BC_3000 family and select the Mass flow option in the Type tab. Set the Mass flow
rate to 8 kg/s.
Click the BC_6000 family and select Screen in the Type tab. Set the Wire diameter to 0.001 m
and the Wire spacing to 0.02 m. In the Screen mode tab under Screen Model, select the
Brundrett model to compute the pressure variation across the screen.
Note:
The screen boundary is disconnected from the nacelle walls. The unsteady screen icing
simulation will also build rime ice on the walls and will deform the mesh.
9. Go to the Solver panel. Keep the CFL number at 100 and set the Maximum number of time
steps to 600. Enable the Use variable relaxation option, which should be used when there are
mass flow exits and keep the default settings provided in the configuration box that appears.
Change the Crosswind dissipation to 1e-6, which is better for coarse grids.
10. Go to the Out panel and set it to write the Solution every 20 iterations.
Figure 6.4: Pressure and Velocity Magnitude Contours Around the 2D Nacelle
Screen Models
Figure 6.5: Screens Extract Momentum from the Flow Due to the Friction over the Wires,
Reducing the Total Pressure Across Them
6.2.2. Steady-State Droplet Flow

1. Create a new run using File → New run or the new run icon. Select DROP3D as the flow solver.
2. Drag and drop the config icon of the previous FENSAP run onto the config icon of this DROP3D
run to copy the reference and boundary conditions from the flow solution.
3. For this tutorial, the default values of free stream LWC (1 g/m3) and MVD (20 microns) are retained.
Do not modify the reference and boundary conditions that have been automatically assigned by
the drag & drop operation.
Click the BC_1001 family. Set the Liquid Water Content to zero. This is the engine exhaust and
no droplets are supposed to exist here. Uncheck the velocity components for this boundary so
that they are set to values of air velocity at this inlet. This is recommended for internal inlets where
the velocity to apply to droplets is not always obvious.
Settings panel, set the Number of CPUs to 4, if possible.
6. Click the Start menu button to start the calculations. The progress of the calculations can be
monitored in the Execution panel.
Figure 6.6: Liquid Water Content Drop Across the Curved Screen
The screen will catch some of the droplets and reduce the LWC across. In icing conditions, the
LWC caught by the screen will form ice and increase the wire diameters. The changes to the wire
diameters are local, meaning it may be different based on the location on the screen.
6.2.3. Screen Icing

You can name this run SCREEN_ICING.
2. Drag and drop the config icon from the FENSAP run onto this one.
3. Double-click the config icon. In the Model panel, change the Physical model to Air + Droplets.
In the Icing model box select the Rime ice option. The application prompts you via a message
window to enable the unsteady mode. Click the OK button.
Screen Models
4. The Conditions panel should contain the drag & drop reference values from the previous FENSAP
steady state run. Keep these parameters as they are.
5. The initial conditions will be set to the steady-state air and droplet flow solutions obtained in the
previous sections. Therefore, in the Initial solution tab, select the Solution restart option.
Browse and upload the airflow solution file soln of Steady-State Flow (p. 284). Repeat the operation
to upload the droplet solution file droplet from Steady-State Droplet Flow (p. 287).
Click the BC_1000 family and click the Import reference conditions button to set the droplet
conditions correctly.
Click the BC_1001 family. Set Liquid Water Content to 0 and clear the velocity components of
the droplets.
No changes to the wall boundaries are required.
Click the BC_3000 family and change the Type to Subsonic which specifies the pressure. When
using screen icing, which is an unsteady process, it is not correct to use a mass flow exit. As the
screen gets iced and starts to block the flow, the mass flow requirement cannot be satisfied exactly.
Therefore, the pressure at this exit should be specified, which can be obtained from the restart
solution. Set it to 105054.258 Pa as determined in the airflow restart solution.
Click the BC_6000 family. The screen settings should be carried over automatically with the drag
and drop operation.
Note:
Icing can only be enabled on screens if the time integration is set to unsteady in the
Solver panel. This is automatically done when the icing model is enabled in the Model
panel.
7. Go to the Solver panel. Change the Time Integration mode to Unsteady – Dual time stepping.
Set the CFL number to 100 for the flow with a Max. pseudo time iterations to 2. Set the Time
step to 0.1 s for a Total time of 60 s. Keep the CFL number for droplets at 20.
Note:
The CFL numbers of flow and droplets do not have to be identical, but they should be
in the same order of magnitude.
8. Go to the Out panel. Choose Solution every 100 iterations in Do Not Overwrite mode. This
produces numbered solution files, for every 10 seconds.
The change in maximum wire diameter can be observed in the Graphs panel, by choosing the
maximum wire diameter graph.
Figure 6.7: Change in Maximum Wire Diameter (m)
10. Click the View button and launch Viewmerical to load the numbered soln and droplet files
to see how the flow field changes in time with the effect of screen and surface icing. The plots
below can be generated by sliding the Step bar in the Data panel from 0 to 600.
Figure 6.8: Increase in Total Pressure Loss Across the Screen as Ice Accretes with Time
(T=0.0s, T=30s, T=60s)
Figure 6.9: Reduction in LWC Across the Screen as Ice Accretes with Time (T=0.0s, T=30s,
T=60s)
Screen Models
Figure 6.10: Change in Screen Wire Diameter as Ice Accretes with Time (T=0.0s, T=30s,
T=60s)
11. Finally, to see the shape of the ice accreted on the nacelle lips, click the + sign on the Object
panel of Viewmerical and add the original grid_screen_v2 that should be available in the
main project directory. Set this grid’s display mode to Colored and set its Cell coloring to white.
Zoom in on the upper lip. With Pressure being displayed for the unsteady solution at step 600,
the view should look like this:
Figure 6.11: Grid at T=60s and the Original Grid Superimposed to Highlight the Ice Shape
Chapter 7: CHT3D Advanced Tutorials
7.1. Unsteady Heat Conduction with Phase Change
7.2. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Dry Air Regime
7.3. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air Regime (Anti-Icing)
7.4. Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent
7.5. Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using CFX
7.6. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air
7.7. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air Using Fluent with FENSAP-ICE
7.8. Electro-Thermal Simulation of a Heating Element
7.9. Axisymmetric Nacelle Anti-Icing System Operating in the Wet Air Regime – Droplets & Crystals
7.1. Unsteady Heat Conduction with Phase Change

This 2D test-case is intended to demonstrate the operation of the electro-thermal de-icing equipment
in the skin of an iced wing section. The geometry consists of a thin rectangular multi-layered solid with
5, 3.125 cm-wide heater pads (A, B, C, D, E), each having a power density of 32,000 W/m2. In this test-
case, the thickness of the heating elements is neglected. The geometry is shown below:
The innermost level of the solid (from bottom) is composed of two layers of different insulators, followed
by two layers of neoprene, one layer of fiberglass, one layer of neoprene and finally, the outside layer
of titanium. A uniform 1.9 mm-thick ice layer has accumulated at the top. The lateral edges and the
inside boundaries are insulated, while the outside boundary is exposed to convection, with a constant
heat transfer coefficient of 450 W/m2/K. The initial temperature in the structure, as well as the surface
CHT3D Advanced Tutorials
recovery temperature, are both set to 266.15 K (-7 °C). The five elements are heated in a 10 second,
D-E-C-B-A sequence with an idle time of 10 seconds at the end. The boundary condition indices of the
heater pads are:
Heater BC Index
A 6061
B 6062
C 6063
D 6064
E 6065
1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Name this project Heat.
2. Create a new run using File → New run or the new run icon. This tutorial uses C3D as the heat
conduction solver. Choose an appropriate name for the run.
3. Download the 7_CHT3D_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 7_CHT3D_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
4. Double-click the grid icon to assign a grid file. Select the grid file 2D_5HEAT_ICE_SMALL.grid
provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/C3D.
The grid is a hexa mesh with 4,130 elements and 8,520 nodes. The grid file contains the grid coordin-
ates, the element connectivity table, the material index and the table of boundary surfaces (8,568
faces including the 5 heater pads).
5. Double-click the config icon to assign the input parameters for C3D.
6. Go to the Settings panel. In the Initial conditions section, set the value of Temperature to 266.15
K (-7 °C).
7. Go to the Properties panel. Add new materials and their physical properties by clicking on the New
button. In this particular test case, seven different materials should be created: Ice, Fiberglass, In-
sulator1, Insulator2, Neoprene1, Neoprene2, and Titanium.
For each material, the Density, Conductivity and Enthalpy should be defined.
For ice, the density Distribution should be constant and set to 917 kg/m3. Since ice can melt and
become water, set both its Thermal Conductivity and Enthalpy to Temperature dependent to
simulate phase change. Set the Number of Temperature points to 6 for Thermal Conductivity,
and use the following table of conductivity as a function of temperature:
Table 7.1: Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature for H2O
Temperature (K/C) Thermal Conductivity (W/(m K))

243.15 K (-30 °C) 2.55
273.15 K (0 °C) 2.55
273.1501 K (0.0001 °C) 0.558
283.15 K (10 °C) 0.577
Unsteady Heat Conduction with Phase Change
Temperature (K/C) Thermal Conductivity (W/(m K))

313.15 K (40 °C) 0.633
348.15 K (75 °C) 0.671
Set the Number of temperature points to 3 for Enthalpy and use the following table of enthalpy
as a function of temperature:
Table 7.2: Enthalpy vs. Temperature for H2O
Temperature (K/C) Enthalpy (J/kg)

273.15 K (0 °C) 579849.6
273.1501 K (0.0001 °C) 944080.8
373.15 K (100 °C) 1399910.4
Table 7.3: Material Properties
Material Density (kg/m3) Thermal Conductivity Enthalpy at 0°C (J/kg)

(W/m/K)
Insulator 1 50 0.250 9375366.0
Insulator 2 89 0.250 5267059.5
Neoprene 1 160 0.293 8787187.5
Neoprene 2 160 0.293 4064813.0
Fiberglass 2700 0.313 393160.4
Titanium 4540 17.03 141310.5
8. Go to the Materials panel. Click the material Name (MAT_X) in the table at the top of the panel to
display its corresponding grid volume in the Graphical window. In the Material Association section,
link each volume ID present in the grid to a material using the Material type (defined in 7) pull-
down menu:
• MAT_1 → Insulator 1
• MAT_2 → Insulator 2
• MAT_3 → Neoprene 1
• MAT_5 → Fiberglass
• MAT_7 → Titanium
• MAT_8 → Ice
9. Review the material properties one by one once they are all entered.
10. Go to the Boundaries panel. Set the boundary conditions as follows:
• BC_2020 is the upper surface of the ice layer, which is subject to convection heat transfer. In the
BC definition section, use the pull-down menu to select a Mixed boundary condition. Set the
value of Temperature to 266.15 K and Heat coefficient to 450 W/m2/K.
• BC_2021 groups all other external surfaces of the assembly, which are insulated. Select the Flux
boundary condition with the pull-down menu and set the value of Heat flux to 0.
• BC_6061 to BC_6065 are the 5 heater pads. Click the boundary condition name to display the
selected pad in the Graphical window. The Heat flux value for each heater should be kept as 0
W/m2 in the BC definition sections. These are the baseline values for the heaters that would be
constantly applied outside of defined cycles.
11. Go to the Cycles panel. The simulation consists of a sequence of six different BC Cycles, each lasting
10 seconds. To add a BC Cycle, click next to the Cycle drop-down menu. This will create the first
cycle A with some default settings. The green bar is the “on” time of the selected heater in this
cycle. By default it starts at the beginning of the cycle and covers 100% of the cycle. You will use
this style to define a separate cycle for each heater, that are 10 seconds long each. For the first cycle
A set the Duration to 10 seconds. Then choose Heater 61 from the BC menu in the Current selec-
tion section.
All heaters in each cycle are turned off by default. Modify each cycle as follows:
• Turn on Heater D (BC_6064) during Cycle #1
• Turn on Heater E (BC_6065) during Cycle #2
• Turn on Heater C (BC_6063) during Cycle #3
• Turn on Heater B (BC_6062) during Cycle #4
• Turn on Heater A (BC_6061) during Cycle #5
• All heaters are turned off in Cycle #6 for an idle period of 10 seconds.
Set Heat Flux to Constant and at 32000 W/m2.
12. To add a new heater cycle, click next to the Cycle menu again. A dialog will appear prompting
to copy or create a new empty cycle. Click Yes to copy Cycle A to Cycle B.
Change Heater 61 to Heater 62 in the BC drop-down menu to finish setting up this cycle for the
2nd heater.
13. Repeat copying of the cycles until all five heaters are defined as cycles A through E.
14. Finally, click one last time to create cycle F as a new empty cycle. Click the green bar that comes
by default and click at the bottom right corner of the green bar to remove it. This should make
this cycle an empty cycle:
15. Now that all cycles are ready, queue them up in the Sequence box in the following order: D, E, C,
B, A, F (separated by commas).
Select the Solver panel. Set the value of Time step to 0.1 seconds and the Total time to 60
seconds (the five heater pads are each turned on and off sequentially for 10 seconds, followed by
an idle period of 10 seconds).
16. Set the value of Time period between printout to 10 seconds.
17. Run the calculation on 4 CPUs if possible. The unsteady minimum and maximum temperatures are
shown in the convergence window.
18. To view the solution files saved at every 10 seconds, click the View button and choose the file
struc1.SOL.000001. This is the solution file output at time = 10s. Make sure that the default
post-processor is Viewmerical. You will be asked if you would like to load the numbered data set:
For now, click No, you will load each file separately. If you click yes, the numbered data files will be
loaded as one set, and you will be able to cycle through them with a slider bar in the Data panel
of Viewmerical.
Go back to the run window and click View again, this time choose struc1.000002 from the
dropdown list. Append it to the Viewmerical window. Repeat the process for the remaining files
000003 through 000006.
At this point all six solutions should be loaded in Viewmerical. Go to Data panel and click the Shared
lock button. Switch to Query panel and enable the 2D plot.
In the 2D plot section, change the Target to Walls, Cutting plane to Y and the cut location to
0.0084. This is the interface between the titanium and the ice layer. Change the horizontal axis to
X. All 6 temperature curves should be visible at this point. You can turn them on/off by clicking the
data set names displayed just below the graph. You can use the Curve settings in the cube menu
(top right) to change the colors and line weights. To easily change the graph window size, press
Ctrl and double-click the 2D Plot menu title to detach the 2D graph from Viewmerical.
Figure 7.1: Temperature Profiles at the Ice/Titanium Interface, with ONERA, DRA, and NASA
Codes Comparison
7.2. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Dry Air Regime

This tutorial illustrates the procedure to use CHT3D to compute the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT)
through the metal skin of a leading edge, which separates the cold air flowing over the external skin
surface from the hot internal air flow induced by the jet discharging from the orifice of the piccolo tube.
In this first section, there are no droplets considered and the anti-icing system is said to be operating
in dry conditions.
FENSAP-ICE’s approach to conjugate heat transfer consists of solving different domains separately, using
a weak coupling technique. After converged steady-state solutions are obtained on the fluid domains,
heat transfer across fluid/solid interfaces are iterated to convergence while the temperature in the solid
and fluid domains are updated after each main CHT iteration. This modularized approach is very flexible,
allowing different flow solvers to be used in the CHT algorithm. It also permits setting different reference,
initial, and solver settings for the different domains which makes the convergence process more robust.
Piccolo Tube Operating in the Dry Air Regime
The third advantage is the smaller size of individual grid and solution files for each domain, which
makes post processing simpler.
Figure 7.2: Views of the Grids for the External and Internal Flow Calculations
The tutorial proceeds in three steps:
1. Computing the external cold air flow.
2. Computing the internal hot air flow.
3. Conjugate heat transfer across the domains through the solid metal skin.
7.2.1. Initial External Flow Calculation

1. Create a new project using File → New project menu or the New project icon and name it
PICCOLO. Select the Metric units system.
2. Create a FENSAP run in this project using the File → New run menu or the new run icon and
name it FENSAP_ext.
3. Double-click the grid icon and select the grid file grid_ext provided in the tutorials subdirectory
../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT.
The mesh is a hexahedral grid with 234,960 nodes. The grid file contains the grid coordinates, the
element connectivity table and the table of boundary surfaces.
4. Double-click the config icon to proceed to the input parameters setup.
5. Go to the Model panel. Select the Navier-Stokes option for the Momentum equations and Full
PDE for the Energy equation.
6. Select the Spalart-Allmaras option for the Turbulence model and set the Eddy/laminar viscosity
ratio to 1e-5.
In the Transition box, choose Free transition. In anti-icing simulations, since no ice (roughness)
is expected, free transition should be used in external flows to capture the laminar flow regions
more accurately. Otherwise, the heat transfer coefficients may be over predicted by the fully tur-
bulent (no transition) mode.
7. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the Reference conditions as follows:

8. In the Initial solution section, select the Velocity components option and set the Velocity X
component to 51.03 m/s (same as the reference Air velocity). The other velocity components
should be set to 0 m/s.
9. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the inlet boundary BC_1000 and choose the Subsonic option
in the Type tab. Click the Import reference conditions button to set the Inlet conditions.
Select the wall boundary BC_2001. Set Surface type to No-slip and set the Temperature value
by right-clicking in the temperature box and Copy from… → Adiabatic stagnation temperature
+ 10.
Note:
Temperature must be specified on the leading edge BC_2001 in order to compute

an initial heat flux to start the CHT calculation. This temperature will subsequently
be updated automatically during the CHT3D loop.
Repeat the same settings for the family BC_2002.
Select the outflow boundary BC_3000. Choose the type as Subsonic, and click the Import refer-
ence conditions button to set the exit pressure value to Reference conditions.
10. Go to the Solver panel. Select the Steady option in the Time integration pull-down menu. Set
the value of the CFL number to 200 and the Maximum number of time steps to 1,000. Uncheck
the Use variable relaxation option.
11. Choose the Streamline upwind option in the Artificial viscosity tab. Set the Cross-wind dissip-
ation coefficient to 1.e-9 and move the slider to 100% Second order position.
12. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 50 iterations in Overwrite mode.
13. Click the Run button to switch to the execution window. Choose 4 or more CPUs if possible and
start the computations. The average residual of the flow should reach about 4e-9 by the end of
the run.
The calculations may take some time depending on the number of available CPUs. The converged
solution is provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT/soln_ext if you do not wish to wait for the results before proceeding to the
next tutorial.
Figure 7.3: Mach Number Contours of the External Flow Solution
Figure 7.4: Static Pressure Contours of the External Flow Solution
Figure 7.5: Shear Stress Contours of the External Flow Solution
Figure 7.6: Classical Heat Flux Contours of the External Flow Solution
7.2.2. Initial Internal Flow Calculation
1. Create a new FENSAP run and name it FENSAP_int.
2. Double-click the grid icon to assign the grid file. Select the grid file grid_int provided in the
tutorials subdirectory CHT. The mesh is a hybrid unstructured grid with 222,369 nodes.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the FENSAP input parameters window.
4. Go to the Model panel. Select the Navier-Stokes option for the Momentum equations (viscous
flow) and Full PDE for the Energy equation.
5. Select K-omega SST as the Turbulence model and set the Eddy/laminar viscosity ratio of 1.e-
5 and the Turbulence intensity to 0.0008.
6. Go to the Conditions panel and set the following Reference conditions:

Air static temperature 335.4 K (62.25 °C)
The Characteristic length setting has no impact on the flow, but it will change the scale of the
average residual which is reported in non-dimensional form. A large characteristic length will
make the average residual appear smaller. It is a good practice to choose a characteristic length
that matches the scale of the computational domain. In this case, 0.05m is the diameter of the
piccolo tube.
7. In the Initial solution section, select the Velocity components option. Set the three components
of velocity to 0 m/s. Initializing internal cavities like the piccolo chamber with 0 velocity is recom-
mended.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the inlet family BC_1000. In the Type tab, select the Super-
sonic or far-field option from the pull-down menu and set the following conditions:
Pressure 101502.4 Pa
Temperature 335.4 K (62.25 °C)
Velocity X -345.107471232 m/s

Velocity Y -125.608847151 m/s
Velocity Z 0 m/s
These conditions specify an orifice velocity with a Mach number slightly above 1. The velocity
vector is perpendicular to the inlet surface and its orientation corresponds to an Angle of attack
of -160 degrees. The vector can be displayed in the Graphics window by clicking the small cube
icon at the right of the BC Inlet parameters tab.
9. Set the wall boundary conditions as follows:
BC_2002 No-slip Temperature 320 K (46.85

°C)
BC_2003 No-slip Heat flux 0 w/m2
BC_2004 No-slip Temperature 320 K (46.85
°C)
Note:
Temperature must be specified on the interfacing boundary condition families to initiate

the heat transfer between the two domains (air and solid). In this case BC_2002 will
be interfacing with the leading edge part of the solid, and BC_2004 will interface with
the back plate. These temperatures will be updated automatically during the CHT3D
loop, as conduction takes place in the solid.
10. Select the BC_3000 family and click the Subsonic button in the Type tab. Set the Pressure value
to 101325 Pa. This is the exit pressure opening to the external free stream flow.
the value of the CFL number to 300 and the Maximum number of time steps to 1000. Click
the Use variable relaxation check box and keep default values of Time steps and Relaxation
factor. In the Advanced solver settings panel, reduce the Convergence level to 1e-12, so that
FENSAP does not stop prematurely.
Note:
This CFL number is a bit large but works well with the provided grid which is rather
simple. For more complex configurations and larger pressure ratios, lower CFL numbers
may be necessary for convergence. There is usually an optimum CFL number for each
grid and conditions, which takes the solution to convergence fastest. Low CFL values
will take longer to converge, while very high values can result in some unwanted oscil-
lations in the transient solution (beginning of the iteration process) that will take addi-
tional time to clear out. This case for example runs with a high CFL number and takes
many iterations to converge heat fluxes. Since the CFL number used is high, you should
lower the convergence criteria, so that FENSAP does not stop prematurely.
14. Click the Run button to switch to the execution window. Use 4 or more CPUs if possible.
This calculation may take a long time to complete depending on the number of CPUs available.
The converged solution is provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT/soln_int. If you do not want to wait for the run to finish, you can use this
file to begin the next tutorial.
The two main convergence indicators for this run are the average residual and the total heat flux.
The average residual and the energy equation converge to 1e-10 in approximately 700 iterations.
However, changes in total heat are still visible. The run should be allowed to continue until the
total heat flux converges well. The total heat flux curve should reach an asymptotic value of about
59 Watts. You can zoom on convergence curves by holding Shift and left-click. Middle-click to
undo the zoom.
Figure 7.7: Convergence Plots for Average and Energy Residuals, and the Total Heat Flux
Figure 7.8: The Internal Flow Solution: Mach Number (Left) and Total Temperature Contours
(Right)
Figure 7.9: Streamlines Exiting from the Orifice, Showing the Complexity of the Internal
Flow
7.2.3. CHT3D Conjugate Heat Transfer (Dry Air Regime)

This section illustrates the Conjugate Heat Transfer procedure (CHT3D) required to couple the external
and internal flow calculations of Initial External Flow Calculation (p. 301) and Initial Internal Flow Cal-
culation (p. 307) by considering the heat conduction through the solid wall interface in order to de-
termine the equilibrium temperature distribution in the solid.
Note:
CHT3D can couple structured and unstructured grids without any limitations.
Figure 7.10: Exploded View of the Three Domains: The External, Internal and Solid Grids
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_dry. The CHT configuration window will appear
to prompt for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Piccolo (2 fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem
type pull-down menu, then choose Dry air. Press the OK button to continue with the setup. A
tree of coupled FENSAP and C3D runs will appear in the run window.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the FENSAP_ext run (Initial External Flow Calculation (p. 301)) onto
the fluid_ext config icon in CHT3D_dry. This automatically links the external grid, the flow
solution and heat fluxes computed in the FENSAP_ext run to the input of the CHT3D_dry fluid_ext
run.
If the previous tutorials were allowed to run to convergence, then you can keep the soln and
hflux.dat files to the left of the config icon unchanged. Otherwise, replace them with soln_ext
and hflux_ext files found in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT. Simply double-click the icons to browse to this directory.
3. Double-click the fluid_ext config icon to set up the input parameters for the external flow domain.
4. Go to the Solver panel. Increase the CFL number to 20000 and change the Maximum number
of time steps to 10 iterations. In this simulation, you will only run the energy equation and keep
the flow constant. This allows the usage of a very large CFL number.
In the Advanced solver settings section, reduce the convergence criteria to 1e-12, so that
FENSAP does not stop prematurely. At each CHT3D iteration, FENSAP will complete 10 iterations
before exchanging boundary conditions with the solid domain. It is crucial that fluid domains
perform several iterations of their own at each CHT step in order to apply the updated boundary
conditions properly. Otherwise CHT iterations will converge very slowly.
Close and save the configuration file of fluid_ext.
5. Drag & drop the config icon of the FENSAP_int run (Initial Internal Flow Calculation (p. 307)) onto
the fluid_int run in CHT3D_dry. This automatically links the internal grid, the flow solution and
heat fluxes computed in the FENSAP_int run to the input of fluid_int run.
Similar to 2, if the solution files of the FENSAP_int run are not fully converged, replace the icons
to the left of the config icon of the internal run by soln_int and hflux_int found under
tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT.
6. Double-click the config icon to edit the input parameters for the internal flow.
7. Go to the Solver panel. Increase the CFL number to 20000 and change the Maximum number
of time steps to 10 iterations. Disable the Use variable relaxation option.
Reduce the convergence criterion to 1e-12 in the Advanced solver settings section.
Close and save the configuration file of fluid_int.
8. To begin setting up C3D for the solid heat conduction, double-click the grid icon in the solid run
in CHT3D_dry. Select the file grid_solid provided in the tutorials subdirectory CHT.
9. Double-click the config icon of the solid heat conduction run to edit the heat conduction para-
meters.
10. Go to the Settings panel. Set the value of Temperature of 300 K (26.85 °C). This will be the
initial temperature throughout the solid domain. It is a reasonable initial guess between the ex-
ternal and internal static air temperatures.
11. Go to the Properties panel. Click the Rename button to change the material name from default
to duralumin. Then set the Distribution of all properties to Constant. Specify the following
characteristics for the material:
Density 2787 kg/m3

Conductivity 164 W/m/K
Enthalpy 241060 J/kg
12. Go to the Materials panel. Since duralumin is the only material in the solid domain, the label
MAT_0 will be automatically assigned to it.
13. Go to the Boundaries panel. Define the boundary conditions of the outer surfaces of the solid as
follows:
• BC_2001: Default settings (Thermal BC definition set to Nothing)
• BC_2005: Set Thermal BC definition to Type: Flux, and set Heat flux to 0 W/m2/K
CHT3D will automatically update the boundary conditions on BC_2001, BC_2002, and BC_2004
during the simulation.
14. Go to the Solver panel. Set the Time step to Automatic. Set the Maximum time step value to
0.1 seconds and the Total time to 5 seconds. At each CHT3D iteration, heat conduction will be
updated every 5 seconds. Close and save the configuration.
C3D total time per CHT3D iteration can be considered as the overall time step of the conjugate
heat transfer problem. Reducing this value will improve the stability of CHT runs while increasing
it may hinder convergence to steady state temperature distribution in the solid.
15. Double-click the main config icon of the CHT3D_dry to set up the links between the solid and
fluid domains.
16. Go to the Parameters panel. Set the Number of CHT iterations to 30 and Solution output every
0 iterations (default value).
17. Choose the Solve energy only option in the Flow solver mode pull-down menu for both internal
and external flows.
18. Go to the Interfaces panel. There are three fluid/solid interfaces in the computational domain.
CHT3D will automatically exchange the boundary conditions between these three interfaces. Set
up the interfaces as follows:
For External to Solid: There is only one interface between the external domain and the solid. Set
the interface boundaries as follows:
• External fluid grid: 2001
• Solid grid: 2001
For Solid to Internal: There are two interfaces between the solid and the internal domain. Set
the first interface as follows:
• Internal fluid grid: 2002
Then click the button next to Interface label to add the third interface and set it as follows:
Note:
In this case, the interface boundary condition family numbers across the two grids are
adjusted so that they match, which is not a requirement. The only requirement is that
the interface boundary conditions overlap nicely, with no gaps and discontinuities.
They do not have to be node-to-node matching.
19. Go to the Temperatures panel. Set the value of Recovery factor to 0.9.
20. Right-mouse click the main config icon of CHT3D_dry, then select the Run option in the menu
to launch the CHT3D calculation. Choose 4 CPUs in both the Execution settings and CHT settings
section, if possible.
Figure 7.11: CHT3D Solution: Convergence History of the Maximum (Left) and Minimum
(Right) Solid Wall Temperature
21. Load the solid solution by clicking the View button, and choosing Solid – Temperature from the
drop-down menu.
Figure 7.12: Temperature Contours on the Solid Surfaces
Figure 7.13: Temperature Distribution vs Wrap Distance on the External Surface of the Solid
at Z = 0.0001 m and Z=0.02 m
Note:
The automatic time stepping option in CHT3D improves the stability of the simulation.
Under certain circumstances, this has the potential to decrease the total simulation
time. However, if automatic time stepping substantially reduces the time step, this
could result in an increase in total simulation time. In these situations, it may be bene-
ficial to run with constant time stepping.
7.2.3.1. CHT3D Conjugate Heat Transfer Constant Time Step (Dry Air Regime)
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_dry_constant_timestep. The CHT configur-
ation window will appear to prompt for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Piccolo (2
fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem type pull-down menu, then choose Dry air. Press the OK button
to continue with the setup. A tree of coupled FENSAP and C3D runs will appear in the run
window.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the CHT3D_dry run onto the CHT3D_dry_constant_timestep
configuration. Select Full copy to copy all of the input files and configurations of each simulation
component, including the main config, from the previously simulated CHT3D_dry run.
3. Double-click the config icon of the solid heat conduction run to edit the heat conduction
parameters.
4. Go to the Solver panel. Set the Time step to Constant. Set the Time step value to 0.1 seconds
and the Total time to 5 seconds. Close and save the configuration.
5. Right-mouse click the main config icon of CHT3D_dry, then select the Run option in the menu
to launch the CHT3D calculation. Choose 4 CPUs in both the Execution settings and CHT set-
tings section, if possible.
6. To compare the temperature solutions obtained with automatic time stepping to those obtained
with constant time stepping, first load the first solid solution by right-clicking c3dsol of CHT_dry
and choosing View with VIEWMERICAL. Next, right-click the c3dsol of CHT3D_dry_con-
stant_timestep and choose View with VIEWMERICAL followed by Append. The two grids
should be loaded with the temperature solutions showing. Split the screen to put the data sets
on either sides of the view.
Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air Regime (Anti-Icing)
Figure 7.14: Temperature Contours on the Solid Surfaces Showing That the Auto Time
Step Solution (Left) and the Constant Time Step Solution (Right) Provide Similar Results
Figure 7.15: Temperature Distribution vs Wrap Distance on the External Surface of the
Solid at Z = 0.0001 M Showing That the Auto Time Step Solution and the Constant Time
Step Solution (the Curves Are Overlaid) Provide Similar Results
Note:
In this simulation, the solid constant time stepping approach produced a similar
solution to the solid automatic time stepping approach, and the simulation time was
3x faster. This may be the case in some situations, however, in other cases there may
be stability problems or the simulation time may increase.
7.3. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air Regime (Anti-Icing)

through the metal skin of a leading edge, which separates the cold wet air flowing over the external
skin surface from the hot internal air flow induced by the jet discharging from the orifice of the piccolo
tube. A hot jet from the orifice of a piccolo tube heats the inner skin of the leading edge to prevent
ice accretion on the outer surface. In this simulation FENSAP, DROP3D and ICE3D will be used to simulate
the external flow conditions. C3D simulates the heat conduction through the solid leading edge skin
and FENSAP will be used to simulate the internal flow.
Figure 7.16: Anti-Icing System Grids
To set up a CHT3D wet-air simulation, initial internal and external flow simulations are required, just as
the dry air test case, with the addition of a water droplet and an initial ICE3D simulation.
This tutorial has the same flow conditions as Initial External Flow Calculation (p. 301) and Initial Internal
Flow Calculation (p. 307) for both external and internal flow domains. Proceed with this tutorial if these
sections were completed.
7.3.1. External Water Droplets Calculation

1. Create a new DROP3D run and name it DROP3D_ext.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_ext onto the config icon of the new DROP3D run. This
copies the reference conditions of the flow to the droplet run.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_ext config icon to edit the parameters.
4. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the following Droplet reference conditions:
• Liquid Water Content 1 g/m3
• Droplet diameter 20 microns
• Water density 1000 kg/m3
5. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the BC_1000 (Inlet) boundary condition and click the Import
reference conditions button.
300.
7. Click the Run button. Start the calculation on 4 or more CPUs if possible.
Figure 7.17: Droplet LWC and Collection Efficiency on the External Flow
7.3.2. Initial ICE3D Calculation

The goal of this step is not to provide an initial ice shape, but rather to establish a water film on the
outer surface of the solid as an initial condition for the wet CHT3D run.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_ext.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the DROP3D_ext (External Water Droplets Calculation (p. 318))
onto the config icon of this new run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions,
the grid of the external domain and the reference conditions to the ICE3D_ext run.
3. Double-click the config icon to edit the input parameters.
Go to the Model panel. Icing model should remain as Glaze - Advanced. Change the heat flux
type to Classical.
4. In the Conditions panel set the Recovery factor to 0.9. The remaining settings were automatically
transferred from the DROP3D configuration.
5. Go to the Solver panel. Keep the Automatic time step option enabled and change the total time
of ice accretion to 30 seconds.
6. Run the calculation on 4 or more CPUs if possible.
7.3.3. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime)

1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet. The CHT configuration window will appear
type pull-down menu, then choose Wet air. Press the Ok button to continue with the set-up. A
tree of coupled FENSAP, ICE3D and C3D runs will appear in the run window.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_ext onto the config icon of the fluid_ext run in
CHT3D_wet.
3. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_ext run to edit the input parameters.
4. Go to the Solver panel. Change the CFL number to 20000 and the Maximum number of time
steps to 10. Decrease the convergence limit to 1e-12 in the Advanced solver settings section.
Close and save the configuration file.
5. Drag & drop the config icon from ICE3D_ext onto the config icon of the ice_ext run in
CHT3D_wet. No modifications to the configuration of this run are required.
6. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_int onto the config icon of the fluid_int run in
CHT3D_wet.
7. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_int run to edit the input parameters.
8. Go to the Solver panel. Change the CFL number value to 20000 and the Maximum number of
time steps to 10. Disable the Use variable relaxation check box. Decrease the convergence
limit to 1e-12 in the Advanced solver settings section.
9. If CHT3D Conjugate Heat Transfer (Dry Air Regime) (p. 310) was completed, drag & drop the config
icon of the solid run of CHT3D_dry onto the config icon of the solid run of CHT3D_wet, then
jump to Step 17. Otherwise, continue with the following steps.
10. To configure the solid run in CHT3D_wet, double-click the grid icon and select the file
grid_solid provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT.
11. Double-click the config icon of the solid run to edit the input parameters for heat conduction.
12. Go to the Settings panel. Set the Temperature to 300 K. This will be the initial temperature
throughout the solid domain.
to duralumin. Then set the Distribution of all properties to Constant. Specify the following
characteristics for the material:
Density 2787 kg/m3

follows:
CHT3D will automatically update the boundary conditions on BC_2001, BC_2002 and BC_2004
during the simulation.
computed for 5 seconds. Close and save this configuration.
it may hinder convergence to a steady state temperature distribution in the solid.
Note:
Just as was done in Piccolo Tube Operating in the Dry Air Regime (p. 300), you may
decide to set the Time step to Constant instead of Automatic. Depending on the
simulation, this may or may not speed up the simulation, but may also reduce the
stability of the simulation.
17. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet to set up the links between the solid and fluid
domains.
19. Choose the Solve energy only option in the Flow solver mode pull-down menu for both internal
and external flows.
• External fluid grid: 2001
Then click the button next to Interface label to add the third interface and set it as follows:
Note:
They do not have to be node-to-node matching.
21. Go to the Temperatures panel. The value of Recovery factor cannot be modified, the recovery
factor of ICE3D will be used instead. Close and save the configuration.
22. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet, then select the Run option in the menu to launch
the CHT3D calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible, and launch the calculation.
Upon convergence, the Solid maximum temperature is cooler than that of the dry run, due to
the cooling effect of the impinging droplets in wet air.
Figure 7.18: Convergence History of the Maximum (Left) and Minimum (Right) Solid Wall
Temperatures
Figure 7.19: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) and Water Film Thickness on the
External Surface (ICE3D)
Figure 7.20: Temperature Distribution vs. Wrap Distance on the External Surface for Dry and
Wet Air Runs (Z = 0.0001 m)
The effect of droplets cooling the surface is clearly visible in the above graph. The wet air surface
temperatures are significantly lower than the dry air. Some parts of the wet surface are below the
freezing temperature, indicating possible ice formation past the protected zone limits. This will
be later verified by running an ICE3D calculation using the results of this CHT simulation.
7.3.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) with Surface Roughness

If ice is expected to form during a CHT simulation (due to insufficient heating or as expected by the
design), you should impose a sand-grain roughness over the contaminated surfaces. In this manner,
the shape and the thickness of the ice will be more accurately represented over these zones. In CHT3D,
this is done by enabling the surface roughness option in the main configuration window. Since
roughness changes the turbulence and velocity profiles which consequently change the heat fluxes
and shear stresses, the full Navier-Stokes equation should be solved on the external domain during
CHT iterations. This option is computationally more expensive than the customary Energy-only CHT3D
computation and therefore is necessary only if a more realistic post-CHT ice growth simulation is re-
quired. The roughness will be applied only in regions where the instantaneous ice growth rate is non-
zero, while the rest of the surface remains smooth.
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet_with_Roughness. The CHT configuration
window will prompt for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Piccolo (2 fluids, 1 solid) in
the Problem type pull-down menu and then choose the Wet air option. Click the OK button to
continue with the set-up. A set of coupled FENSAP, ICE3D and C3D runs will appear in the run
window.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of CHT3D_wet onto the config icon of the main
CHT3D_wet_with_Roughness run, and click Full copy button. This will copy all the necessary
input files and parameters for the current simulation.
3. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_with_Roughness to activate the roughness

option.
5. Choose the Solve full Navier-Stokes option in the Flow solver mode – external pull-down menu.
6. Click the Ice roughness check box to activate the ice roughness option and enter 0.0005 meters
(default value). For the Flow solver mode – internal, keep the default option Solve energy only.
7. Close and Save the current run settings.
8. Double-click the fluid_ext config icon. Go to Solver panel and change the CFL number from
20000 to 100 and Maximum number of time steps from 10 to 50. Close and save this config-
uration.
9. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_with_Roughness. Select the Run option in the
menu to launch the CHT3D calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible.
From the heat transfer point of view on the protected zone, there is not much difference between
this case and the previous one. The actual difference will be visible when the ice shape after CHT
is computed in the next two tutorials.
7.3.5. Ice Accretion After CHT

The goal of this simulation is to compute the post-CHT ice shape using the steady-state anti-icing
heat fluxes computed in the CHT3D run.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_post_CHT.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext run of the CHT3D_wet onto the config icon of the
current run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions, heat fluxes, grid of
the external domain and the reference conditions into the ICE3D_post_CHT run.
Go to the Solver panel. Keep the Automatic time step option enabled and change the Total
time of ice accretion to 2400 seconds.
4. Run the calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs if possible.
Figure 7.21: Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the Hot Air IPS Turned On
7.3.6. Ice Accretion After CHT with Roughness

In this tutorial, you will look at residual ice accretion when roughness is enabled in the CHT3D run.
Roughness is applied only in the regions where instantaneous ice accretion is non-zero.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_post_CHT_with_Roughness.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext run of the CHT3D_wet_with_Roughness onto the
config icon of the current run. (If for any reason the file links appear broken, they can be set
manually.)
4. In the Out panel, enable the Generate displaced grid option to get the iced grid for additional
flow computations (optional).
6. To compare the ice shapes obtained with and without roughness, first load the ice shape of Ice
Accretion After CHT (p. 324). Go back to the project window and right-click the swimsol icon of
ICE3D_post_CHT run. Choose View ICE and load it in a new window. Next, click the View ICE
button of the current run and Append. The two grids should be loaded with the ice shapes on
them. Split the screen to put the data sets on either sides of the view.
The ice shape with roughness is slightly thicker towards the front of the ice shape as roughness
increases cooling effects. This ice shape is an example of ridge ice that can form behind protected
zones. In this case it forms due to runback, since ice is located past the impingement limits.
Figure 7.22: Residual Ice Shapes Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the IPS Turned on, without
(Left) and with (Right) Roughness
7. To view the displaced external flow grid, click View in the current run’s execution window, and
choose Displaced grid.
The displaced grid can be used for aerodynamic performance analysis to see the adverse effects
of the residual ridge ice.
7.3.7. Multishot Ice Accretion After CHT with Roughness

In this tutorial, the residual ice accretion on the nacelle is calculated using the multishot icing meth-
odology, in contrast to the single shot approach employed in Ice Accretion After CHT with Rough-
ness (p. 325). The multishot icing approach captures the effect the ice shape has on the local airflow
and droplet field during the accretion process. This may allow additional phenomena to be captured
during the icing process, such as changes in airflow patterns, collection efficiency and shadow zones,
etc. However, this approach is more computationally expensive.
Note:
In this case, you are using the standard MULTI-FENSAP sequence.
1. Create a new Sequence → MULTI-FENSAP run and name it MULTI-

FENSAP_post_CHT_with_roughness.
2. Drag & drop the main config icon of the CHT3D_wet_with_Roughness onto the main config
icon of the current run. A message will pop up to say that required inputs will be imported from
the CHT simulation. Click OK.
3. Double-click the fensap config icon to edit the FENSAP solver input parameters. Go to the Solver
panel. Set the CFL number to 100 and the Maximum number of time steps to 300. Close and
save the fensap configuration. Uncheck the Use variable relaxation option.
4. Double-click the drop config icon to edit the droplet solver input parameters. Go to the Solver
panel. Set the CFL number to 20 and the Maximum number of time steps to 300. Close and
save the drop configuration.
5. Double-click the ice config icon to edit the ICE3D solver input parameters.
In the Model panel, under Icing model, set the Roughness output to CHT constant roughness
to maintain the same roughness height computed in your CHT3D with roughness simulation.
In the Out panel, change the Time between solution output to 960 seconds. Close and save
the ice configuration.
6. Double click the main config icon to edit the multishot parameters. Click Add iteration twice so
that 3 iterations are listed in the table. Change the ice – Total time to 480 seconds for Iteration
01, and to 960 seconds for Iteration 02 and Iteration 03, as shown in the figure below.
7. Run the calculation. It’s recommended to use 4 or more CPUs if possible.
8. Use Viewmerical to investigate the ice shape as it develops over the 3 shots of ice accretion. Click
View Ice of the current run and select -All files-. Go to the Data panel and set the step under
Files → Step to 1, 2 and 3 to view the ice at the end of each shot of ice accretion. Alternatively,
use the slider or click the Play button move through the shots in sequence.
This ice shape is an example of a ridge ice that can form behind protected zones. In this case, it
forms due to water runback, since ice is located past the impingement limits. After each shot,
additional water runs back along the nacelle towards the ridge of ice and freezes towards the
front of the ice shape. The ice obstruction prevents the water from moving further downstream.
Figure 7.23: 3D Views of the Residual Ice Shapes Accreted After 480 (Left), 1440 (Middle)
and 2,400 (Right) Seconds with the IPS Turned On, Using a Post CHT Multishot Simulation
with Roughness
Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent
7.4. Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent

This tutorial illustrates the procedure to compute the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) through the
metal skin of a leading edge, which separates the cold wet air flowing over the external skin surface
from the hot internal air flow induced by the jet discharging from the orifice of the piccolo tube. A hot
jet from the orifice of a piccolo tube heats the inner skin of the leading edge to prevent ice accretion
on the outer surface. In this simulation Fluent, DROP3D and ICE3D will be used to simulate the external
flow conditions. C3D simulates the heat conduction through the solid leading edge skin and Fluent
will be used to simulate the internal flow.
This tutorial has the same flow conditions as Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air Regime (Anti-
Icing) (p. 317) for both external and internal flow domains and consists of the following sequential steps.
1. Compute the external cold air flow, using Fluent.
2. Compute the internal hot air flow, using Fluent.
3. Compute the external droplet impingement (constant source of droplets).
4. Compute an initial water film on the surface (for a few seconds only).
5. Conjugate heat transfer across all domains (without Fluent roughness option enabled).
6. Conjugate heat transfer across all domains (with Fluent roughness option enabled).
7. Compute ice accretion after CHT (without Fluent roughness option enabled).
8. Compute ice accretion after CHT (with Fluent roughness option enabled).

1. Using FENSAP-ICE, create a new project and name it PICCOLO_FLUENT. Select the metric unit
system. Close FENSAP-ICE.
2. Go to the project folder, PICCOLO_FLUENT, and create a new sub folder called INITIAL-AIR.
Copy the provided Fluent case file, FLUENT-piccolo-ext.cas.h5, from the tutorials subdir-
ectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT to this new folder and launch Fluent.
Note:
In Windows, Fluent can be launched by going to Start → All Programs → ANSYS 2022
R2 → Fluid Dynamics → Fluent 2022 R2.
Figure 7.24: External Mesh (Left: Symmetric Plane; Right: Surface Walls)
3. In the Fluent Launcher window, select the Dimension as 3D, pick Double Precision under Op-
tions, and choose Parallel (Local Machine) under Processing Options. Assign a number of CPUs
for this simulation, 2 to 4 CPUs, under Solver → Processes. Click Show More Options. Under
General Options, set your Working Directory to the INITIAL-AIR directory. Press OK to close
the Fluent Launcher.
Note:
Select Serial under Processing Options to run the simulation using a single processor
or CPU if multiple processes are not available.
4. Read the case file by going to the File → Read → Case menu and browse to and select the Fluent
case file, FLUENT-piccolo-ext.cas.h5, located inside the sub folder INITIAL-AIR.
5. From the top navigation menu, select Physics. Make sure the Solver is set to Pressure-Based,
Absolute, and Steady. Click the Operating Conditions. Set the Operating Pressure to 0 Pa.
Press OK to close the Operation Conditions window.
6. Expand the Setup → Material → Fluid from the side tree menu. Double-click air and modify its
properties. The table below describes the air properties to be imposed in this simulation.
Density Ideal-gas
Cp 1004.688 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity 0.02325338 W/m-K
Viscosity 1.667512e-05 kg/m-s
Molecular Weight 28.966 kg/kgmol
Click the Change/Create button and Close this window to save the new air properties.
Note:
Thermal conductivity and viscosity are computed from these equations which are
presented in the FENSAP User’s manual and shown below.
In these equations, refers to the ambient air static temperature, and , and
3/2 -6
are respectively equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K , 288 K and 17.9*10 Pa s.
7. Expand and double-click Setup → Models → Energy from the side tree menu. Ensure that Energy
is turned on.
8. Expand and double-click Setup → Models → Viscous from the side tree menu. Select the k-omega
(2 eqn) option in the opened Viscous Model interface and then select k-omega Model → SST.
Make sure that Viscous Heating and Production Limiter are activated in the Options section.
In the Model Constants section, drag the scroll bar down and set Energy Prandtl Number and
Wall Prandtl Number values to 0.9. Click OK to close this menu.
9. Expand and double-click Setup → Boundary Conditions from the side tree menu. Set the interior-
2 boundary to interior.
10. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-far-field-4 and then select
pressure-far-field from the drop-down list of Type. Click Edit to open the Pressure Far-Field
window and set the following conditions for this boundary:
• Momentum panel
Gauge Pressure 101325 Pa

Mach Number 0.15692
X, Y, and Z-Components of Flow Direction 1, 0 and 0
Turbulence Specification Method Intensity and Viscosity Ratio
Turbulence Intensity 0.08%
Turbulent Viscosity Ratio 1e-05
• Thermal panel
Temperature 263.15 K (-10 °C)
Repeat this step for the pressure-far-field-5 boundary.
11. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-outlet-8 and select pressure
outlet from the drop-down list of Type. Set the following for this boundary:
• Momentum panel

Backflow Turbulence Intensity 0.08%

Backflow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio 1e-05
• Thermal panel
Backflow Total Temperature 264.446 K
12. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the symmetry-9 boundary and select sym-
metry from the drop-down list of Type
13. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, double-click the wall-6 to open Wall window. In
the Momentum panel, set the Wall Motion to Stationary Wall and the Shear Condition to No
Slip. In the Thermal panel, set the Thermal Conditions to a Temperature of 274.446 K. Click
Ok to close the window. Repeat this step for wall-7 boundary.
14. Expand and double-click Setup → Reference Values from the side tree menu. In the Task Page,
use the Compute from drop-down menu to select pressure-far-field-5.
15. Expand and double-click Solution → Methods from the side tree menu. Set the Pressure-Velocity
Coupling section to Coupled. In the Spatial Discretization section, set the Gradient to Green-
Gauss Cell Based and the remaining settings to Second Order or Second Order Upwind. Enable
High Order Term Relaxation with its Options to All Variables and Relaxation Factor to 0.25.
16. Expand and double-click Solution → Monitors → Residual from the side tree menu. In the Residual
Monitors window, make sure that the Print to Console and the Plot are enabled. Disable all
check box below the Convergence column. Close this window once this is done.
17. Expand and double-click Solution → Report Definitions from the side tree menu. In the opened
Report Definitions window, do the following:
• Click and select New → Force Report → Lift to open the Lift Report Definition window. Change
the Name to report-def-cl. Click to select wall-6 and wall-7 on the list box below Wall
Zones. Enable Report File and Print to Console under Create and set Frequency value to 1.
Click OK to close the Lift Report Definition window.
• Click and select New → Force Report → Drag to open the Drag Report Definition window.
Change the Name to report-def-cd. Click to select wall-6 and wall-7 on the list box below
Wall Zones. Enable Report File and Print to Console under Create and set Frequency value
to 1. Click OK to close the Drag Report Definition window.
• Click and select New → Surface Report → Integral to open Surface Report Definition window.
Change the Name to report-def-heat. Set the Field Variable to Wall Fluxes → Total
Surface Heat Flux. Click to select wall-6 and wall-7 on the list box below Surfaces. Enable
Report File and Print to Console under Create and set Frequency value to 1. Click OK to
close the Surface Report Definition window.
Click Close to close the Report Definitions window.
18. Expand and double-click Solution → Initialization from the side tree menu. In the opened Task
Page, select Hybrid Initialization under Initialization Methods. Click the Initialize button to
initialize the computational domain.
19. Expand and double-click Solution → Run Calculation from the side tree menu. Enter 3000 as
the total Number of Iterations and click Calculate to start the simulation.
20. Once the simulation is complete, save the new Fluent solutions in File → Write → Case & Data.
Name this simulation as FLUENT-piccolo-ext.cas.h5/dat.h5.
The following figure shows the convergence history of the external airflow simulation with Fluent:
Figure 7.25: Convergent History of External Airflow Simulation
The following figures compare the Fluent solution to a FENSAP kw-sst airflow solution.
Figure 7.26: Initial External Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.27: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.28: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.29: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Note:
To appropriately compare the results of this CHT anti-icing simulation using Fluent with
the kw-sst turbulence model, another CHT anti-icing simulation using FENSAP-ICE with
its own kw-sst turbulence model was conducted. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet
Air Regime (Anti-Icing) (p. 317) uses the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and therefore
its results are not suitable to make proper comparisons. Results and comparisons of
both kw-sst cases are presented throughout this tutorial and show that Fluent and
FENSAP-ICE produce similar CHT results.

1. Copy the Fluent case file, FLUENT-piccolo-int.cas.h5, from the tutorials subdirectory
../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT to the INITIAL-AIR folder.
2. Select File → Read → Case from the Fluent main menu. Navigate to INITIAL-AIR and select
the file, FLUENT-piccolo-int.cas.h5, to open the internal case file with Fluent.
Figure 7.30: Internal Mesh (Left: Symmetric Plane; Right: Surface Walls)
Absolute, and Steady. Click the Operating Conditions.... Set the Operating Pressure (pascal)
to 0 Pa. Press OK to close the Operation Conditions window.
4. Expand Setup → Material → Fluid from the side tree menu. Double-click air and modify its
Density Ideal-gas
Cp 1004.688 J/kg-K
Molecular Height 28.966 kg/kgmol
Note:
presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual and shown below.
3/2 -6
5. Expand and double-click Setup→ Models → Energy from the side tree menu. Make sure that
Energy is turned on.
7. Expand and double-click Setup → Boundary Conditions from the side tree menu. Set the interior-
2 boundary to interior.
8. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the velocity-inlet-4 and then select velocity-
inlet from the drop-down list of Type. Click Edit to open the velocity-inlet window and set the
following conditions for this boundary:
• Momentum panel
Velocity Specification Method Magnitude and Direction

Reference Frame Absolute
Velocity Magnitude 367.2557 m/s
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure 101502.4 Pa
Coordinate System Cartesian (X, Y, Z)
X, Y, Z-Components of Flow Direction -0.9396926, -0.3420201 and 0
• Thermal panel
Temperature 335.4 K (62.25 °C)
These conditions specify an orifice velocity with a Mach number slightly above 1. The velocity
vector is perpendicular to the inlet.
9. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-outlet-8 and select pressure-
outlet from the drop-down list of Type. Set the following for this boundary:
• Momentum panel

Backflow Turbulence Intensity 0.08%
Backflow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio 1e-05
• Thermal panel
Backflow Total Temperature 335 K (61.85 °C)
10. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the symmetry-9 boundary and select sym-
metry from the drop-down list of Type.
11. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, double-click the wall-5 to open Wall window. In
the Momentum panel, set the Wall Motion to Stationary Wall and the Shear Condition to No
Slip. In the Thermal panel, set the Thermal Conditions to Temperature at 320 K (46.85 °C).
Click Ok to close the window. Repeat this step for wall-7 boundary.
12. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, double-click the wall-6 to open the Wall window.
In the Momentum panel, set the Wall Motion to Stationary Wall and the Shear Condition to
No Slip. In Thermal panel, set the Thermal Conditions to Heat Flux to 0 W/m2. Click Ok to close
the window.
Note:
Temperature must be specified on the interfacing boundary condition families to initiate

the heat transfer between the two domains (air and solid). In this case wall-5 will be
interfacing with the leading edge part of the solid, and wall-7 will interface with the
back plate. These temperatures will be updated automatically during the CHT3D loop,
as conduction takes place in the solid.
use the Compute from drop-down menu to select velocity-inlet-4. Set the Length to 0.05 m.
Coupling section to Coupled. In the Spatial Discretization section, set the Gradient to Green
Gauss Node Based and the remaining settings to Second Order or Second Order Upwind. Enable
Pseudo Transient and High Order Term Relaxation, with its Options to All Variables and Re-
laxation Factor to 0.25.
16. Expand and double-click Solution → Report Definitions from the side tree menu. In the opened
Report Definitions window, click and select New → Surface Report → Integral to open Surface
Report Definition window. Change the Name to surf-heatflux-rset. Set the Field Variable
to Wall Fluxes → Total Surface Heat Flux. Click to select wall-5 on the list box below Surfaces.
Enable Report File and Print to Console under Create and set Frequency value to 1. Click OK
to close the Surface Report Definition window. Then, click Close in the Report Definitions
window to save the configurations.
18. Expand and double-click Solution → Run Calculation from the side tree menu. Enter 5000 as
the total Number of Iterations and click Calculate to start the simulation.
Name this simulation as FLUENT-piccolo-int.cas.h5/dat.h5.
20. Click File → Exit from the main menu to close Fluent.
The following figure shows the convergence history of the internal airflow simulation with Fluent:
Figure 7.31: Convergent History of Internal Airflow Simulation
Figure 7.32: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.33: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.34: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.35: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)

1. Open the PICCOLO_FLUENT project with FENSAP-ICE. Use the File → New run menu or the new
run icon to create a new DROP3D run. Name this run DROP3D_ext_FLUENT.
2. Right-click the grid icon and select Define. Navigate to the folder, INITIAL-AIR, and select,
FLUENT-piccolo-ext.cas.h5. Then press Open and a new Grid converter window appears.
Accept the default options and click OK or Next.
3. The Grid converter will now execute. When done, click Finish. Fluent icons will now appear in
the grid and airsol input sections to the left of the config icon.
4. Double-click the DROP3D_ext_FLUENT config icon to edit the input parameters.
5. Go to the Conditions panel and check that the following Droplet reference conditions have
been set by default:
Liquid Water Content 1 g/m3

Droplet diameter 20 microns
Water density 1000 kg/m3
6. Go to Boundaries panel. Select the BC_1000 and BC_1001 (Inlet) boundary condition and click
Import reference conditions.
The following figures show the computed liquid water content and collection efficiency and
compare these results against a DROP3D solution computed from a FENSAP kw-sst airflow.
Note:
its own kw-sst turbulence model was conducted. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet
Air Regime (Anti-Icing) (p. 317) uses the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and therefore
its results are not suitable to make proper comparisons. Therefore, results and compar-
isons of both kw-sst cases are presented throughout this tutorial and show that Fluent
and FENSAP-ICE produce similar CHT results.
Figure 7.36: Droplet LWC on the External Flow (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.37: Collection Efficiency on the External Flow (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)

outer surface of the solid as an initial condition for the wet CHT run.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_ext_FLUENT.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of DROP3D_ext_FLUENT onto the config icon of this new run. This
operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions, the grid of the external domain and
the reference conditions into the ICE3D_ext_FLUENT run.
4. Go to the Model panel. Change the Icing model to Glaze - Advanced and select Classical in
Heat flux type.
5. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the Recovery factor to 0.9.
6. Go to the Solver panel. Keep the Automatic time step option enabled and change the Total

1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet_FLUENT. The CHT configuration window will
appear to prompt for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Piccolo (2 fluids, 1 solid) in the
Problem type pull-down menu, then choose Wet air. Select FLUENT in the Flow Solver (External)
and (Internal) settings. Press the OK button to continue with the setup. A tree of coupled Fluent,
ICE3D and C3D runs will appear in the run window.
2. Right-click the grid icon of fluid_ext and select Define. Navigate to the INITIAL-AIR folder
and select the FLUENT-piccolo-ext.cas.h5 file. Then press Open and a new Grid converter
window appears. Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and solution
conversions are completed, click the Finish button to close this window.
3. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_ext run to edit the input parameters. In the FLUENT
configuration window, do the following:
• Set the Number of iterations to 50;
• Set the correct path to the FLUENT executable;
• Set the launch Parameters to “3ddp -t$NCPU -g -i $JOURNAL -wait”.
Click OK to close the FLUENT configuration window.
4. Drag & drop the config icon from ICE3D_ext_FLUENT onto the config icon of the ice_ext run
in CHT3D_wet_FLUENT.
5. Right -click the grid icon of fluid_int and select Define. Navigate to the INITIAL-AIR folder
and select the FLUENT-piccolo-int.cas.h5 file. Press Open and a new Grid converter
window appears. Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and solution
conversions are completed, click Finish to close this window.
Note:
When the Reference parameters table appears in the Grid converter window, double-
check and make sure that the magnitude of the velocity vector (compute this value
using the X, Y, and Z-velocity component) is equal to the Value of the Reference
velocity.
6. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_int run to edit the input parameters. In the FLUENT
• Set the launch Parameters to “3ddp -t$NCPU -g -i $JOURNAL -wait”.
7. To set up the solid run in CHT3D_wet_FLUENT, double-click the grid_material icon and select
the file grid_solid provided under the tutorials subdirectory CHT.
8. Go to the Settings panel. Set the Temperature value to 300 K (26.85 °C). This will be the initial
temperature throughout the solid domain.
to duralumin. Specify the following characteristics for the material:
Density 2787 kg/m3

follows:
• BC_2005: Select a Neumann condition, set Heat flux to 0 W/m2
Note:
CHT3D will automatically update the boundary conditions on BC_2001, BC_2002, and
BC_2004 during the simulation.
12. Go to the Solver panel. Select Constant from the drop-down menu of Time step. Set the Time
step value to 0.1 seconds and the Total time to 5 seconds. At each CHT3D iteration, heat con-
duction will be computed for 5 seconds. Close and save this configuration.
13. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_FLUENT to set up the links between the solid
and fluid domains.
Figure 7.38: The 3 Computational Domains: Blue (External), Red (Internal), Green (Solid).
Right: Stagnation Point
14. Go to the Parameters panel. Set the Number of CHT iterations (loops) to 30 and Solution
output every 0 seconds (default value).
15. Choose the Solve full Navier-Stokes option in the Flow solver mode pull-down menu for both
external and internal flow.
Note:
Unlike CHT3D with FENSAP, CHT3D with Fluent does not support the Solve energy
only option.
• External fluid grid: 2001: wall-6
• Internal fluid grid: 2000: wall-5
Then click next to Interface label to add the third interface and set it as follows:
• Internal fluid grid: 2002: wall-7
17. Go to the Temperatures panel. Set the External Surface recovery temperature to 264.316 K
(-8.834 °C). Set the Internal adiabatic stagnation temperature to 402.52 K (129.37 °C).
Note:
The value of the External Surface recovery temperature is computed by applying a

recovery factor of 0.9 on the total temperature of the external airflow. The value of the
Internal adiabatic stagnation temperature is the total air temperature at the jet hole
of the internal domain. Both values are used as reference temperatures, for the external
and internal domains respectively, during a CHT simulation.
18. Close and save the configuration.
19. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_FLUENT, then select the Run option in the menu
to launch the CHT3D calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible, and launch the
calculation.
This simulation takes a substantial amount of time to complete.
Figure 7.39: Convergence History of the Maximum Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP kw-sst - Energy Only)
Figure 7.40: Convergence History of the Minimum (Right) Solid Wall Temperatures (Left:
Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Energy Only)
Figure 7.41: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst –
Energy Only)
Figure 7.42: Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP
kw-sst – Energy Only)
Figure 7.43: Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP kw-sst – Energy Only)
7.4.6. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) with Surface Roughness

If ice is expected to form during a CHT simulation (due to insufficient heating or as designed), you
should impose a sand-grain roughness over the contaminated surfaces. In this manner, the shape
and the thickness of the ice will be more accurately represented over these zones. In CHT3D, this is
done by enabling the surface roughness option in the main configuration window. Since roughness
changes the turbulence and velocity profiles which consequently change the heat fluxes and shear
stresses, the full Navier-Stokes equation should be solved on the external domain during CHT iterations.
Roughness will be applied only in regions where the instantaneous ice growth rate is non-zero, while
the rest of the surface remains smooth.
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet_FLUENT_with_roughness. The CHT con-
figuration window will appear to prompt for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Piccolo
(2 fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem type pull-down menu, then choose Wet air. Select FLUENT in
the Flow Solver (External) and (Internal) settings. Click OK to continue with the setup. A tree
of coupled Fluent, ICE3D and C3D runs will appear in the run window.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of CHT3D_wet_FLUENT onto the config icon of the main
CHT3D_wet_FLUENT_with_roughness run, and click Full copy button. This will copy all the ne-
cessary input files and parameters for the current simulation.
3. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_FLUENT_with_Roughness to activate the

roughness option.
6. Click the Ice roughness check box to activate the ice roughness option and enter 0.0005 meters
(default value). Choose the Solve full Navier-Stokes option in the Flow solver mode – internal
pull-down menu.
7. Click Close and Save the current run settings.
8. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_FLUENT_with_Roughness. Select the Run option
in the menu to launch the CHT3D calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible.
Figure 7.44: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst –
Full Navier-Stokes)
Figure 7.45: Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP
kw-sst – Full Navier-Stokes)
Figure 7.46: Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP kw-sst – Full Navier-Stokes)
is computed in the next sections.

After the CHT computation is complete, the rate at which ice will accrete can be assessed by looking
at the Instantaneous Ice Growth data field in the ICE3D solution file swimsol. However, the amount
of ice can be visualized by performing a post-CHT ICE3D simulation.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext section of the CHT3D_wet_FLUENT simulation onto
this new ICE3D run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions, heat fluxes,
grid of the eternal domain and the reference conditions into the ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT.
5. Go to the Out panel. Set the Time between solution output to 2400 seconds. This will only
output and write the final solution.
6. Run the calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs if possible
(Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst – Energy Only)
7.4.8. Ice Accretion After CHT with Roughness

After the CHT computation is done, the rate at which ice will accrete can be assessed by looking at
the Instantaneous Ice Growth data field in the ICE3D solution file swimsol. However, the amount
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT_with_roughness.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext section of the CHT3D_wet_FLUENT_with_roughness
simulation onto this new ICE3D run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions,
heat fluxes, grid of the external domain and the reference conditions into the
ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT_with_roughness.
5. In the Out panel, set the Time between solution output to 2400 seconds. This will only output
and write the final solution. Select Yes from the drop-down menu of the Generate displaced
grid option to get the displaced-iced grid for additional flow computations (optional).
Note:
To compare the ice shapes obtained without and with roughness in CHT, first load the
ice shape of ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT. Go back to the project window and right-click
the swimsol icon of the ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT run. Choose View ICE and load it
in a new window. Next, click the View ICE button of the current run and Append. The
two grids should be loaded with the ice shapes on them. Split the screen to put the
data sets on either sides of the view.
(Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst Energy only)
7. To view the displaced external flow grid, right-click the grid_disp icon of the
ICE3D_post_CHT_FLUENT_with_roughness run and select View with VIEWMERICAL.
Note:
The displaced grid can be used for performance analysis to see the adverse effects of
the residual ridge ice.
Figure 7.49: Displaced External Flow Grid with Residual Ice Obtained by Running ICE3D After
CHT (Left: Fluent with Roughness; Right: FENSAP kw-sst with Roughness)
Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using CFX
7.5. Piccolo Tube Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using CFX

This tutorial illustrates the procedure to compute the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) through the metal
skin of a leading edge, which separates the cold wet air flowing over the external skin surface from the
hot internal air flow induced by the jet discharging from the orifice of the piccolo tube. A hot jet from
the orifice of a piccolo tube heats the inner skin of the leading edge to prevent ice accretion on the
outer surface. In this simulation CFX, DROP3D and ICE3D will be used to simulate the external flow
conditions. C3D simulates the heat conduction through the solid leading edge skin and CFX will be
used to simulate the internal flow.
This tutorial has the same flow conditions as Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air Regime (Anti-
Icing) (p. 317) for both external and internal flow domains and consists of the following sequential steps.
1. Compute the external cold air flow, using CFX.
2. Compute the internal hot air flow, using CFX.
3. Compute the external droplet impingement (constant source of droplets).
5. Conjugate heat transfer across all domains (without CFX roughness option enabled).
6. Conjugate heat transfer across all domains (with CFX roughness option enabled).
7. Compute ice accretion after CHT (without CFX roughness option enabled).
8. Compute ice accretion after CHT (with CFX roughness option enabled).

1. Using FENSAP-ICE, create a new project and name it PICCOLO_CFX. Select the metric unit system.
Close FENSAP-ICE.
2. Go to the project folder, PICCOLO_CFX, and create a new sub folder called INITIAL-AIR. Copy
the provided CFX file, CFX-piccolo-ext.cfx , from the tutorials subdirectory ../work-
shop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT to this new folder and launch CFX-Pre.
Note:
On Windows, CFX-Pre can be launched by going to Start → All Programs → ANSYS

2022 R2 → CFX 2022 R2.
Figure 7.50: External Mesh (Left: Symmetric Plane; Right: Surface Walls)
3. In the Ansys CFX 2022 R2 Launcher, set the Working Directory to ../PICCOLO_CFX/INITIAL-
AIR. Click the CFX-Pre icon below the launcher’s main menu to launch CFX.
4. Click File → Open Case... from Ansys CFX-MeshCFX-Pre’s main menu and select the file CFX-
piccolo-ext.cfx to open it in CFX-Pre.
5. Expand Simulation → Materials under the Outline tree view. Double-click the Air Ideal Gas icon
to open the Material: Air Ideal Gas main tab. Go to its sub tab Material Properties and modify
the air properties as shown in the table below:
Molar Mass 28.966 kg/kgmol

Specific Heat Capacity 1004.688 J/kg-K
Dynamic Viscosity 1.667512e-05 kg/m-s
Click Apply then OK to close the Material: Air Ideal Gas tab and save the new air properties.
Note:
3/2 -6
6. Expand Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 under the Outline tree view. Double-click its sub section
Default Domain to open the Domain: Default Domain tab and to edit the domain settings.
• In its sub tab Basic Settings, change the Material to Air Ideal Gas and the Reference
Pressure to 0 Pa.
• In its sub tab Fluid Models, under Heat Transfer, set the Option to Total Energy and
enable Incl. Viscous Work Term. Under Turbulence, set the Option to Shear Stress
Transport.
Click Apply then OK to save the new settings and close the main tab.
7. Expand Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 → Default Domain to set boundary conditions of the
domain:
• Double-click to edit the farfield boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Inlet. Hold the Ctrl key to select
the pressure far field 4 and pressure farfield 5 from the drop-down box of Location.
b. Under the Boundary Details tab,
– Set the Flow Regime Option to Subsonic.
– Set the Mass and Momentum Option to Cart. Vel.Componets with [U, V, W] components
of [51.03, 0, 0] m/s.
– Set Turbulence Option to Intensity and Eddy Viscosity Ratio with a Fractional Intensity
of 0.0008 and an Eddy Viscosity Ratio of 1e-5.
– Set the Heat Transfer Option to Static Temperature and the Static Temperature to
263.15 K.
Click Apply then OK to save the settings and close the main tab.
• Double-click to edit the outlet boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Outlet. Select the pressure outlet
8 from the drop-down box of Location.
b. Under the Boundary Details tab, set the Flow Regime Option to Subsonic. Set the Mass
and Momentum Option to Static Pressure and the Relative Pressure to 101 325 Pa.
• Double-click to edit the wall_cht boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Wall. Select wall 6 from the
drop-down box of Location.
b. Under the Boundary Details tab, set the Mass and Momentum Option to No Slip
Wall, Wall Roughness Option to Smooth Wall, and Heat Transfer Option to Temper-
ature with a Fixed Temperature value of 274.446 K.
• Double-click to edit the wall_end boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Wall. Select wall 7 from the drop-
down box of Location.
b. Under the Boundary Details tab, set the Mass and Momentum Option to No Slip Wall,
Wall Roughness Option to Smooth Wall, and Heat Transfer Option to Temperature with
a Fixed Temperature value of 274.446 K.
• Double-click to edit the symmetry boundary condition. In the Basic Settings tab, set the
Boundary Type to Symmetry. Select symmetry 9 from the drop-down box of Location.
8. Expand Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 → Solver and double-click to edit the Solver Control.
Under its sub tab Basic Settings, do the following:
• Set the Advection Scheme Option and Turbulence Numerics Option to High Resolution;
• Under Convergence Control, set the Min. Iterations to 1 and Max. Iterations to 1000;
• Under Fluid Timescale Control, set the Timescale Control to Auto Timescale, Length Scale
Option to Conservative, and Timescale Factor to a value of 1;
• Under Convergence Criteria, set the Residual Type to RMS and Residual Target to a value
of 1e-20.
9. Expand Simulation Control and double-click to edit Execution Control. Under its sub tab Run
Definition, do the following:
• Under the Input File Settings, set the Solver Input File to CFX-piccolo-ext.def;
• Under Run Settings, set Type of Run to Full and enable Double Precision;
• Under Parallel Environment, set the Run Mode to Intel MPI Local Parallel and assign 4 to
the Number of Processes.
10. Click File → Save Case As from the main menu to save and browse to overwrite the CFX-pic-
colo-ext.cfx file under the sub folder INITIAL-AIR.
11. Click the Define Run icon from the main tool bar to proceed with the simulation. Click Yes
to bring up the Define Run , then Start Run to launch the run.
12. Once the simulation is completed, a new file, CFX-piccolo-ext_001.res, will be automatically
saved inside the working directory, ../PICCOLO_CFX/INITIAL-AIR. The following shows the
converging history of the external airflow simulation with CFX.
Figure 7.51: Convergent History of External Airflow Simulation
The following figures compare the CFX external airflow solution to FENSAP/Fluent kw-sst airflow
solution.
Figure 7.52: Initial External Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent Launcher.;
Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.53: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP)
Figure 7.54: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.55: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP)
Note:
To appropriately compare the results of this CHT anti-icing simulation using CFX with
the kw-sst turbulence model, another CHT anti-icing simulation using FENSAP with its
own kw-sst turbulence model was conducted. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air
Regime (Anti-Icing) (p. 317) uses the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and therefore
its results are not suitable to make proper comparisons. Results and comparisons of all
kw-sst cases are presented throughout this tutorial and show that CFX and
FENSAP/Fluent produce similar CHT results.

1. Copy the CFX file, CFX-piccolo-int.cfx, from the tutorial’s subdirectory ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/CHT to the INITIAL-AIR folder.
2. Go back to the Ansys CFX 2022 R2 Launcher. Click the CFX-Pre icon below the main menu to
launch CFX-Pre.
3. Click File → Open Case... from CFX-Pre’s main menu and select the file CFX-piccolo-int.cfx
to open it in CFX-Pre.
Figure 7.56: Internal Geometry and Mesh
4. Expand Simulation → Materials under the Outline tree view. Double-click the Air Ideal Gas icon
to open the Material: Air Ideal Gas main tab. Go to its sub tab Material Properties and modify
the air properties as shown in the table below:
Molecular Height 28.966kg/kgmol

Specific Heat Capa- 1004.688J/kg-K
city
Dynamic Viscosity 2.010212e-
05kg/m-s
Thermal Conductiv- 0.02830653W/m-K
ity
Note:
are respectively equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K3/2, 288 K and 17.9*10-6 Pa s.
5. Expand Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 under the Outline tree view. Double-click its sub section
Default Domain to open the Domain: Default Domain tab and to edit the domain settings:
• In its sub tab Basic Settings, change the Material to Air Ideal Gas and the Reference Pressure
to 0 Pa.
• In its sub tab Fluid Models, under Heat Transfer, set the Option to Total Energy and enable
Incl. Viscous Work Term under Turbulence and set the Option to Shear Stress Transport.
domain:
• Double-click to edit the inlet boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Inlet. Select velocity inlet 4 from
the drop-down box of Location.
b. Under the Boundary Details tab:
– Set the Flow Regime Option to Supersonic.
– Set the Mass and Momentum Option to Cart. Vel. & Pressure with a Rel. Static Pres.
value of 101 502.4 Pa and [U, V, W] components of [-345.107471232,
-125.608847151, 0] m/s.
335.4 K.
• Double-click to edit the outlet boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Outlet. Select the pressure
outlet 8 from the drop-down box of Location.
b. Under the Boundary Details tab, set the Flow Regime Option to Subsonic. Set the
Mass and Momentum Option to Static Pressure and the Relative Pressure to 101
325 Pa.
• Double-click to edit the symmetry boundary condition. In the Basic Settings tab, set the
Boundary Type to Symmetry. Select symmetry 9 from the drop-down box of Location. Click
Apply then OK to save the settings and close the main tab.
• Double-click to edit the wall_adiabatic boundary condition.
Wall Roughness Option to Smooth Wall, and Heat Transfer Option to Adiabatic.
• Double-click to edit the wall_ext_cht boundary condition.
a Fixed Temperature value of 320 K.
• Double-click to edit the wall_int_cht boundary condition.
a Fixed Temperature value of 320 K.
• Set the Min./Max. Iterations of Convergence Control to 1 and 1000, respectively;
• Under Fluid Timescale Control, set the Timescale Control to Auto Timescale, Length
Scale Option to Conservative, and Timescale Factor to a value of 1000.
• Under Convergence Criteria, set the Residual Type to RMS and Residual Target to a
value of 1e-20.
• Go to the Advanced Options tab. Enable the Compressibility Control and High Speed
Numerics options.
• Under the Input File Settings, set the Solver Input File to CFX-piccolo-int.def;
• Under Run Settings, set Type of Run to Full and enable the Double Precision option;
• Under Parallel Environment, set the Run Mode to Intel MPI Local Parallel and assign 4
to the Number of Processes.
9. Click File → Save Case As from the main menu and browse to overwrite the CFX-piccolo-
int.cfx under the sub folder INITIAL-AIR.
10. Click the Define Run icon from the main tool bar to proceed the simulation. Click Yes to bring
up the Define Run user interface, then Start Run to launch the run.
11. Once the simulation is complete, a new file, CFX-piccolo-int_001.res, will be automatically
saved inside the working directory, ../PICCOLO_CFX/INITIAL-AIR.
The following shows the converging history of internal airflow simulation with CFX.
Figure 7.57: Convergent History of Internal Airflow Simulation
Figure 7.58: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP)
Figure 7.59: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Pressure (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP)
Figure 7.60: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.61: Initial Internal Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP)
Note:
To appropriately compare the results of this CHT anti-icing simulation using CFX with
the kw-sst turbulence model, another CHT anti-icing simulation using FENSAP with its
own kw-sst turbulence model was conducted. Piccolo Tube Operating in the Wet Air
Regime (Anti-Icing) (p. 317) uses the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and therefore
its results are not suitable to make proper comparisons. Results and comparisons of all
kw-sst cases are presented throughout this tutorial and show that CFX and
FENSAP/Fluent produce similar CHT results.

1. Open the PICCOLO_CFX project with FENSAP-ICE. Use File → New run menu or the new run
icon to create a new DROP3D run. Name this run DROP3D_ext_CFX.
CFX- piccolo-ext_001.res. Then press Open and a new Grid converter window appears.
Accept the default options and click OK or Next.
3. The Grid converter will now execute. When done, click Finish. The mesh and airflow solution in
FENSAP format of CFX res file will now appear in the grid and airsol input sections to the left of
the config icon.
4. Double-click the DROP3D_ext_CFX config icon to edit the input parameters.
5. Go to the Conditions panel and verify that the Reference conditions and Droplet initial solution
contains the information shown as below.
Note:
When importing the CFX .res file into FENSAP-ICE, the converter takes the CFX air
properties at the Inlet boundary conditions as reference conditions. Therefore, it is re-
commended that you verify that these reference conditions are appropriate to the
physical problem that you are solving.
6. In the Conditions panel, set the following Droplet reference conditions.
Liquid Water Con- 1 g/m3

tent
Droplet diameter 20
microns
Water density 1000
kg/m3
7. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the BC_1000 (Inlet) boundary surface and click Import refer-
ence conditions.
The following figures show the computed liquid water content and collection efficiency and
compare these results against a DROP3D solution obtained from a FENSAP/Fluent kw-sst airflow.
Figure 7.62: Droplet LWC on the External Flow (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.63: Collection Efficiency on the External Flow (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP)

outer surface of the solid as an initial condition for the wet CHT run.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_ext_CFX.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of DROP3D_ext_CFX onto the config icon of this new run. This
operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions, the grid of the external domain and
the reference conditions into the ICE3D_ext_CFX run.
4. Go to the Model panel. Change the Icing model to Glaze - Advanced and select Classical in
Heat flux type.
5. Go to the Conditions panel. Set the Recovery factor to 0.9.

1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet_CFX. The CHT configuration window will appear
type pull-down menu, then choose Wet air. Select CFX in the Flow Solver (External) and (Internal)
settings. Press the OK button to continue with the setup. A tree of coupled CFX, ICE3D and C3D
runs will appear in the run window.
2. Right-click the grid icon of fluid_ext and select Define. Navigate to the INITIAL-AIR folder
and select the CFX-piccolo-ext_001.res file. Then press Open. Select Edit Import to import
the settings again. A new Grid converter window.
3. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_ext run to edit the input parameters. In the CFX config-
uration window, do the following:
• Set the RMS Convergence criteria to 1e-12;
• Set the correct path to the CFX executable;
• Set the launch Parameters to “-batch $EXTRA_CFX_ARGS -par-local -part

$NCPU”.
Click OK to close the CFX configuration window.
4. Drag & drop the config icon from ICE3D_ext_CFX onto the config icon of the ice_ext run in
CHT3D_wet_CFX.
5. Right -click the grid icon of fluid_int and select Define. Navigate to the INITIAL-AIR folder
and select the CFX-piccolo-int_001.res file. Press Open. A new Grid converter window
appears. Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and solution conversions
are complete, click Finish to close this window.
Note:
When the Reference parameters table appears in the Grid converter window, double-
check and make sure that the Reference velocity magnitude and the X, Y, and Z-ve-
locity component directions are correct. For this case, the following values should be
used:
6. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_int run to edit the input parameters. In the CFX config-
uration window, do the following:
• Set the RMS Convergence criteria to 1e-12;
• Set the correct path to the CFX executable;
• Set the launch Parameters to “-batch $EXTRA_CFX_ARGS -par-local -part

$NCPU”. Click OK to close the CFX configuration window.
7. To set up the solid run in CHT3D_wet_CFX, double-click the grid_material icon and select the
file piccolo_solid provided under the tutorials subdirectory CHT.
8. Go to the Settings panel. Set the Temperature value to 300 K (26.85 °C). This will be the initial
temperature throughout the solid domain.
to duralumin. Specify the following characteristics for the material:
Density 2787
kg/m3
Conductiv- 164
ity W/m/K
Enthalpy 241060
J/kg
follows:
• BC_2005: Set Thermal BC definition to Flux Type and Heat flux to 0 W/m2
Note:
CHT3D will automatically update the boundary conditions on BC_2001, BC_2002,

and BC_2004 during the simulation.
12. Go to the Solver panel. Select Constant from the Time step drop-down menu. Set the Time step
value to 0.1 seconds and the Total time to 5 seconds. At each CHT3D iteration, heat conduction
will be computed for 5 seconds. Close and save this configuration.
13. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_CFX to set up the links between the solid and
fluid domains.
Figure 7.64: The 3 Computational Domains: Blue (External), Red (Internal), Green (Solid).
Right: Stagnation Point
14. Go to the Parameters panel. Set the Number of CHT iterations (loops) to 30 and Solution
output every 0 seconds (default value).
15. Choose the Solve full Navier-Stokes option in the Flow solver mode pull-down menu for both
external and internal flow.
• External fluid grid: 2000: wall_cht
For Solid to Internal: There are two interfaces between the solid and the internal domain.
Set the first interface as follows:
• Internal fluid grid: 2001: wall_ext_cht
Then click next to Interface label of Solid to Internal to add the third interface and set
it as follows:
• Internal fluid grid: 2002: wall_int_cht
17. Go to the Temperatures panel. Set the External Surface recovery temperature to 264.316 K
(-8.834 °C). Set the Internal adiabatic stagnation temperature to 402.52 K (129.37 °C).
Note:
The value of the External Surface recovery temperature is computed by applying a

recovery factor of 0.9 on the total temperature of the external airflow. The value of the
Internal adiabatic stagnation temperature is the total air temperature at the jet hole
of the internal domain. Both values are used as reference temperatures, for the external
and internal domains respectively, during a CHT simulation.
18. Close and save the configuration.
19. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_CFX, then select the Run option in the menu to
launch the CHT3D calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible, and launch the calcu-
lation.
This simulation takes a substantial amount of time to complete.
Figure 7.65: Convergence History of the Maximum Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: CFX; Middle:
Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.66: Convergence History of the Minimum (Right) Solid Wall Temperatures (Left:
CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.67: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP)
Figure 7.68: Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.69: Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle:
7.5.6. Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) With Surface Roughness

If ice is expected to form during a CHT simulation (due to insufficient heating or as designed), you
should impose a sand-grain roughness over the contaminated surfaces. In this manner, the shape
and the thickness of the ice will be more accurately represented over these zones. In CHT3D, this is
done by enabling the surface roughness option in the main configuration window. Since roughness
changes the turbulence and velocity profiles which consequently change the heat fluxes and shear
stresses, the full Navier-Stokes equation should be solved on the external domain during CHT iterations.
Roughness will be applied only in regions where the instantaneous ice growth rate is non-zero, while
the rest of the surface remains smooth.
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet_CFX_with_roughness. The CHT configur-
ation window will appear to prompt for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Piccolo (2
fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem type pull-down menu, then choose Wet air. Select CFX in the
Flow Solver (External) and (Internal) settings. Click OK to continue with the setup. A tree of
coupled CFX, ICE3D and C3D runs will appear in the run window.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of CHT3D_wet_CFX onto the config icon of the main
CHT3D_wet_CFX_with_roughness run, and click the Full copy button. This will copy all the ne-
cessary input files and parameters for the current simulation.
3. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_CFX_with_Roughness to open the configuration

window.
6. Set the Ice roughness to Specified height and enter 0.0005 meters (default value). Choose the
Solve full Navier-Stokes option in the Flow solver mode – internal pull-down menu.
7. Click Close and Save the current run settings.
8. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet_CFX_with_Roughness. Select the Run option in
the menu to launch the CHT3D calculation. Use 4 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible.
Figure 7.70: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right:
FENSAP)
Figure 7.71: Water Film Thickness on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.72: Instantaneous Ice Growth on the External Surface (ICE3D) (Left: CFX; Middle:
is computed in the next sections.

After the CHT computation is complete, the rate at which ice will accrete can be assessed by looking
at the Instantaneous Ice Growth data field in the ICE3D solution file swimsol. However, the amount
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext section of the CHT3D_wet_CFX simulation onto this
new ICE3D run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions, heat fluxes, grid
of the external domain and the reference conditions into the ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX.
5. Go to the Out panel. Set the Time between solution output to 2400 seconds. This will only
output and write the final solution.
Figure 7.73: Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds with the Hot Air IPS Turned On (Left:
CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
7.5.8. Ice Accretion After CHT With Roughness

After the CHT computation is done, the rate at which ice will accrete can be assessed by looking at
the Instantaneous Ice Growth data field in the ICE3D solution file swimsol. However, the amount
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX_with_roughness.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext section of the CHT3D_wet_CFX_with_roughness
simulation onto this new ICE3D run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions,
heat fluxes, grid of the external domain and the reference conditions into the
ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX_with_roughness.
5. In the Out panel, set the Time between solution output to 2400 seconds. This will only output
and write the final solution. Select Yes from the drop-down menu of the Generate displaced
grid option to get the displaced-iced grid for additional flow computations (optional).
Note:
To compare the ice shapes obtained without and with roughness in CHT, first load the
ice shape of ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX. Go back to the project window and right-click the
swimsol icon of the ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX_with_roughness run. Choose View ICE
and load it in a new window. Next, click the View ICE button of the current run and
Append. The two grids should be loaded with the ice shapes on them. Split the screen
to put the data sets on either side of the view.
Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air
Figure 7.74: Residual Ice Shape Accreted for 2400 Seconds With the Hot Air Ips Turned On,
With Roughness (Left: CFX; Middle: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
7. To view the displaced external flow grid, right-click the grid_disp icon of the
ICE3D_post_CHT_CFX_with_roughness run and select View with VIEWMERICAL.
Note:
The displaced grid can be used for performance analysis to see the adverse effects of
the residual ridge ice.
7.6. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air

This tutorial illustrates the procedure for computing Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) through the metal
skin of the leading edge of a wing heated by electro-thermal pads. The CHT analysis is performed in
wet air.

1. Create a new project using File → New project menu or the New project icon and name it
DEICER. Select the metric unit system.
2. Create a new FENSAP run using File → New run menu or the new run icon and name it
FENSAP_ext.
3. Double-click the grid icon and select the grid file deicer_ext provided in the tutorials subdir-
ectory DEICER. The hexahedral mesh is composed of 66,080 elements and 133,318 nodes.
Figure 7.75: Grid of the External Flow Domain
4. Double-click the config icon of the FENSAP_ext run to edit the input parameters for the external
flow calculation.
5. Go to the Model panel and select the Navier-Stokes option for the Momentum equations and
Full PDE for the Energy equation.
6. Select the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and set the Eddy/laminar viscosity ratio to a very
low value, 1e-5.
7. Select the Specified sand-grain roughness option in the Surface roughness section and set the
roughness height to 0.0005 m.
Note:
As opposed to anti-icing runs, deicing runs do contain ice formation, therefore roughness
should be enabled in the flow solver to account for the iced surface roughness effects
on heat fluxes.

9. In order to reduce the amount of time required to run this tutorial, a converged external flow
solution can be found in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/DEICER. Change the Initial solution option from Velocity components to Solution
restart and select the solution file deicer_ext_restart.
Note:
To start this calculation without a restart solution file, select the Velocity components
option from the Initial solution submenu and set the Velocity X to 44.704 m/s. The
remaining velocity components should be set to 0 m/s.
10. Go to the Boundaries panel, select the inlet boundary BC_1001 and choose Supersonic or far-
field in Type section. Click the Import reference conditions button to set the Inlet conditions.
Assign Velocity X to 44.704 m/s and the remaining velocity components to 0 m/s.
11. Select the wall boundary BC_2001 that corresponds to the protected region on the leading edge,
and set its Temperature value to 288 K (14.85 °C).
Note:
Temperature must be imposed on the leading edge in order to compute an initial

nonzero heat flux to start the CHT calculation. This temperature is automatically updated
during the CHT3D loop.
12. Repeat the same procedure for the wall boundaries BC_2008 and BC_2009, which are the two
unprotected sections of the wing.
13. Go to the Solver panel. Choose the Steady option in the Time integration section. Set the CFL
number value to 100 and Maximum number of time steps value to 1. Uncheck the Use variable
relaxation option. In the Artificial viscosity option, select Streamline upwind and set the Cross-
wind dissipation value to 1e-09. FENSAP will restart from the restart solution file,
deicer_ext_restart, and write all the output files required for the CHT3D simulation.
Note:
To start this calculation without a restart solution file, set the Maximum number of
time steps to 1200.
14. In the Out panel, set the solution write frequency to every 20 iterations to be able to visualize
convergence of total heat flux in the Graphs panel during execution.
15. Click the Run button at the bottom of the window to go to the execution environment and run
this restart calculation on 4 processors. The solution look like the one shown in the following
figure.
Figure 7.76: Mach Number Contours, External Domain

1. Create a new DROP3D run using the File → New run menu or the new run icon and name it
DROP3D_ext.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the FENSAP_ext run onto the config icon of the new DROP3D
run.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_ext config icon to edit the input parameters.
4. Go to the Conditions panel and set the following Droplet reference conditions:
Liquid Water Content 0.78 g/m3

Droplet Diameter 20 microns
5. To reduce the amount of time required to run this tutorial, a converged droplet solution can be
found in the tutorials subdirectory DEICER. In the Droplets initial solution section, change the
Velocity components option to Solution restart and select the solution file
deicer_droplet_restart.
Note:
option from the Droplets initial solution submenu and set the Velocity X component
to 44.704 m/s. The remaining velocity components should be set to 0 m/s.
6. Go to the Boundaries panel, select the Inlet boundary BC_1001 and click the Import reference
conditions button.
7. Go to the Solver panel, set the Maximum number of time steps to 1.
Note:
To start this calculation without a restart solution file, keep the default CFL number
and Maximum number of time steps as 20 and 120, respectively.
this restart calculation on 4 processors. The collection efficiency distribution should look very
similar to the one shown in the following figure. If running without a restart, check the Total Beta
and Change in total Beta graphs to follow the convergence process.
Figure 7.77: Collection Efficiency

1. Create a new CHT3D run using the File → New run menu or the new run icon and name it
CHT3D_deicer.
2. The CHT configuration window opens and prompts for the type of CHT simulation:
• Select Electro-thermal (1 fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem type pull-down menu.
• Select Wet air
• Select the De-icing option in the Icing mode pull-down menu.
3. Click the OK button to continue with the set-up. A hierarchy of coupled FENSAP, ICE3D and C3D
4. To configure the external flow run, drag & drop the configuration icon of the previous FENSAP_ext
run onto the configuration icon of the fluid_ext run in CHT3D_deicer. The convective heat
transfer will be based on the heat transfer coefficients computed during the initial FENSAP run.
5. To configure the ice accretion run, drag & drop the config icon of the previous DROP3D_ext run
onto the configuration icon of the ice_ext run.
6. Double-click the config icon of the ice_ext run to configure the parameters. In the Model panel,
select Classical for the Heat flux type under Icing model; in the Conditions panel, set the Re-
covery factor value to 0.9, then close the configuration panel and save the changes.
7. To configure the solid run in CHT3D_deicer, double-click the grid icon and select the file
deicer_solid provided in the tutorial subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/DEICER.
9. Go to the Settings panel. Set Temperature to 264.15 K (-9 °C). This is the initial temperature
10. Go to the Properties panel. Define four materials with the following characteristics:
• Erosion shield
Density 8025.25 kg/m3

Conductivity 16.26 W/m/K
Enthalpy 137234.93 J/kg
• Elastomer

• Fiberglass/epoxy
Density 1794 kg/m3

• Silicone foam

11. Go to the Materials panel. Select the Material type for each region of the grid:
• MAT 1 = Erosion shield
• MAT 2 = Elastomer
• MAT 3 = Fiber glass/epoxy
• MAT 4 = Silicone foam
follows:
• BC_2002: Select Mixed type for Thermal BC definition and set the Temperature to 266.48333
K (-6.66667 °C) and the Heat coefficient to 100 W/m2/K
• BC_6001: Set the Heat flux to 0 W/m2/K
Note:
CHT3D will automatically apply interface boundary conditions on BC_2001 during

the simulation.
13. Go to the Cycles panel. The de-icing simulation consists of 5 cycles of activation and de-activation
of heater pads. Each cycle lasts 120 seconds and has the following properties:
BC Type Start at (s) Duration (s) Heat Flux (W/m2)

Heater 1 (BC_6001) 0 120 7750
Heater 2 (BC_6002) 100 10 15500
Heater 3 (BC_6003) 100 10 15500
Heater 4 (BC_6004) 110 10 12400
Heater 5 (BC_6005) 110 10 12400
Heater 6 (BC_6006) 110 10 12400
Heater 7 (BC_6007) 110 10 12400
To create and configure one single de-icing cycle from the above table, inside the Cycles submenu,
click the button next to Cycle to create a new cycle, the default name is Cycle A. Set the
Duration of Cycle A to 120 seconds and press Enter.
Note:
When a new cycle is created, a default Duration of 10 seconds will be assigned and a
heater from the drop box of BC, in Current selection, will be pre-selected as the default
heater.
Under Current selection, do the following:
• Select Heater 1 from the drop box of BC. Change the unit of Start from % to s and set its value
to 0. Change the unit of Duration from % to s and set its value to 120 seconds. Make sure
Constant is selected in the drop box of Heat Flux and set the heat flux value to 7750 W/m2.
This configures the properties of Heater 1 in the table above.
• Click the button above the Current selection section to (create) define another heater for
Cycle A. Select Heater 2 from the drop box of BC. Refer to the properties of Heater 2 in the
table above and repeat the same steps of Heater 1 to continue to set up Heater 2.
• Repeat the same steps to define and to set up the rest of the heaters in the table above.
The figure below shows the final configuration of one de-icing cycle.
Note:
The green bars in the figure above illustrate how heaters behave within a de-icing
cycle. Clicking on each bar will update the properties in the Current selection for the
selected heater.
In the Sequence submenu, set Cycles to A and the Repetitions to 5 as Cycle A is repeated 5
times. In this manner, the Total time of the de-icing simulation is 600 seconds.
14. Click Close to save the configuration file and close the window.
15. Double-click the main config icon of the CHT3D_deicer run to define the common interfaces
between the solid and fluid domains.
16. Go to the Parameters panel. Use the table shown below to configure the parameters of the Run
parameters submenu.
Time stepping Automatic

Maximum time step 0.5 seconds - This is the de-icing simulation
time step.
Unsteady total time 600 seconds - This is the total de-icing

simulation time.
Icing sub-iterations 1000
Iter. Per time step 10 - This is the number of CHT loops per time
step.
Solution output every 1 seconds - To save all solutions of de-icing
simulation every second.
17. Go to the Interfaces panel. There is only one fluid/solid interface in the computational domain.
CHT3D will automatically exchange the boundary conditions between these two interfaces. Set
up the interface as follows:
• External fluid: 2001
• Solid: 2001
18. Click the Close button to save the configuration and close the window.
19. To launch CHT3D, right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_deicer, then select the Run option
in the menu to launch the CHT3D calculation. In the execution environment, set the number of
CPUs to 4 for ICE3D and C3D.
Note:
The simulation progress can be monitored in the Log and Graphs panels.
7.6.4. Results of Simulation

The following graph shows the history of the maximum temperature of the solid domain throughout
the simulation.
Figure 7.78: Solid Maximum Temperature Change with Time
The following graph shows the history of the temperature at three locations on the surface and
compares them to experimental data.
Figure 7.79: Comparison of Heater Temperatures with Experiment
The following figures show snapshots of the leading edge solid temperature distribution as well as
the ice layer at four distinct times.
Figure 7.80: Residual Ice Shape and Solid Temperature at (a) 100, (b) 110, (c) 120 and (d) 220
Seconds
7.7. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air Using Fluent with

FENSAP-ICE
This tutorial illustrates the procedure for computing Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) through the metal
skin of the leading edge of a wing heated by electro-thermal pads. The CHT analysis is performed in
wet air.

1. Using the FENSAP-ICE interface, create a new project using File → New project menu or the New
project icon and name it as DEICER_FLUENT. Select the metric unit system.
2. Go to the project folder, DEICER_FLUENT, and create a new sub folder INITIAL-AIR. Copy
the provided Fluent case file, FLUENT-deicer_ext.cas.h5, from the tutorials subdirectory
DEICER to this new folder and launch Fluent.
Note:
In Windows, Fluent can be launched by going to Start → All Programs → ANSYS 2022
R2 → Fluid Dynamics → Fluent 2022 R2.
Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air Using Fluent with FENSAP-ICE
3. In the Fluent Launcher window, select Dimension as 3D, pick Double Precision under Options,
and assign 2 to 4 CPUs under Solver Processes. Click Show More Options. Under General Op-
tions, set your Working Directory to the INITIAL-AIR directory. Press Start to close the Fluent
Launcher.
Note:
Figure 7.81: Grid of the External Flow Domain
case file, FLUENT-deicer_ext.cas.h5, located inside the sub folder INITIAL-AIR.
5. From the top bar menu, select Physics. Make sure the Solver is set to Pressure-Based, Absolute,
and Steady. Click the Operating Conditions. Set the Operating Pressure to 0 Pa. Press OK to
close the Operation Conditions window.
Density Ideal-gas
Cp 1004.688 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity 0.23499201E-01 W/m-K
Note:
presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual and shown below:
In these equations, T∞ refers to the ambient air static temperature, and C1, Tref and
µref are equal to 0.00216176 W/m/K3/2, 288 K and 17.9*10-6 Pa s respectively.
is turned on.
9. Expand and double-click Setup → Boundary Conditions from the side tree menu. In the Task
Page, click Periodic Conditions and set the Flow Direction vector (X, Y, Z) to (0, 0, 1). Then
close this window.
10. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, double-click pressure-far-field-4 and configure
the below:
• Momentum panel

Mach Number 0.1366048
X, Y and Z-Components of Flow Direction 1, 0, 0
• Thermal panel
Temperature 266.483 K
• Double-click wall-5 and configure the Momentum panel as follows
Wall Motion Stationary Wall

Shear Condition No Slip
Wall Roughness (Roughness High Roughness (Icing)
Models) Specified Roughness
Roughness Height (m) 0.0005
Roughness Constant 0.5
• Thermal panel
Temperature 288 K
11. Expand and double-click Setup → Reference Values from the side tree menu. In the Task Page
window, use the Compute from drop-down menu to select pressure-far-field-4.
12. Expand and double-click Solution → Methods from the side tree menu. Set Pressure-Velocity
Coupling to Coupled. In the Spatial Discretization section, set the Gradient to Green-Gauss
Node Based and the remaining settings to Second Order or Second Order Upwind. Enable
Pseudo Transient and High Order Term Relaxation.
14. Expand and double-click Solution → Initialization from the side tree menu. In the Task Page
window, select Hybrid Initialization under Initialization Methods. Click the Initialize button to
15. Expand and double-click Solution → Run Calculation from the side tree menu. Under the Pseudo
Transient Options, set the Time Step Method to Automatic and the Timescale Factor to 1.
Enter 3000 as the total Number of Iterations and click Calculate to start the simulation.
Name this simulation as FLUENT-deicer_ext.cas.h5/dat.h5.
Figure 7.82: Mach Number Contours, External Domain

1. Go back to the FENSAP-ICE project folder DEICER_FLUENT and create a new DROP3D run using
the File → New run menu or the new run icon. Name this run DROP3D_ext_FLUENT.
2. Right-click the grid icon and select the Define option. Navigate to the folder INITIAL-AIR and
select FLUENT-deicer_ext.cas.h5. Press Open and a new Grid converter window appears.
Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and solution conversions are
completed, click the Finish button to close this window.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_ext_FLUENT config icon to edit the input parameters.
4. Go to the Conditions panel and set the following Droplet reference conditions:
Liquid Water Content 0.78 g/m3

found in the tutorials subdirectory DEICER. In the Droplets initial solution section, change the
Velocity components option to Solution restart and select the solution file FLUENT-
deicer_droplet_restart.
Note:
option from the Droplets initial solution submenu and set the Velocity X component
to 44.704 m/s. The remaining velocity components should be set to 0 m/s.
6. Go to the Boundaries panel, select the Inlet boundary BC_1001 and click the Import reference
conditions button. Make sure the Velocity X component is 44.704 m/s and the remaining velocity
components are set to 0 m/s.
7. Go to the Solver panel, set the Maximum number of time steps to 1.
Note:
To start this calculation without a restart solution file, set the CFL number to 20 and
the Maximum number of time steps to 800. Double-click the Advanced solver set-
tings bar, change the Convergence level to 1e-10 and the Change in total beta to
1e-12.
this restart calculation on 4 processors. The collection efficiency distribution should be very similar
to the one shown in the following figure.
Figure 7.83: Collection Efficiency

1. Inside the DEICER_FLUENT project, create a new CHT3D run using the File → New run menu or
the new run icon. Name this run CHT3D_deicer_FLUENT.
2. The CHT configuration window opens and prompts for the type of CHT simulation to conduct:
• Select Electro-thermal (1 fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem type pull-down menu.
• Select Wet air
• Select the De-icing option in the Icing mode pull-down menu.
3. Click the OK button to continue with the set-up. A hierarchy of coupled FENSAP, ICE3D and C3D
Note:
In FENSAP-ICE 2022 R2, the de-icing mode of CHT3D doesn’t naturally support Fluent
as the external flow run. CHT3D does not directly support a hierarchy of coupled Fluent,
ICE3D and C3D runs. A work around is shown in the next step.
4. To configure the external flow run, do the following:
Drag & drop the grid and airsol icons of previous the DROP3D_ext_FLUENT run onto the grid
and airsol icons of fluid_ext respectively.
Right-click the heatflux icon of fluid_ext and select Define. Navigate to the INITIAL-AIR folder
and select FLUENT-deicer_ext.hflux;
Right-click the forces icon of fluid_ext and select Define. Navigate to the INITIAL-AIR folder
and select FLUENT-deicer_ext.surface;
Double-click the config icon of fluid_ext and configure as follows:
• Model panel
Select Navier-Stokes from the drop box of the Momentum equations and K-omega SST from
the drop box of the Turbulence model. Set Eddy/Laminar viscosity ratio value to 1e-5 and
Turbulence intensity to 0.0008.
• Conditions panel

• Boundaries panel
Select the inlet boundary pressure-far-field-4 and specify Supersonic or far-field in the Type
dropdown. Set the Pressure to 101325 Pa, the Temperature to 266.483 K, and the Velocity
components (X, Y, Z) to (44.704, 0, 0) m/s. Press Ctrl + left-click to select wall-5, wall-6, and
wall-7 in the Boundary Conditions menu. Set No-slip in Surface type with a Temperature
of 288 K.
• Solver panel
Set the Cross-wind dissipation to 1e-09 under Artificial viscosity.
Close the configure panel and save the changes.
5. To configure the ice accretion run, drag & drop the config icon of the previous
DROP3D_ext_FLUENT run onto the config icon of the ice_ext run.
6. Double-click the config icon of the ice_ext run to configure the parameters. In the Model panel,
select Classical for the Heat flux type under Icing model. In the Conditions panel, set the Re-
covery factor to 0.9, then close the configuration panel and save the changes.
7. To configure the solid run in CHT3D_deicer, double-click the grid icon and select the file
deicer_solid provided in the tutorial subdirectory DEICER.
9. Go to the Settings panel. Set Temperature to 264.15 K (-9 °C). This is the initial temperature
10. Go to the Properties panel. Define four materials with the following characteristics:
• Erosion shield

• Elastomer

• Fiberglass/epoxy
Density 1794 kg/m3

• Silicone foam

11. Go to the Materials panel. Select the Material type for each region of the grid:
• MAT 1 = Erosion shield
• MAT 2 = Elastomer
• MAT 3 = Fiber glass/epoxy
• MAT 4 = Silicone foam
follows:
• BC_2002: Select Mixed type for Thermal BC definition and set the Temperature to 266.48333
K (-6.66667 °C) and the Heat coefficient to 100 W/m2/K
CHT3D will automatically apply interface boundary conditions on BC_2001 during the simulation.
13. Go to the Cycles panel. The de-icing simulation consists of 5 cycles of activation and de-activation
of heater pads. Each cycle lasts 120 seconds and has the following properties:
BC Type Start at (s) Duration (s) Heat Flux (W/m2)

Heater 1 (BC_6001) 0 120 7750
Heater 2 (BC_6002) 100 10 15500
Heater 3 (BC_6003) 100 10 15500
Heater 4 (BC_6004) 110 10 12400
Heater 5 (BC_6005) 110 10 12400
Heater 6 (BC_6006) 110 10 12400
Heater 7 (BC_6007) 110 10 12400
To create and configure one single de-icing cycle from the above table, inside the Cycles submenu,
click the button next to Cycle to create a new cycle, the default name is Cycle A. Set the
Duration of Cycle A to 120 seconds and press Enter.
Note:
When a new cycle is created, a default Duration of 10 seconds will be assigned and a
heater from the BC dropdown, in Current selection, will be pre-selected as the default
heater.
Under Current selection, do the following:
• Select Heater 1 from the BC dropdown. Change the unit of Start from % to s and set its value
to 0. Change the unit of Duration from % to s and set its value to 120 seconds. Make sure
Constant is selected in the Heat Flux dropdown and set the heat flux value to 7750 W/m2.
This configures the properties of Heater 1 in the table above.
• Click the button above the Current selection section to (create) define another heater for
Cycle A. Select Heater 2 from the BC dropdown. Refer to the properties of Heater 2 in the
table above and repeat the same steps of Heater 1 to continue to set up Heater 2.
• Repeat the same steps to define and to set up the rest of the heaters in the table above.
The figure below shows the final configuration of one de-icing cycle.
Note:
The green bars in the figure above illustrate how heaters behave within a de-icing
cycle. Clicking on each bar will update the properties in the Current selection for the
selected heater.
In the Sequence submenu, set Cycles to A and the Repetitions to 5 as Cycle A is repeated 5
times. In this manner, the Total time of the de-icing simulation is 600 seconds.
14. Click Close to save the configuration file and close the window.
15. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_deicer_FLUENT to define the common interfaces
16. Go to the Parameters panel. Use the table shown below to configure the parameters of the Run
parameters submenu.
Time stepping Automatic -

Maximum time step 0.5 seconds This is the de-icing simulation
time step.
Unsteady total time 600 seconds This is the total de-icing

simulation time.
Icing sub-iterations 1000 -
Iter. Per time step 10 This is the number of CHT loops
per time step.
Solution output every 1 seconds To save all solutions of de-icing
simulation every second.
17. Go to the Interfaces panel. There is only one fluid/solid interface in the computational domain.
CHT3D will automatically exchange the boundary conditions between these two interfaces. Set
up the interface as follows:
• External fluid: 2000: wall-5
• Solid: 2001
18. Click the Close button to save the configuration and close the window.
19. To launch CHT3D, right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_deicer, then select the Run option
in the menu to launch the CHT3D calculation. In the execution environment, set the number of
CPUs to 4 for ICE3D and C3D.
Note:
The simulation progress can be monitored in the Log and Graphs panels.
7.7.4. Results of Simulation and Comparison

To appropriately compare the results of this CHT de-icing simulation using Fluent with the kw-sst
turbulence model, another CHT de-icing simulation using FENSAP with its own kw-sst turbulence
model was conducted. Unsteady Electro-Thermal De-icing in Wet Air (p. 375) uses the Spalart-Allmaras
turbulence model and therefore its results are not suitable to make proper comparisons. Therefore,
results and comparisons of both kw-sst cases are presented in this subsection and show that Fluent
and FENSAP produce similar CHT results.
The following graph shows the history of the maximum temperature of the solid domain throughout
the simulation.
Figure 7.84: Solid Maximum Temperature Change with Time (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
The following graph shows the history of the temperature at three locations on the surface compared
to experimental data.
Figure 7.85: Comparison of Heater Temperatures with Experiment (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 7.86: Residual Ice Shape and Solid Temperature at (a) 100, (b) 110, (c) 120 and (d) 220
Seconds; (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Electro-Thermal Simulation of a Heating Element
7.8. Electro-Thermal Simulation of a Heating Element

This tutorial demonstrates how to use C3D to compute the current and temperature rise in a heating
element. A thermostat is used to regulate the maximum and minimum allowable temperature of the
heating element.
1. Open the FENSAP-ICE graphical interface and create a new project with the File → New project
menu or the New project icon. Name the project c3d_electrothermal_heating. Select the
metric unit system.
2. Create a new C3D run with the File → New run menu or the new run icon. Name this run HEAT-
ING_ELEMENT.
3. Right-click the grid icon and select the Define option. Navigate to the folder ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/C3D and select c3d_heating_element.grd. Press Open to load
the new grid file.
5. Go to the Settings panel and set the initial Temperature to 293.15 K. Enable the Electro-thermal
model. Place a thermostat by double-clicking the Thermostats title bar and clicking the Add radio
button. The X, Y and Z coordinates are -0.0075, -0.01 and -0.004 m respectively. The thermostat
position in the computational grid can be seen by clicking on the cube icon located to the right of
the Thermostats label.
6. Go to the Properties panel. Rename the Default material to Alloy. In this case, properties resem-
bling nichrome will be used. Set the following properties for the alloy:
Table 7.4: Density
Distribution Constant
Value 8400 kg/m3
Table 7.5: Thermal Conductivity
Distribution Constant
Value 11.3 W/m/K
Table 7.6: Enthalpy
Distribution Constant @ 0 Celsius

Value 122917.5 J/kg
Table 7.7: Electrical Conductivity
Distribution Temperature dependent

Number of temperature points 3
Temperature (K) Value (S/m)

293.15 1596
588 1441
1033 1035
7. Go to the Materials panel. Select the material type for MAT_1 by choosing the Alloy in the Mater-
ial type drop-down menu. Set the Thermostat to Enabled. Define the Minimum temperature and
Maximum temperature as 810 K and 900 K respectively. Skip the Boundaries panel. The boundary
settings will be set when defining the heater cycle.
8. Proceed to the Cycles panel. Click to add the first cycle, Cycle A. Modify the Duration to 120
s. Change BC in Current selection to Wall 2001. Set Thermal BC to Flux and Heat Flux to a constant
value of 0 W/m2. Choose Voltage for Electrical BC and set a constant value of 0 V.
Add another BC within Cycle A by clicking located under the cycle table. Select Wall 2002 in
the BC drop-down box of Current selection. Modify the Voltage in Electrical BC to 240 V.
Finally, add the last boundary Wall 2003 by clicking under the cycle table, set the Heat Flux to
-20000 W/m2 to model the heat loss. Set Electrical BC to None.
In the Sequence section, type cycle name A in the Cycles text box. Use 1 Repetitions, and the
Total time should be calculated automatically.
9. Go to the Solver panel. Set the Time step to Constant. Enter 0.5 seconds in the Time step field
and 120 seconds in Total time. Set the Iterations between printout to 20. This prints the solution
every 10 seconds.
10. Click the Run button at the bottom of the window to go to the execution environment. Run this
calculation on 4 processors. Set the number of CPU’s to 4 if available and click Start to begin the
calculation.
Figure 7.87: Temperature at T=10s (20 Iterations), T=60s (120 Iterations) and T=110s (220
Iterations)
Axisymmetric Nacelle Anti-Icing System Operating in the Wet Air Regime – Droplets
& Crystals
Figure 7.88: Voltage (Left) and Current Density Vector (Right)
Figure 7.89: Maximum and Minimum Temperature Histories
7.9. Axisymmetric Nacelle Anti-Icing System Operating in the Wet Air

Regime – Droplets & Crystals
through the metal skin of a nacelle lip, which separates the cold wet air flowing over the external skin
surface from the hot internal air flow induced by the jet discharging from the orifice of the piccolo tube.
To reduce computational effort, a rotational periodic axisymmetric nose cowl and a rotating engine
nosecone are considered.
Typical flight conditions for an aircraft in holding configuration are chosen where the engine inlet cowl
is subjected to an appendix D icing environment.
FENSAP-ICE’s approach to conjugate heat transfer consists of solving different domains separately, using
a weak coupling technique. Therefore, FENSAP, DROP3D and ICE3D will be used to simulate the external
cold wet air. C3D simulates the heat conduction through the nose cowl skin and FENSAP will be used
to simulate the internal hot air flow.
Note:
CHT3D can couple structured and unstructured grids without any limitations.
Once converged steady-state solutions are obtained on the fluid domains, heat transfer across fluid-
solid interfaces are solved such that the temperature in the solid and fluid domains are updated after
each CHT loop. This modularized approach provides some advantages:
1. It allows the work flow to be more streamlined and flexible. Different flow solvers (e.g. Fluent, CFX,
etc.) can be used with CHT3D.
2. It allows for more robust convergence since one is given more freedom to define solver settings for
each domain.
3. The smaller individual grid and solution file size for each domain makes post processing simpler.
Figure 7.90: Exploded View of the Grids for the External, the Solid, and Internal Domains
The tutorial proceeds in three steps:
1. Computing the external cold air flow with droplets and crystals.
2. Computing the internal hot air flow.
3. Conjugate heat transfer across the domains through the inlet cowl (nacelle lip, inner and outer
barrel) skin.
& Crystals

1. Create a new project using File → New project menu or the New project icon and name it NA-
CELLE_PICCOLO. Select the Metric units system.
2. Create a FENSAP run in this project using the File → New run menu or the New run icon and
name it FENSAP_ext.
3. Double-click the grid icon and select the grid file nacelle_ext.grid provided in the tutorials
subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT_nacelle.
The mesh is an unstructured grid with 1,054,220 nodes. The grid file contains the grid coordinates,
the element connectivity table and the table of boundary surfaces.
4. Double-click the config icon to proceed to the input parameters setup.
5. Go to the Model panel. Select the Navier-Stokes option for the Momentum equations and Full
PDE for the Energy equation.
6. Select the Spalart-Allmaras option for the Turbulence model and set the Eddy/Laminar viscosity
ratio to 1e-5.
Note:
For anti-icing simulations, since no ice (roughness) is expected, Free transition model
should be selected for external air flow calculations to capture the laminar flow regions
more accurately. Otherwise, fully turbulent flow calculations, may overpredict the heat
transfer coefficients.
One can activate this inside the Model panel under the Transition box and selecting
Free transition. However, for this tutorial, a fully turbulent external flow calculation is
performed.
7. Next, go to the Conditions panel and set the Reference conditions as follows:

Altitude 22000 ft
Under Initial solution, select the Velocity components option from the pull-down menu. Set
the Velocity X component to 155 m/s (same as the reference Air velocity). The other velocity
components should be set to 0 m/s.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the inlet boundary BC_1001 and choose the Subsonic option
under Type. Click the Import reference conditions button to set the Inlet conditions.
Select the wall boundary BC_2011. Set Surface type to No-slip and set the Temperature value
by right-clicking in the temperature box and Copy from… → Adiabatic stagnation temperature
+ 10.
Note:
A wall temperature must be specified on the inlet cowl (BC_2011) to compute an initial
wall heat flux to start the CHT calculation. This temperature will subsequently be updated
automatically during the CHT3D loop.
9. Repeat the same settings for the family BC_2012 and BC_2013. Since BC_2013 represents an
engine nosecone spinner, enable Rotation and impose a rotational speed of 4000 rpm.
Select the outflow boundary BC_3000. Choose the type as Subsonic, and click the Import refer-
ence conditions button to set the exit pressure value to Reference conditions.
Select the outflow boundary BC_3001. Choose Mass flow under Type, and specify a mass flow
rate of 1.54 kg/s.
the value of the CFL number to 200 and the Maximum number of time steps to 350. Click the
Use variable relaxation check box and set 300 in Time steps.
Note:
This CFL number chosen for this case works well with the provided grid which is rather
simple. For more complex configurations and larger pressure ratios, lower CFL numbers
may be necessary for convergence. There is usually an optimum CFL number for each
grid and conditions, which takes the solution to convergence fastest. Low CFL values
will take longer to converge, while very high values can result in some unwanted oscil-
lations in the transient solution (beginning of the iteration process) that will take addi-
tional time to clear out.
12. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 50 iterations in Overwrite mode. Activate Write
Y+ to solution and output lift and drag coefficients by selecting Drag direction based on inlet
BC in Forces. Set the Drag BC to 1001, the Positive lift direction to +Y, the Reference area to
0.279521162 m2, and the Moment reference point -X, -Y, -Z to 0.5265, 0, 0 m.
solution is provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT_nacelle/soln_ext if you do not wish to wait for the results before proceeding
to the next section of this tutorial.
& Crystals
Figure 7.91: Mach Number Contours of the External Flow Solution
Figure 7.92: Static Pressure Contours of the External Flow Solution
& Crystals
Figure 7.93: Shear Stress Contours on the Engine Inlet Cowl
Figure 7.94: Classical Heat Flux Contours on the Engine Inlet Cowl

Figure 7.95: Internal Grid showing Jet Impingement Refinement Zones
1. Create a new FENSAP run and name it FENSAP_int.
2. Double-click the grid icon to assign the grid file. Select the grid file nacelle_int.grid provided
in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT_nacelle/.
The mesh is an unstructured grid with 1,114,420 nodes.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the FENSAP input parameters window.
4. Go to the Model panel. Select the Navier-Stokes option for the Momentum equations (viscous
flow) and Full PDE for the Energy equation.
5. Select K-omega SST as the Turbulence model and set the Eddy/Laminar viscosity ratio to 5
and the Turbulence intensity to 0.01.

Air velocity 84 m/s
Air static temperature 511.47 K (238.32 °C)
The Characteristic length setting has no impact on the flow, but it will change the scale of the
average residual which is reported in non-dimensional form. A large characteristic length will
make the average residual appear smaller. It is good practice to choose a characteristic length
that matches the scale of the computational domain. In this case, 0.05m is the diameter of the
piccolo tube.
7. Under Initial solution, select the Velocity components option from the pull-down menu. Set the
three components of velocity to 0 m/s.
8. Next, each domain is initialized separately to improve convergence. Go to the Domains panel.
& Crystals
• Select Domain_0. This domain represents the airflow inside the piccolo tube. Under Initialization,
select Custom and set Velocity -X, -Y and -Z to 0, 0, 84 m/s, Pressure to 178,452.02 Pa
and Temperature to 511.47 K since this domain is strongly influenced by the conditions im-
posed at the inlet, BC_1000.
• Select Domain_1. This domain represents the airflow inside the D-duct. Under Initialization,
select Custom and set Velocity -X, -Y and -Z to 0, 0, 0 m/s, Pressure to 42,830.57 Pa and
Temperature to 400 K. In general, initializing this cavity with 0 velocity and with the outlet
static condition, BC_3000, is recommended as most of the airflow travels at a low speed inside
the D-duct.
9. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the inlet family BC_1000. Under Type, select the Engine inlet
– Mass flow rate option from the pull-down menu and set the following conditions:
Total pressure 182800 Pa

Total temperature 515 K (241.85 °C)
Mass flow rate 0.200773 kg/s
Alpha 0 deg
Beta 90 deg
The velocity vector is perpendicular to the inlet surface. This vector can be displayed in the
Graphics window by clicking on at the right of the BC Inlet parameters tab.
10. Set the wall boundary conditions as follows:
BC_2000 No-slip Temperature 300 K (26.85 C)

Note:
Temperature must be specified on the interfacing boundary condition families to ini-

tialize the CHT calculation between the two domains (internal hot air and skin). In this
case, BC_2000 will interface with the nacelle lip skin, BC_2001 and BC_2005 will inter-
face with the forward bulkhead, and BC_2002, BC_2003 and BC_2004 will interface
with the piccolo tube skin. These temperatures will be updated automatically during
the CHT3D loop, as conduction takes place through these skins.
11. Select the BC_3000 family and click the Subsonic button under Type. Set the Pressure value to
42,830.57 Pa. This is the exit pressure opening to the external free stream flow.
12. Select the BC_3001 family and click the Subsonic button under Type. Set the Pressure value to
178,452.02 Pa. This is the exit pressure opening to the remaining portion of the piccolo tube.
the value of the CFL number to 200 and the Maximum number of time steps to 600. Click the
Use variable relaxation check box and set 300 in Time steps.
Note:
For this tutorial, the Maximum number of time steps were set to 600 to reduce the
length of computational time. Together with the residual convergence plots, one should
always check to see if the mass deficit convergence is less than 0.1% of the total incom-
ing mass flow rate. In this case, the mass flow rate deficit was less than 0.5%. For in-
creased accuracy, one can run the simulation for 2000 iterations.
14. Choose the Streamline upwind option under Artificial viscosity. Set the Cross-wind dissipation
coefficient to 1.e-7 and move the slider to 100% Second order position.
15. Go to the Out panel. Save the Solution every 50 iterations in Overwrite mode and select Write
Y+ to solution.
16. Click the Run button to switch to the execution window. Under the Settings tab, use 16 or more
CPUs if possible.
This calculation may take a long time to complete depending on the number of CPUs available.
The converged solution is provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT_nacelle/soln_int. If you do not want to wait for the run to finish, you can
use this file to set-up your CHT3D calculation, see Conjugate Heat Transfer (Wet-Air Regime) (p. 425).
The two main convergence indicators for this run are the average residual and the total heat flux.
The run should be allowed to continue until the total heat flux converges well. The total heat flux
curve should reach an asymptotic value of about 350 Watts. You can zoom on convergence curves
by holding Shift and left-click. Middle-click to undo the zoom.
& Crystals
Figure 7.96: Mach Number Contours and Wall Shear Stress at θ=0.0435 Radian (Top), θ=0 Radian
(Bottom)
Figure 7.97: Jet Velocity Vectors Exiting from the Orifice, Showing the Complexity of the Internal
Flow at θ=0 Radian (Left), θ=0.0435 Radian (Right)
& Crystals
Figure 7.98: Total Temperature Contours and Wall Heat Fluxes at θ=0 Radian (Top), θ=0.0435
Radian (Bottom)
Figure 7.99: The Internal Flow Solution: Classical Heat Flux Contours on Engine Nacelle
7.9.3. External Water Droplets & Crystals Calculation

1. Create a new DROP3D run and name it DROP3D_ext.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_ext onto the config icon of the new DROP3D run. This
copies the reference conditions of the flow to the droplet run.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_ext config icon to edit the parameters.
4. Go to the Model panel and under Particles parameters, set Droplets + Crystals as Particle type.
5. Next, go to the Conditions panel.
• Set the following Droplet reference conditions:
– Droplet diameter 20 microns
– Water density 1,000 kg/m3
– Particles distribution Monodisperse
• Set the following Ice crystals reference conditions:
– Choose Appendix → Appendix D. Click Configure.
& Crystals
→ Liquid Water Content 0.5 g/m3. The Ice Crystal Content automatically becomes
3.52138167 g/m3.
– Crystal type → Solid thick plate. The Aspect ratio automatically becomes 0.3836.
– Crystal density 917 kg/m3
– Size 100 microns
• Under Particles initial solution, select Velocity components and set the Velocity -X, -Y, -Z
to 155, 0, 0 m/s.
6. Go to the Boundaries panel. Select the BC_1001 (Inlet) boundary condition and click the Import
reference conditions button. Verify that the nosecone, BC_2013, is rotating at 4,000 rpm.
250. Decrease the Convergence level and Change in total beta to 1e-12 in the Advanced
solver settings section.
Note:
For this tutorial, the Maximum number of time steps were set to 250 to reduce the
length of computational time. Together with the residual convergence plots, one should
always check to see if no change is observed in the Total Beta and Change in total
Beta convergence for both droplets and crystals. For increased accuracy, one can run
the simulation for 500 iterations. This may allow shadow and enrichment zones to de-
velop further which can affect downstream components e.g. the spinner cone or other
engine components.
solutions are provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT_nacelle/droplet ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT_na-
celle/crystal if you do not wish to wait for the results before proceeding to the next tutorial.
Figure 7.100: Droplet LWC (Left) and Crystal ICC (Right) on the External Flow
Figure 7.101: Collection Efficiency of Droplets (Left) vs Crystals (Right) on the Engine Nacelle
Lip & Nosecone
The ice crystals are larger than the water droplets and therefore exhibit a more ballistic nature
(less entrained by the airflow). This difference is shown in Figure 7.100: Droplet LWC (Left) and
Crystal ICC (Right) on the External Flow (p. 422) as ice crystals tend to produce larger shadow and
enrichment zones than water droplets as well as in Figure 7.101: Collection Efficiency of Droplets
(Left) vs Crystals (Right) on the Engine Nacelle Lip & Nosecone (p. 422) as ice crystals generate
wider impingement regions and have higher collection efficiencies than water droplets.
Note:
Due to the stream tube effect, the engine nacelle lip and the engine nosecone have a
considerable impact on the total water content and its distribution that goes into the
engine.
& Crystals

outer surface of the solid as an initial condition for the wet CHT3D run.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_ext.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the DROP3D_ext onto the config icon of this new run. This oper-
ation automatically links the air, droplet and ice crystal solutions, as well as the grid of the external
domain and the reference conditions to the ICE3D_ext run.
4. Go to the Model panel. Under the Icing model, select Glaze – Advanced for Ice-Water Model
and change the Heat flux type to Classical.
Under Ice crystals, choose Droplets+Crystals from the pull-down menu to activate both droplets
and ice crystals. Under Modes select NTI bouncing model as the particle bouncing model. This
model adds the effect of ice crystals surface collision dynamics to the ice shape.
5. Go to the Conditions panel and set the Recovery factor to 0.9. The remaining settings were
automatically transferred from the DROP3D_ext configuration.
For comparison, a separate ICE3D simulation without ice crystals was simulated using the same
in-flight icing condition of this tutorial by disabling the ice crystals in the Model panel. The follow-
ing figures show the mass caught, water film distributions and ice accretion rate of these two
simulations.
Figure 7.102: Mass Caught Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine Inlet
Cowl & Nosecone (p. 424) and Figure 7.104: Instant Ice Growth Droplets Only (Left) vs
Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine Inlet Cowl & Nosecone (p. 425) reveal that in presence of
water film on the surfaces of the nacelle cowl and nosecone, ice crystals would stick resulting in
an increase of the total mass of water caught and total ice accretion rate. In return, this extra mass
of ice increases local cooling effects thus reducing the amount and extent of water film over the
nacelle lip (Figure 7.103: Film Thickness Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the
Engine Inlet Cowl & Nosecone (p. 424)).
Note:
If the engine nacelle was exposed to a cloud of crystals only, no water catch would be
observed on the surface since all ice crystals would bounce off the dry surface. For
crystals to stick on the surface, water film must be present on the surface or, prior to
impact, melting of crystals would need to take place.
Figure 7.102: Mass Caught Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine
Inlet Cowl & Nosecone
Figure 7.103: Film Thickness Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine
Inlet Cowl & Nosecone
& Crystals
Figure 7.104: Instant Ice Growth Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the
Engine Inlet Cowl & Nosecone

This section illustrates the Conjugate Heat Transfer procedure (CHT3D) that is used to couple the
external, solid and internal domains to determine the equilibrium temperature distribution in all do-
mains. In this case, the energy equation of water droplets and crystals are enabled to predict potential
phase change of ice crystals and evaporation of water droplets.
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_wet. The CHT configuration prompt window will
open showing different CHT simulation types. Select Piccolo (2 fluids, 1 solid) in the Problem
type pull-down menu, then choose Wet air & droplets. Press the OK button to continue with
the set-up. A tree of coupled FENSAP, DROP3D, ICE3D and C3D runs will appear in the run
window.
Note:
For this tutorial, a simple Wet air simulation could have been selected as the heated
nacelle lip barely changes the state of droplets and crystals. These changes are observed
mainly in the thermal boundary layer. By choosing Wet air, the simulation time decreases
as DROP3D is not part of the CHT simulation. Usually, Wet air & droplets simulations
are for problems that experience large changes in temperature such as engine com-
pressor components and heated pitot tubes. In the case of pitot tubes, chances for
water droplets to evaporate and crystals to melt are high as particles get closer to the
tube and therefore phase change will influence the total amount of water collected by
the tube.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_ext onto the config icon of the fluid_ext run in
CHT3D_wet.
3. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_ext run to edit the input parameters.
4. Go to the Solver panel. Change the CFL number to 1,000 and the Maximum number of time
steps to 50. Uncheck Use variable relaxation. In the Advanced solver settings section, decrease
the Convergence level of Convergence criteria to 1e-20.
5. Drag & drop the config icon of DROP3D_ext onto the config icon of the drop_ext run in
CHT3D_wet.
6. Double-click the config icon of the to the drop_ext run to edit the input parameters.
7. Go to the Model panel. In Particles parameters, enable Particle thermal equation. Activating
this option will allow the computation of a temperature field for water droplets and ice crystals.
This will also account for ice crystals phase change by computing the melting fraction which in
turn will change the overall particle behavior before and on impact on the surfaces.
8. Go to the Solver panel. Keep the CFL number to 20 and change the Maximum number of time
steps to 50. Close and save the configuration file.
9. Drag & drop the config icon from ICE3D_ext onto the config icon of the ice_ext run in
CHT3D_wet. No modifications to the configuration of this run are required.
10. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_int onto the config icon of the fluid_int run in
CHT3D_wet.
11. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_int run to edit the input parameters.
Go to the Solver panel. Change the CFL number value to 1,000 and the Maximum number of
time steps to 50. Disable the Use variable relaxation check box. In the Advanced solver settings
section, decrease the Convergence level of Convergence criteria to 1e-20.
12. To configure the solid run in CHT3D_wet, double-click the grid icon and select the file na-
celle_skin.grid provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT_nacelle.
13. Double-click the config icon of the solid run to edit the input parameters for skin heat conduction.
14. Go to the Settings panel. Set the Temperature to 264.1 K. This will be the initial temperature
15. Go to the Properties panel. Click the Rename button to rename Default material to Aluminum
2090-T86 and create the following materials and their corresponding properties.
• Material Definition:
– Aluminum 2090-T86
Density (Distribution: Constant) 4,430 kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity (Distribution: Con- 6.7 W/m/K
stant)
Enthalpy (Distribution: Constant @ 0 Celsius) 143,758.85 J/kg
& Crystals
– Aluminum 2219-T81
→ Density Distribution: 273.15 K 2,703 kg/m3

Temperature
371.15 K 2,685 kg/m3
dependent
474.15 K 2,657 kg/m3
→ Number of temperat-
ure points: 4 589.15 K 2,630 kg/m3
→ Thermal Conductivity 273.15 K 162 W/m/K
Distribution: 371.15 K 177 W/m/K
Temperature
dependent 474.15 K 192 W/m/K
589.15 K 207 W/m/K
→ Number of temperat-
ure points: 4
→ Enthalpy Distribu- 273.15 K 250,478.55 J/kg
tion: Temperature 371.15 K 343,333.55 J/kg
dependent
474.15 K 446,642.55 J/kg
→ Number of temperat- 589.15 K 567,737.55 J/kg
ure points: 4
– Composite
Density (Distribution: Constant 2,070 kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity (Distribution: 0.84 W/m/K
Constant)
Enthalpy (Distribution: Constant @ 0 Celsius) 218,520 J/kg
– Titanium 6Al-4V

Constant)
– Titanium Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn

Constant)
16. Go to the Materials panel. Select the Material type for each region of the grid.
• MAT_1 = Aluminum 2219-T81
• MAT_2 = Composite
• MAT_3 = Aluminum 2090-T86
• MAT_4 = Titanium 6Al-4V
• MAT_5 = Titanium Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
17. Go to the Boundaries panel. Define the boundary conditions of the surfaces of the solid as follows:
• BC_2000 to BC_2005: Default settings (Thermal BC definition set to Nothing)
• BC_2010 and BC_2020 to BC_2051: Set Thermal BC definition to Type: Flux, and set Heat
flux to 0 W/m2.
• BC_2011: Default settings (Thermal BC definition set to Nothing).
BC_2000 to BC_2005 and BC_2011 are interface walls that will exchange information with the
internal grid and the external grid respectively. CHT3D will automatically update theses
boundary conditions during the simulation.
computed for 5 seconds. Close and save this configuration.
it may hinder convergence to a steady state temperature distribution in the solid.
Note:
You may decide to set the Time step to Constant instead of Automatic. Depending
on the simulation, this may or may not speed up the simulation, but may also reduce
the stability of the simulation.
19. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet to set up the links between the solid and fluid
domains.
Choose the Solve energy only option in the Flow solver mode pull-down menu for both internal
and external flows.
The number of CHT iterations was set to 50 loops. It may be that you need more iterations to
ensure full convergence of solid and ice solutions. In particular, the solid back plate temperatures
may take longer to converge. Together with the convergence plots, it’s always advisable to check
the evolution of the solution to see if any visible changes in temperatures can be seen.
& Crystals
21. Go to the Interfaces panel. There are seven fluid/solid interfaces in the computational domain.
• Interface: 1
– External fluid grid: 2011
– Solid grid: 2011
Note:
To easily identify which boundary condition interface with one another, click
to highlight the boundaries for both solid and fluid domains that you
have selected in the graphical display window.
For Solid to Internal: There are six interfaces between the solid and the internal domain. Set the
interfaces as follows:
• Interface: 1
– Internal fluid grid: 2000
Then click the button next to the Interface label to add extra Solid to Internal interfaces:
• Interface: 2
• Interface: 3
• Interface: 4
• Interface: 5
• Interface: 6
Note:
They do not have to be node-to-node matching either.
22. Go to the Temperatures panel. The value of Recovery factor cannot be modified, the recovery
factor of ICE3D will be used instead. Close and save the configuration.
23. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_wet, then select the Run option in the menu to launch
the CHT3D calculation. Use 16 or more CPUs for all solvers if possible and launch the calculation.
& Crystals
Figure 7.105: Convergence History of the Maximum (Left) and Minimum (Right) Solid Domain
Temperatures
For comparison, a separate CHT3D simulation without ice crystals was simulated using the same
in-flight icing and bleed air conditions used in this tutorial. The following figures show the tem-
perature, water film thickness and ice accretion rate contours of these two CHT simulations.
& Crystals
Figure 7.106: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) and Water Film Thickness and Ice
Accretion Rate on the External Surface (ICE3D) – Droplets Only (Left) and Droplets + Crystals
(Right)
Figure 7.106: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) and Water Film Thickness and Ice Accretion
Rate on the External Surface (ICE3D) – Droplets Only (Left) and Droplets + Crystals (Right) (p. 433)
shows that the combined droplets + ice crystals has a major impact on the heated nacelle lip
icing. This is primarily due to the very high TWC of the droplet + crystal (4 g/m3) case compared
to the droplet only (0.5 g/m3 ) case, leading to 8x more particle catch while the IPS is off (See
Figure 7.102: Mass Caught Droplets Only (Left) vs Droplets+Crystals (Right) on the Engine Inlet
Cowl & Nosecone (p. 424)). When heat is applied, water runback extends the wetted area where
additional crystals stick, leading to residual icing on a larger portion of the engine inlet. The dif-
ferences in temperatures are further apparent in Figure 7.107: Temperature Distribution vs. Wrap
Distance on the Engine Inlet Cowl for Wet Air (Droplets + Crystals) and Wet Air (Droplets Only)
Runs at θ=0 Radian (Left), θ=0.0435 Radian (Right) (p. 435). The extra ice coverage past the original
impingement limits of droplets extends beyond the protected zone. This can be seen more clearly
in Figure 7.108: 60 Seconds Runback Ice on the External Surface (ICE3D) – Droplets + Crystals (p. 436).
Such runback ice is a potential risk for engine core or airframe damage if ice shedding occurs. To
simulate the runback ice shapes, drag & drop the config icon of the ice_ext run of the CHT3D_wet
onto the config icon of a new ICE3D_post_CHT run. Change the Total time of ice accretion to
60 seconds for example and run the calculation.
& Crystals
Figure 7.107: Temperature Distribution vs. Wrap Distance on the Engine Inlet Cowl for Wet
Air (Droplets + Crystals) and Wet Air (Droplets Only) Runs at θ=0 Radian (Left), θ=0.0435
Radian (Right)
Figure 7.108: 60 Seconds Runback Ice on the External Surface (ICE3D) – Droplets + Crystals
Another point to take note off is the melting of ice crystals in the vicinity of the engine nacelle
lip. By changing its state, these liquid ice crystals no longer require a film of water to stick to the
surfaces of aft aircraft components and will behave more like water droplets, contributing directly
to ice formation. See Figure 7.109: Ice Crystals Melting - Liquid Phase of Ice Crystals on the External
Domain (DROP3D) (p. 437).
& Crystals
Figure 7.109: Ice Crystals Melting - Liquid Phase of Ice Crystals on the External Domain
(DROP3D)
Figure 7.110: FENSAP-ICE Demonstration of Multiphysics Holding Flight Calculations of an

Engine Nacelle Anti-Icing System in an Appendix D Environment
Chapter 8: FENSAP-ICE-TURBO Advanced Tutorials
8.1. FENSAP Airflow Through a Turbofan
8.2. CFX Airflow Through a Turbofan
8.3. Impingement, Icing and Shedding on Rotating and Stationary Blades
8.4. Particle Reinjection
8.5. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air
8.6. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent
FENSAP-ICE-TURBO is a version of the FENSAP-ICE package specifically tailored to jet-engine in-flight

icing. All engine components must remain ice-free during their in-flight operation. Frontal components
such as the engine nacelle, nose cone, fan and first stages of a compressor are at risk of accreting ice
when subject to icing conditions.
This chapter guides you on the procedures required to simulate ice accretion inside a turbomachine
with droplets and ice crystals. The important settings that ensure a good level of precision with the
available numerical models are highlighted.
8.1. FENSAP Airflow Through a Turbofan

This section demonstrates the simulation of the airflow through a turbofan geometry consisting of five
periodic components: nacelle, nose cone, fan, bypass and inlet guide vane (igv).
FENSAP-ICE-TURBO Advanced Tutorials
Figure 8.1: Turbofan Geometry: Nacelle, Nose Cone (Metallic), Fan (Red), Bypass (Yellow), IGV
(Green)
1. Create a new project directory by clicking on the New project icon. Name it FENSAP-TURBO. Select
the metric unit system.
2. Create a new FENSAP-TURBO run by clicking on the new run icon and name it TURBO-FLOW.
3. Set the Number of rows to 5 in the configuration window. This identifies the number of grid files
that will be used in this simulation.
4. Download the 8_FENSAP_ICE_Turbo_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 8_FENSAP_ICE_Turbo_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
To assign the grid files, right-click each grid icon, selecting the option Define.
Alternatively, grid files can be assigned within the main input parameter window. Grid files
axisymmetric-nacelle, nosecone_ext, fan, bypass and igv are provided in the tutorials
subdirectory /workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Turbo.
FENSAP Airflow Through a Turbofan
5. Double-click the main config icon at the top of the drop-down list to open the input parameter
window.
6. Go to the Turbo panel. If grid files have not already been assigned to each row, they may be specified
here by clicking on the blue browse icon on the right of each row number. Navigate to the default
file directory containing the turbofan grid files and arrange them as follows:
Row 1 axisymmetric-nacelle
Row 2 nosecone-ext
Row 3 fan
Row 4 bypass
Row 5 igv
Activate rotation for Row 2 and Row 3 by clicking in the check-mark box of each Rotating compon-
ent, in this case nosecone_ext and fan. Specify a rotation rate of 1380 revolutions per minute
(rpm).
The rotation axis must be selected in the Rotation menu at the bottom of the window. In this case,
set it to X-axis. Periodic repetitions can be viewed by activating the Display box.
7. Each component is linked to its adjacent one through the interfaces listed in the Interfaces section.
An interface consists of two communicating boundaries; an Exit and an Inlet.
Figure 8.2: Interfaces Are Required to Transfer Boundary Conditions Blue: Nacelle-Nosecone,
Purple: Nosecone-Fan, Orange: Fan-Bypass, Green: Fan-Igv
The button adds an interface. The button removes an interface. The four interfaces shown in
the figure above must be set up. When an interface is added, the pair of rows to be interfaced with
their corresponding inlet and exit boundary labels is displayed.
Identify the interface boundaries by opening the grid file of each row (for example, right-click the
grids and select View with VIEWMERICAL). Once you know which Exit is connected to which Inlet,
fill out the Interfaces table.
Note:
The fan (Row 3) is connected to both the bypass (Row 4) and the IGV (Row 5), as indicated
in the figure above.
Figure 8.3: Interfaces Boundaries Connecting Exits of Each Row to Inlets of Communicating
Rows
The relaxation factor for pressure, Press relax., is set to 1 for all interfaces. This value can be decreased
if convergence problems occur in complex cases.
8. Go to the Model panel. The physical model is set to Air. Select the Navier-Stokes option for the
Momentum equations and Full PDE for the Energy equation.
9. Select the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. In turbomachines, the eddy to laminar viscosity ratio
can be increased to 10. In this tutorial, since the main Inlet is at Far-field, set the Eddy/Laminar
viscosity ratio as 1e-5. Keep the Relaxation factor and Number of iterations at 1.
Enable the Surface roughness by using a specified sand-grain roughness of 0.00025 m.
10. Go to the Conditions panel. In the Reference conditions section, change the following values:

In the Initial Solution section, use Velocity components and set the following values for the three
velocity components:
Velocity X 110 m/s

Velocity Y 0 m/s
Velocity Z 0 m/s
11. Go to the Boundaries panel. The boundary labels for each component are listed under their corres-
ponding rows. Each boundary that has been already linked to an interface has been disabled. Wall
boundary labels may change color according to the type of simulation being run, or based on the
selected options.
Set the boundary conditions for each of the following rows:
Row #1
For the inlet boundary BC_1000, choose the inlet type as Subsonic, and click Import reference
conditions to assign 110 m/s for Velocity X and 256 K for static Temperature.
Select BC_3000 and choose Subsonic under the Type menu. Click Import reference conditions
to assign an exit pressure of 64463.341 Pa. Radial equilibrium must be disabled.
Select BC_5001 and choose Periodic1 in its Turbo part menu. Select BC_5002 and choose Periodic2
in its Turbo part menu.
Note:
To post-process solutions with CFD-Post, each boundary surface, that is not an inlet (1000
BC family) or an outlet (3000 BC family), must be associated to a Turbo type (Hub, Shroud,
Blade, Periodic1, and Periodic2). Consult Turbo Part for more information.
Row #2
This row contains a wall boundary that rotates (BC_2003) and another that remains stationary
(BC_2002). In a rotating frame of reference, stationary walls require a counter-rotating velocity.
To enable the counter-rotating velocity, select the wall boundary BC_2002 and choose the Counter-
rotating option in the Rotation dialog box. The boundary label BC_2002 will turn yellow.
Select BC_5003 and choose Periodic1 in its Turbo part menu. Select BC_5004 and choose Periodic2
in its Turbo part menu.
Row #3
Apply the Counter-rotating option to the fan shroud (BC_2005) and the splitter (BC_2007). Use
the following table to define the Turbo part of each boundary surface.
BC_2004 Hub
BC_2005 Shroud
BC_2006 Blade
BC_2008 Blade
BC_5005 Periodic1
BC_5006 Periodic2
Row #4
A radial equilibrium condition accounts for the pressure gradient caused by the tangential velocity.
Select BC_3004, choose Subsonic under the Type menu, and enable Radial Equilibrium option
from the drop-down dialog box. Set the following parameters:
Initial pressure 65108 Pa

Final pressure 65108 Pa
Initial pressure 0 iterations
Initial to final pressure 0 iterations
Use the following table to define the Turbo part of each boundary surface.
BC_2009 Shroud
BC_2010 Hub
BC_2011 Blade
BC_5007 Periodic1
BC_5008 Periodic2
Row #5
Select BC_3005, choose Subsonic under the Type menu, and enable the Radial Equilibrium option
from the drop-down dialog box. Set the following parameters:
Initial pressure 65200 Pa

Final pressure 65200 Pa
Initial pressure 0 iterations
Initial to final pressure 0 iterations
Use the following table to define the Turbo part of each boundary surface.
BC_2012 Hub
BC_2013 Shroud
BC_2014 Blade
BC_2008 Blade
BC_5009 Periodic1
BC_5010 Periodic2
All Rows
Adiabatic walls should be imposed on all walls. The heat transfer coefficients required for icing cal-
culations will be calculated as part of the EID computation at the ICE3D step. Navigate through each
wall boundary of the components. In the BC wall parameters section, select Heat flux and specify
a value of 0 W/m2.
12. Go to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 100. Set the Maximum number of time steps to
500. Activate the Use variable relaxation option and keep the default number of Time steps, 300.
Keep the default Artificial viscosity settings.
Double-click the Advanced solver settings menu and verify that the convergence level is set to
1e-23. This low value of convergence ensures that a single row does not end prematurely after
reaching its convergence limit and stops sending or receiving information from adjoining interfaces.
13. Go to the Out panel and save the Solution every 40 iterations. Choose to Overwrite the solution
file.
14. Click Run. In the Settings panel, set the Number of CPUs to 5 or higher in the Execution Settings
section.
Note:
The number of CPUs should be set to a minimum of 5, since there are 5 grids to
solve concurrently. Even if the computer system does not have 5 physical CPU cores,
5 processes can still run.
Note:
If the sum of CPUs for each row does not match the Number of CPUs, a message window
will prompt for the auto-allocation of CPUs.
15. Click the Start button to start the calculation.
The results can be viewed with CFD-Post by clicking the View button in the Execution panel. The airflow
solutions can be loaded automatically into CFD-Post. The following two figures show surface pressure
and velocity contours across the engine’s fan to IGV. See Post-Processing FENSAP Turbo Airflow Solutions
With CFD-Post (p. 448) for details on how to post-process turbo airflow solutions with CFD-Post.
Figure 8.4: Static Pressure Contours on All Components
Figure 8.5: Axial Velocity from Fan to IGV
8.1.1. Post-Processing FENSAP Turbo Airflow Solutions With CFD-Post

This tutorial shows how to post-process turbomachinery airflow solutions from FENSAP-ICE with CFD-
Post. For this purpose, the TURBO-FLOW run in FENSAP Airflow Through a Turbofan (p. 439) must be
completed as it is used in this tutorial.
8.1.1.1. Loading Solutions Into CFD-Post

The following steps show how to load a FENSAP Turbo solution in CFD-Post.
1. If not already done, without leaving the project folder of FENSAP Airflow Through a Tur-
bofan (p. 439), change the default post-processor to CFD-Post by going to Settings → Preferences,
located in the top menu bar of your project window. In the Preferences window, go to the
Postprocessing tab and choose CFD-Post as the Default postprocessing software. Add a
checkmark to Write CFD-Post launch files. Select OK to finalize the settings.
2. Right-click the main config icon of the TURBO-FLOW run. Select View previous log/graph.
This opens the execution panel.
3. Go to the Graphs tab and click View with CFD-Post at the bottom of the panel. CFD-Post will
then be automatically prompted to open.
4. When CFD-Post opens, the Global Variable Ranges window will request confirmation to set
the global ranges. Click OK to proceed. A Domain Selector window will then pop up which
will allow you to choose the turbo rows to load for post-processing.
In this case, choose soln.row03, soln.row04, and soln.row05. This loads the fan, bypass, and
IGV domains.
8.1.1.2. CFD-Post Turbo Initialization

Before accessing the Turbo module and its built-in turbo variables, CFD-Post Turbo requires proper
definition of the Turbo components inside each domain. This can either be done by following the
steps described under Turbo Initialization and Region Information or by using the FENSAP-ICE
Turbo macro provided in the Macro Calculator.
The following steps describe how to activate the FENSAP-ICE Turbo macro and the Turbo workspace
of CFD-Post.
1. Inside CFD-Post, go to the Calculators tab. Double-click Macro Calculator and select FENSAP-
ICE Turbo from the Macro dropdown list;
2. Click Calculate to execute the macro.
Note:
The macro uses a parameter file called cfdpost_turbo_params.txt. This file is

created by the graphical user interface of FENSAP-ICE. The Turbo part information
of rows, which are defined at each boundary surface of the domain from FENSAP-
ICE’s graphical user interface, will be used to generate the file. This file is located in
the FENSAP TURBO run folder.
3. Go to the Variables tab to verify the existence of two sets of variables: Solution and Turbo.
Solution contains the fields of the FENSAP airflow solution file, while Turbo contains post-
processed variables that are automatically generated from the Turbo panel settings and the
FENSAP airflow solution file.
A more detailed description of Turbo variables can be found under Variables Tree View.
8.1.1.3. Post-Processing Data

This section demonstrates the use of CFD-Post to create custom variables and to generate plots
and surface contours.
8.1.1.3.1. Using the Function Calculator

Airflow variables at existing boundary surfaces (inlets, exits, interfaces) can be calculated using
the Function Calculator. The following steps show how to compute the average total temperature
at the inlet of the fan domain:
1. Proceed to the Calculators tab and double-click the Function Calculator.
2. Select the following options to compute the total temperature at the entrance of the fan
domain using the mass flow average function. It is also possible to use the area average
function to compute the average temperature.
3. Click Calculate to compute the mass flow rate.
8.1.1.3.2. Creation of Streamwise and Spanwise Plots

The following steps describe the approach to output an inlet to exit plot (streamwise plot) and
a hub to shroud plot (spanwise plot) of a scalar variable within multiple stages.
Streamwise Plots
1. Go to the Turbo tab. Then, go to Plots → Turbo Charts and double-click Inlet to Outlet and
set the following parameters:
Setting Value
Domains soln.row03
soln.row04
Samples/Comp. 30
X Axis -> Variable Streamwise Location
X Axis -> Circ Average None
Y Axis -> Variable Temperature
Setting Value
Y Axis -> Circ Average Area
2. Click Apply. A 2D plot that describes the ICC distribution from inlet to outlet appears in the
Chart Viewer.
In the above figure, the Streamwise Location is defined as a dimensionless distance from a do-
main’s inlet to its outlet. In this case, 0 and 1 correspond to the inlet and outlet of the fan, while
1 to 2 represent the inlet and outlet locations of the bypass. You can click Export to export data
points of the generated chart in .csv format for further usage.
Spanwise Plots
1. Go back to the Turbo tab, and double-click Hub to Shroud under Plots → Turbo Charts. Set
the following parameters.
Setting Value
Two Lines option Selected
Display Separate Lines
Mode Streamwise Location
Distribution Equal Distance
Samples/Comp. 20
Streamwise 1 0.25
Streamwise 2 1.8
X Axis → Variable Temperature
X Axis → Circ Average Area
Y Axis → Variable Span Normalized
Setting Value
Y Axis → Circ Average None
2. Click Apply. Two curves that describe the hub to shroud profiles of static temperature at 0.25
(blue) in the fan, and 1.8 (green) in the bypass appear in the Chart Viewer.
For each spanwise plot, 20 points are equally spaced along the dimensionless distance between
the Hub and the Shroud. At each sample point, the Temperature is calculated as an area
average over the corresponding circular band that was internally constructed by the macro.
You can click Export to export data points of the generated chart in .csv format for further
usage.
8.1.1.3.3. Creation of Contour Plots

The following steps describe the approach to generate contour plots using pre-defined orientation
macros such as Span and Streamwise. The mid span pressure contour is used as an example.
Span Contour Plots
1. In the Turbo tab, go to Plots and double-click Blade-to-Blade to bring the Details of Blade-
to-Blade Plot.
2. Set Domains to All Domains. Set the non-dimensional Span value to 0.60. This will define
a cutting plane at a span between the hub and the shroud for the fan, bypass, and IGV com-
ponents.
3. Set Plot Type to Contour;
4. Select Pressure from the drop-down list box of Variable.
5. Set the Range to User Specified. Enter 60 000 Pa and 68 000 Pa inside the Min and Max
boxes, respectively.
6. Set the # of Contours to 33.
7. Set the Domain to soln.row03 and the # of Copies to 36 under Graphical Instancing; Click
Apply;
8. Repeat the above step for soln.row04 and soln.row05.
9. Use Ctrl+Shift+MMB to adjust the graphic view of Blade-to-Blade in the 3D Viewer window.
Streamwise Contour Plots
1. In the Turbo tab, go to Plots and double-click Meridional to bring the Details of Meridional
Plot.
2. Set Domains to All Domains. Set the Stream Sample to 50 and the Span Samples to 50.
4. Select Velocity Axial from the drop-down list box of Variable.
5. Set the Range to User Specified. Enter 0 and 110 m/s inside the Min. and Max. box, respect-
ively.
7. Select Area in Circ Average.
8. Make sure that Show blade wireframe, Show sample mesh and Show chart location lines
are disabled.
9. Click Apply to generate the graphic view of Meridional in the 3D Viewer window.
8.1.1.3.4. Creation of Surface Contours and Surface Plots

The following steps describe how to generate a surface contour and a 2D plot over a blade. For
this purpose, the static pressure is used to demonstrate its usage.
Surface Contours
1. Go to Outline tab and select View 1 from the top-left corner of the 3D Viewer.
2. Click the Contour icon in the main tool bar to create a new contour. Name it as Blades
and click OK. Set the following parameters inside Details of Blades.
Setting Value
Domain All Domains
Locations BC_2006, BC_2008, BC_2011, BC_2014
Variable Pressure
Range User Specified
Min 60000 Pa
Max 68000 Pa
# of Contours 21
3. Go to the Render tab of Details of Blades and disable the Show Contour Lines option.
4. Click Apply. The 3D Viewer will display the surface pressure over the blades:
2D Sectional Plots
1. To output the surface pressure at a blade cross-section, go back to the Turbo tab. Double-
click Blade Loading located in Plots → Turbo Charts and set the following parameters.
Setting Value
Domain soln.row05
Span 0.5
X Axis → Variable Streamwise (0-1)
Y Axis → Variable Pressure
2. Click Apply. A 2D plot that describes the distribution of the surface pressure of IGV at mid
span will appear in the Chart Viewer:
8.2. CFX Airflow Through a Turbofan
8.2.1. Ansys CFX Turbofan Flow Setup

This section provides an overview of the Ansys CFX airflow problem definition.
The flow conditions were chosen to represent a mixed phase icing environment in the appendix D
envelope. The turbofan geometry consists of 6 rotationally periodic components: nacelle-nose cone,
fan, bypass and inlet guide vane, core rotor, and core stator.
Each component was reduced to a rotationally periodic section, meshed with node matching periodic
planes. The inclusion of the nacelle and spinner is critical to improve the accuracy of airflow solution,
droplet shadow zones and reinjected droplets and crystals from nacelle and spinner into the fan.
Figure 8.6: Turbofan Geometry: Nacelle with Nose-Cone, Fan, Bypass OGV (Blue), IGV (Yellow),
Rotor (Orange), Stator (Red)
CFX Airflow Through a Turbofan
8.2.1.1. Flow Setup in Ansys CFX

The CFX flow simulation setup in this section only serves to provide a general overview on some
of the recommended settings required to run a steady-state turbomachinery flow simulation to be
used as an input to a FENSAP-ICE icing simulation. Refer to the CFX manual to get a more compre-
hensive description of the models used in this tutorial and their recommended settings.
Note:
The .def file included as an input file to this tutorial has already been setup properly
for a CFX simulation, so it is not mandatory to perform the steps in this section. However,
it is recommended working through these steps to transfer this knowledge for use in
other simulations.
1. Start the Ansys CFX Launcher and set working directory to ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/Turbo/CFX
2. Launch the CFX-Pre Manager.
3. You will use CFX-Pre to view the completed def file that has been provided as input to this tu-
torial. Click on File → Open Case and choose the 6-stage-adiabatic_ISA_p9_15.def
file. The following steps will present how to verify that some of the important CFX settings have
been setup correctly in the provided .def file.
4. Double-click on Analysis Type and ensure that Option is set to Steady State.
5. Double-click the domain BP to define Basic Settings and Fluid Models. The Material properties
are inherited from a materials library and in this case are set to Air Ideal Gas.
6. In the Fluid Models tab, verify that the Heat Transfer model used is Total Energy and the
checkbox containing the Incl. Viscous Work Term is enabled.
7. In the Turbulence model section, use the Shear Stress Transport model and check to enable
the High Speed (compressible) Wall Heat Transfer Model option.
8. In the Advanced Turbulence Control drop-down menu, check to enable Curvature Correction,
set the Option to Production Correction and set the Coefficient to 1.0. Check to enable
Reattachment Modification and set the Option to Reattachment Production.
9. Double-click Expert Parameters under Solver Control. In the Discretization menu, check to
enable viscous work at ip and set to t. This helps achieve a more consistent discretization of
viscous work in meshes that contain very high aspect ratio elements.
Component Periodicity - Degrees Domain Domain

nacelle/nosecone 30.0000 STATIONARY
INLET 216 m/s,

248.15 K
FARFIELD EXIT
37000 Pa
WALLS - Adiabatic,
Smooth
SPINNER –
Rotating@3800
RPM

INTAKE EXIT –
interfaced with
fan
fan 16.3636 ROTATING@ 3800
RPM
INLET – interfaced
with intake
EXIT – interfaced
with igv and
bypass
WALLS –
Adiabatic, Smooth
SHROUD, SPLITTER
– Counter-rotating
bypass 8.78049 STATIONARY
with fan
EXIT – Opening
50000 Pa
WALLS –
Adiabatic, Smooth
igv 17.1429 STATIONARY
with fan
EXIT – interfaced
with rotor
WALLS –
Adiabatic, Smooth
rotor 11.6129 ROTATING@8000
RPM
with igv
EXIT – interfaced
with stator
WALLS –
Adiabatic, Smooth

SHROUD -
Counter-rotating
stator 7.05882 STATIONARY
with rotor
EXIT – Opening
65000 Pa
WALLS –
Adiabatic, Smooth
8.2.1.2. Running the Flow Solution in Ansys CFX

1. Start the Ansys CFX Launcher and choose the working directory to be ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/Turbo/CFX.
2. Launch the CFX-Solver Manager and define a new CFX-Solver run by clicking File → Define
Run.
3. Under Solver Input File, ensure that the name of a CFX-Solver input file (with extension .def)
is specified. Browse and select the *.def file located in the current working directory.
4. Under the Run Definition tab, select Double Precision and configure the Parallel Environment
as required. Here, you select Intel MPI Local Parallel under the Run Mode settings and set the
number of Partitions to 12 or higher.
5. Click the Start Run button to start the calculation. The solution will stop at the end of 500 iter-
ations and an Ansys CFX solution file (*.res) will be saved.
8.3. Impingement, Icing and Shedding on Rotating and Stationary Blades

The physics and thermodynamic behavior of droplets and ice crystals inside turbomachines are complex
and different from those experienced in external flows.
Impingement, Icing and Shedding on Rotating and Stationary Blades
Droplets subject to increasing flow temperatures can evaporate, change size and experience a change
in their inertial drag properties, resulting in different impact zones than otherwise expected. Ice crystals
may enter a stage at temperatures well below freezing, and bounce off dry/rime surfaces without any
effect on ice accretion. At higher temperatures, further downstream, crystals may begin to melt, stick
on surfaces and contribute to ice growth. In addition, vapor that exists in the cloud together with what
transpires from the evaporating droplets and melting/sublimating crystals also must be taken into ac-
count; all of this impacting ice accretion.
In the following section, the turbofan air flow solution will be used to calculate the impingement of
droplets and ice crystals coupled with the effects of vapor concentration. Different models within the
DROP3D-TURBO framework will be activated, and their corresponding impact on the solution field will
be compared.
8.3.1. Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement

1. Create a new project directory by clicking on the New project icon. Name it FENSAP-TURBO.
Select the Metric unit system from Settings → Units.
2. Create a new DROP3D-TURBO run by clicking on the new run icon and name it TURBO-MIXED-
PHASE-VAPOR. Set the Number of rows to 6.
3. To import an existing Ansys CFX *.res file, right-click the row 1 grid icon and select the Define
option.
The .res solution file solved earlier in Flow Setup in Ansys CFX (p. 459) is located in the /work-
shop_input_files/Input_Grid/Turbo/CFX sub-directory. This will launch the grid and
solution converter for Ansys CFX. For multiple stage turbo applications, click the Multiple grids
option.
4. In general, the boundary conditions conversion options do not need to be modified as this is
automatically detected. Verify that the boundary definitions between Ansys CFX and FENSAP are
equivalent and click Next.
5. The Datafields verifies the correspondence between Ansys CFX and FENSAP equivalent data fields.
Click Next.
6. It is necessary to provide all the information requested regarding the reference freestream condi-
tions. These reference values are eventually used in ICE3D to define icing conditions. Currently,
some of the reference parameters are not automatically set correctly and you would need to enter
these manually as follows:
Reference length 0.65 m

Reference static pressure 37000 Pa
Reference static temperature 248.15 K
Reference velocity 216.92 m/s
X-velocity component 0
Y-velocity component 0
Z-velocity component -216.92
7. The Execution and Log panel provide details of the conversion process. Any errors in conversion
can be identified in these panels. Click on Finish to complete the CFX to FENSAP-ICE conversion
process.
Click Yes when prompted to use the solver settings for reference conditions. The run layout should
be populated as shown in the next figure:
8. Double-click the main config icon of the run to open the DROP3D-TURBO input parameter window.
9. Under the Turbo panel, you can set up the individual Components and the Interfaces. The
graphical user interface automatically sets up each component with its rotational speed and inter-
face connections. The row number corresponds to the order in which Ansys CFX simulation was
setup.
Note:
To easily identify and view the rows in the graphical window you can click next to
the Components menu.
This will highlight the row that you select and the icon ( ) should turn blue as shown
below:
Rotation for Row 3 and Row 4 are automatically activated by the check-mark next to the row
number. The rotation speeds for Row 3 and Row 4 are 8,000 and 3,800 RPM respectively.
The rotation axis must be selected in the Rotation menu at the bottom of the window. In this
case, set it to Z-axis. Periodic repetitions maybe viewed by activating the Display box.
Next, the interfaces should be checked and setup. The figure below shows the interfaces of this
current case.
Figure 8.7: Interfaces: Blue: Nacelle-Fan, Orange: Fan-Bypass, Green: Fan-IGV, Cyan: IGV-Rotor,
Purple: Rotor-Stator
Each component is linked to its adjacent one through the interfaces listed in the Interfaces section
of the Turbo panel. An interface consists of two communicating boundaries; an Exit and an Inlet.
The button adds an interface. The button removes an interface.
Note:
The four interfaces shown in the figure below are automatically set up during the
graphical user interface conversion process. Verify that they are correct.
Figure 8.8: Interfaces Boundaries Connecting Exits of Each Row to Inlets of Communicating
Rows
Note:
To easily identify and view the interfaces in the graphical window you can click next
to the Interfaces menu.
On selecting the row and/or BC the domain and/or interface gets highlighted in the
graphical window and the icon ( ) should turn blue as shown below:
10. Proceed to the Model panel.
Set the following under the Particle parameters section:
Particle type Droplets+Crystals

Droplet Drag Model Water - Default
Particle thermal equation Enabled
Particle Reinjection Disabled
Set the Vapor model to Enabled and keep the Turbulent Schmidt number to its default value
of 0.7. Vapor that exists in the cloud together with the droplets that evaporate and crystals that
melt/sublimate will be tracked using this model.
Note:
The Vapor model also allows for vapor to condense on the walls of the geometry, al-
though this may not occur in this tutorial case.
The current simulation will be used to calculate particle impingement by considering

the energy exchange between air and droplets/ice crystals as well as the mass and
energy transfer between vapor and droplets/ice crystals without accounting for reinjec-
tion due to either film pooling on the surface, or ice crystal bouncing.
Vapor nucleation locally converts the excess vapor concentration above saturation
pressure to liquid phase. The nuclei are still tracked with the vapor transport equation
and they do not get involved in the particle impingement process since their size is
considered to be very small. The effect of nucleation is the reduction of local vapor
pressure and energy transfer to surrounding air when running coupled.
11. Next, go to the Conditions panel and, under the Reference conditions, verify the following values:

Air static temperat- 248.15 K (-25
ure °C)
Under the Droplets reference conditions section, set the Droplet diameter to 20 microns. Water
density remains at 1,000 kg/m3.
12. Under the Ice crystal reference conditions section, select Appendix D in the Choose Appendix
list and click the Configure button. This will allow you to set either LWC or ICC based on the
current Appendix D guidelines for total water content (TWC).
The dark blue curve indicates the temperature isoline based on the reference conditions of this
run. The Altitude and Air Temperature are used to determine the allowable values of Total
Water Content from the y-axis of the graph. In this case, the total water content is 4.184 g/m3.
The Liquid Water Content or the Ice Crystal Content can be changed to add up to the total
water content. Set the Liquid Water Content to 0.5 g/m3. Click the OK button to confirm these
settings.
Set the following ice crystal properties:
Crystal Type Solid Thick Plate

Crystal Density 917 kg/m3
Size 110 microns
Aspect Ratio Pre-calculated (0.375569)
Go to the Particle initial conditions section and choose Velocity components. Set the following:
Velocity X 0
Velocity Y 0
Velocity Z -216.92 m/s
Note:
The Dry Initialization option for this case is deactivated. However, Dry Initialization
ensures that droplets or crystals do not get entrained in complex flow vortices in each
component, stalling convergence. Dry initialization sets zero LWC/ICC in the domain
(except at the inlet boundary) and initializes the velocity field with the airflow velocity
components.
Set the Vapor initial conditions to Relative humidity and set a value of 100%.
13. The only boundary condition that is required to be set is the inlet of the first stage. In this case,
apply the following boundary conditions for Row05:
For the Inlet boundary BC_1000, select Type Supersonic or far-field, and click Import reference
conditions to assign values for Liquid water content, Ice Crystal content, Temperature, Velocity
and Relative humidity. Repeat this step for BC_1001.
To post-process the droplet and crystal solutions of this simulation with CFD-Post Turbo, use the
following table to set the Turbo part of each boundary surface if this has not been done.
Row 01 Row 02 Row 03 Row 04 Row 05 Row 06

• BC • BC • BC • BC • BC • BC
2000: 2003: 2006: 2009: 2013: 2015:
Hub Blade Blade Hub Other Blade
2001: 2004: 2007: 2010: 2014: 2016:
Shroud Hub Hub Shroud Other Hub
2002: 2005: 2008: 2011: 5007: 2017:
Blade Shroud Shroud Blade Periodic2 Shroud
5001: 5005: 5009: 2012: 5008: 5011:
Periodic1 Periodic1 Periodic1 Other Periodic1 Periodic1
• BC • BC • BC • BC • BC
5002: 5005: 5010: 5003: 5012:
Periodic2 Periodic2 Periodic2 Periodic1 Periodic2
• BC
5004:
Periodic2
300. In the Advanced solver settings section set Mass deficit cutoff to 0.1%:
15. Go to the Out panel, and select the option to save the Solution every 40 iterations. Choose to
Overwrite the solution file.
16. Click the Run button to open the Execution environment. In the Settings panel, set the total
number of CPUs to the maximum available. All CPU’s will be used to run each row sequentially.
Click the Start menu button to start the calculations.
The ICC enrichment and shadow zones in the figure below show the importance of including the
nacelle and spinner components. The resulting shadow zone and the enrichment region surrounding
it propagate downstream towards the fan and further down into the bypass. Results below show
that only a small amount of ICC/LWC enters the compressor core. In Impingement, Icing and
Shedding on Rotating and Stationary Blades (p. 464), it will be seen that reinjection must be con-
sidered to have a more accurate representation of the ICC and LWC concentration and subsequently
icing.
In the following two sections, the turbofan air flow, droplet, crystal and vapor solutions will be
used to calculate the accretion of ice. Different models within the ICE3D-TURBO framework will
be activated, and their corresponding impact on the ice growth will be compared.
8.3.2. Post-Processing of Turbomachinery Droplet and Ice Crystal Solutions

with CFD-Post Turbo
This tutorial shows how to post-process turbomachinery particle solutions (droplets, ice crystals, and
vapor) of FENSAP-ICE with CFD-Post Turbo. For this purpose, the TURBO-MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR run
in Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement (p. 465) must be completed as it is used in the following sec-
tions.
8.3.2.1. Setting CFD-Post as the Default Post-Processor

The default post-processor of FENSAP-ICE is Viewmerical. Therefore, follow these steps to change
the default post-processor to CFD-Post.
1. Without leaving the project of Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement (p. 465), go to the top menu
and select Settings → Preferences.
2. In the Preferences window, go to the Postprocessing tab and choose CFD-Post as the Default
postprocessing software. Add a checkmark to Write CFD-Post launch files. Select OK to finalize
the settings.
8.3.2.2. Loading Crystal Solutions into CFD-Post

The following steps show how to load a crystal turbo solution into CFD-Post. These same steps can
be used to load a droplet or vapor turbo solution into CFD-Post.
1. Right-click on the main config icon of the TURBO-MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR run. Select View
previous log/graph. This opens the execution panel.
2. Go to the Graphs tab and at the bottom of the panel click View with CFD-Post.
3. A window appears. Select the particle type. In this case, choose crystal and then click OK to
initiate the transfer to CFD-Post.
the global ranges. Click OK to proceed. A Domain Selector window will then pop up which
will allow you to choose the turbo rows to load for post-processing.
5. In this case, choose row02 and row03. This loads the IGV and the Rotor domains.
8.3.2.3. CFD-Post Turbo Initialization

Before accessing the Turbo module and its built-in turbo variables, CFD-Post Turbo requires proper
definition of the Turbo components inside each domain. This can either be done by following the
steps described under Turbo Initialization within the CFD-Post User's Guide and under Region In-
formation of CFX-Pre User's Guide or by using the FENSAP-ICE Turbo macro provided in the Macro
Calculator.
The following steps describe how to activate the FENSAP-ICE Turbo macro and the Turbo workspace
of CFD-Post.
1. Inside CFD-Post, go to the Calculators tab. Double-click Macro Calculator and select FENSAP-
ICE Turbo from the Macro dropdown list;
2. Click Calculate to execute the macro.
Note:
The macro uses a parameter file called cfdpost_turbo_params.txt. This file is

created by the graphical user interface of FENSAP-ICE, when you specified a Turbo
part for each boundary surface of the domain. This file is located in the DROP3D
TURBO run folder.
3. Go to the Variables tab to verify the existence of two sets of variables: particle solution and
turbo. Deprecated contains the fields of the particle solution file, while Turbo contains post-
processed variables that are automatically generated from the Turbo panel settings and the
particle solution file. The following shows a list of variables coming from the crystal solution
(Deprecated) and post-processed variables (Turbo) .
A more detailed description of the turbo variables can be found in the under Variables Tree
View within the CFD-Post User's Guide.
8.3.2.4. Post-Processing Data

This section demonstrates the use of CFD-Post to create custom variables and to generate plots
and surface contours.
8.3.2.4.1. Custom Variables

The following steps describe the approach to generate new scalar and vector variables using
variables present in your CFD solution and variables that have been automatically generated by
CFD-Post. In this case, the crystal mass flux is used as an example.
1. Click the Expression icon located in the main tool bar.
This creates a new expression. Name this expression CrystalMassFlow and click OK to
define it.
2. Inside its Definition text box, enter Crystal ICC*Crystal Velocity Axial.
You can navigate to the required variables by right-clicking inside the Definition text-box
and by selecting Crystal ICC and Crystal Velocity Axial in Variables.
Click Apply to confirm the expression.
3. To assign this expression as a variable, click the Variable icon from the main tool bar.
Name this new variable CrystalMassFlowRate and click OK to bring up its definition
user interface.
4. Set the Method to Expression and make sure that the Scalar option is selected. Inside the
Expression drop-down box menu find the CrystalMassFlow expression that was previously
generated. Click Apply. The new generated variable, CrystalMassFlowRate, will be listed
under the User Defined section of the Variables tab.
8.3.2.4.2. Using the Function Calculator

The mass flow rate at existing boundary surfaces (inlets, exits, interfaces) can be calculated using
the CrystalMassFlux custom variable or the inherent massFlow function of the Function
Calculator.
1. Proceed to the Calculators tab and double-click the Function Calculator.
2. Select the following options to compute the crystal mass flow rate at the entrance of the IGV.
3. Click Calculate to compute the mass flow rate.
Note:
You would need to multiply the result by the total number of blades for this
component to get the annular mass flow rate of the entire IGV.
4. Alternatively, you can compute this mass flow rate by using the provided function inside the
Function Calculator. Select massFlow from the Function drop-down list and click Calculate.
This will give you the same mass flow rate:
Note:
The provided mass functions (massFlow, massFlowAve, massFlowAveAbs, and

massFlowInt) don’t support particle vapor solutions.
It is also possible to compute the mass flow average and integral quantities at different streamwise
and spanwise locations. The next steps provide an example on how to compute the mass flow
average of the specific energy of crystals at a streamwise location.
1. Select Turbo Surface located under the main menu, Insert → Location, or under Location
in the main tool bar.
2. Click OK to accept the default name, Turbo Surface 1 and to open its input window. In the
Geometry tab, set Domains to crystal.row02. In Definition, select Constant Streamwise
Location from the drop-down list of Method and set Value to 0.5. Click Apply to generate
a turbo cutting surface at the streamwise location of 0.5.
3. Go back to the Function Calculator. Select massFlowAve from the Function drop-down list.
Set the Location to Turbo Surface 1. Select Crystal Specific Energy from the Variable drop-
down list. Click Calculate. The output is the mass flow averaged of the Crystal Specific Energy
at the streamwise location of 0.5 of the IGV (row02).
8.3.2.4.3. Creation of Streamwise and Spanwise Plots

The following steps describe the approach to output an inlet to exit plot (streamwise plot) and
a hub to shroud plot (spanwise plot) of a scalar variable within multiple stages.
Streamwise Plots
1. Go to the Turbo tab. Then, go to Plots → Turbo Charts and double-click Inlet to Outlet and
set the following parameters:
Setting Value
Domains All domains
Samples/Comp. 30
Setting Value
X Axis -> Variable Streamwise Location
X Axis -> Circ Average None
Y Axis -> Variable Crystal ICC
Y Axis -> Circ Average Area
2. Click Apply. A 2D plot that describes the ICC distribution from inlet to outlet appears in the
Chart Viewer.
In the above figure, the Streamwise Location is defined as a dimensionless distance from a do-
main’s inlet to its outlet. In this case, 0 and 1 correspond to the inlet and outlet of the IGV, while
1 to 2 represent the inlet and outlet locations of the Rotor. You can click Export to export data
points of the generated chart in .csv format for further usage.
Spanwise Plots
1. Go back to the Turbo tab, and double-click Hub to Shroud under Plots → Turbo Charts. Set
the following parameters.
Setting Value
Two Lines option Selected
Display Separate Lines
Mode Streamwise Location
Distribution Equal Distance
Samples/Comp. 20
Setting Value
Streamwise 1 0.25
Streamwise 2 1.8
X Axis → Variable Crystal ICC
X Axis → Circ Average Area
Y Axis → Variable Span Normalized
Y Axis → Circ Average None
2. Click Apply. Two curves that describe the hub to shroud profiles of ICC at 0.25 (blue) in the
IGV, and 1.8 (green) in the rotor appear in the Chart Viewer.
For each spanwise plot 20 points are equally spaced along the dimensionless distance between
the Hub and the Shroud. At each sample point, the Crystal ICC is calculated as an area average
over the corresponding circular band that was internally constructed by the macro. You can
click Export to export data points of the generated chart in .csv format for further usage.
8.3.2.4.4. Creation of Contour Plots

The following steps describe the approach to generate contour plots using pre-defined orientation
macros such as Span and Streamwise. The mid span ICC contour is used as an example.
Span Contour Plots
1. In the Turbo tab, go to Plots and double-click Blade-to-Blade to bring the Details of Blade-
to-Blade Plot.
2. Set Domains to All Domains. Set the non-dimensional Span value to 0.78. This will define
a cutting plane at a span between the hub and the shroud for both IGV and Rotor components.
4. Select Crystal ICC from the drop-down list box of Variable.
5. Set the Range to User Specified. Enter 0 kg m^-3 and 0.005 kg m^-3 inside the Min and
Max boxes, respectively.
6. Set the # of Contours to 11
7. Set the Domain to crystal.row02 and the # of Copies to 21 under Graphical Instancing;
Click Apply;
8. Set the Domain to crystal.row03 and the # of Copies to 31 under Graphical Instancing;
9. Click Apply to generate the graphic view of Blade-to-Blade in the 3D Viewer window.
Streamwise Contour Plots
1. In the Turbo tab, go to Plots and double-click Meridional to bring the Details of Meridional
Plot.
2. Set Domains to All Domains. Set the Stream Sample to 20 and the Span Samples to 20.
4. Select Crystal ICC from the drop-down list box of Variable.
5. Set the Range to Global.
7. Select Area in Circ Average.
8. Make sure that Show blade wireframe, Show sample mesh and Show chart location lines
are disabled.
9. Click Apply to generate the graphic view of Meridional in the 3D Viewer window.
8.3.2.4.5. Creation of Surface Contours and Surface Plots

The following steps describe how to generate a surface contour and a 2D plot over a blade. For
this purpose, the crystal collection efficiency is used to demonstrate its usage.
Surface Contours
1. Go to Outline tab and select View 1 the from top-left corner of the 3D Viewer.
2. Click the Contour icon in the main tool bar to create a new contour. Name it as BladeCE
and click OK. Set the following parameters inside Details of BladeCE.
Setting Value
Domain All Domains
Locations BC_2003, BC 2006
Variable Collection Efficiency Crystal
Range User Specified
Min 0.0
Max 0.5
# of Contours 11
3. Click Apply. Click the Legend icon in the main tool bar and keep the default name.
Under the legend’s detail interface, set Plot to BladeCE and set X Justification of Location
to Left. Click Apply. The 3D Viewer will display the crystal collection efficiency over the
blades:
2D Sectional Plots
1. To output the crystal collection efficiency at a blade cross-section, go back to the Turbo tab.
Double-click Blade Loading located in Plots → Turbo Charts and set the following parameters.
Setting Value
Domain crystal.row02
Span 0.5
X Axis → Variable Streamwise (0-1)
Y Axis → Variable Collection efficiency Crystal
2. Click Apply. A 2D plot that describes the distribution of the crystal collection efficiency at
mid span will appear in the Chart Viewer:
8.3.3. Mixed Phase Icing

1. Create a new ICE3D-TURBO run by clicking on the new run icon and name it MIXED-PHASE-
VAPOR-ICING. Set the number of rows to 6.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the previous TURBO-MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR run onto the config
icon of this MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR-ICING run to copy the reference and boundary conditions
from the airflow, droplet, ice crystal and vapor solutions.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the ICE3D-TURBO input parameters window. Go to the
Model panel and under the Icing model section, select the Glaze-Advanced model, select the
Classical heat flux option, and click the Concavity Fix check box. The value should be set to 70
deg.
Enable EID calculation:
For icing simulations where air flow is calculated using adiabatic walls, heat transfer coefficients
cannot be readily calculated as a function of the surface convective heat flux and the temperature
difference between reference and user-set wall temperatures. EID step uses a propriety technology
to post-process the provided adiabatic airflow solution to generate the heat transfer coefficients
that are inputs to ICE3D energy equation.
Verify that the Ice crystals dialog box is set to Droplet+Crystals. Activate crystal bouncing by
choosing one of the bouncing Modes from the pull-down menu. For this run, select the NTI
Bouncing Model. Check the Crystal erosion option to allow crystals to erode the ice layer.
Next, go to the Conditions panel. The Reference conditions are already set and taken from the
TURBO-MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR simulation.
Note:
The Relative humidity is a factor that determines the surface film evaporation rates.
In this setup, the Relative humidity is greyed out, since the vapor transport solution
on the surface obtained from the previous section provides the necessary information
for ICE3D to calculate accurate film evaporation rates.
4. Go to the Boundaries panel. Each wall contains additional options for icing that include: Disabled,
Enabled, Disabled-Sliding, Enabled-Sliding and Sink.
• Enabled - activates icing on the surface.
• Disabled - removes the surface from the icing calculation.
• Enabled-Sliding - the surface is active during film and ice mass calculations, but remains ice-
free during ice grid displacement. When connected to Enabled walls, this becomes a sliding
wall to the ice layer that grows on the Enabled walls.
• Disabled-Sliding - the surface is inactive during film and ice mass calculations, and remains
ice-free during ice grid displacement. When connected to Enabled walls, this becomes a sliding
wall to the ice layer that grows on the Enabled walls.
Set the following icing options for each rows wall boundaries:
Row BC Label Icing

1 2000 Enabled Sliding
2001 Disabled Sliding
2002 Enabled
2 2003 Enabled
2004 Enabled Sliding
2005 Disabled Sliding
3 2006 Enabled
2007 Enabled Sliding
2008 Disabled
4 2009 Enabled-Sliding
2010 Disabled
2011 Enabled
2012 Enabled
5 2013 Enabled
2014 Enabled
6 2015 Enabled
2016 Enabled-Sliding
2017 Disabled-Sliding
To post-process the icing solutions of this simulation with CFD-Post, use the following table to
set the Turbo part of each boundary surface if this has not been done.
Row 01 Row 02 Row 03 Row 04 Row 05 Row 0

2000: 2003: 2006: 2009: 2013: 2015:
Hub Blade Blade Hub Shroud Blade
2001: 2004: 2007: 2010: 2014: 2016:
Shroud Hub Hub Shroud Hub Hub
2002: 2005: 2008: 2011: 5007: 2017:
Blade Shroud Shroud Blade Periodic2 Shroud
5001: 5005: 5009: 2012: 5008: 5011:
Periodic1 Periodic1 Periodic1 Other Periodic1 Periodic1
• BC • BC • BC • BC • BC
5002: 5005: 5010: 5003: 5012:
Periodic2 Periodic2 Periodic2 Periodic1 Periodic2
5. Go to the Solver panel. Deselect the Automatic time step option and set the Time step to 1e-
4. Set the Total time of ice accretion to 5 seconds. Go to the Out panel and set the Time between
solution output to 5 seconds.
Settings panel, set the total Number of CPUs to the maximum available. Click the Start menu
button to start the calculation.
The figure below was generated with CFD-Post using the View Ice button in the run panel and
by loading all the solution components (all rows). This image shows the ice accretion locations
on the 6-stage Turbofan. See the next section for more details of how to post-process turbo icing
solutions with CFD-Post.
Figure 8.9: Ice Accretion on All Turbofan Components. Miniature Ice Growth inside Core
(Rotor and Stator)
The importance of not accounting for vapor transport and the impact it has on the resulting ice
growth rates will be seen in Mixed Phase Icing - Constant Relative Humidity (p. 500).
8.3.4. Post-Processing of Turbomachinery Icing Solutions with CFD-Post

Turbo
This tutorial shows how to post-process turbomachinery icing solutions computed with FENSAP-ICE
inside CFD-Post Turbo. For this purpose, the MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR-ICING run in Mixed Phase
Icing (p. 491) must be completed as it is used in the following sections. Before proceeding, make sure
that CFD-Post is set as the default post-processor of FENSAP-ICE GUI.
8.3.4.1. Loading Turbo Icing Solution into CFD-Post

The following steps show how to load a turbo icing solution into CFD-Post.
1. Right-click on the main config icon of the MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR-ICING run. Select View pre-
vious log/graph. This opens the execution panel.
2. Go to the Graphs tab and at the bottom of the panel, click View Ice. CFD-Post will then be
prompted to open.
the global ranges. Click OK to proceed. A Domain Selector window will then pop up. It lists
the pre-set domains of all rows which will be used to post-process the turbo icing solution.
Keep all domains selected as default and click OK.
8.3.4.2. Using Turbo Icing Macro to Post-process Data

This section demonstrates how to use the Ice Cover – Turbo 3D-View macro, which is provided
in the Macro Calculator, to post-process a turbo icing solution.
1. Inside CFD-Post, go to the Calculators tab. Double-click Macro Calculator and select Ice Cover
– Turbo 3D-View from the Macro dropdown list.
2. The default settings inside the Macro Calculator panel will allow you to automatically output
the ice shape of all rows on a single annular copy.
3. Select Full Circle from the Turbo Graphic drop-down list to output the ice solutions over the
entire turbo fan. Leave the other default settings unchanged. Click Calculate to execute the
macro.
Figure 8.10: Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Ice Shapes over All Rows in Full
Circle Mode
4. To view an ice solution over the blades and hubs of all rows:
• Set View Mode to All BCs – Off. This will allow you to select which boundary conditions you
would like to activate and view.
Note:
The default All BCs – On ignores the sub-input (Shrouds, Blades, and Hubs) and
all wall surfaces will be displayed.
• In the sub-input of View Mode, set Blades and Hubs to On and leave Shrouds to Off. This
will only display the blades and hubs.
• Change Display Mode to Ice Solution – Overlay.
• Inside Display Variable,
– Select Instant.Ice Growth (kg s^-1 m^-2) from its drop-down list
– Set Number of Contours to 11;
– Change Range to User Specified;
– Enter 0.1 and 0 in the (Usr.Specif.) Max and (Usr.Specif.) Min input box, respectively.
• Click Calculate to display the ice accretion rate over the blades and hubs of all rows of the
turbo fan. See Figure 8.11: Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Instantaneous Ice Growth
over Blades and Hubs (p. 497).
Figure 8.11: Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Instantaneous Ice Growth over
Blades and Hubs
5. In the above figure, the ice accretion rate inside the compressor cannot be properly seen. In
this case, you will remove several rows (fan, bypass) in order to assess the ice solution inside
the compressor.
• Change Turbo Rows from All Rows to Selected Rows. This will allow you to specify which
rows to visualize.
• Inside the text box next to (Selected) Rows, enter this sequence of row numbers: 3, 6,
2. This sequence corresponds to the rotor, stator, and IGV.
Note:
– The default Turbo Rows is set to All Rows. This displays all rows of your solution.
– (Selected) Rows allows you to input a list of rows to display. The numbers in
this list correspond to the row numbers defined in the ICE3D-TURBO run.
– A coma and a space must separate two row numbers.
• Click Calculate to execute the macro. You should only see the rotor, stator and IGV. Rotate
the geometries inside the 3D Viewer by holding the mouse’s middle key to have a view that
is similar to the figure below.
Figure 8.12: Turbo Ice View in CFD-Post Displaying the Instant Ice Growth over the
Compressor (IGV, Rotor, and Stator)
6. In some cases, you may need to inspect the ice shape/solution inside the compressor without
hiding the fan and the bypass completely. The following example shows an extended usage of
the macro in order to achieve that.
• Inside (Selected) Rows, replace the previous list of rows by the following: 3, 2, 6, 4,
1. This corresponds to the rotor, IGV, stator, fan, and bypass.
• Make sure that Turbo Graphic is set to Full Circle.
• Change View Mode to All BCs – On;
• Set the Display Mode to Ice Cover. In this case, you will display the ice shape.
• Click Calculate. As seen earlier, the fan and the bypass block the view of the ice shape inside
the compressor. See figure below:
Figure 8.13: Full Circle View of Turbo Fan Ice Shapes; View of Compressor Components
(IGV, Rotor, and Stator) Blocked by Fan and Bypass
To remedy this situation, some row copies should be removed. Follow these steps.
• Go to the Outline tab. Under the tree User Locations and Plots, double-click onto the Instance
Transform 01. Inside its Definition panel, un-check Full Circle and enter a value of 8 next to
Number of Graphical Instances. Click Apply.
• Repeat the step above for the rest of the Instance Transforms. Follow the list shown in the table
below. Do not forget to disable Full Circle first.
Instance Transform Number of Graphical Instances

01 8
02 4
03 6
Instance Transform Number of Graphical Instances

04 3
06 9
Note:
– The index of each Instance Transform follows the row number defined in ICE3D-
TURBO.
– The Instance Transform will only be created for the rows that have been enabled
by the macro in Full Circle mode.
The following figure shows that, with a reduced number of row copies, it is possible to clearly see
icing results inside the compressor.
Figure 8.14: Limited Number of Row Copies of Turbo Fan Ice Shapes
8.3.5. Mixed Phase Icing - Constant Relative Humidity

1. Create a new ICE3D-TURBO run by clicking on the new run icon and name it MIXED-PHASE-
ICING. Set the number of rows to 6.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the previous MIXED-PHASE -VAPOR-ICING run onto the config
icon of this MIXED-PHASE-ICING run to copy the reference and boundary conditions from the
airflow, droplets, ice crystal and vapor solutions.
3. Right-click the config icon of the run and go to the Options menu. Deselect the Use Vapor
Solution option to remove the vapor pressure solution from the ICE3D calculation.
4. Double-click the config icon to open the ICE3D-TURBO input parameters window. First go the
Model panel and enable EID:
Next, go to the Conditions panel. In the Model parameters section, set the Relative humidity
value to 100%.
Note:
The Relative humidity is a factor that determines the surface film evaporation rates.
In this setup, since the vapor solution is not being used, the Relative humidity needs
to be set. The default value for Relative humidity is 100%.
The impact of using constant relative humidity can be seen by comparing the ICE3D solution to
the previous run as seen in the figure below. Relative humidity affects the evaporation rates,
and consequently the film thickness and ice accretion rate.
Figure 8.15: Film Thickness at 100 % Relative Humidity (Left) and Calculated Relative Humidity
(Right)
8.3.6. Ice Shedding on Rotating Components

1. Create a new ICE3D-TURBO run by clicking the new run icon and name it MIXED-PHASE-ICE-
SHEDDING. Set the number of rows to 6.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of the previous MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR-ICING run onto the config
icon of this MIXED-PHASE-ICE-SHEDDING run to copy the reference and boundary conditions
from the airflow, droplets, ice crystal and vapor solutions.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the input parameters window. Go to the Model panel and
find the Ice shedding model section. The Delamination and Cracking option uses knowledge
of both adhesive strength and cohesive strength in the ice to evaluate if centrifugal forces are
sufficient to both delaminate, crack and shed the ice. This model couples the icing calculation to
a crack propagation calculation and therefore requires knowledge of the material properties of
ice.
4. In the ice shedding section, set the following options for Ice-Surface interface and Crack detection
criteria:
The ice surface interface option determines the adhesive strength between the material and the
ice. Ice-Aluminum is chosen for this simulation. The crack detection criteria decide the mechanism
used to propagate the crack in the ice. The principal stress criteria are used because the ice is a
brittle material and therefore appropriate compared to fracture toughness, which is typically used
to materials which can undergo plastic deformation.
5. The ice materials properties needed for the stress calculation are Youngs modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
material density, Principle tensile and shear cohesive strength and fracture toughness. The values
listed are all based on average values found in the literature:
6. Proceed to the Boundaries panel and enable the Icing option for all wall boundaries. Only rotating
walls will experience shedding during the accretion time.
The settings for each boundary wall are listed below:
Row BC Label Icing

1 2000 Enabled
2001 Enabled
2002 Enabled
2 2003 Enabled
2004 Enabled
2005 Enabled
3 2006 Enabled
2007 Enabled
2008 Enabled
4 2009 Enabled
2010 Enabled
2011 Enabled
2012 Enabled
5 2013 Enabled
2014 Enabled
6 2015 Enabled
2016 Enabled
2017 Enabled
7. Go to the Solver panel. Deselect the Automatic time step option and set the Time step to 1e-
4. Set the Total time of ice accretion to 10 seconds.
8. Go to the Out panel and set the Time between solution output to 1 seconds. The shedding
evaluation is triggered by default at every printout. Change the Shedding every printouts to 4
to trigger shedding at 4 and 8 seconds.
Set Yes for Numbered output files to allow side by side comparisons of the ice before and after
shedding.
The shedding calculation produces the following additional files that provide information on ice
that sheds:
• swimsol.shed - ice solution file written after shedding evaluation has completed.
• ice.grid.shed – ice grid file written after shedding evaluation has completed.
• max_ice_shed_piece.grd – grid of the largest ice volume that shed in the time period.
• iceshed.log – a log file that contains the no. of fragments that shed, mass of each
fragment, radial coordinate of CG of each fragment for each shedding instance.
Postprocessing in Viewmerical
1. Load the following blade(row04) solutions in a Viewmerical post-processing window:
• Icing solution file at 8 seconds before shed analysis: map.grid.row04 and swim-
sol.row04. Double click the domain and rename it to ice-accretion .
• Icing solution file at 8 seconds before shed analysis: map.grid.row04 and swim-
sol.row04.shed.
• Double click the domain and rename it to ice-shed.
2. To view a side-by-side comparison highlight the ice-shed solution object and choose the Split
screen option Horizontal-Right in the drop down menu.
3. Go to the Data tab. Select Ice thickness as the data field. Set the Color range to Grayscale 64.
Click the Shared lock icon to share data between solution objects. Set the global range from
-1e-5 to 1e-5.
The image you obtain should look like the one below. The comparison shows that a significant
portion of the ice on the blade pressure side has shed.
4. A closer look at what the delaminated ice pieces are can be seen by observing the shed-ice frag-
ment ID field in the shed-ice solution object. Change the displayed data from Ice Thickness to
Shed Ice Fragment ID. Switch the color range to Spectrum 2-32 and enable IsoValues in Enabled
– Surfaces mode with Number set to 32. You will get an image like the one below. Enabling iso
surfaces clearly outlines the individual fragments. The left image shows the fragments from the
1st analysis at 4 seconds, and the right image shows new fragments that shed at 8 seconds. In
the first shedding analysis, 91 fragments were identified, and in the second analysis, 61 additional
fragments were identified.
A better understanding of the mass associated with these fragments can be seen in the
iceshed.log.row04 file.
5. A review of the log shows that the largest total amount of ice shed occurred at 8 seconds and
the largest piece of ice that shed weighed 0.009 kg and occurred at a radial coordinate of 0.37
m.
6. The largest piece shed can be viewed in Viewmerical. To do this, click View then select
max_ice_shed_piece.grd to load max_ice_shed_piece.grd.row04 alongside the
surface mesh-map.grid.row04. Once both grid objects are loaded, change the Cell color of
the shed piece to light blue and change the Object type of both grid objects to Smooth shaded:
The following two figures show the comparison of P1 principal stress field before (Left) and after
(Right) shedding has taken place at t=4s over the fan (row04). The negative stress indicates regions
of ice that are in compression along the blade surface. These are located near the extremity of
the ice layer. More continuous principal stress distributions could have been achieved with a finer
mesh.
Particle Reinjection
8.4. Particle Reinjection

The primary particle (droplets/crystals) flow computation does not account for the fact that some of
the particles, such as ice crystals and large droplets, may bounce after hitting a surface. Crystals bounce
off engine components such as the nacelle lip, shroud, spinner, bypass splitter and blades. The amount
of crystals bouncing can be significant and this mechanism allows them to travel deep into the com-
pressor core.
Water film can also depart from rotating components, such as the spinner and blades, due to centrifugal
forces and re-enter the flow. The particle reinjection options in FENSAP-ICE-TURBO have been developed
to simulate these phenomena.
8.4.1. Complete Reinjection Mode

1. Create a new DROP3D-TURBO run by clicking on the new run icon and name it CRYSTAL-COM-
PLETE-REINJECTION. Set the number of rows to 6.
2. Drag and drop the config icon of the previous TURBO-MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR run configured in
Droplet and Ice Crystal Impingement (p. 465) to the config icon of this run. This operation copies
previous settings and Reference conditions on to this run.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the DROP3D-TURBO input parameters window and go to
the Model panel.
4. In the Particle parameters section, set the particle type to Crystals.
Make sure the Particle thermal equation and Vapor model options are enabled.
5. Under the Particle parameters section, enable Particle reinjection by choosing the Complete
mode.
The Complete mode uses ICE3D-TURBO to compute the mass of water film detaching from the
surface, as well as the mass of crystals that bounced from the surfaces. This mode uses the inform-
ation from ICE3D-TURBO to perform a simulation of the reinjected particles, using the wall
boundaries as inlets, with DROP3D-TURBO.
Each enabled wall family must be subdivided into sections from which particles are reinjected.
The walls are divided by axial cuts and are spaced uniformly. To limit the computational time, it
is lowered to 2.
In the Particle reinjection section, assign the Number of subdivisions to 2 and their Spacing
to Uniform.
6. In the Icing model section, verify that the following settings are assigned:
Ice - Water model Glaze - Advanced

Heat flux type Classical
Concavity fix Activated, 70 degrees
Enable EID calculation to post process the adiabatic airflow solution for surface heat transfer
coefficient computations:
In the Ice crystals section, double-click Ice crystals to open additional settings. Choose the NTI
Bouncing model in Modes and activate Crystals Erosion by clicking on the check box.
7. Next, go to the Conditions panel. The Reference conditions are already set and taken from the
TURBO_MIXED_PHASE simulation.
Under the Ice crystal reference conditions section, select Appendix D in the Choose Appendix
list and click the Configure button. This will allow you to set the total water content (TWC) based
on the current Appendix D guidelines. Set the remaining ice crystal conditions as follows:
Note:
After changing the Particle type, the Appendix D conditions need to be recomputed.
Use the Configure button to update the Ice Crystal Content.
Under the Model parameters section for icing, change the Relative humidity to 100%.
Under the Crystal initial solution section, disable Dry initialization.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. Check to see if the walls for each row are as follows:
Row BC Label Icing Mass Reinjection

1 2000 Enabled Sliding Enabled
2001 Disabled Sliding Disabled
2002 Enabled Enabled
2 2003 Enabled Enabled
2004 Enabled Sliding Enabled
2005 Disabled Sliding Disabled
2007 Enabled Sliding Enabled
2008 Disabled Disabled
4 2009 Enabled Sliding Enabled
2016 Enabled-Sliding Enabled
2017 Disabled-Sliding Disabled
9. Additionally, define the inlet conditions of the first stage (nacelle intake). In this case, apply the
following boundary conditions for Row05:
For the Inlet boundary BC_1000, click Import reference conditions to assign values for Ice
Crystal Content, Temperature and Velocity. Repeat this step for BC_1001.
10. Go to the Solver panel. The Time integration – Droplets settings are already defined from the
previous configuration settings. Ensure the CFL number is set to 10 and the Maximum number
of time steps is set to 600. For the Icing simulation settings, open the Time settings dialog
window by double-clicking it. Disable the Automatic time step option. Set the Time step to 1e-
5 and the Total time of ice accretion to 5 seconds.
11. Go to the Out panel and set Solution every to 40 iterations. Choose to Overwrite the solution
file. For icing file outputs, enter 5 seconds under Time between solution output and select No
under Numbered output files.
A comparison of the ICC obtained using 4.18453937 g/m3 ice crystals with and without reinjection
(not set up in this tutorial is shown in both figures below.
Figure 8.16: ICC Comparison Without (Left) and With (Right) Reinjection Due to Bouncing
Figure 8.17: ICC Comparison in Bypass, Core IGV and Stator Without (Left) and With (Right)
Reinjection
8.4.2. Film Reinjection off Trailing Edges

This tutorial is an example for simulating the condition when the engine is subject to droplet impinge-
ment only with the possibility of water film collecting on components and shedding from their trailing
edges.
1. Create a new DROP3D-TURBO run by clicking on the new run icon and name it FILM-COMPLETE-
REINJECTION.
Set the number of rows to 6.
2. Drag and drop the config icon of the TURBO-MIXED-PHASE-VAPOR run configured in Droplet
and Ice Crystal Impingement (p. 465) to the config icon of this run. This will copy the previous
settings and Reference conditions to this run.
3. Double-click the config icon to open the DROP3D-TURBO input parameters window and go to
the Model panel. Under the Particle parameters section, change the Particle type to Droplets.
4. Set the Particle reinjection mode to Complete.
The Complete mode for droplet particles only uses ICE3D-TURBO to compute the mass of water
film detaching from the surface. This mode uses the information from ICE3D-TURBO to perform
a simulation of the reinjected film, using the wall boundaries as inlets, with DROP3D-TURBO.
Set the Vapor model to Disabled.
Each enabled wall family must be subdivided into sections from which particles are reinjected.
The walls are divided by axial cuts and are spaced uniformly. To limit the computational time, the
number of sub-divisions is lowered to 1.
Under the Particle reinjection section, assign the Number of subdivisions to 1 and their Spacing
to Uniform.
Enable EID calculation to post process the adiabatic airflow solution for surface heat transfer
coefficient computations:
5. Next, go to the Conditions panel and under Droplet reference conditions enter the following:
Under the Model parameters section for icing, change the Relative humidity to 100%.
6. Go to the Boundaries panel and set the following for each row:
Row BC Label Icing Mass Reinjection

1 2000 Enabled-Sliding Disabled
2004 Enabled Sliding Disabled
2007 Enabled-Sliding Enabled
4 2009 Enabled-Sliding Enabled
2016 Enabled-Sliding Disabled
7. Define the inlet conditions of the first stage (nacelle intake). In this case, apply the following
boundary conditions for Row05:
For the Inlet boundary BC_1000, click Import reference conditions to assign values for Liquid
Water Content, Temperature and Velocity. Repeat this step for BC_1001.
8. Go to the Solver panel. The Time integration – Droplets settings are already defined from the
previous run. Ensure the CFL number is set to 10 and the Maximum number of time steps is
set to 600. For the Icing simulation settings, under Time settings unselect the Automatic time
step option and set the Time step to 1e-5 and the Total time of ice accretion to 10 seconds.
In the Advanced solver settings section set Mass deficit cutoff to 0.1%:
Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air
Figure 8.18: Comparison at the Fan Exit of LWC Before (Left) and After (Right) Accounting
for Film Reinjection of Fan and Spinner Walls.
8.5. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air

Engine nose cones are prone to icing just as any other aircraft surface that receives incoming droplets.
Ice that collects on nose cones can break away under the influence of centrifugal forces and be ingested
by the engine. Hot air systems are usually used for anti-icing of nose cones, where the hot air taken
from the compressor fills cavities in the cone to keep the surface hot. This hot air can be fed back to
the compressor or ejected out after being used. This tutorial demonstrates the procedure to compute
the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) on a rotating nose cone, with a very simplified hot air anti-icing
system for illustration. The anti-icing heat is provided by a hot air jet inside the cone, which warms the
solid cone and exits through a set of holes on the external surface of the cone. These holes connect
the inside and the outside fluid domains in a single grid. The cone geometry is periodic with twelve
holes distributed evenly around the surface, with an additional hole at the tip. The grids are 30° rota-
tionally periodic to reduce the computational problem size.
The tutorial proceeds in four steps:
1. Compute the internal/external air flow.
2. Compute the external droplet impingement zones.
4. Conduct a conjugate heat transfer simulation across all domains.
5. Perform an icing simulation with IPS off (no hot air jet inside)
8.5.1. Initial Flow Calculation

The goal of this simulation is to establish the internal and external airflow around a rotating cone in
a relative reference frame.
1. Create a new project and name it nosecone_CHT. Make sure that the metric units system has
been selected for this project.
2. Create a FENSAP run in this project and name it FENSAP_IPS_On.
3. Double-click the grid icon and select the grid file nosecone_external.grd provided in the
tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/nosecone.
Figure 8.19: Nose Cone Grid
4. Double-click the config icon of FENSAP_IPS_On to proceed to the input parameters.
5. In the Model panel, keep the Navier-Stokes option for the Momentum equations and Full PDE
for the Energy equation.
6. Keep the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and the Eddy/Laminar viscosity ratio at the low
value of 1e-5.
7. The following calculation will be carried out in the rotational frame of reference. Select Rotational
velocity for the Body forces and set a rotational speed of 1380 rpm along the X axis.
8. The conditions for this tutorial are set to a typical landing scenario, with low forward velocity and
engine rotation rate, at sea level. Typical commercial jets approach at landing speeds in the range
of 160 – 220 knots. Here you use 100 m/s which is about 190 knots. Set the Reference conditions
as:

9. In the Initial solution section, select the Velocity components option and set Velocity X equal
to 100 m/s while keeping the other two components to zero.
Note:
Note that the spinner cavity should be initialized with zero axial velocity otherwise
convergence will require a significantly greater number of iterations. This will be
done later in the Domains tab. Internal flows are best initialized with zero velocity
unless the flow pattern is straightforward.
10. In order to reduce the amount of time required to run this CHT tutorial, a converged flow solution
is provided. Change the Initial solution option from Velocity components to Solution restart,
and select the solution file nosecone_flow_restart from tutorials subdirectory ../work-
shop_input_files/Input_Grid/nosecone. This step can be skipped if a full initial flow
is desired.
11. Continue to the Domains tab. There are two domains listed in the panel. Domains in FENSAP-ICE
are volume parts marked by different material IDs in the grid file. For more details on creating
such grids, see FENSAP-ICE File Formats within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
To identify the material domains, right-click the grid icon in the project window and display it
with Viewmerical. Click MAT_0 to highlight this domain, which happens to be the nose cone
cavity.
Note:
The domain index is identified as MAT_0 in Viewmerical while it is Domain_0 in FENSAP-

ICE.
12. Now that Domain_0 is identified as the internal cavity, set its initialization as Rotating and make
sure that Rotor (unsteady) is set as Fixed. For more information on Rotating and Rotor (un-
steady), refer to Ice Crystal Impingement and Ice Accretion (p. 268). This will set the axial velocity
to zero while imposing the rotational frame velocity on the internal nodes such that the air in the
internal cavity is rotating with the same speed as the cone itself. This would eventually be the
case for this geometry where the boundary layer will entrain the rest of the air. However, it would
take quite a few iterations to establish this condition if initialized otherwise.
13. Continue to the Boundaries panel. Select the inlet boundary BC_1001 and choose Subsonic
under Type. Click the Import reference conditions button to set 265 K for Temperature and
100 m/s for Velocity X.
14. Select the inlet boundary BC_1002 and choose Subsonic in the boundary Type section. Set the
Temperature to 400 K and the Velocity X component to -300 m/s. Set the inlet Reference
frame to Relative. Setting the reference frame for an Inlet applies the currently imposed velocity
components in that frame. If Relative frame is chosen, the zero components in the Y and Z direc-
tions will apply in the rotating frame of reference. This means that in the absolute frame, the flow
will assume a swirl component, following the rotation of the nose cone.
15. Select wall boundary BC_2001 and set its Heat flux to 0 (Adiabatic). Set the Rotation to Counter-
rotating. Counter-rotation makes a wall, that is normally stationary in the absolute frame, rotating
in the opposite direction in the relative frame. This wall is the shroud and it is stationary in the
absolute frame.
16. Select each wall boundary: 2010, 2040, 2050 and set their Temperature to 320 K. These walls
will compute non-zero heat fluxes which will then be used with ICE3D and C3D for heat flux ex-
change during CHT3D computations.
17. Select wall boundary 2020 and set its Heat Flux to 0. Icing and heat transfer are disabled on this
wall.
18. Select the outflow boundary BC_3000 and choose Subsonic under Type. Click Import reference
conditions to set the exit pressure value from the reference conditions.
19. Switch to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 50. If running with a restart file, set the
Maximum number of time steps to 0 and uncheck the Use variable relaxation option. Otherwise
set it to 1000 and turn on the Use variable relaxation option. This will increase the CFL number
from 1 to 50 in 300 steps linearly.
20. In the Out tab, set solution output frequency to 20 iterations.
21. Run this calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
Figure 8.20: Nose Cone: Shear Stress (Left) and Classical Heat Flux (Right)
Figure 8.21: Nose Cone: Mach Number Distribution on a Cross-Section, Showing the Jet on
the Inside and the Air Exhausting on the Outside
8.5.2. Water Droplets Calculation

1. Create a new DROP3D run and name it DROP3D_IPS_On.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_IPS_On onto the config icon of the new DROP3D_IPS_On
run. This copies the reference conditions of the flow to the droplet run.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_IPS_On config icon to edit the input parameters.
4. Check that the following Droplets reference conditions in the Conditions panel have been set
by default:

Droplet distribution Monodisperse
5. To reduce the amount of time required to run this tutorial, a converged droplet solution is provided.
In the Droplets initial solution section, change the Velocity components option to Solution
restart. Select the solution file nosecone_droplet_restart.
Note:
To run the full simulation from scratch without a restart file, make sure that the Dry
initialization option in unchecked.
6. In the Boundaries panel, select BC_1001 (Inlet) and click Import reference conditions. For
BC_1002 (Inlet) set LWC to 0 g/m3 and check the droplet velocity components and set its values
to 0 m/s. The jet does not inject water into the nose cone.
7. In the Solver panel, keep the default CFL number at 20. If running with a restart file, set the
Maximum number of time steps to 1. Otherwise set the Maximum number of time steps to
500.
8. Run the calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
Figure 8.22: Droplet Collection Efficiency and LWC Distribution

outer surface of the nose cone for a future CHT3D calculation.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_IPS_On.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of DROP3D_IPS_On onto the config icon of this new run. This op-
eration automatically links the air and droplet solutions, the grid of the external domain and the
reference conditions into the ICE3D_IPS_On run.
4. In the Model panel, set the Icing model to Glaze - Advanced and select Classical for the Heat
flux type.
5. In the Conditions panel, set the Recovery factor to 0.9. In the Advanced section, activate the
Hot chamber reference evaporation conditions. Set the following conditions:
Jet reference static temperature 400 K (126.85 °C)

Jet effective static temperature 400 K (126.85 °C)
Velocity 300 m/s
Relative humidity 0.0 %
ICE3D computes the surface temperature of dry regions as the recovery temperature, using the
recovery factor. Since the inside and the outside of the nose cone are in the same computational
domain and are subject to very different thermal conditions, it is necessary to provide ICE3D with
an additional set of reference conditions to apply when assuming a recovery temperature for the
inner walls. ICE3D will be able to automatically detect the wall nodes that are under the influence
of the hot air inside, and apply the second set of reference conditions.
6. In the Boundaries panel, disable icing on wall boundaries 2001 and 2020. Enable the water sink
option by setting the Sink boundary condition flag to 2050. This will avoid water pooling at the
edge of the holes. The current grid resolution is not enough to capture the exact behavior of the
water film in these areas, and it is better to declare them as sink.
7. In the Solver panel, keep the Automatic time step option enabled. Set the Total time of ice
8. Go to the run window and start the execution on as many CPUs as possible. There is no need to
create a displaced grid for this case.
Figure 8.23: Initial Film Coverage and the 30-Second Ice Thickness on the Nose Cone
8.5.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer

In this section, all the computational modules are used to compute the heat transfer through the
solid in wet air conditions. While FENSAP and DROP3D provide air convective heat fluxes and droplet
impingement, ICE3D computes film flow, evaporation and ice formation if any, and C3D calculates
to amount of heat conduction inside the metal.
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_nosecone. The CHT configuration window will
ask for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Electrothermal (1 fluid, 1 solid) in the Problem
type pull-down menu. Choose Wet air and the Icing mode to Anti-icing. Press the OK button
to continue with the set-up. Although there is no electro-thermal device used in this simulation,
you selected the Electro-Thermal (1 fluid 1 solid) option as this CHT3D simulation only uses one
solid and one fluid domain. A tree of coupled FENSAP (fluid_ext), ICE3D (ice_ext) and C3D (solid)
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_IPS_On onto the config icon of the fluid_ext run in
CHT3D_nosecone.
3. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_ext run to edit the input parameters. Go to the Solver
panel. Ensure that the Use variable relaxation option is unchecked. Increase the CFL number
to 20,000. Change the Maximum number of time steps to 50. CHT3D will perform 50 FENSAP
iterations when updating the flow at every CHT loop. Change Convergence level from 1e-10
to 1e-12. This will ensure that the heat fluxes are properly converged on the flow domain at
each CHT time step. Close and save the configuration file.
Note:
Increasing CFL to a large value like 20,000 is acceptable if only running the energy
equation, which is not bound by the same stability restrictions as the continuity and
momentum equations of flow.
4. Drag & drop the config icon from ICE3D_IPS_On onto the config icon of the ice_ext of the
CHT3D_nosecone run. Double-click the config icon of the ice_ext run to edit the input parameters.
Go to the Solver panel and set the Total ice accretion time to 10 seconds. Close and save the
configuration file. In each CHT3D iteration, ICE3D will only run for 10 seconds. This is a long enough
time for the film to settle between each CHT loop.
5. To set up the solid run in CHT3D_nosecone, double-click the grid icon and select the file no-
secone_solid.grid provided in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/nosecone.
Go to the Settings panel. Set the Temperature value to 273.15 K. This will be the initial temper-
ature throughout the solid domain.
7. Go to the Properties panel. Rename the default material to Duralumin. Specify the following
characteristics for the material.
Density 2787 kg/m3 Distribution: Constant

Conductivity 164 W/m/K Distribution: Constant
Enthalpy 241060 J/kg Distribution: Constant @ 0 C
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. For BC_2060, select the Flux boundary condition and set the Heat
flux to 0 W/m2. This wall does not share an interface with the grid of the airflow and therefore it
is considered as an adiabatic wall.
9. For boundary walls 2010, 2040, 2050, select the Nothing boundary condition. These walls share
an interface with the grid of the airflow in the main CHT configuration panel.
10. Go to the Solver panel. Set the Maximum time step value to 0.2 seconds and the Total time
to 5 seconds. At each CHT3D iteration, heat conduction will be computed for 5 seconds.
Note:
A CHT3D simulation is mainly controlled by the total time of the C3D module. This can
be thought of as the time step for a CHT run. The larger the total time of C3D, the
faster CHT3D will converge. One should keep in mind that a large C3D total time can
destabilize the convergence. For CHT convergence issues, the total time of C3D should
be reduced.
Close and save this configuration.
11. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_nosecone to set up the links between the solid and
fluid domains.
12. Go to the Parameters panel. Set the Number of CHT iterations (loops) to 20 and the Solution
output every 5 iterations. The simulation will perform 20 CHT loops and save solutions at every
5 loops.
13. Choose the Solve energy only option in the Flow solver mode - external pull-down menu. The
flow dynamics will not change much when the surface temperatures change due to conduction.
Simulating CHT3D cases using only the energy equation generally allows us to obtain a solution
of sufficient accuracy while also saving significant computational time since only one out of six
equations is solved.
14. Go to the Interfaces panel. There are 3 solid-fluid interfaces to assign. Set up the interfaces as
follows:
Interface Number External Fluid Grid Solid Grid

1 2010 2010
2 2040 2040
3 2050 2050
Close and save the configuration.
15. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_nosecone, then select the Run option in the menu
to launch the CHT3D calculation on as many CPUs as possible. The convergence graphs of minimum
and maximum temperatures in the solid, as well as the airflow residuals are shown below.
Note:
The flow convergence graph shows the reduction of FENSAP iterations as the flow
residual reaches the overall value of 1e-12, performing less and less iterations to-
wards the end of CHT calculations.
Figure 8.24: Solid Minimum (Left) and Maximum (Right) Temperature
Figure 8.25: Average Residual of the Flow
The converged solid temperature distribution is shown below. The hottest region is the tip where
the hot jet is concentrated and the water catch is low since the tip is in a shadow zone. Towards
the back of the cone, the temperatures are cooler due to convective and evaporative cooling. The
minimum temperature on the surface is above freezing, meaning that there is no ice formation
at steady state IPS operation. This can be verified by loading the ICE3D solution and looking at
the Instant. Ice Growth (kg/m^2s) solution field. There is no need to run ICE3D post CHT for this
simulation since the ice accretion rate is zero.
Figure 8.26: Solid Temperature of the Nose Cone
Figure 8.27: Film Height (Left) and Ice Growth Rate (Right) on the Surface with Anti-Icing
8.5.5. Icing with the IPS Turned Off

In this final section, you will see what the ice shape would be like if the IPS was turned off. To do
this, the jet inside the cone has to be turned off by setting the inlet BC_1002 Velocity to 0, and the
Temperature to free stream.
8.5.5.1. Flow with IPS Turned Off

1. Create a new FENSAP run and name it FENSAP_IPS_Off.
2. Drag & Drop the config icon from FENSAP_IPS_On to bring the same settings.
3. In the Initial conditions menu, select Velocity components and enter 100 m/s in the X direction.
To save time and bypass the flow calculation step, the converged restart file can be used instead.
Go to the tutorials subdirectory nosecone and choose nosecone_flow_restart_ips_off
as the restarting solution to save time.
4. In the Model panel, set Surface roughness to Specified sand-grain roughness and set the
Height parameter to 0.0005 m. It is important to set an initial roughness of 0.5 mm when a
FENSAP airflow simulation is used for ice accretion purposes.
5. In the Boundaries panel, choose BC_1002 and assign 265 K for the Temperature and 0 for
all Velocity components.
6. If running the calculation from scratch, set the CFL number to 50 and Maximum number of
time steps to 1000. Keep the relaxation checked. If using the provided restart file, set the
number of iterations to 0 and uncheck the Use variable relaxation option.
Launch the calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
Figure 8.28: Shear Stress Magnitude and Mach Number
Figure 8.29: Air Flow Streamlines Entering Through the Tip Hole and Exiting Through the
Side Holes
8.5.5.2. Droplets with IPS Turned Off

1. Create a new DROP3D run and call it DROP3D_IPS_Off.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of FENSAP_IPS_Off to carry the settings over to this run.
3. If running the case from scratch, set the initialization to Dry initialization and the Velocity
components to 100 m/s in the X direction.
4. To reduce the time of this tutorial, use the initial droplet solution provided for this run. Switch
the Droplet Initial Solution option to Solution restart and choose nosecone_droplet_re-
start_IPS_off.
5. The Inlet BC_1001 should automatically be set to 1 g/m3 and 100 m/s X-velocity. For the jet
Inlet BC_1002, set the LWC to 0 since no droplets come through this inlet, and clear the velocity
components.
6. In the Solver panel, keep the default CFL number at 20. If running with a restart file, set the
Maximum number of time steps to 1. Otherwise set the Maximum number of time steps to
500 and make sure Dry initialization box is checked in the Conditions panel.
Launch the calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
Figure 8.30: Droplet Collection Efficiency on the Surface and LWC Distribution Inside and
Outside the Cone
In contrast to the run with the jet on, the tip is receiving a lot of impingement, the droplets are
going through the tip hole and concentrating inside the chamber. No shadow zones behind
the side holes are visible.
8.5.5.3. Icing with IPS Turned Off

As for the final step, perform an icing computation for the case with IPS off.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_IPS_Off.
2. Drag & Drop the config icon from the DROP3D_IPS_Off run.
3. Double click the config icon and set the Heat flux type to Classical in the Model panel.
4. Set the Recovery factor to 0.9 in the Conditions panel. There is no need to specify Hot
Chamber reference evaporation conditions for this run since the inside jet is turned off.
5. Disable icing on boundary conditions 2001 (shroud), 2020 (back plate) and 2040 (inner cone
surface) so that ICE3D does not use computational resources to solve for icing on boundaries
where no icing is expected.
6. Go to the Solver panel, set the Total time of ice accretion to 60 seconds, and keep Automatic
time step enabled.
Run the calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
To view the ice shape, click View Ice in the Execution panel once the computations are finished.
To repeat the geometry for rotational periodicity, choose X-rotational Repeat option in View-
merical, assign 30 deg., and choose 11 Repeats.
Figure 8.31: 60-Second Ice Accumulation on the Nose Cone
The results show that the entire nose cone is covered in ice, and the holes are in the process
of becoming blocked.
8.6. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent

Engine nose cones are prone to icing just as any other aircraft surface that receives incoming droplets.
Ice that collects on nose cones can break away under the influence of centrifugal forces and be ingested
by the engine. Hot air systems are usually used for anti-icing of nose cones, where the hot air taken
from the compressor fills cavities in the cone to keep the surface hot. This hot air can be fed back to
the compressor or ejected out after being used. This tutorial demonstrates the procedure to compute
the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) on a rotating nose cone, with a very simplified hot air anti-icing
system for illustration. The anti-icing heat is provided by a hot air jet inside the cone, which warms the
solid cone and exits through a set of holes on the external surface of the cone. These holes connect
the inside and the outside fluid domains in a single grid. The cone geometry is periodic with twelve
holes distributed evenly around the surface, with an additional hole at the tip. The grids are 30° rota-
tionally periodic to reduce the computational problem size.
This tutorial shares the same flow conditions as Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air (p. 517) and
consists of the following sequential steps:
1. Compute the internal/external air flow.
Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air Using Fluent
2. Compute the external droplet impingement zones.
4. Conduct a conjugate heat transfer simulation across all domains.
5. Perform an icing simulation with IPS off (no hot air jet inside)
8.6.1. Initial Flow Calculation

The goal of this simulation is to establish the internal and external airflow around a rotating cone
using Fluent. The internal and external flow domains will be bonded to a rotational moving reference
frame, which is rotating with the nose cone. The nose cone walls will be defined as moving walls in
the absolute frame and the shroud will be defined as a stationary wall in the absolute frame.
1. Create a new project and name it nosecone_CHT_FLUENT. Make sure that the metric units
system has been selected for this project. Close FENSAP-ICE.
2. Go to the project folder, nosecone_CHT_FLUENT, and create a new sub folder called INITIAL-
AIR. Copy the provided Fluent case file, nosecone_external-FLUENT.cas.h5, from the
tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/nosecone to this new
folder and launch Fluent.
Figure 8.32: Nose Cone Grid
3. In the Fluent Launcher window, select the Dimension as 3D, pick Double Precision under Op-
tions, and choose Parallel (Local Machine) under Processing Options. Assign a number of CPUs
for this simulation, 2 to 4 CPUs, under Solver → Processes. Click Show More Options. Under
General Options, set your Working Directory to the INITIAL-AIR directory. Press OK to close
the Fluent Launcher.
Note:
case file, nosecone_external-FLUENT.cas.h5, located inside the sub folder INITIAL-
AIR.
Absolute, and Steady. Click the Operating Conditions. Set the Operating Pressure to 0 Pa.
Press OK to close the Operation Conditions window.
properties.
The table below describes the air properties to be imposed in this simulation.
Density Ideal-gas
Cp 1004.688 J/kg-K
Molecular Weight 28.966 kg/kmol
7. Click the Change/Create button and Close this window to save the new air properties.
Note:
presented in the FENSAP-ICE User Manual and shown below:
In these equations, T∞ refers to the ambient air static temperature, and C1, Tref and µref
is turned on.
10. Expand and double-click Setup → Cell Zone Conditions from the side tree menu.
11. In the Task Page → Zone list, double-click live-external to open the Fluid window. Check the
Frame Motion. Under Reference Frame panel, make sure absolute is selected in the drop-box
of Relative To Cell Zone under Relative Specification. Set Rotation-Axis Origin coordinates (X,
Y, Z) to (0, 0, 0) meter and Rotation-Axis Direction vector (X, Y, Z) to (1, 0, 0). Enter 144.44
rad/s as the Speed of Rotational Velocity, which corresponds to 1380 rpm. Click OK to close
this window. Repeat this step for the live-internal zone.
12. Expand and double-click Setup → Boundary Conditions from the side tree men. In the Task
Page, click Periodic Conditions. Select Specify Pressure Gradient and set the Flow Direction
vector (X, Y, Z) to (1, 0, 0). Then close this window.
13. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-far-field-1 and then select
pressure-far-field from the drop-down list of Type. Click Edit to open the Pressure Far-Field
window and set the following conditions for this boundary:
• Momentum panel

Mach Number 0.30643
Coordinate System Cartesian (X, Y, Z)
X, Y, and Z-Components of Flow Direction 1, 0, and 0
Turbulence Intensity 0.08 %
• Thermal panel
Temperature 265 K (-8.15 °C)
14. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-inlet-5 and then select pressure-
inlet from the drop-down list of Type. Click Edit to open the Pressure Inlet window and set the
following conditions for this boundary:
• Momentum panel
Reference Frame Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone

Gauge Total Pressure 166 000 Pa
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure 116 000 Pa
Direction Specification Method Direction Vector
Coordinate System Cylindrical (Radial, Tangential, Axi-
al)
Radial, Tangential, and Axial-Components of Flow 0, 0, and -1

Direction
• Thermal panel
Total Temperature 444.79 K (171.64 °C)
15. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-outlet-11 and then select
pressure-outlet from the drop-down list of Type. Click Edit to open the Pressure Outlet window
and set the following conditions for this boundary:
• Momentum panel
Backflow Reference Frame Absolute

Backflow Direction Specification Method Normal to Boundary
Backflow Pressure Specification Total Pressure
• Thermal panel
Backflow Total Temperature 269.9 K (-3.25 °C)
16. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, double-click wall-7 to open the Wall window. In
the Momentum panel, set the Wall Motion to Moving Wall and the Shear Condition to No Slip.
Set the Motion to Absolute and Rotational; set the Speed to 144.44 rad/s, the Rotation-Axis
Origin coordinates (X, Y, Z) to (0, 0, 0) meter and the Rotation-Axis Direction vector (X, Y, Z)
to (1, 0, 0). In the Thermal panel, set the Thermal Conditions to a Temperature of 320 K. Click
OK to close the window. Repeat this step for wall-8, wall-9, wall-10, and wall-17.
Note:
wall-7, 8, 9, 10, and 17 define the surface of the engine nosecone. These walls are
therefore rotating with a speed of 1380 rpm in the absolute frame.
17. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, double-click wall-6 to open the Wall window. In
the Momentum panel, set the Wall Motion to Moving Wall and the Shear Condition to No Slip.
Set the Motion to Absolute and Rotational; set the Speed to 0 rad/s, the Rotation-Axis Origin
coordinates (X, Y, Z) to (0, 0, 0) meter and the Rotation-Axis Direction vector (X, Y, Z) to (1, 0,
0). In the Thermal panel, set the Thermal Conditions to a Heat Flux of 0 w/m^2. Click OK to
close the window.
Note:
wall-6 corresponds to the engine shroud which is a stationary wall in the absolute
frame of reference. However, in this case, this wall must be defined as a rotating wall
with zero rotational speed in the relative frame of reference.
use the Compute from drop-down menu to select pressure-far-field-1.
Coupling section to Coupled. In the Spatial Discretization section, set the Gradient to Green-
Gauss Node Based and the remaining settings to Second Order or Second Order Upwind. Make
sure that the Pseudo Transient and High Order Term Relaxation options are disabled.
20. Expand and double-click Solution → Controls from the side tree menu. Under Solution → Controls,
set the Density and Body Forces of Pseudo Transient Explicit Relaxation Factors to 0.5.
Note:
Relaxation Factors are recommended in order to improve the stability of the CFD sim-
ulation especially during the first iterations as the flow field develops.
23. Expand and double-click Solution → Run Calculation from the side tree menu. Under Pseudo
Transient Options, set the Time Step Method to Automatic and the Timescale Factor to 0.1.
Enter 10000 as the total Number of Iterations and click Calculate to start the simulation.
24. Once the simulation is complete, save the new Fluent solution in File → Write → Case & Data.
Name this simulation as nosecone_external-FLUENT.cas.h5/dat.h5.
The following figures compare the Fluent solution to a FENSAP kw-sst airflow solution.
Figure 8.33: Initial External Airflow Results: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 8.34: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 8.35: Initial External Airflow Results: Surface Heat-flux (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Note:
its kw-sst turbulence model, another CHT anti-icing simulation using FENSAP-ICE with its
own kw-sst turbulence model was conducted. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air (p. 517)
uses the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and therefore its results are not suitable to
make proper comparisons. Results and comparisons of both kw-sst cases are presented
throughout this tutorial and show that Fluent and FENSAP produce similar air, water
droplets, CHT and ice results.
8.6.2. Water Droplets Calculation

1. Open the nosecone_CHT_FLUENT project with FENSAP-ICE. Use the File → New run menu or
the new run icon to create a new DROP3D run. Name this run DROP3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLU-
ENT.
nosecone_external-FLUENT.cas.h5. Then press Open and a new Grid converter window
appears. Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and solution conversions
are completed, click the Finish button to close this window.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT config icon to edit the input parameters.
4. On the Model panel, select Rotational velocity for the Body forces and set a rotational speed
of 1380 rpm along the X axis.
5. Check that the following Droplets reference conditions on the Conditions panel have been set
by default:

Droplet Diameter 20 microns
Water Density 1000 kg/m3
Droplet Distribution Monodisperse
found in the tutorials subdirectory nosecone. In the Droplets initial solution section, change
the Velocity components option to Solution restart and select the solution file FLUENT-no-
secone_IPS_On_droplet_restart.
Note:
To run the full simulation without a restart file, make sure that the Dry initialization
option is checked.
BC_1001 (Inlet) set LWC to 0 g/m3 and check the droplet velocity components and set its values
to 0 m/s. The jet does not inject water into the nose cone. Set the Reference frame of BC_1001
to Relative.
8. In the Solver panel, set the default CFL number 20 and set the Maximum number of time steps
to 1.
Note:
To start this calculation without a restart file, set the CFL number to 20 and the Max-
imum number of time steps to 600. Double-click the Advanced solver settings bar,
change the Convergence level to 1e-10 and the Change in total beta to 1e-12.
9. Run the calculation on as many CPUs as possible. The following figures show the computed liquid
water content and collection efficiency and compare these results against a DROP3D solution
computed from a FENSAP kw-sst airflow simulation.
Note:
its own kw-sst turbulence model was conducted. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet
Air (p. 517) uses the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and therefore its results are not
suitable to make proper comparisons. Therefore, results and comparisons of both kw-
sst cases are presented throughout this tutorial and show that Fluent and FENSAP
produce similar airflow, droplet, ice and CHT results.
Figure 8.36: Initial External Droplet Results: LWC Distribution (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)
Figure 8.37: Initial External Droplet Results: Collection Efficiency (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP)

outer surface of the nose cone for a future CHT3D calculation.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of DROP3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT onto the config icon of
this new run. This operation automatically links the air and droplet solutions, the grid of the ex-
ternal domain and the reference conditions into the ICE3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT run.
4. In the Model panel, set the Icing model to Glaze - Advanced and select Classical for the Heat
flux type.
5. In the Conditions panel, set the Recovery factor to 0.9. In the Advanced section, activate the
Hot chamber reference evaporation conditions. Set the following conditions:
Jet reference static temperature 400 K (126.85 °C)

Jet effective static temperature 400 K (126.85 °C)
Velocity 300 m/s
Relative humidity 0.0 %
ICE3D computes the surface temperature of dry regions as the recovery temperature, using the
recovery factor. Since the inside and the outside of the nose cone are in the same computational
domain and are subject to very different thermal conditions, it is necessary to provide ICE3D with
an additional set of reference conditions to apply when assuming a recovery temperature for the
inner walls. ICE3D will be able to automatically detect the wall nodes that are under the influence
of the hot air inside, and apply the second set of reference conditions.
6. In the Boundaries panel, disable icing on wall boundaries 2000 and 2002. Enable the water sink
option and set the Sink boundary condition flag to 2004 and 2005. This will avoid water pooling
at the edge of the holes. The current grid resolution is not enough to capture the exact behavior
of the water film in these areas, and it is better to declare them as sink.
7. In the Solver panel, keep the Automatic time step option enabled. Set the Total time of ice
8. Go to the run window and start the execution on as many CPUs as possible. There is no need to
create a displaced grid for this case.
8.6.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer

In this section, all the computational modules are used to compute the heat transfer through the
solid in wet air conditions. While Fluent and DROP3D provide air convective heat fluxes and droplet
impingement, ICE3D computes film flow, evaporation and ice formation if any, and C3D calculates
to amount of heat conduction inside the metal.
1. Create a new CHT3D run and name it CHT3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT. The CHT configur-
ation window will ask for the type of CHT simulation desired. Select Electrothermal (1 fluid, 1
solid) in the Problem type pull-down menu. Choose Wet air and the Icing mode to Anti-icing.
Select FLUENT for the external Flow solver. Press the OK button to continue with the setup. Al-
though there is no electro-thermal device used in this simulation, the Electro-Thermal (1 fluid
1 solid) option was selected as this CHT3D simulation only uses one solid and one fluid domain.
A tree of coupled Fluent (fluid_ext), ICE3D (ice_ext) and C3D (solid) runs will appear in the run
window.
2. Go to the project folder, nosecone_CHT_FLUENT, and create a new sub folder called GRIDS-
AND-FILES. Copy the solid grid, nosecone_solid.grid, and Fluent journal commands for
CHT3D, FLUENT_cmd_cht_tempbc.jou, located in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/nosecone into this new folder.
3. Go back to FENSAP-ICE, right-click the grid icon of fluid_ext and select Define. Navigate to the
INITIAL-AIR folder and select the nosecone_external-FLUENT.cas.h5 file. Then press
Open and a new Grid converter window appears. Accept the default options and click OK or
Next. Once the grid and solution conversions are completed, click the Finish button to close this
window.
4. Double-click the config icon of the fluid_ext run to edit the input parameters. In the FLUENT
• Set the launch Parameters to “3ddp -t$NCPU -g -i ../../../GRIDS-AND-FILES/FLU-

ENT_cmd_cht_tempbc.jou -wait”.
Note:
When conducting CHT3D simulations with Fluent using rotating walls, the built-in
journal file of Fluent created automatically by CHT3D is not suitable and should be re-
placed by a journal file matching the settings of your case file.
Follow these steps to generate a journal Fluent file that is suitable for CHT3D simulations on
geometries that have rotating walls:
• Copy the journal file FLUENT_cmd_cht_tempbc.jou located in the tutorials subdirectory

../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/nosecone.
• Rename the copy using a meaningful name.
• With any text tool, open the copy that you created. You should see the following:
• Remove lines that start with define/boundary-condition and add, for each wall zone
that has been identified as a CHT3D interface:
– This command line for stationary walls:
and
→ replace wall-7 by your stationary wall zone name.
– This command line for rotating walls:
and
→ replace wall-7 by your rotating wall zone name.
→ update the Speed of Rotation in rad/s of this rotating wall.
→ update the Rotation-Axis Origin in meters of this rotating wall.
→ update the Rotation-Axis Direction of this rotating wall.
To execute this new journal, follow the instructions presented in step 4 of Conjugate Heat Trans-
fer (p. 542).
5. Drag & drop the config icon from ICE3D_ext_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT onto the config icon
of the ice_ext run located inside the CHT3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT run. Double-click the
config icon of the ice_ext run to edit the input parameters. Go to the Solver panel and set the
Total time of ice accretion to 5 seconds. Close and save the configuration file. In each CHT3D
iteration, ICE3D will only run for 5 seconds. This is a long enough time for the film to settle between
each CHT loop.
6. To set up the solid run in the CHT3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT run, double-click the grid icon
and select the file nosecone_solid-FLUENT.grd provided in the project subdirectory GRIDS-
AND-FILES.
Go to the Settings panel. Set the Temperature value to 273.15 K. This will be the initial temper-
ature throughout the solid domain.
8. Go to the Properties panel. Rename the default material to Duralumin. Specify the following
characteristics for the material.
Density 2787 kg/m3 Distribution: Constant

Conductivity 164 W/m/K Distribution: Constant
Enthalpy 241060 J/kg Distribution: Constant @ 0 C°C
9. Go to the Boundaries panel. For BC_2060, select the Flux boundary condition and set the Heat
flux to 0 W/m2. This wall does not share an interface with the grid of the airflow and therefore it
is considered as an adiabatic wall.
10. For boundary walls 2010, 2040, 2050 and 2051, select the Mixed boundary condition and set
the Ref temperature and the Heat coefficient to 0 K and 0 W/m2/K respectively. These walls
share an interface with the grid of the airflow in the main CHT configuration panel.
11. Go to the Solver panel. Set the Maximum time step value to 0.1 seconds and the Total time
to 5 seconds. At each CHT3D iteration, heat conduction will be computed for 5 seconds.
Note:
CHT3D simulation is mainly controlled by the total time of the C3D module. This can
be thought of as the time step for a CHT run. The larger the total time of C3D, the
faster CHT3D will converge. One should keep in mind that a large C3D total time can
destabilize the convergence. For CHT convergence issues, the total time of C3D should
be reduced.
Close and save this configuration.
12. Double-click the main config icon of CHT3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT to set up the links
13. Go to the Parameters panel. Set the Number of CHT iterations (loops) to 50 and the Solution
output every to 5 iterations. The simulation will perform 50 CHT loops and save solutions at every
5 loops.
14. Choose the Solve full Navier-Stokes option in the Flow solver mode - external pull-down menu.
Note:
Unlike CHT3D with FENSAP, CHT3D with Fluent does not support the Solve energy
only option.
15. Go to the Interfaces panel. There are 4 solid-fluid interfaces to assign. Set up the interfaces as
follows:
Interface Number External Fluid Grid Solid Grid

1 2001 : wall-7 2010
2 2003 : wall-9 2040
3 2005: wall-17 2050
4 2004 : wall-10 2051
Close and save the configuration.
16. Right-click the main config icon of CHT3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT, then select the Run option
in the menu to launch the CHT3D calculation on as many CPUs as possible. The convergence
graphs of minimum temperatures in the solid are shown below:
Figure 8.38: Convergence History of the Minimum Solid Wall Temperatures (Left: Fluent;
Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
The converged solid temperature distribution is shown below. The hottest region is the tip of the
nosecone where the hot jet is concentrated and the water catch is low since the tip is in a shadow
zone. Towards the back of the cone, the temperatures are cooler due to convective and evaporative
cooling. The minimum temperature on the surface is above freezing, meaning that there is no ice
formation. This can be verified by loading the ICE3D solution and looking at the Instant. Ice
Growth (kg/m^2s) solution field. There is no need to run ICE3D post CHT for this simulation since
the ice accretion rate is zero.
Figure 8.39: Temperature Contours on the Solid (C3D) (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
Figure 8.40: Film Height on the Surface (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
Figure 8.41: Ice Growth Rate on the Surface (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
8.6.5. Icing with the IPS Turned Off

In this final section, you will see what the ice shape would be like if the IPS was turned off. To do
this, the jet inside the cone has to be turned off by setting its inlet velocity to 0, and its temperature
to free stream.
8.6.5.1. Flow with IPS Turned Off

1. Launch Fluent. In the Fluent Launcher window, select the Dimension as 3D, pick Double
Precision under Options, and choose Parallel (Local Machine) under Processing Options.
Assign a number of CPUs for this simulation, 2 to 4 CPUs, under Solver → Processes. Click
Show More Options. Under General Options, set your Working Directory to the INITIAL-
AIR directory. Press OK to close the Fluent Launcher.
Note:
2. Read the case file by going to the File → Read → Case menu and browse to and select the
Fluent case file, nosecone_external-FLUENT.cas.h5, located inside the sub folder
INITIAL-AIR.
3. Expand and double-click the Setup → Boundary Conditions from the side tree menu.
4. In the Task Page → Boundary Conditions list, click the pressure-inlet-5 and then select velo-
city-inlet from the drop-down list of Type. Click Edit to open the Velocity Inlet window and
set the following conditions for this boundary:
• Momentum panel
Velocity Specification Method Magnitude and Direction

Reference Frame Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone
Velocity Magnitude 0 m/s
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure 101 325 Pa
Coordinate System Cylindrical (Radial, Tangential, Axi-
al)
Radial, Tangential, and Axial-Components of Flow 0, 0, and -1
Direction
• Thermal panel
Temperature 265 K (-8.15 °C)
Page, click the Initialize button to initialize the computational domain.
6. Expand and double-click Solution → Run Calculation from the side tree menu. Enter 10000
as the total Number of Iterations and click Calculate to start the simulation.
Name this simulation as nosecone_external-IPS-Off-FLUENT.cas.h5/dat.h5.
Figure 8.42: Mach Number (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
Figure 8.43: Shear Stress (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
8.6.5.2. Droplets with IPS Turned Off

1. Open the nosecone_CHT_FLUENT project with FENSAP-ICE. Use the File → New run menu or
the new run icon to create a new DROP3D run. Name this run DROP3D_no-
secone_IPS_Off_FLUENT.
nosecone_external-IPS-Off-FLUENT.cas.h5. Then press Open and a new Grid con-
verter window appears. Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and
solution conversions are completed, click the Finish button to close this window.
3. Double-click the DROP3D_nosecone_IPS_On_FLUENT config icon to edit the input parameters.
4. On the Model panel, select Rotational velocity for the Body forces and set a rotational speed
of 1380 rpm along the X axis.
5. Check that the following Droplets reference conditions on the Conditions panel have been
set by default:

Droplet distribution Monodisperse
6. To reduce the amount of time required to run this tutorial, a converged droplet solution can
be found in the tutorials subdirectory nosecone. In the Droplets initial solution section,
change the Velocity components option to Solution restart and select the solution file FLU-
ENT-nosecone_IPS_Off_droplet_restart.
Note:
To run the full simulation without a restart file, make sure that the Dry initialization
option is checked.
the jet Inlet BC_1001, set the LWC to 0 since no droplets come through this inlet, and clear the
Velocity components. Set the Reference frame of BC_1001 to Relative.
8. In the Solver panel, set the default CFL number 20 and set the Maximum number of time
steps to 1.
Note:
To start this calculation without a restart file, set the CFL number to 20 and the
Maximum number of time steps to 500. Double-click the Advanced solver settings
bar, change the Convergence level to 1e-10 and the Change in total beta to 1e-
12.
9. Run the calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
Figure 8.44: Droplet Collection Efficiency (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
Figure 8.45: LWC Distribution Inside the Cone (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
In contrast to the run with the jet on, the tip is receiving a lot of impingement. The droplets are
going through the tip hole and concentrating inside the chamber. No shadow zones behind the
side holes are visible.
8.6.5.3. Icing with IPS Turned Off

As for the final step, perform an icing computation for the case with IPS off.
1. Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE3D_nosecone_IPS_Off_FLUENT.
2. Drag & Drop the config icon from the DROP3D_nosecone_IPS_Off_FLUENT run.
3. Double click the config icon and set the Heat flux type to Classical in the Model panel.
4. Set the Recovery factor to 0.9 in the Conditions panel. There is no need to specify Hot
Chamber reference evaporation conditions for this run since the inside jet is turned off.
5. Disable icing on boundary conditions 2000 (shroud), 2002 (back plate), and 2003 (inner cone
surface) so that ICE3D does not use computational resources to solve for icing on boundaries
where no icing is expected.
6. Go to Solver panel, set the Total time of ice accretion to 60 seconds, and keep Automatic
time step enabled.
Run the calculation on as many CPUs as possible.
7. To view the ice shape, click View Ice in the Execution panel once the computations are finished.
To repeat the geometry for rotational periodicity, choose the X-rotational Repeat option in
Viewmerical, assign 30 deg., and choose 11 Repeats.
Figure 8.46: 60-Second Ice Accumulation on the Nose Cone (Left: Fluent; Right: FENSAP kw-sst)
Chapter 9: Tutorials on Mesh Adaptation
9.1.Transonic Inviscid Flow Over a NACA0012
9.2. Laminar Flow Over a NACA0012
9.3. Multi-Scalar Mesh Adaptation on a Piccolo Tube Chamber
9.4. Mesh Smoothing on the ONERA M6 Wing
9.5. Adapting for Combined Air and Droplet Solutions
9.6. Adapting for Fluent Air Solutions
You are invited to read OptiGrid - Mesh Adaptation and OptiGrid - CAD Reconstruction in the FENSAP-
ICE User Manual for more information on how to set up the input parameters of OptiGrid.
Download the 9_Mesh Adaptation.zip file here.
Unzip 9_Mesh Adaptation.zip to your working directory.
9.1. Transonic Inviscid Flow Over a NACA0012

The purpose of this test case is to illustrate the basic capabilities of OptiGrid. A tetra grid for a flow past
a NACA0012 airfoil at 0° angle of attack will be adapted. The free stream Mach number is 0.85. Symmetric
shock waves appear at 75% of the chord-length from the leading edge. The flow is two-dimensional,
but the mesh is three-dimensional and its dimensions are in millimeters. The airfoil is 1,000 mm in the
spanwise Z-direction.
Tutorials on Mesh Adaptation
Figure 9.1: Initial Grid (Left) and Inviscid Flow Solution (Right) with Symmetric Shock Waves
The flow solution generated by FENSAP will be used by OptiGrid to adapt the mesh. A contour plot of
pressure is shown in the figure above. The pressure will be used as the adaptation variable because it
is effective in detecting shocks. The Mach number would also be equally effective in this case.
9.1.1. Initial Adaptation

1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon.
2. Create a new OPTIGRID run using File → New run or the new run icon.
3. Assign a grid file by double-clicking on the grid icon. Select the grid file grid_wing provided
in the tutorial data subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/OptiGrid/In-
viscid.
4. Assign the flow solution file by double-clicking on the solution icon. Select the file soln provided
in the same location.
Transonic Inviscid Flow Over a NACA0012
5. Double-click the config icon to edit the input parameters for this tutorial.
6. Go to the Input panel. In the Solution type section, choose the option Single Scalar in the
Variable pull-down menu to select one field from the solution file. In the Datafield pull-down
menu, select the variable PRES, for pressure.
7. In the CAD format section, click Generate to automatically build the CAD from the input grid.
8. Go to the Boundaries panel. The wing surface grid can be viewed by disabling SURFACE_4300
(symmetry plane) using the check box.
Change the orientation of the geometry in the display window by clicking on the Z-axis in the
bottom left corner of the Graphical window and zoom in on the airfoil with the left mouse button.
You can zoom in on the airfoil by drawing a zoom box using Ctrl+Left click.
9. Go to the Operations panel. To specify a target error, choose the Custom option with the Error
control pull-down menu. Click the graph icon at the right of the Error density box to view the
initial error distribution.
Click one of the two graphs and select the target Error density by sliding the vertical cursor on
the graph or by entering a value in the dialogue box. Enter an error density of 0.1 and click the
OK button.
The error density target has a significant effect on the adaptation process. A higher Target error
yields a coarser mesh. Conversely, a lower Target error yields a finer mesh. The role of this para-
meter will be explored in more detail later in this tutorial.
10. The default maximum number of nodes & cells has been set automatically to 5x the grid size. The
adaptation is prevented from generating more nodes & cells than these values. Keep the default
values.
11. In the Mesh operations tab keep the number of Node movement pre-iterations (surface
smoothing) as 5 and change the Node movement post-iterations (mesh smoothing) to 10.
12. Go to the Constraints panel. In the Edge length section, the Minimum and Maximum edge
lengths of the initial grid are shown in the respective boxes. Set the Minimum and Maximum
edge lengths to 0.25 and 2,500, respectively. Edge lengths must be specified in the same units
as those of the original mesh.
13. In the Tetrahedra section, the minimum tetra Aspect ratio of the initial grid is 0.127852. Keep
the default value of 0.05 to allow for higher anisotropy.
14. Click Run and select two or more processors, if possible.
Some convergence information is displayed in the Graphs menu during the adaptation process,
such as the convergence of the total Number of nodes and Number of cells, as well as the initial
and final Error distribution.
At completion, the adapted grid can be visualized and compared with the original grid in the
Graphical Window. The adapted grid can also be post-processed with Viewmerical or other post-
processor using the View button at the bottom of the run panel.
When OptiGrid has completed the adaptation, it will write the adapted mesh to a new file, using
the same file format as the original grid. It will also write a solution file that contains the original
solution, interpolated onto the new mesh. These files can be used to restart the flow solver.
The following observations can be drawn from the adapted mesh:
Transonic Inviscid Flow Over a NACA0012
• At the leading and trailing edges of the wing, where there are stagnation points and the
curvature is high, OptiGrid has refined and re-aligned the element edges.
• In the region where the shocks appear, OptiGrid has refined and stretched the elements to
align them with the shocks. This will improve the resolution in subsequent solutions.
• In the regions of the domain where the flow is more uniform, OptiGrid has coarsened and
smoothed the elements.
• In all the regions of the domain except those immediately adjacent to the shocks, OptiGrid has
swapped the element edges to align them in the direction of the flow.
9.1.2. Variation of the Target Error Density

The target error density plays a key role in determining the density of the final mesh. In this section,
the target error density will be increased and then decreased to illustrate its effect on the adaptation
process.
1. Create a new OPTIGRID run in the NACA0012 project using File → New run or the new run icon
and name it Higher_target.
2. Drag & drop the config icon of Initial Adaptation (p. 554) onto this new run. This copies the input
parameters and the CAD file of the previous tutorial into the present run.
3. Double-click the Higher_target config icon and proceed to the Operations panel. Set the target
Error density to 0.2.
4. Click Run. Start the mesh adaptation on 2 or more processors, if possible.
The resulting grid should be similar to that shown in the following figure.
Note:
The mesh is coarser than in the previous adapted mesh. In this case, a higher target
error density yields a coarser grid.
5. Create a new OPTIGRID run in the NACA0012 project using File → New run or the new run icon,
and name it Lower_target.
parameters and the CAD file of the previous tutorial into the present run.
7. Double-click the Lower_target config icon and proceed to the Operations panel. Set the target
Error density to 0.08.
8. Click the Run button. Start the mesh adaptation on 2 or more processors, if possible.
The resulting grid should be similar to that shown in the following figure. As expected, a lower
target error density yields a finer grid.
9.1.3. Effect of the Minimum Tetra Aspect Ratio

The minimum tetra aspect ratio plays a limiting role in the stretching of the elements. For the previous
exercises in this tutorial, the minimum tetra aspect ratio was set to 0.05. This parameter will be
changed to demonstrate its role in the adaptation process.
1. Create a new run in the NACA0012 project using File → New run or the new run icon, and name
it New_AR.
parameters of the first tutorial into the current run.
3. Go to the Constraints panel and in the Tetrahedra section, increase the Aspect ratio to 0.5.
4. Click Run. Start mesh adaptation on 2 or more processors, if possible.
The resulting grid is compared to the initial grid in the following figure. It is evident that when
the minimum tetra aspect ratio is increased to 0.5, the elements in the adapted grid are not as
stretched as they were for the lower minimum tetra aspect ratio of 0.05.
Laminar Flow Over a NACA0012
Figure 9.2: Minimum Tetra Aspect Ratio = 0.5 / Minimum Tetra Aspect Ratio = 0.05
For the same target error, a higher aspect ratio also means that more elements must be packed
in the regions of higher gradients; hence a higher aspect ratio yields a grid of increased size. The
following table summarizes the results of several other adaptations where the minimum tetra aspect
ratio was varied while maintaining a constant error density. It clearly illustrates the link between
the tetra aspect ratio and the mesh size.
Table 9.1: Effect of Aspect Ratio on the Grid Size
Min. Aspect Ration # Nodes # Elements

0.5 65266 327906
0.05 26487 133240
0.005 25834 129277
9.2. Laminar Flow Over a NACA0012

This test case demonstrates the use of OptiGrid on a hybrid grid consisting of both tetras and prisms,
but without the complexities of a turbulence model. The solution is for laminar flow at a Reynolds
number of 8,000, over a NACA0012 airfoil at zero incidence. The free-stream Mach number is 0.4. The
Mach number is used as the variable for error computation because it effectively captures the dominant
characteristic of the flow, namely the boundary layer and the wake. The solution for this tutorial has
been computed using FENSAP.
The geometry for this tutorial is the same as in the previous tutorial. The boundary layer is captured
using 5 layers of prisms. A density volume box has been created in the original grid to allow the flow
solver to better capture the wake before the first adaptation.
There are several options in OptiGrid that relate specifically to the adaptation of the layers of prismatic
elements at the wall. For this tutorial, the parameters will be set so that the total height of the prisms
remains fixed during the adaptation process.
Figure 9.3: Mach Number Contours on the Original Mesh / Error Distribution on the Original Mesh
9.2.1. Initial Adaptation

1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Name it
NACA0012_hybrid.
2. Create a new OPTIGRID run in the project using File → New run or the new run icon, and name
it Initial.
3. Assign the grid file by double-clicking on the grid icon. Select the grid file grid_lam provided
by Ansys in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/Opti-
Grid/Viscous.
Assign the flow solution file by double-clicking on the solution icon. Select the file soln_lam
in the same location.
5. Go to the Input panel. In the Solution type section, select the Mach number in the Variable
pull-down menu.
6. In the CAD format section, click the Generate button to automatically build the CAD from the
grid.
7. Go to the Boundaries panel. Remove from the display the Inlet (SURFACE_1001), the Outlet
(SURFACE_3001) and the Symmetry plane (SURFACE_4300) surfaces by disabling their check
boxes.
8. Use Ctrl+left-mouse button to draw a bounding box around the airfoil and zoom in. SURFACE_2001
and SURFACE_2002 corresponds to the surface of the airfoil.
9. Y+ surface parameters control how prism elements are adapted using y+ correction. If the y+
distribution is provided as a field variable in the solution file, prism layer heights can be made to
conform to y+ variation in laminar flows. In the current tutorial this data is not available from the
flow solution and a constant height will be preserved.
Laminar Flow Over a NACA0012
10. SURFACE_2001 and SURFACE_2002 are automatically set to Constant Height. With this selection,
the height of the prism layers remains fixed throughout the adaptation.
11. Go to the Operations panel. In the Error control pull-down menu choose the Target number
of nodes option with a target identical to the initial number of nodes (45,197).
12. Go to the Constraints panel. In the Edge length section, set the Minimum edge length to 0.25
(to increase the resolution close to the airfoil), and the Maximum to 2,500 (to coarsen the far-
field).
13. In the Tetrahedra section, keep the default Aspect ratio of tetrahedral elements to 0.05. In the
Prisms section, set the Aspect ratio of prism elements to 0.05. This should yield a more aniso-
tropic grid and consequently, a smaller number of grid points for the same error distribution.
14. In the Mesh Constraints section, reduce the Maximum coarsening on curvature to 0.04 to
better resolve the leading edge.
15. Click the Run button and simulate this adaptation using 2 or more processors, if possible.
The following figures show the results of the adaptation, with the original grid on the left and
the adapted grid on the right. The following observations are made:
• The mesh is coarsened in the far-field.
• The mesh is refined and stretched in the boundary layer and in the wake.
• There is a similar number of nodes in the adapted mesh (increasing the number of OptiGrid
iterations would improve the accuracy).
• The surface is refined to better match the curvature at the leading edge of the airfoil.
• Orthogonality of prism columns is improved significantly.
• The height of the prisms remained constant, even though prisms were refined and coarsened.
• The prisms are stretched in the z-direction where gradients are zero.
Figure 9.4: Original Mesh and Adapted Mesh
Multi-Scalar Mesh Adaptation on a Piccolo Tube Chamber
Figure 9.5: Detail of Leading Edge
Figure 9.6: Leading Edge Surface Detail
9.3. Multi-Scalar Mesh Adaptation on a Piccolo Tube Chamber

This test case demonstrates OptiGrid’s multi-scalar adaptation capability using solution variables such
as pressure, velocity components, temperature and turbulence. This allows OptiGrid to produce more
suitable grids for complicated flows by simultaneously capturing multiple physical phenomena such as
shocks, boundary layers, vortices and/or wakes.
1. Create a new project and call it Multiscalar_Adaptation. Click the new run icon, choose OPTIGRID,
and name the run OPTIGRID_piccolo.
2. Use the grid and solution files provided for the CHT tutorial in Initial External Flow Calculation (p. 301),
which are found in the main tutorials subdirectory:../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid/CHT/grid_int and ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/CHT/soln_int.
4. Go to the Input panel. In the Solution type section, select the Multiple scalars in the Variable
pull-down menu.
5. Select all PRES, XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL, TEMP and VIST, for adaptation. These six variables are
the actual flow variables that FENSAP solves for when solving the RANS equations.
6. In the CAD format section, click Generate to generate a CAD file from the grid provided.
7. Switch to the Boundaries panel. The Number of prism/hexa layers should be detected as 16 by
default. Keep the default settings (Y+, Constant height).
Multi-Scalar Mesh Adaptation on a Piccolo Tube Chamber
8. Switch to the Operations tab. Keep the default settings for Mesh Operations. The most important
step in mesh optimization is the node movement step, and Node movement post is the operation
where this happens. Keeping a high number of iterations for this operation is important for good
results.
9. Keep the Error control method as Target # nodes, but change the target to 300000. This is a very
coarse mesh to begin with, and it would be a good idea to refine it a bit while optimizing it.
10. There is nothing to adjust in the Constraints tab. You can take a look at the default settings if you
wish. The minimum and maximum edge constraints are set with respect to the current grid’s values.
11. Click the Run button and execute with 4 or more CPUs.
12. The Graphs tab can be used to visualize the variation of number of nodes with adaptation loops,
and also the distribution of error before and after adaptation. OptiGrid optimizes the grid by making
the error more uniform across the while grid, which means collecting all the nodes towards a single
error peak as seen in the error plot below. Parts with lower error are coarsened while parts with
higher error are refined while targeting a set number of nodes for the final grid.
13. Click View and choose grid-original first. If the default post processor has not been set as Viewmer-
ical, choose that in the View with... dialog. Click the View button again and this time choose
grid.adapted in Append mode.
14. Once the two grids are loaded in Viewmerical, they will appear overlapped. Choose the first data
object in the list and then use Split screen Horizontal-Left to put it on the left side of the view
port. Now you can rotate the view with the left mouse button and zoom in/out with the roller to
compare the two grids.
Mesh Smoothing on the ONERA M6 Wing
Figure 9.7: The Jet Region Before (Left) and After (Right) Grid Optimization for the Piccolo
Internal Case
Note:
Notice how the grid is refined and aligned with flow features around the jet. The stretched
anisotropic tetras capture the flow features better while providing huge savings in grid
density compared to isotropic elements with low skewness.
15. You are invited to rerun the CHT tutorial CHT3D Advanced Tutorials (p. 293) with this new adapted
grid and study the differences in the final results.
9.4. Mesh Smoothing on the ONERA M6 Wing

This tutorial illustrates how to smooth the initial hybrid grid on an ONERA M6 wing to improve grid
quality (lower aspect ratios, better discretization of curvature, etc.) before starting any CFD calculations.
1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Name this project ONERAM6.
2. Create a new OPTIGRID run in the ONERAM6 project using File → New run or the new run icon.
3. Assign the grid file by double-clicking on the grid icon. Select the grid file onera_m6.grid provided
in the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/OptiGrid/M6.
5. Go to the Input panel. In the Solution type pull-down menu, change the solution type to No
solution. Our objective is to perform mesh smoothing and therefore no flow solution is required.
6. In the CAD format section, click the Generate button to automatically construct the CAD from the
input grid.
7. Go to the Boundaries panel. The boundary shown in red is SURFACE_1010, or the Inlet. The
boundary shown in blue is SURFACE_3030, or the Outlet. Disable their check boxes to remove
them from the display.
8. The boundary shown in blue is SURFACE_4300, or the symmetry plane. Click the Z-axis in the bottom
left-hand corner of the Graphical Window to align the view. Zoom in on the ONERA M6 wing using
the control-left-mouse button. You can remove this plane from view by disabling its check box.
9. SURFACE_2020 and SURFACE_2021 correspond to the upper and lower surfaces of the wing, re-
spectively. Use the left-mouse button to rotate the wing and visualize the surface grid.
10. This hybrid grid is composed of tetrahedral elements, and 10 layers of prisms on the solid surfaces.
The automatic settings will enable Y+ adaptation with Constant Height on the wall surfaces.
11. Go to the Operations panel. In the Mesh Operations box, increase the Number of adaptation it-
erations to 10. More iterations are required when target number of nodes and elements are selected,
since these are based on an iterative scheme that gradually converges to the target value. Reduce
the number of Node movement post-iterations to 10, to reduce the execution time for this tutorial.
12. In the Error control field, select Target # nodes as the error control strategy, with a target of
300,000.
13. Go to the Constraints panel. In the Edge lengths section, set the Minimum edge length to 2.5e-
4, which is twice as small as in the original grid. Since all surfaces related to prism layers are set to
Constant Height, the heights of prisms are not considered for computation of Minimum edge
length. This gives some freedom for OptiGrid to smooth the grid and locally reduce the element
size (and improve curvature) and will not affect the height of prism layers. Set the Maximum edge
length to 25.
14. In the Tetrahedra section, reduce the Aspect ratio of tetrahedral elements to 0.01 to allow
stretching and improve curvature on the leading edge.
15. In the Prisms section, copy both Aspect ratio and Warpage of prisms from the initial grid to their
target values using the arrow buttons.
16. In the Mesh constraints section, improve the requirement for curvature by reducing the Max.
coarsening on curvature from 0.05 to 0.03.
17. Click the Run button. Simulate mesh smoothing using 2 or more processors, if possible. You can
view the convergence of the adaptation in the Graphs menu during smoothing. At completion, you
can visualize the smoothed grid, and compare it with the original grid, in the Graphical Window.
Mesh Smoothing on the ONERA M6 Wing
Figure 9.8: Initial (Left) and Smoothed (Right) Grids on the Symmetry Plane
Figure 9.9: Detail of the Leading Edge of the Initial (Left) and Smoothed (Right) Grids at the
Symmetry Plane, Showing Improvements in Grid Orthogonality and on the Curvature
9.5. Adapting for Combined Air and Droplet Solutions

This tutorial demonstrates a grid adaptation cycle that involves FENSAP, DROP3D, and OptiGrid in a
sequence. It is highly recommended that you complete Introductory Tutorials to In-Flight Icing (p. 13),
FENSAP Advanced Tutorials (p. 223) and DROP3D Advanced Tutorials (p. 241) in order to feel familiar
with the concepts reviewed in this tutorial.
Often times unstructured grids do not have the proper grid resolution around the droplet shadow
zones, since tetra elements rapidly coarsen away from the surface of the aircraft. This is not a problem
if the impingement is calculated on a wing, an airfoil, or a fuselage alone. However, when the geometry
is a wing/body/nacelle/tail like configuration where there are additional surfaces downstream of primary
impingement zones, the accuracy of the shadow zones and enrichment zones will matter. The best and
easiest way to account for shadow zones and enrichment zones in the grid is to adapt for them.
To keep the run time relatively low, the nacelle grid from Three-Dimensional Flow over a Nacelle (p. 223)
will be used. Adapting for droplet flow involves re-running of air flow on that new grid. If a new air
solution is to be obtained, the grid adaptation should include the air flow as well. This is why adapting
for droplets involve adapting for flow and properly updating the flow solution on the new grid rather
than just interpolating from the original coarse grid.
Adapting for Combined Air and Droplet Solutions
9.5.1. Setup and Execution

1. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon.
2. Click the new run icon and choose Sequence at the bottom of the list. Click Configure and choose
ADAPT-FENSAP-DROP3D option. The run name can remain as default.
3. Click the grid icon and navigate to tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_input_files/In-

put_Grid/Air to select nacelle.grid.
4. For the flow solution, the settings can be imported from the run directory of Three-Dimensional
Flow over a Nacelle (p. 223). If this is not available, follow the steps in that section to configure
the air flow.
To import a FENSAP configuration file, drag and drop the config icon from Three-Dimensional
Flow over a Nacelle (p. 223) onto the fensap config icon of your ADAPT-FENSAP-DROP3D run.
5. Drag and drop the fensap config icon over the drop config icon to inherit the reference and
boundary conditions from FENSAP.
6. Double-click the drop config icon and switch to the Conditions panel. Set the droplet size to
200 microns. This will place the shadow zone clearly away from the walls so that the adaptation
for flow and droplet features can be distinguished easily during post processing.
7. Switch to the Boundaries panel. Select BC_1000 which is the mass flow inlet that simulates the
engine exhaust. Here the LWC should be set to zero, and the droplet velocity fields should be set
to what comes out of the air solution. To do this, simply clear the Velocity X, Y, and Z fields:
8. Click BC_1100. This is the far field boundary condition. Click Import reference conditions to set
the droplet LWC and velocity to far field values.
9. Switch to the Out panel. Enable the Write airflow variables to solution option. This will make
DROP3D output an additional solution file with the suffix _with_air in the run directory, which
will contain the complete air solution data as well as the droplet data. This is a file that both
FENSAP and DROP3D can restart from.
10. The original droplet solution file name needs to stay as is (droplet). Close the droplet configuration
window.
11. Double-click the optigrid config icon.
12. Choose Multiple scalars in the Variable to adapt for, and check PRES, XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL, VIST,
and DRVF. The first five are the air flow pressure, velocity, and turbulence and the last one is
droplet LWC. Droplet velocities are not needed to be adapted on.
13. Click the Generate button in the CAD section to have the CAD automatically generated from the
input grid. Because the initial grid is very coarse, a minor adjustment must be made to the CAD
manually.
14. Click View/Edit button next to Generate in the CAD section. This will launch optiGeo software.
15. The view port should be displaying the hemispherical far field CAD. Hide it by pressing H on the
keyboard and left-clicking on the far field CAD surface. You can then zoom in with the mouse
roller or by drawing a zoom box using Ctrl+left click.
16. Zoom in close to the symmetry plane / upper lip intersection. The CAD line will appear divided
into two colors at the leading edge due to high angle difference between the two grid elements
there. To improve the curvature of the adapted grid, it is better to merge these two CAD edges.
17. Click Tolerances… button and set Max curve angle to 75 instead of 50, then click Refresh CAD.
Close the Tolerances dialog. The CAD line should now appear as a single piece wrapping over
the leading edge:
18. Click Close to quit optiGeo and say Yes to saving the CAD upon exit. When back to OptiGrid, a
message should notify that the mesh information will be reloaded. Click OK.
19. Switch to the Boundaries panel. The detected number of prism layers should be 20 and surfaces
2000, 2001, 2002 should be set to Y+ Constant height. Set boundary conditions 1000 (engine
exhaust) and 2001 (exhaust inner wall) as dead zones to avoid any refinement here. Keep the
grid nodes where you need them the most.
20. Switch to Operations tab. Change the target number of nodes to 300,000. Since the initial grid
is very coarse, it must be refined in addition to being optimized. Increase the max number of
nodes to 3,000,000 and max number of elements to 15,000,000 to give enough room to
Optigrid during the few initial steps of adaptation. Increase the Number of adaptation iterations
from 8 to 15. Since you are doubling the number of grid points, this requires higher number of
optimization iterations to reach that target.
21. In the Constraints panel, the minimum edge is automatically set to half of the detected minimum
(which excludes boundary layer element heights). This should be kept. The maximum edge length
is a bit too large (twice the original), which can be set equal to the original value using the arrow
button.
22. Close the OptiGrid configuration window.
23. Double-click the main cycle config icon next to the grid file icon in the project window. In the
Execution sequence window, there should already be one entry for the first adaptation cycle.
Click the Add iteration twice button to add two more entries. This means a total of three flow
solutions will be computed with two grid adaptations in between. It is always preferable to adapt
the grid twice so that the final adaptation is not directly based on the initial coarse grid.
24. The number of flow solver iterations per cycle can be modified in this window, in addition to
other some other solver parameters that can be added using the Add variable button. First off,
the steady solver iterations for all cycles should be set to 400. Second, click the Add variable
button and add the Variable relaxation option. For the first cycle, set it to 1 to enable it, which
will increase the CFL number from 1 to 100 in 300 steps as originally set in the fensap config-
uration. In the second and third cycles, set it to 0 to disable it. Since flow solution resumes on
the adapted mesh, the CFL should not be brought back down to 1 again.
25. Click the Run button to open the execution window. For main execution settings, use as many
CPUs as possible. For OptiGrid, only use 4 CPUs. Using too many CPUs on coarse grids may have
the side effect of creating coarse grid patches on the walls. Click Start menu to begin the calcu-
lation.
Note:
This calculation may require several hours to complete. Intermediate solutions of flow
and droplet can be visualized while the case is running. Once complete, the execution
panel should be listing the steps completed.
9.5.2. Post-Processing
1. Make sure that the default post-processing software is set as Viewmerical. If this is not the case,
it can be set at the main project window menu Settings → Preferences → Postprocessing.
2. Click the View button in the Execution panel. Choose droplet_with_air and click OK. Next, select
droplet.drop.000001_with_air and click OK to load the initial grid and solution.
3. Go back to the run execution window and click the View button again and this time click Append,
choose airsol, then choose droplet.drop.000003_with_air to add the final grid and solution.
4. Switch to the Viewmerical window. Place the first data set to the left of the screen by selecting
data-droplet.drop.000001_with_air and Split screen / Horizontal Left. Maximize Viewmerical
main window for a better view.
5. Click the lock icon at the bottom right corner of the Objects box to enable application of
view mode settings to both grids. Then, switch Shaded to Shaded + Wireframe.
6. Hide the far field boundaries by unchecking BC_1100 in both datasets.
7. Switch to Data panel, click Shared lock, change the field to Pressure, and change the color
scheme to Spectrum 2 – 32.
8. Rotate the view and zoom with Ctrl + left-click or the roller to look around. The nacelle lip curvature
is improved significantly, which produces a greater pressure drop due to flow acceleration. The
wake is refined as well following the velocity and turbulent viscosity gradients.
Figure 9.10: Air Flow Solution (Pressure) on the Original (Left) and the Adapted (Right) Grid
Figure 9.11: Close-Up on the Upper Lip / Symm Plane Area: The Original (Left) and the
Adapted (Right) Grid
9. In the Data panel, switch the field to Droplet LWC. In the Objects panel change the view mode
back to Shaded to hide the grid for the moment. The shadow zone in the adapted mesh is sharp
and clean, with the enrichment zones (high LWC zones just outside of the shadow zone) captured
better. The amount of LWC in the enrichment zone about twice that of free stream, and it is crit-
ical to capture this if it is to impinge on any surfaces downstream of this nacelle. This scenario
usually applies to aircraft tail and instruments like pitot tubes, antennas, radomes, etc., attached
to the fuselage.
Figure 9.12: Droplet LWC and the Shadow Zone Before (Left) and After (Right) Grid Adaptation
10. Finally, to clearly show the effect of adapting both for the air and the droplet solution, click the
View button on the run execution panel one last time, click Append, choose droplet_with_air,
choose droplet.drop.000003_with_air to load the final solution as a new data set.
11. In the Objects panel of Viewmerical, clear the first data set to hide it
(droplet.drop.000001_with_air). Click the last data set data-droplet.drop.000003_with_air-1
and place it on the left half of the screen using Split screen / Horizontal left. Hide its BC_1100
(far field). Set the view mode to Shaded + Wireframe.
12. Switch to the Data panel. Disable Shared lock. Switch the field for one of the data sets to Turbulent
viscosity and pull back the upper color range, while setting the other data set at Droplet LWC.
The data sets can be changed using the Grid menu up top. Set both color schemes to Spectrum
2 – 32.
Two distinct feature adaptations can be seen in the figure, where the turbulence wake overlaps
with one of the adapted zones and the droplet shadow zone edge overlaps with the other.
Figure 9.13: Turbulent Viscosity (Left) and Droplet LWC (Right) on the Adapted Grid
Adapting for Fluent Air Solutions
9.6. Adapting for Fluent Air Solutions

This tutorial demonstrates a grid adaptation cycle that involves Fluent, and OptiGrid. It is highly recom-
mended that you complete Introductory Tutorials to In-Flight Icing (p. 13), FENSAP Advanced Tutori-
als (p. 223) and DROP3D Advanced Tutorials (p. 241) to feel familiar with the concepts reviewed in this
tutorial.
For this tutorial, the same nacelle geometry and grid from Three-Dimensional Flow over a Nacelle (p. 223)
will be used. However, in this example, you will re-run the flow solution using Fluent.
9.6.1. Initial Fluent Airflow Simulation

1. Open FENSAP-ICE. Create a new project using File → New project or the New project icon. Name
the project FLUENT_OPTIGRID.
2. Launch Fluent. In the Fluent Launcher window, set Dimension to 3D, enable Double Precision
under Options, and set Solver Processes to 2 or more, depending on what you have available.
3. Click Show More Options in the Fluent Launcher window. Under General Options, set your
Working Directory to the FLUENT_OPTIGRID project directory. Press Start menu.
4. Read the case file by going to File → Read → Case. Browse to ../workshop_input_files/In-
put_Grid and select nacelle.cas.h5.
5. From the top bar navigation menu, select Physics → Solver → Operating Conditions.... Set Op-
erating Pressure (pascal) to 97,717.87 Pa. Press OK.
6. From the side menu, select General. Ensure the Solver is set to Type: Pressure-Based, Velocity-
Formulation: Absolute, and Time: Steady.
7. From the side menu, select Models → Energy and ensure it is turned on. Then double-click Viscous
to open the Viscous Model menu. There are different turbulence models that can be selected.
For icing applications using FENSAP-ICE with Fluent, it is strongly recommended to use the pop-
ular k-ω SST model. Therefore, change the Model to k-omega (2 eqn) and SST. In the Options
section, enable Viscous-Heating and Production Limiter. In the Model Constants section, change
the Energy Prandtl Number and Wall Prandtl Number to 0.9 and the Production Limiter Clip
Factor to 10. Press OK.
8. From the side menu, click Materials → Fluid and double-click air to open the air properties. Set
the Density to ideal-gas. Set the Cp (Specific Heat) to 1004.6882 j/kg.K. This value is equal to
7/2 R air when air is treated as an ideal gas. In FENSAP, the gas constant R is always 287.05376
j/kg.K. Set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.0233899 W/m.K and Viscosity to 1.67681e-05
Kg/m.s. These values match the FENSAP air solution from the tutorial, Three-Dimensional Flow
over a Nacelle (p. 223) and have been computed using the equations presented in the FENSAP-ICE
User Manual. Click Change/Create to save the air properties, then press Close.
Note:
For clarification, thermal conductivity and viscosity equations presented in the FENSAP-
ICE User Manual are shown below.
where refers to the ambient air static temperature, and , and are equal
to 0.00216176 W/m/K3/2, 288 K and 17.9*10-6 Pa.s, respectively.
In the following few steps, you will set up the boundary conditions. For reference, the figure below
shows the locations of these boundaries.
Figure 9.14: Boundary Locations
9. From the side menu, click to expand the Boundary Conditions panel. You should see eight items
listed with their boundary type shown in parenthesis; interior-2 (interior), mass-flow-inlet-4
(mass-flow-inlet), mass-flow-outlet-9 (mass-flow-outlet), pressure-far-field-5 (pressure-far-
field), symmetry-10 (symmetry), wall-6 (wall), wall-7 (wall), and wall-8 (wall). If any boundary
type has been selected improperly, right-click the boundary and set the Type to the correct value.
10. Double click the mass-flow-inlet-4 boundary to open the Mass-Flow Inlet conditions window.
In the Momentum panel, set the Reference Frame to Absolute, set the Mass Flow Specification
Method to Mass Flow Rate, set the Mass Flow Rate to 12.6 kg/s, set the Supersonic/Initial
Gauge Pressure to 0 pascal, set the Direction Specification Method to Normal to Boundary,
set the Specification Method to Intensity and Viscosity Ratio, set the Turbulent Intensity to
0.08 % and set the Turbulent Viscosity Ratio to 1e-5. In the Thermal panel, set the Total
Temperature to 400 K. Click OK.
11. Double click the mass-flow-inlet-9 boundary to open the Mass-Flow Outlet conditions window.
In the Momentum panel, set the Reference Frame to Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone, set the
Mass Flow Specification Method to Mass Flow Rate, set the Mass Flow Rate to 12.6 kg/s.
Press Apply.
12. Double click the pressure-far-field-5 to open the Pressure Far-Field conditions window. In the
Momentum panel, set the Gauge Pressure to 0 pascal, set the Mach Number to 0.30643, and
set the Coordinate System to Cartesian (X, Y, Z). Set the X-, Y-, and Z-Components of Flow
Direction to 0.9975641, 0.06975647, and 0, respectively. Set the Turbulence Specification
Method to Intensity and Viscosity Ratio, set the Turbulent Intensity to 0.08 %, and set the
Turbulent Viscosity Ratio to 1e-05. In the Thermal panel, set the Temperature to 265 K.
13. On the wall-6, wall-7 and wall-8 boundaries, keep the default settings. In other words, in the
Momentum panel, Wall Motion should be set to Stationary Wall, Shear Condition should be
set to No Slip. Roughness Height should be set to 0 m. In the Thermal panel, Thermal Conditions
should be set to Heat Flux and Heat Flux should be set to 0 w/m2.
14. From the side menu, click Reference Values. Set Compute from to pressure-far-field-5, and
Reference Zone to fluid-3.
15. From the side panel, select Solution → Methods. Set the Scheme to Coupled. Set the Spatial
Discretization Gradient to Green-Gauss Node Based. Set all other Spatial Discretization settings
to Second Order or Second Order Upwind. Click to enable High Order Term Relaxation.
16. From the side panel, select Solution → Controls. Set the Flow Courant Number to 100 and the
Explicit Relaxation Factors for Momentum and Pressure to 0.5.
17. From the side menu, double-click Solution → Monitors → Residuals and modify the Absolute
Criteria for convergence to 1e-12 for all parameters. Make sure that the Print to Console and
the Plot are enabled and ensure that Monitor Check and Convergence are selected for all para-
meters.
18. From the side menu, double-click Solution → Report Definitions. In the Report Definitions
window, select New → Force Report → Drag. Change the Name to report-cd. Set Report
Output Type to Drag Coefficient. Select all three wall zones (wall-6, wall-7 and wall-8). Click
OK. In the Report Definitions window, select New → Force Report → Lift. Change the Name to
report-cl. Set Report Output Type to Lift Coefficient. Select all three wall zones (wall-6,
wall-7 and wall-8). Click OK.
19. From the side menu, double-click Solution → Monitors → Report Plots. Click New. In the New
Report Plot window, set the Name to plot-cd. Select report-cd in the Available Report
Definitions and click Add > > to add to the Selected Report Definitions. Click OK. Click New
again. In the New Report Plot window, set the Name to plot-cl. Select report-cl in the
Available Report Definitions and click Add > > to add to the Selected Report Definitions. Click
OK.
20. From the side menu, double-click Solution → Initialization, and initialize with Hybrid Initialization.
Click Initialize.
Note:
The number of iterations required to obtain an initial solution can be modified by se-
lecting More Settings and changing the Number of Iterations under General Settings.
Modifying this parameter might help convergence in some cases. In this simulation,
the default number of iterations is adequate.
21. Double-click Run Calculation from the side menu under Solution → Calculation Activities. Set
the Number of iterations to 500. Click Calculate to start this simulation.
22. Monitor the convergence of this calculation in the Graphics and the Console windows:
• Choose Scaled Residuals tab in Graphics window, located at the top-right of your screen, to
see the convergence of different residuals. This plot, shown in Figure 9.15: Scaled Residuals (p. 582),
reveals that residuals of the governing equations have at least decreased by 3 orders of mag-
nitude in 500 iterations.
• Change the tab at the top of the Graphics window to see the convergence of Lift and Drag
coefficients. The history of lift and drag coefficients confirm the good convergence of this steady-
state simulation (See Figure 9.16: Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients (p. 583)).
Figure 9.16: Convergence of Lift and Drag Coefficients
23. Once the simulation is complete, go to Files → Write → Case & Data and save the calculation in
the project directory FLUENT_OPTIGRID. Name this simulation nacelle_initial.
9.6.2. First OptiGrid Grid Adaptation

1. Return to the FENSAP-ICE project window containing the FLUENT_OPTIGRID project, that was
created in step 1 of Initial Fluent Airflow Simulation (p. 579).
2. Click the new run icon and choose OptiGrid from the list. Set New run name to OPTIGRID_na-
celle_1.
3. Double-click the grid icon and select the Fluent case file nacelle_initial.cas.h5, which
was created in the previous section.
Note:
When the Fluent case and data files are not in the current working folder, specifying
the case file in the grid icon does not automatically load its corresponding data file
into the solution icon. Therefore, double-click the solution icon and select the appro-
priate data file.
4. Double-click the OPTIGRID_nacelle_1 config icon to open the OptiGrid configuration window.
5. In the Input panel, ensure the Grid file format is set to FLUENT.
6. Click the Generate button in the CAD section to have the CAD automatically generated, na-
celle_initial.geom, from the input grid. Since the initial grid is very coarse, a minor adjust-
ment must be made to the CAD manually.
7. Click View/Edit button next to Generate in the CAD section. This will launch OptiGeo.
8. The view port should be displaying the hemispherical far field CAD. Hide it by pressing H on the
keyboard and left-clicking the far field CAD surface. You can then zoom in with the mouse roller
or by drawing a zoom box using Ctrl+left click.
9. Zoom in close to the symmetry plane / upper lip intersection. The CAD line will appear divided
into two colors at the leading edge due to high angle difference between the two grid elements
there. To improve the curvature of the adapted grid, it is better to merge these two CAD edges.
10. Click Tolerances… button and set Max curve angle to 75 instead of 50, then click Refresh CAD.
Close the Tolerances dialog. The CAD line should now appear as a single piece wrapping over
the leading edge:
11. Click Close to quit OptiGeo and choose Yes to save the CAD upon exit. When back to OptiGrid,
a message should notify that the mesh information will be reloaded. Click OK.
12. Ensure that the Solution type is set to FLUENT. Next to Variable, choose Multiple Scalars.
13. Choose Multiple scalars in the Variable to adapt for, and check PRESSURE, X_VELOCITY, Y_VELO-
CITY, Z_VELOCITY, TEMPERATURE, and MU_TURB, corresponding to static pressure, the tree velocity
directional scalars, static temperature, and turbulent viscosity respectively.
14. Switch to the Boundaries panel. The detected number of prism layers should be 20 and surfaces
wall-6, wall-7, and wall-8 should be set to Y+ Constant height. Set boundary mass-flow-inlet-
4 (engine exhaust) and wall-7 (exhaust inner wall) as dead zones to avoid any refinement here.
To access this setting, double-click Zone options to reveal the Dead zone option. Keep the grid
nodes where you need them the most.
15. Switch to Operations tab. Change the target number of nodes to 300,000. Since the initial grid
is very coarse, it must be refined in addition to being optimized. Increase the max number of
nodes to 3,000,000 and max number of elements to 15,000,000 to give enough room to
OptiGrid during the few initial steps of adaptation. Increase the Number of adaptation iterations
from 8 to 15. Since you are doubling the number of grid points, this requires higher number of
mesh optimization iterations to reach that target.
16. In the Constraints panel, the Minimum Edge length is automatically set to half of the detected
minimum (which excludes boundary layer element heights). This should be kept. The Maximum
Edge length is a bit too large (twice the original), which can be set equal to the original value
using the arrow button. The Tetrahedra Aspect ratio should be increased to 0.1. Fluent conver-
gence is more difficult if the aspect ratio is reduced below 0.1. The Prisms Aspect ratio and
Warpage should be set to their original values by clicking the arrow buttons next to each para-
meter.
17. Click Run to open the execution window. For OptiGrid, only use 4 CPUs. Using too many CPUs
on coarse grids may have the side effect of creating coarse grid patches on the walls. Click Start
menu to begin the calculation.
9.6.3. Second Fluent Airflow Simulation and Second OptiGrid Grid Adaptation
In the following steps, a second Fluent airflow simulation will be performed using the adapted grid
from the first OptiGrid simulation. The results of this simulation will be then used to perform a second
OptiGrid mesh adaptation.
3. Read the case file outputted by the OPTIGRID_nacelle_1 simulation. Go to File → Read → Case.
Navigate to the run_OPTIGRID_nacelle_1 directory and select nacelle_initial.adap-
ted.cas.h5.
4. The settings from the first Fluent simulation should be correctly loaded when loading the adapted
case file. Go to Solution → Initialization and click Initialize to initialize the flow solution. Go to
Solution → Run Calculation. Set the Number of Iterations to 500. Click Calculate to start this
simulation.
5. Like the first Fluent simulation, monitor the convergence of this calculation in the Graphics and
the Console windows. Once the Fluent simulation is complete, save the solution by selecting File
→ Write → Case & Data, navigate to the FLUENT_OPTIGRID directory, name the solution na-
celle_opti1, and press OK.
6. Return to the FENSAP-ICE project window containing the FLUENT_OPTIGRID project.
7. Click the new run icon and choose OptiGrid from the list. Set New run name to OPTIGRID_na-
celle_2.
8. Double-click the grid icon and select the Fluent case file nacelle_opti1.cas.h5.
9. Double-click the OPTIGRID_nacelle_2 config icon to open the OptiGrid configuration window.
10. Click the Generate button in the CAD section to have the CAD automatically generated from the
input grid. Unlike the previous OptiGrid grid adaptation, the mesh is fine enough that it no longer
requires any adjustment using OptiGeo.
Note:
In some cases, to preserve the original shape of the geometry, the CAD generated
during the first grid adaptation could be used instead. To use the initial CAD, first copy
the nacelle_initial.adapted.info file from the run_OPTIGRID_nacelle_1
directory, paste it in the FLUENT_OPTIGRID directory and then rename the file to
nacelle_opti1.info to match the name of the case and data file. In the Input
panel, under CAD format, select the initial CAD, in this case nacelle_initial.geom,
in File and click Reload.
11. The remaining settings will be set in the same way as the previous OptiGrid mesh grid adaptation.
Repeat steps 12 – 16 from First OptiGrid Grid Adaptation (p. 584).
12. Click Run to open the execution window. For OptiGrid, only use 4 CPUs. Using too many CPUs
on coarse grids may have the side effect of creating coarse grid patches on the walls. Click Start
menu to begin the calculation.
Note:
After completion of this step, you have now completed two loops of Fluent airflow and
OptiGrid mesh adaptation. In certain situations, it may be required to perform additional
loops to capture very complex flow features. However, two loops is sufficient to obtain
a nicely adapted grid and an optimal flow solution for this case.
9.6.4. Final Fluent Airflow Simulation

3. Read the case file outputted by the OPTIGRID_nacelle_2 simulation. Go to File → Read →
Case. Navigate to the run_OPTIGRID_nacelle_2 directory and select nacelle_opti1.ad-
apted.cas.h5.
4. The settings from the first Fluent simulation should be correctly loaded when loading the adapted
case file. Go to Solution → Initialization and click Initialize to initialize the flow solution. Go to
Solution → Run Calculation. Set the Number of Iterations to 500. Click Calculate to start this
simulation.
5. Like the first Fluent simulation, monitor the convergence of this calculation in the Graphics and
the Console windows. Once the Fluent simulation is complete, save the solution by selecting File
→ Write → Case & Data, navigate to the FLUENT_OPTIGRID directory, name the solution na-
celle_opti2_final, and press OK.
9.6.5. Post-Processing
1. Launch CFD-Post.
2. Load the initial flow solution. Select File → Load Results. Navigate to the FLUENT_OPTIGRID
project directory. Load nacelle_initial.dat.h5.
Note:
Enable beta features to load files with h5 extension. Select Edit → Options.
3. Save the state to set the working directory. Select File → Save State As. Navigate to the FLU-
ENT_OPTIGRID project directory. Save the state as nacelle_optigrid_pproc.cst.
4. Load the first OptiGrid solution. Select File → Load Results. Under Case options, click the check
box to enable Keep current cases loaded. Load nacelle_opti1.dat.h5.
5. Load the final OptiGrid solution. Select File → Load Results. Under Case options, click the check
box to enable Keep current cases loaded. Load nacelle_opti2-final.dat.h5. All three
solutions should now be displayed in separate windows in the graphic environment.
6. Set up the visualization synchronization. At the top of the graphics window, click the display
window lock option to enable synchronize camera in display views.
7. Create a pressure contour. Insert → Contour. Name the contour Eddy Viscosity Contour.
In the Geometry panel, next to Locations, click the … button. For each domain, select all of the
fluid boundaries except for the pressure far field. Click OK. Set the Variable to Eddy Viscosity,
and Range to Global. Change the # of Contours to 32. In the render panel, Unselect Specular
and Show contour lines. Click Apply.
8. Make the surface grid visible. Double click the mass flow inlet 4 boundary under nacelle_initial
in the left-side Outline panel. Uncheck the check box to disable Show Faces and check to enable
Show Mesh Lines. Using the view controls, reposition the view such that the nacelle and wake
are visible. The improved capturing of the wake due to OptiGrid can clearly be seen in the eddy
viscosity figures shown below.
Figure 9.17: Air Flow Solution (Eddy Viscosity) on the Original (Left) and the Adapted, Opti1
(Top-Right) and Adapted Opti2 (Bottom-Right) Grid
Figure 9.18: Air Flow Solution (Eddy Viscosity) on the Original (Left) and the Adapted, Opti1
(Top-Right) and Adapted Opti2 (Bottom-Right) Grid, with Grid Lines Not Shown
Note:
This tutorial highlights the use of OptiGrid in improving the capturing of airflow parameters,
such as eddy viscosity. However, to ensure this tutorial runs quickly on many machines, a
very coarse surface mesh was used on the nacelle. In some areas, like the nacelle lip, this
causes Optigeo to generate a non-smooth representation of the surface curvature. OptiGrid
will therefore perform grid adaptations on the surface based on a low quality surface
representation, leading to discontinuous surface solutions in the final adapted grid. The
figure below shows surface pressure on the nacelle lip on the original and adapted grids.
While the adapted grids better capture the minimum surface pressure at the lip, the solution
is not smooth because the adaptation has been performed based on a poor representation
of the surface geometry and curvature.
This problem can be avoided by starting with a larger grid with more mesh refinement in regions of
high curvature. However, Optigeo has largely improved the original nacelle lip curvature.
Figure 9.19: Surface Pressure Contour Shown at a Close up on the Upper Lip on the Original
(Left) and the Adapted, Opti1 (Top-Right) and Adapted Opti2 (Bottom-Right) Grid
Chapter 10: Multishot Advanced Tutorials
10.1. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Optigrid
10.2. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing
10.3. Mixed Phase Ice with CFX Airflow Solver and Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing
10.1. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Optigrid

This tutorial demonstrates a Multishot ice accretion simulation using automatic remeshing with OptiGrid
on a 3D swept wing in glaze icing conditions. An initial flow calculation is done on the clean geometry
with automatic laminar-to-turbulent transition to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics when operating
outside of the in- flight icing environment. A 6-shot Multishot icing calculation is done next, with 3-
minute shots each, which generates an ice shape representing 18 minutes of ice accretion. During the
Multishot simulation, the airflow calculation of each shot will reveal the increase in performance penalties
in lift and drag from 3 minutes to 15 minutes of ice accretion. To reveal the final performance penalties
resulting from the full 18 minutes of ice accretion, a final air flow simulation is carried out using the
iced grid and evolved roughness at 18 minutes of icing.
The flight conditions are set as holding at 5000 ft, 200 knots.
Note:
Automatic remeshing of 3D iced grids is unlikely to succeed if there are prism columns that
are taller than their average base edges in the icing regions.
1. Create a new project using File → New project menu or the New project icon . Name the run
Multishot_Remeshing. Select the Metric unit system.
Multishot Advanced Tutorials
2. Create a new run using the File → New run menu or the new run icon. Select FENSAP as the flow
solver. Name the new run FENSAP_clean.
3. Download the 10_Multishot_Advanced.zip file here.
Unzip 10_Multishot_Advanced.zip to your working directory.
Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Optigrid
Double-click the grid icon and browse to the grid file named oneram6-wing.grd that is located
in the workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/multishot folder.
4. Double-click the config icon to bring up the configuration window for the FENSAP flow solver.
5. In the Model panel, keep the default turbulence model as Spalart-Allmaras (SA) with the default
settings. In the Transition menu choose Free transition, which is a simple transition model developed
in FENSAP to incorporate automated laminar-to-turbulent transition calculation within the Spalart-
Allmaras turbulence model.
6. In the Conditions panel, set the parameters as shown in the image below. Switch pressure for
Altitude and its units to ft. The Characteristic length is set as the mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)
of the wing, which is important for the transition model to work correctly.
7. In the Boundaries panel, click the inlet boundary, BC_1001. Set the Type as Supersonic or far-
field. In this case, the inflow/outflow conditions will be determined automatically by FENSAP based
on the flow direction and speed regime. Set the Reference Frame to Absolute and click the Import
reference conditions button to copy the flow parameters.
8. Next, click the wall boundary BC_2001. The heat flux is to be kept as 0 W/m2, setting this boundary
as an adiabatic no-slip wall. Do the same for BC_2002 and BC_2003.
9. Click the exit boundary BC_3001 and click the Import reference conditions button to copy the
free stream pressure.
10. Move on to the Solver panel. Set the CFL number to 100, and the Maximum number of time
steps to 250 . Uncheck the Use variable relaxation option.
11. Proceed to the Out panel. Set the solution output frequency to every 50 iterations. In the Forces
menu, choose Drag direction based on inlet BC, which should automatically choose the only inlet,
BC_1001, to assign the free stream flow direction as the drag vector orientation. Keep the Positive
lift direction as +Y and enter the Reference area as 0.76 m2 which is the planform area of the
wing. Press Run.
12. In the Settings panel of the run window, set the available number of CPUs for this calculation, and
click Start menu. For this simulation, use 16 CPUs if possible. The run can be monitored in the Log
panel. The Graphs panel displays a variety of graphs showing the convergence history of the residuals
for equations, lift and drag, etc. The run will complete once it reaches 250 iterations which is the
number of iterations that was set in the Solver panel of the configuration window. The final lift and
drag coefficients are calculated as ~0.250 and ~0.00974, respectively.
13. While the calculations progress, the solution can be viewed using the native post-processor View-
merical, or another software of choice which should be defined in the main preferences menu of
FENSAP-ICE. Click the View button to launch the post-processor and load the grid and the solution
files. Using Viewmerical, you can hide the inlet and exit boundaries, zoom in close to the wing, and
switch between the data fields to display the airflow solution.
14. Go back to the project window and click the New run button. This time choose Sequence at the
bottom of the list, which opens a new menu of available sequence options for Multishot icing and
grid adaptation. In the second menu, choose MULTI-FENSAP as the solver, and change the name
to MULTISHOT_REMESHING.
15. Drag and drop the grid icon from the FENSAP clean run onto the broken grid icon of the Multishot
run. Similarly, drag and drop the config icon from the air flow run onto the fensap config icon, to
automatically inherit the reference and boundary conditions.
16. Double-click the fensap config icon to change some solver options for the icing calculation.
In the Model panel, change the Surface roughness option to Specified sand-grain roughness,
and keep the default value of 0.5 mm.
Deactivate the Free transition model by setting it to No transition.
In the Boundaries panel, Shift left-click to select all 3 of the wall boundaries (BC_2001, BC_2002
and BC_2003) to edit their boundary conditions simultaneously. Switch to Temperature specification,
right-click the temperature box and choose Copy from… Select Adiabatic stagnation temperature
+10 to set the wall temperature to 283.28 K.
Close and save air flow calculation settings.
17. Drag the config icon of the fensap run onto the drop run config icon to copy the reference condi-
tions of the case. Click OK. Double-click the drop config icon to bring up the configuration window
of DROP3D.
18. In the Conditions panel, enable Appendix C and click Configure. This will automatically choose
the free stream LWC based on the droplet size. Keep the droplet size at 20 microns and click OK
to accept Appendix C data.
19. In the Boundaries panel, select the inlet boundary and click Import reference conditions button
to assign the free stream LWC and velocity. Click the Close button to complete the configuration
of DROP3D.
20. Drag and drop the drop config icon onto the ice config icon. Double-click the ice config icon to
launch the ICE3D configuration window.
In the Model panel, double-click Icing model to set the Heat flux type to Classical. Go to Beading
and set it to Activated.
In the Conditions panel, change the Recovery factor to 0.9.
In the Solver panel, change the Total time of ice accretion to 180 sec. The total time set here will
be used as the shot length in the Multishot primary configuration panel.
In the Out panel, set the Time between solution output to 180s. Also, set Generate displaced
grid to Yes. Set Grid displacement mode to Remeshing – Optigrid, and keep the remaining
parameters in this section as default. Click Close to go back to the main project window.
21. Double-click the main config icon of the Multishot run. Click Remove iteration to clear the list of
shots. Click Add iteration six times to add six shots in the list. Click the Run button to bring up the
run window.
22. In the Settings panel, set the number of CPUs to 16. Click the Start menu button to launch the
simulation. The run progress can be viewed in the Execution, Log, and Graphs panels.
23. The convergence history of all air and droplet flow runs will be available in the Graphs panel. By
looking at the graphs of and from fensap.000001 to fensap.000006, you can see the change
after each interval of ice accretion. After 3 minutes of ice accretion (fensap.000002), the drag
coefficient is 0.0171. This increases to 0.0435 after 15 minutes of ice accretion (fensap.000006).
Note:
Notice that there is a small decrease in drag from the initial flow simulation
(fensap.000001) to the second flow simulation after 3 minutes of icing (fensap.000002).
This is because in the initial flow simulation, an initial surface roughness of 0.0005 m is
applied on all the walls of the simulation. This is an initial value that is required to begin
the ice accretion process. However, after a single shot of icing, the beading model of
ICE3D automatically determines the surface roughness. The beading model will apply a
distribution of roughness, which allows for zero roughness in areas where there is no ice
accretion, therefore providing a more accurate definition of drag than in the case where
a constant value is imposed everywhere.
The drag coefficient associated with no ice accretion should consider a clean surface with no
roughness imposed on the surface. Therefore, the initial drag should be determined from the
FENSAP_clean solution that was simulated earlier.
24. Click the View Ice to view the ice shapes produced by the simulation. A window will pop up allowing
you to select to load the ice shape of an individual shot or all shots together. Select swim-
sol.ice.000006 to load the final ice shape. Viewmerical, the built-in post processing tool of FENSAP-
ICE, will open and display the initial surface in grey and the ice surface in white.
25. In order to compute the performance degradation of the iced geometry after the full 18 minutes
of ice accretion, an additional FENSAP computation will be run. In this manner, create a new FENSAP
run and call it FENSAP_Perf_Deg. Drag and drop the config of the fensap portion of the Multishot
run onto the config of the FENSAP_Perf_Deg simulation.
Right-click the grid file and select Define. Navigate to and select grid.ice.000007 from the
run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING folder. This grid is the 3D airflow grid with the surface representing
the final 18 minutes ice shape.
26. Open the config of FENSAP_Perf_Deg. In the Model panel, set the Surface roughness to Sand-
grain roughness – file. Navigate to and select roughness.dat.ice.000006.disp from the
run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING folder. This file represents the roughness produced by the beading
model during the 6th shot of ice accretion, and displaced to the final remeshed grid (grid.ice.00007).
In the Solver panel, set the Maximum number of time steps to 250. Run this simulation.
27. Monitor the run in the Graphs panel. The run will complete once it reaches 250 iterations. The final
lift and drag coefficients are calculated as 0.214 and 0.0512, respectively. This represents a 14 %
decrease in lift and a 425 % increase in drag when compared to the FENSAP_Clean simulation.
28. Click View to open the FENSAP solution of FENSAP_Perf_Deg for post processing in Viewmerical.
In the Object panel, deselect BC_1001 and BC_3001 to hide the inlet and exit boundaries.
29. In order to compare this solution against the clean airflow solution, go to the Objects tab, and click
the icon on the top right of the screen to add another dataset to the post processing window.
A Open files window will pop up. In the Grid file menu, keep Type as FENSAP-ICE grid and, next
to File, navigate to and select the grid oneram6-wing.grd located in the
Multishot_Remeshing project folder. In the Solution file menu, keep Type as FENSAP-ICE
solution and next to File, navigate to and select the solution file soln located in the
run_FENSAP_Clean directory in the same project folder. Click Load.
30. In the Objects panel, deselect the BC_1001 and BC_3001 from the newly loaded grid. Click data-
soln-1 to select the new dataset. Near the bottom of the right-side menu, set Split screen to Ver-
tical-bottom to display both solutions in a split screen mode.
31. In the Data panel, click the Shared icon. Choose Pressure as the datafield. Change the color range
to Spectrum 2 – 32 to adjust the contour display color palette. Notice the wide high pressure region
on the front face of the ice shape. This significantly increases the form drag compared to the clean
case.
32. Choose Shear stress magnitude in the Data selection.
Note:
Notice the high values of shear stress located on the upper and lower horns of the
ice shape. This significantly increases the viscous drag compared to the clean case.
33. To confirm this, you can open the out file from both the FENSAP_clean and FENSAP_Perf_Deg
simulations. Inside each file, find the last instance of the table of aerodynamic force components.
Notice that the pressure drag (form drag) increases from 31.6 N to 212.0 N, and the viscous drag
(shear drag) increases from 11.5 N to 14.4 N after 18 minutes of icing.
Figure 10.1: Final Instance of the Table of Aerodynamic Components in the out File Located
in run_FENSAP_clean
in run_FENSAP_Perf_Deg
10.1.1. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing - Postprocessing Using

CFD-Post
In this tutorial, you will learn how to post-process and generate figures and animations of a 3D
Multishot ice accretion simulation (ice shape and ice solution fields) using two dedicated CFD-Post
macros: Ice Cover – 3D-View and Ice Cover – 2D-Plot. For this purpose, the icing solution of the
run MULTI_REMESHING is used and, therefore, completion of Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic
Remeshing Using Optigrid (p. 591).
Manual.
1. In the FENSAP-ICE main menu of the Multishot_Remeshing project, go to Settings → Preferences

→ Postprocessing and set the Default post-processor software to CFD-Post. Select Write CFD-
Post launch files. Click OK to close the window.
2. Right-click on the MULTI_REMESHING run’s config icon and select View previous log/graph.
Click View Ice at the bottom of the Execution panel to view the results in CFD-Post.
3. A View with CFD-Post window will appear. Select -All files- from the drop-down menu and click
OK to close the window. CFD-Post will automatically load the ICE3D solutions of every shot.
4. After opening CFD-Post, a Domain Selector window will request confirmation to load the following
domains: ice swimsol, map grid, and map swimsol. Click OK to proceed.
5. Go to the Calculators tab and double-click on Macro Calculator. The Macro Calculator’s interface
panel will be activated and displayed.
Note:
the user interface which contains all input parameters required to view ICE3D output solutions in
the CFD-Post 3D Viewer.
7. The default settings inside the Macro Calculator panel will allow you to automatically output the
ice shape of a first shot of the Multishot simulation. Output the ice shape at the end of the Multishot
simulation of Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Optigrid (p. 591), this corresponds
to the ice shape of shot 6. In this manner, set Multi-shot Num to 6.
8. Under Display Mode, enter 0.2 in Transparency to output a semi-transparent ice shape that
will allow you to see the swept wing beneath the ice shape.
9. Leave the other settings unchanged. Click Calculate to execute the macro and view the ice shape
in 3D Viewer. The figure below shows the output of the macro.
Figure 10.3: Ice View in CFD-Post, Transparent Ice Cover of the Final Ice Shape
Note:
(only) or Ice Cover (only) - shaded. To output the surface mesh of the ice shape, go
to Display Mesh and select Yes. Figure above shows the output of activating Ice
Cover under Display Mode and of selecting Yes under Display Mesh.
10. To output the solution fields of your icing simulation, you can either select Ice Solution – Overlay,
Ice Solution or Surface Solution under Display Mode. In this case, you will output the ice accretion
rate over the ice layer without transparency.
11. To do this, select Ice Solution – Overlay in Display Mode Instant.
12. Set a value of 0 to Transparency under Display Mode as this will provide a more solid view on
the displayed surfaces.
13. Select Instant. Ice Growth (kg s^-1 m^-2) in the Display Variable drop-down list.
14. You will change the range and number of contours of the ice solution field. Under Display Variable,
• Set Number of Contours to 21.
• Change Range from Global to User Specified.
• Enter 0.03 and 0 in the (Usr. Specif.) Max and (Usr. Specif.) Min input boxes, respectively.
15. Click Calculate to view the instantaneous ice growth over the final ice shape. The figure below
shows the output of the macro.
Figure 10.4: Ice View in CFD-Post, Instantaneous Ice Growth over the Final Ice Shape
16. Go to Save Figure to save this figure in a file,
• Select Yes beside Save Figure.
• Keep Screen Shot under By. If you select Size, you must specify width and height of the image.
• Keep the default Format. There are three types of format supported: PNG, JPEG, and BMP. The
default format is PNG.
• Specify a Filename for the figure.
17. Click Calculate to generate and save the figure. A message will appear to notify the user of the
location where the figure is saved.
Note:
If CFD-Post was opened through a MULTISHOT run, the figure will be saved in the run
folder. If CFD-Post was opened in standalone mode, the figure will be saved in the
Window’s system default folder.
18. You can also generate and save animations that highlight the ice shape evolution of your Multishot
simulation while displaying an ice solution field over it. Follow these steps to create and save a
custom animation.
• Go to Save Figure and select No.
• Go to Multi-shot # and set it to 1. The animation starts at the assigned shot number in Multi-
shot # to the last shot of the simulation.
• Set (Mulitshot) Movie to On and click Calculate to see the animation on the 3D Viewer window.
• To save this animation, in (Mulitshot) Movie,
– Set Save to Yes.
– Keep the default Format. Two formats are supported, WMV and MPEG4. The default is WMV.
– Specify a Filename.
• Click Calculate to generate and save the animation. A message will appear to notify the user
of the location where the animation is saved and at which shot the animation starts.
Note:
If CFD-Post was opened through a MULTISHOT run, the animation will be saved in the
run folder. If CFD-Post was opened in standalone mode, the animation will be saved
in the Window’s system default folder.
19. Select Ice Cover – 2D-Plot from the Macro drop-down list to create 2D-plots of the Multishot
simulation. You will create 2D-Plots at various locations along the swept wing using a single shot
solution or multiple shot solutions.
20. Set Multi-shot # to 3 since you will output the ice shape of the third shot.
21. Change the Plot’s Title to Multishot – Remeshing – Shot No.3.
22. Keep the default setting of 2D-Plot (with). The default setting is Single Shot. The other options
of 2D-Plot (with) allow the creation of multiple shot results within the same 2D-Plot.
23. Under 2D-Plot (with),
• Keep the default setting of Mode The default setting is Geometry to output the ice shape.
• Make sure Cutting Plane By is set to the default Z Plane.
• Set X/Y/Z Plane Point to 0.5. In this case, this corresponds to a Z=0.5 plane.
24. To center the 2D-Plot around the wing section at Z=0,
• Keep the (x)Range of the X-Axis to Global.
25. Leave the other default settings unchanged and click Calculate to create a 2D-Plot of the third
shot ice shape at Z=0.5 in a floating ChartViewer of CFD-Post. Adjust the output window’s size.
The figure below shows the cutting plane location in the 3D Viewer window and the output of
the macro in the ChartViewer.
Figure 10.5: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Third Shot Ice Shape at Z=0.5
26. You will now create a 2D-Plot of all the ice shapes of the Multishot simulation using a user-defined
cutting plane and save this image in a file. First, set Multi-shot # to 1.
27. Change the Plot’s Title to Multishot – Remeshing – All Shots.
28. Select Mulit-Shots from the 2D-Plot (with) drop-down list. This will generate a series of 2D plot
curves, starting from the assigned shot number in Multi-shot # to the last shot of the Multishot
simulation.
29. Under 2D-Plot (with),
• Keep the default setting of Mode. The default setting is Geometry to output the ice shape.
• Set the Cutting Plane By to Point and Normal to define an arbitrary cutting plane. The normal
does not need to be a unit vector.
• Set the coordinate of the point (0.533646, -0.022681, 0.898708) inside (Pt. &
Nml.)Pnt.X/Y/Z, respectively.
• Set the normal vector coordinates (0.5, 0, 0.866025) inside (Pt. & Nml.)Nml.X/Y/Z, respect-
ively.
30. To center the 2D-Plot around the leading edge of the wing section defined by the arbitrary cutting
plane,
• Change the (x)Range of the X-Axis from Global to User Specified. Specify values of 0.65 and
0.4 in the input boxes of (Usr.Specif.x)Max and (Usr.Specif.x)Min, respectively.
31. To simultaneously save this 2D-Plot as a figure, go to Save Figure,
• Select Yes beside Save Figure.
• Keep the default Format. There are three types of format supported: PNG, JPEG, and BMP. The
default format is PNG.
• Specify a Filename for the figure.
32. Leave the other default settings unchanged and click Calculate to create a 2D-Plot of all the ice
shapes at a user-defined cutting plane in a floating ChartViewer of CFD-Post. A message will
appear to notify the user of the location where the figure is saved. Adjust the output window’s
size. The figure below shows the cutting plane location in the 3D Viewer window and the output
of the macro in the ChartViewer.
Figure 10.6: 2D-Plot in CFD-Post, Multishot Ice Shapes at a User-Defined Cutting Plane
10.2. Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing
This tutorial demonstrates a Multishot ice accretion simulation using automatic remeshing with Fluent
Meshing on a 3D swept wing with glaze icing conditions. This tutorial is a continuation of Multishot
Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Optigrid (p. 591), and uses the same geometry and icing
conditions. However, in this tutorial, Fluent Meshing is used to perform the automatic remeshing pro-
cedure in place of OptiGrid. Fluent Meshing offers more benefits than OptiGrid when used to perform
the automatic remeshing step as it typically produces a smoother surface mesh over iced components.
Furthermore, it does not have limitations related to prism layer height or element type.
Note:
Since this tutorial is a continuation of Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using
Optigrid (p. 591), the following steps will save time by making use of the configuration steps
you have already performed. If you have not yet completed that tutorial, you must first
complete at least steps 1 – 20 before continuing with this tutorial.
Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing
1. Open project Multishot_Remeshing created in Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing Using
Optigrid (p. 591).
2. Click the New run button to create a new run. Choose Sequence at the bottom of the list, which
opens a new menu of available sequence options for Multishot icing and grid adaptation. In the
second menu, choose MULTI-FENSAP as the solver. Change the New run name to MULTISHOT-
REMESHING_FM to signify that Fluent Meshing will be used for the automatic remeshing procedure.
3. Drag and drop the main config icon from the MULTISHOT_REMESHING run onto the main config
icon of the MULTISHOT_REMESHING_FM run to copy the configuration settings.
4. Double-click the ice config icon to modify some configuration settings of the ice component. Go
to the Out panel. Change the Grid displacement mode to Remeshing – Fluent Meshing and keep
the Template as Default.
Note:
When Grid displacement mode is set to Remeshing – Fluent Meshing, and the default
template is used, the following files will be copied inside your Multishot run directory:
custom_remeshing.sh, meshingSizes.scm, remeshing.wfm, and remesh-
ing.jou. For more information on these files, consult Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent
Meshing within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual.
5. The Variable/Value table of the Remeshing – Fluent Meshing option contains mesh settings used
to control the minimum and maximum surface tetra sizes as well as the prism layer, and to define
a material point inside the volume that is used during the remeshing process. Enter the following
settings as shown in the image below. Since this grid is not periodic, the periodicity settings will
not be used and can be left as default or deleted. Close and save the configuration. For more inform-
ation on these files, consult Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing within the FENSAP-ICE User
Manual.
6. Additionally, you can setup the number of CPUs to take advantage of parallel remeshing which will
speed up the prism generation step. For this tutorial, enter 16 CPUs.
7. Double-click on the main config icon. Click Run to access the Execution settings. Change the
Number of CPUs and the ICE3D CPUs to 16 (or more if you have additional CPUs available on your
machine) and click Start.
8. The convergence history of all air and droplet flow runs will be available in the Graphs panel. By
looking at the graphs of and from fensap.000001 to fensap.000006, you can see the change
after each interval of ice accretion. After 3 minutes of ice accretion (fensap.000002), the drag
coefficient is 0.0164. This increases to 0.0390 after 15 minutes of ice accretion (fensap.000006).
Note:
Notice that there is a small decrease in drag from the initial flow simulation
(fensap.000001) to the second flow simulation after 3 minutes of icing (fensap.000002).
This is because in the initial flow simulation, an initial surface roughness of 0.0005 m is
applied on all the walls of the simulation. This is an initial value that is required to begin
the ice accretion process. However, after a single shot of icing, the beading model of
ICE3D automatically determines the surface roughness. The beading model will apply a
distribution of roughness, which allows for zero roughness in areas where there is no ice
accretion, therefore providing a more accurate definition of drag than in the case where
a constant value is imposed everywhere. In reality, the drag coefficient associated with
no ice accretion should correspond to a clean surface with no roughness imposed on the
surface. Therefore, the initial drag should be determined from the FENSAP_clean solution
that was simulated earlier.
9. Click the View Ice to view the ice shapes produced by the simulation. A window will pop up allowing
you to select the ice shape of an individual shot or all shots. Select swimsol.ice.000006 to load the
final ice shape. Viewmerical, the built-in post processing tool of FENSAP-ICE, will open and display
the initial surface in grey and the ice surface in white.
10. In order to compute the performance degradation of the iced geometry after the full 18 minutes
of ice accretion, an additional FENSAP computation will be run. To begin this, create a new FENSAP
run and call it FENSAP_Perf_Deg_FM.
11. Drag and drop the config of the fensap portion of the Multishot run onto the config of the
FENSAP_Perf_Deg simulation.
12. Right-click the grid file and select Define. Navigate to and select grid.ice.000007 from the
run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING_FM folder. This grid is the 3D airflow grid with the surface repres-
enting the final 18 minutes ice shape.
13. Open the config of FENSAP_Perf_Deg_FM. In the Model panel, set the Surface roughness to
Sand-grain roughness – file. Navigate to and select roughness.dat.ice.000006.disp from
the run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING_FM folder. This file represents the roughness produced by the
beading model during the 6th shot of ice accretion on the final remeshed grid (grid.ice.00007).
14. In the Solver panel, set the Maximum number of time steps to 250. Run this simulation.
15. Monitor the run in the Graphs panel. The run will complete once it reaches 250 iterations. The final
lift and drag coefficients are calculated as 0.221 and 0.0461, respectively. This represents a 12% de-
crease in lift and a 473% increase in drag when compared to the FENSAP_Clean simulation.
16. Click View to open the FENSAP solution of FENSAP_Perf_Deg_FM for post processing in Viewmer-
ical. In the Object panel, deselect BC_1001 and BC_3001 to hide the inlet and exit boundaries.
17. In order to compare this solution against the clean airflow solution, go to the Objects tab, and click
the icon on the top right of the screen to add another dataset to the post processing window. An
Open files window will pop up. In the Grid file menu, keep Type as FENSAP-ICE grid and, next to
File, navigate to and select the grid oneram6-wing.grd located in the Multishot_Remeshing
project folder. In the Solution file menu, keep Type as FENSAP-ICE solution and next to File,
navigate to and select the solution file soln located in the run_FENSAP_Clean directory in the
same project folder. Click Load.
18. In the Objects panel, deselect the BC_1001 and BC_3001 from the newly loaded grid. Click data-
soln-1 to select the new dataset. Near the bottom of the right-side menu, set Split screen to Ver-
tical-bottom to display both solutions in a split screen mode.
19. In the Data panel, click the Shared icon. Choose Pressure as the datafield. Change the color range
to Spectrum 2 – 32 to adjust the color palette of the contour display. Notice the wide high pressure
region on the front face of the ice shape. This significantly increases the form drag compared to the
clean case.
20. Choose Shear stress magnitude in the Data selection.
Note:
Notice the high values of shear stress located on the upper and lower horns of the ice
shape. This significantly increases the viscous drag compared to the clean case.
21. To confirm this, you can open the out file from both the FENSAP_clean and FENSAP_Perf_Deg_FM
simulations. Inside each file, find the last instance of the table of aerodynamic force components.
Notice that the pressure drag (form drag) increases from 31.7 N to 156.3 N, and the viscous drag
(shear drag) increases from 11.5 N to 16.5 N after 18 minutes of icing.
in run_FENSAP_Clean
in run_FENSAP_Perf_Deg_FM
22. Now that the Multishot remeshing simulation using Fluent Meshing is complete, you can compare
the final ice shape results to those obtained using OptiGrid in Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic
Remeshing Using Optigrid (p. 591). Open a Viewmerical window by pressing the button at the top
of the project window. An Open files dialog box will appear. In the Grid file specification box,
navigate to and select the map.grid .ice.000001 inside your run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING
folder. This represents the initial surface grid of the airfoil. Click Load.
23. Double-click on the Object name and rename the dataset to Initial Surface Mesh.
24. Click the icon at the top right to add a new dataset to the current Viewmerical window. In the
Grid file specification box, navigate to and select ice.grid.ice.000006 inside your
run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING folder. This represents the surface grid of the final 18 minutes ice
shape obtained after performing 6 shots of ice accretion using OptiGrid for automatic remeshing.
Click Load. Rename this dataset to Ice Shot 6 Optigrid.
25. Click the icon at the top right to add a new dataset to the current Viewmerical window. In the
Grid file specification box, navigate to and select ice.grid.ice.000006 inside your
run_MULTISHOT_REMESHING_FM folder. This represents the surface grid of the final 18 minutes
ice shape obtained after performing 6 shots of ice accretion using Fluent Meshing for automatic
remeshing. Click Load. Rename this dataset to Ice Shot 6 FM.
26. Next, organize the datasets by positioning them for convenient comparison inside your Viewmerical
window. Click the button at the right side of the Viewmerical window to lock all datasets together
for 2D plot post-processing. Click to highlight the Ice shot 6 FM dataset. Under Object, set Split
screen to Vertical-Bottom to split the graphics viewer into two windows.
27. Go to the Query panel. Set 2D plot to Enabled. Set the Cutting plane to Z, and set the X-axis plot
(located below the 2D plot figure) to X. At the top right of the Viewmerical window, right click on
the button and select Curve settings. Change the curve settings to Width 2 and modify the colors
to more easily identify the 3 plotted curves. Hold down the Shift key and drag a box around the
leading edge of the wing to zoom in on the ice location. Set the Cutting plane position to 0.5.
Notice that both automatic remeshing methods produce similar ice shapes, however, the Fluent
Meshing method produced a smoother distribution of elements around the surface of the ice shape.
This is because Fluent Meshing’s wrapping feature wraps the ice shape to produce a smoother shape
between shots.
Note:
The previous two Multishot ice accretion tutorials with automatic remeshing were setup and
run using the FENSAP air flow solver. You are invited to repeat this process with the Fluent
solver. Below are some steps to quickly setup this simulation.
1. Inside the Multishot_Remeshing project, click the New run button to create a run.
Choose Sequence at the bottom of the list. This opens a new menu of available sequence
options for Multishot icing and grid adaptation. In the second menu, choose MULTI-
FLUENT as the solver. Change the New run name to MULTISHOT-FLUENT_REMESH-
ING_FM.
2. Inside your project folder, copy the case file named oneram6-wing.cas.h5 that is
located in the ../workshop_input_files/Input_Grid/multishot folder. For
convenience, this case file has been set-up for direct use in an icing calculation i.e. with
correct boundary conditions (e.g. high wall roughness (icing) model, adiabatic stagnation
temperature + 10K wall temperatures, etc.), air properties, reference conditions, etc.
3. For any of the FENSAP-ICE modules, where Fluent is used as the airflow solver, both case
(*.cas.[h5]) and data (*.dat[.h5]) files are required to setup the run.
For Multishot icing with Fluent, the data file can either be a fully converged solution or
just an initial solution file. On that note, open Fluent, load the oneram6-
wing.cas.h5 file, run initialization, and write the data file in .h5 format inside your
project folder. For simplicity, use the same name as the case file.
4. In the graphical user interface of FENSAP-ICE, double-click the grid icon of your
MULTISHOT-FLUENT_REMESHING_FM run.
5. Drag and drop the drop and ice config icons from the MULTISHOT_REMESHING_FM
run onto the respective drop and ice config icons of the MULTISHOT_FLUENT_REMESH-
ING_FM run to copy the droplet and ice configuration settings.
6. Double-click the master config icon of the Multishot run. Click Remove iteration to clear
the list of shots. Click Add iteration six times to add six shots in the list. Click the Run
button to bring up the run window.
7. In the Settings panel, set the number of CPUs to 16. Click the Start button to launch
the simulation. The run progress can be viewed in the Execution, Log, and Graphs
panels.
8. To monitor the simulation and to postprocess the results, similar steps as shown in pre-
vious tutorials can be repeated.
10.3. Mixed Phase Ice with CFX Airflow Solver and Automatic Remeshing
Using Fluent Meshing
This tutorial demonstrates a Multishot icing simulation using the CFX airflow solver and automatic
remeshing with Fluent Meshing on a cascade engine blade under mixed phase icing conditions.
This tutorial consists of the following two sequential steps.
1. Compute the initial external cold air flow, using CFX.
2. Perform a multishot icing simulation, using CFX as the airflow solver.
10.3.1. Initial CFX External Flow Calculation

1. Open FENSAP-ICE and create a new project. Name it CFX_MULTISHOT. Select the metric unit
system. Close FENSAP-ICE.
2. Go to the project folder, CFX_MULTISHOT, and create a new sub folder called INITIAL-AIR.
Copy the provided CFX file, Cascade.cfx, from the tutorials subdirectory ../workshop_in-
put_files/Input_Grid/multishot to this new folder and launch CFX-Pre.
Mixed Phase Ice with CFX Airflow Solver and Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent
Meshing
On Windows, CFX-Pre can be launched by going to Start → All Programs → ANSYS 2022 R2 →
CFX 2022 R2.
3. In the Ansys CFX 2022 R2 Launcher, set the Working Directory to

../CFX_MULTISHOT/INITIAL-AIR. Click the CFX-Pre icon below the launcher’s main menu
to launch CFX.
4. Click File → Open Case... from CFX-Pre’s main menu and select the file Cascade.cfx to open
it in CFX-Pre.
Figure 10.9: Geometry and Defined Boundaries of the Cascade
Figure 10.10: Mesh of the Cascade
Note:
• In applications which have translational periodic and symmetry boundaries, an initial

full 3D mesh, with more than two mesh elements in the spanwise direction, is re-
quired.
• The MULTI-CFX feature also has the following naming convention requirements for
the input initial CFX mesh:
– The domain’s name under Principal 3D Regions must be named internal;
– All BC types under Principal 2D Regions must be Assembly type . All BCs must
be named as zone followed by the index in FENSAP’s BC convention;
– Only one periodic BC pair is supported, and the two BCs must be named zone5000
and zone5001.
5. Expand Simulation → Materials in the Outline tree view. Double-click the Air Ideal Gas icon to
open the Material: Air Ideal Gas main tab. Go to its sub tab Material Properties and modify the
air properties as shown in the table below:

Specific Heat Capacity 1004.688 J/kg-K
Dynamic Viscosity 1.69433e-05 kg/m-s
Note:
presented in the FENSAP User’s manual and shown below.
Meshing
6. Expand Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 in the Outline tree view. Double-click its sub section Default
Domain to open the Domain: Default Domain tab and to edit the domain settings.
• In its sub tab Basic Settings, change the Material to Air Ideal Gas and the Reference Pressure
to 0 Pa.
• In its sub tab Fluid Models, under Heat Transfer, set the Option to Total Energy and enable
Incl. Viscous Work Term; under Turbulence, set the Option to Shear Stress Transport.
domain.
• Double-click to edit the zone1001 boundary condition.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Inlet and select zone1001 from
b. Under the Boundary Details tab,
– Set the Flow Regime Option to Subsonic.
– Set the Mass and Momentum Option to Total Pressure (stable) with a Relative Pressure
value of 107,731.588 Pa.
– Set the Flow Direction Option to Cartesian Components with [U, V, W] components
of [145.089112, 79.1055297, 0] m/s
268.5 K.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Outlet. Select the zone3001 from
b. Under the Boundary Details tab, set the Flow Regime Option to Subsonic. Set the Mass
and Momentum Option to Static Pressure and the Relative Pressure to 92 760 Pa.
a. Under the Basic Settings tab, set the Boundary Type to Wall. Select zone2001 from the
drop-down box of Location.
Wall Roughness Option to High Roughness (Icing) with a Sand Grain Roughness value
of 0.0005 m, and Heat Transfer Option to Temperature with a Fixed Temperature value
of 292.967 K.
• Double-click to edit the zone4301 boundary condition. In the Basic Settings tab, set the
Boundary Type to Symmetry. Select zone4301 from the drop-down box of Location. Click
Apply then OK to save the settings and close the main tab. Repeat this step for the zone4302
boundary condition.
• Expand Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 → Interfaces to set translational periodicity boundary

conditions of the domain.
a. Double-click on the Periodic.
b. Under the Basic Settings tab, select zone5000 from the drop-down box of Region List of
Interface Side 1; Select zone5001 from the drop-down box of Region List of Interface
Side 2;
c. Select Translational Periodicity from the drop-down box of Option of Interface Models.
Note:
Once the Periodic interface is created, two new boundaries, Periodic Side 1 and 2,
are generated automatically under Simulation → Flow Analysis 1 → Default Domain.
• Set the Min./Max. Iterations of Convergence Control to 50 and 300, respectively;
• Under Fluid Timescale Control, set the Timescale Control to Auto Timescale, Length Scale
Option to Conservative, and Timescale Factor to a value of 1;
• Under Convergence Criteria, set the Residual Type to RMS and Residual Target to a value
of 1e-20.
• Under the Input File Settings, set the Solver Input File to Cascade.def;
• Under Run Settings, set Type of Run to Full and enable the Double Precision option;
• Under Parallel Environment, set the Run Mode to Intel MPI Local Parallel and assign as many
as available processes to the Number of Processes.
Meshing
10. Click File → Save Case As from the main menu to save and browse to overwrite the Cascade.cfx
under the sub folder INITIAL-AIR.
11. Click the Define Run icon from the main tool bar to proceed with the simulation. Click Yes to
bring up the Define Run user interface, then Start Run to launch the run.
12. Once the simulation is completed, a new file, Cascade_001.res, will be automatically saved
inside the working directory, ../CFX_MULTISHOT/INITIAL-AIR.
The following shows the converging history of the external airflow simulation with CFX.
Figure 10.11: Convergent History and Result (Mach Number) of External Airflow Simulation
13. Close the CFX-Solver Manager, CFX-Pre, and CFX Launcher.
10.3.2. MULTI-CFX Icing Simulation with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent

Meshing
1. Open FENSAP-ICE and the CFX_MULTISHOT project created in Initial CFX External Flow Calcula-
tion (p. 650).
2. Click the New run button to create a new run. Choose Sequence at the bottom of the list, and
click Configure, which opens a new menu of available sequence options for Multishot icing and
grid adaptation. In the second menu, choose MULTI-CFX as the solver. Change the New run name
to MULTISHOT_CFX_Cascade. Click OK.
3. Right-click the grid icon of the MULTISHOT_CFX_Cascade run and select Define. Navigate to
the INITIAL-AIR folder and select the Cascade_001.res file. Then press Open. A new Grid
converter window appears. Accept the default options and click OK or Next. Once the grid and
solution conversions are complete, click the Finish button to close this window.
Note:
The settings of initial CFX .res file will be preserved throughout the multishot icing
simulation.
4. Double-click the config icon of the drop run to edit the settings and conditions of the particle
component. In the configuration window, do the following:
• Go to the Model panel. Under Particle parameters, set the Particle type to Droplet + Crystals.
Enable Particle thermal equation.
• Go to the Conditions panel. Modify the following:
– Under Reference conditions, set the Characteristic length to 0.1272 m, the Air velocity
to 165.272247 m/s, the Air static pressure to 90 632.5784 Pa, and the Air static tem-
perature to 268.5 K.
Meshing
– Under Droplets reference conditions, set the Liquid Water Content to 0.5 g/m^3 and
keep the default Droplet diameter as 20 microns;
– Under Ice crystals reference conditions, set the Ice Crystal Content to 5 g/m^3 and Size
to 50 microns. Set the Aspect ratio to 0.5.
– Under Particle initial solution, select Velocity angles and enter a value of 28.6 degree to
the Angle of attack (X-Y) text box.
• Go to the Boundaries panel. Click on the Inlet BC_1000 under Boundary conditions. Click
the Import reference conditions button to automatically set up values of the particle boundary
conditions.
• Go to the Solver panel and set the Maximum number of time steps to 300.
Close the particle configuration window and save the settings.
5. Drag and drop the drop config icon onto the ice config icon.
6. Double-click the ice config icon to edit settings and conditions of ice accretion of each shot. In
the configuration window, do the following:
• Go to the Model panel and modify the following:
– Activate the Beading model.
– Select Droplet+Crystals from the Ice crystals drop-down list to have more expanded details.
– Select NTI bouncing model from the Modes drop-down list.
– Enable Crystal erosion.
– Set the value of Ice crystal content and Diameter to 5 g/m3 and 50 microns, respectively.
• Go to the Conditions panel. Set the Recovery factor to 0.9 under Reference conditions and
the Relative humidity % to 85 under Model parameters.
• Go to the Boundaries panel. Click on BC_2001 and ensure it is Enabled for Icing.
• Go to the Solver panel. Set the Total time of ice accretion to 2 seconds.
• Go to the Out panel. Under Generate displaced grid, select Remeshing – Fluent Meshing
from the Grid displacement mode drop-down list; enter a number of available processors under
CPUs. Set the Template to Default. Use the following mesh settings to update the meshing
template:
globmin 8e-5
curvmin 8e-5
curvmax 0.0028
globmax 0.004
nprisms 20
mpx -0.02
mpy -0.005
mpz 0.005
Translational-Periodic #t
Periodic Translation Vx 0
Periodic Translation Vy 0.0762
Periodic Translation Vz 0
Periodic Translation Zones “zone5000*”
Note:
– The globmin and globmax are mesh size constraints to respect during the
remeshing process.
– curvmin and curvmax are the min. and max. mesh size assigned over wall surfaces;
curvmin is the most important parameter to capture ice shape features such as
ice horns.
– nprisms is the total number of prism layers.
– mpx, mpy, and mpz are the coordinates of the material point and it must be loc-
ated inside the computational domain.
– Trannslational-periodic is indicating if the periodicity is translational BC type.

Default #f is false while #t is true.
– Periodic Translation Vx, Vy, and Vz are the translation periodicity vector’s com-
ponents. It must be consistent with the translational periodic pair defined in the
domain, pointing from one periodic BC to the other. The BC at the starting point
must be assigned in Periodic Translation Zones. In this tutorial, the starting
periodic BC is “zone5000*”.
The following figure shows the updated meshing template, which contains mesh settings used
by Fluent Meshing:
Meshing
Close the ice accretion configuration window and save the settings.
Note:
Once the ice accretion settings are saved, the following files that will be used as inputs
for Fluent Meshing are copied to the run folder:
• remeshing.jou
• meshingSize.scm
The settings that were modified in the CFX meshing template will be automatically
updated in the meshingSize.scm file.
7. Double-click onto the run’s main config icon to open the Sequence settings window. Click the
Remove iteration button to delete the default iteration. Then click Add iteration to create a new
iteration. This will define an iteration with a shot length of 2 seconds of ice accretion time. Repeat
this step to create 3 iterations for the run.
8. Click Run to proceed to the running Settings panel. Enter a suitable Number of CPUs.
Note:
Use 8 CPUs if possible.
Then click the Start button to perform the MULTI-CFX icing simulation.
9. The following figures show the results of the computed ice shapes as post-processed with CFD-
Post.
Figure 10.12: Ice Shape after 6 seconds of Icing Exposure
Meshing
Figure 10.13: 2D-Plots of all Computed Ice Shapes
Note:
• See Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing - Postprocessing Using CFD-
Post (p. 623) for more details on how to post-process multishot icing simulations with
CFD-Post.
• The Fluent Meshing steps inside the MULTI-CFX run may have difficulty remeshing
complex ice shape features, such as the double horn that appears on the top surface
of the blade’s leading edge. It may become increasingly difficult as the ice accretion
time and total number of shots increases. If Fluent Meshing fails at later shots, it is
recommended to modify the mesh settings, such as those listed in step 6 of this tu-
torial. Depending on the scenario, the curvmin value could be slightly decreased or
increased to smoothly capture complex ice features, or the nprisms could be slightly
reduced to account for highly concave surfaces.
• When conducting this tutorial, the computed ice shape may slightly vary from the
ice shape figures shown above. In order to improve the level of precision of your
numerical results, it is suggested to reduce the minimum mesh size to better capture
the ice features at the upper horn. This will also involve reducing the physical time
per shot. For example, you can set the min. mesh size to 4e-5 m and put an icing
time of 1 second per shot. For cost-effective reasons, these settings were not used
in this tutorial.
10.3.3. Post-processing Multiple Icing Simulations Using CFD-Post

In this tutorial, you will learn how to post-process multiple 3D Multishot ice accretion simulations (ice
shape and ice solution fields) using the CFD-Post macro: Ice Cover – 3D-View. For more information
regarding this macro, consult CFD-Post Macros.
Note:
The macro Ice Cover – 2D-Plot doesn’t support the post-processing of multiple icing
solutions.
To demonstrate this feature, you will generate three additional icing solutions inside the project
CFX_MULTISHOT from the steps described in the previous tutorial, MULTI-CFX Icing Simulation with
Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing (p. 655). Only modify the LWC and the relative humidity
to generate those solutions as shown below.
New Run Name Changes to Previous Tutorial

run MULTI_CFX_Cascade_LWC075 LWC: 0.75 g/m3
run MULTI_CFX_Cascade_RH070 Relative Humidity: 70 %
run MULTI_CFX_Cascade_RH100 Relative Humidity: 100 %
Once you obtained these new solutions, you will use CFD-Post to compare them to the solution ob-
tained in MULTI-CFX Icing Simulation with Automatic Remeshing Using Fluent Meshing (p. 655) by
following these steps:
1. Click the View Ice button inside the MULTI_CFX_Cascade run to open CFD-Post.
Note:
See Steps 1 to 4 in Multishot Glaze Ice with Automatic Remeshing - Postprocessing

Using CFD-Post (p. 623) to open CFD-Post through a single ICE3D run. This is the recom-
mended approach to load an ice solution into CFD-Post.
2. In CFD-Post, open the Load Results File window by going to File → Load Results.
3. Navigate to your MULTI_CFX_Cascade_LWC075 run and select its result file, cfdpost_ice.fsp.
4. Inside the Load Results File window, make sure that Keep current cases loaded, Open in new
view, and Edit case names are enabled.
Meshing
Figure 10.14: Loading a Solution – Navigating to the Results File
5. Click Open. This will bring an Edit Case Name window. Name this case Run LWC 075 and then
click OK. A Domain Selector dialog will then appear. Make sure that the three default icing domains
are selected. Click OK to begin appending this solution as a CFD-Post Case.
Figure 10.15: Loading a Solution – Assigning a Case Name to the Ice Solution
Note:
The name given to the case cannot be modified after the solution is loaded into CFD-
Post.
6. Repeat Steps 2 to 5 to append the other two icing solutions and assign the following case names;
Run RH 070 and Run RH 100, respectively. Once all four icing solutions are loaded into CFD-
Post, the Outline tree and 3D Viewer will display the following:
Figure 10.16: Multiple Solutions Loaded
7. Go to CFD-Post's Calculators tab and double-click on Macro Calculator. Select Ice Cover – 3D-
View from the Macro drop-down list.
Note:
After all solutions are appended into CFD-Post, you can use the Ice Cover – 3D-View
macro to post-process them. The macro will control all solutions simultaneously. If you
want to unload one of the cases from CFD-Post, right-click on the case and select Unload
under the Outline tree.
Meshing
You can unload cases either before or after the macro is executed.
8. Set Multi-shot # to 3 and keep the rest of the input parameters of the macro as is. Click Calculate
to execute the macro. The figure below shows the output of the macro.
Figure 10.17: Post-processing Multiple Third Shot Ice Shapes
Note:
In some cases, when multiple solutions are loaded, you may need to change the Range
from Global to User Specified to adjust the color map. This will allow you to have a
better visualization of the ice shapes. See Range of Color Map Used for Scalars, under
Post-Processing of Multiple Icing Solutions, within the FENSAP-ICE User Manual for
more details.
9. Select Ice Solution – Overlay in Display Mode and select Instant. Ice Growth (kg s^-1 m^-2)
in the Display Variable drop-down list. Click Calculate. The figure below shows the output of
the macro.
Figure 10.18: Post-processing Multiple Third Shot Ice Accretion Rate Distributions
Change the Range from Global to User Specified and set the (Usr.Specif.) Max value to 0.15.
This will limit the display of the Instant. Ice Growth or ice accretion rate between 0 and 0.15
kg/m2/s for all solutions. Click Calculate.
Figure 10.19: Post-Processing Multiple Third Shot Ice Accretion Rate Distributions – Range
Between 0 and 0.15 KG/m2/S
10. You will now save a figure that compares the ice accretion rate of all 4 icing solutions. For this
purpose, select Yes – Current View from the Save Figure drop-down box. Give the following
Meshing
Filename to this figure: Four-Runs-Inst-Ice-Growth. Click Calculate to save the current

view. The figure will be saved inside the run folder of the first loaded case, MULTI_CFX_Cascade.
Note:
When Yes – Current View is selected, the macro will save the current display of the
3D Viewer inside an image file which format and name is defined inside the Save
Figure submenu. The remaining input options of the macro are ignored.
11. You can also create an animation of all loaded icing solutions. For this purpose, first set Save
Figure back to No, set Multi-shot # to 1 and (Multi-shot) Movie to On. Click Calculate. An an-
imation that begins from the first shot to the last shot is displayed in the 3D Viewer.
12. To save this animation, under (Multi-shot) Movie,
a. Set Save to Yes.
b. Increase the Frame Rate to a value of 100.
c. Select User Screen Size under the Size drop-down box.
d. Specify a Filename.
e. Click Calculate to generate and save the animation. The animation file will be saved inside
the run folder of the first loaded case, which is the MULTI_CFX_Cascade run.
f. Load/open the animation file using a third party tool. Modify the Frame Rate or Size of the
animation as well as other input parameters until you are satisfied with the results.
Note:
The speed of the animation that is played in the 3D Viewer window is not similar
to the speed used to generate the animation file. The Frame Rate inside (Multi-
shot) Movie controls the frame rate of the animation that is saved into a file and
not the frame rate of the animation shown in the 3D Viewer.
13. It is also possible to compute the difference between two CFD-Post cases and to show this differ-
ence inside the 3D Viewer as long as the two cases share the same mesh. To illustrate this capab-
ility, you will compute the difference in instantaneous ice growth of the first shot between Run
RH 070 and Run RH 100. Only shot 1 shares the same mesh between all icing simulations in this
case. The other shots do not as automatic remeshing is used to represent the new 3D computa-
tional domain.
To do this, select the CFD-Post's native feature, Case Comparison. Set Multi-shot #. to 1, Display
Mode to Surface Solution, Movie to Off and click Calculate to view the instance ice growth over
the clean wall surface. Then follow the steps below to compare the instant ice growth of the two
runs, Relative Humidity 70% and 100%, at the first shot:
• Go to the Outline tree;
• Double-click on the Case Comparison to bring up its Definition window.
• Enable Case Comparison Active.
• Select Run RH 070 at 1s and Run RH 100 at 1s from the Case 1 and Case 2 drop-downs, re-
spectively.
• Make sure that Synchronize camera in active views, Use absolute difference for scalar
variables are enabled, and that Mesh Detection is set to Auto-detect same mesh.
• Click Apply. Three views are automatically created in 3D View; Case 1, Case 2, and Difference.
In this case, the Difference view contains the difference in instantaneous ice growth of the first
shot between Case 1, Run RH 070, and Case 2, Run RH 100.
Meshing
Figure 10.20: Comparison Between Run RH 070 and Run RH 100
Note:
To compare a different icing field, it is recommended to first disable Case Compar-

ison. Once done, change the appropriate field inside the Ice Cover – 3D-View macro
or any other input parameter and press Calculate. In this case, 4 new windows will
appear in the 3D Viewer and then repeat Step 13.
14. Once done, you can save your work by creating a CFD-Post state file, *.cst, through the main
menu File → Save/Load State. In this manner, you can automatically resume your work from
where you left off. This will also upload all cases into CFD-Post. You can now close CFD-Post.
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2.2.2.2. Langmuir-D Distribution ................................................................................................ 77

5.1.2. DROP3D Setup ..................................................................................................................... 259

7.6.1. Initial External Flow Calculation ............................................................................................ 375

8.5. Engine Nose Cone Anti-Icing in Wet Air .......................................................................................... 517

Launch FENSAP-ICE either by typing fensapiceGUI in a terminal (LINUX) or by selecting FENSAP-ICE

1.1. Project Management Window

Create a new project directory by clicking on the icon:

1.2. Run Management Window

1.2.1. Create a New Run

1.2.2. Assign a Grid File

Unzip 1_FENSAP-ICE_Graphical_User_Environment.zip to your working directory.

The boundary condition tags in FENSAP-ICE are defined as follows:

• 1,000 to 1,999 for inlets (internal flow) or far-fields (external flow);

• 2,000 to 2,999 for walls;

• 4,000 for general symmetry planes;

• 4,100 for X-symmetry planes;

• 4,200 for Y-symmetry planes;

• 4,300 for Z-symmetry planes;

• 6,000 to 6,999 for actuator disks.

• 7001 to 7999 for non-conformal interfaces.

1.2.3. Drag & Drop

Create a new ICE3D run and name it ICE.

1.2.4. List of Runs

Go back to the project management window by clicking on:

1.3. Import from Fluent

Create a new DROP3D run.

1.4. Project Management

1.4.1. List of Projects

All projects are now listed in a tree structure.

1.4.2. Import a Project

1.5. Run Management

1.5.2. Global Settings

Go to Settings → Preferences. Under Postprocessing, FENSAP-ICE supports different post-processing

1.6. Basic Post-Processing

1.6.1. FENSAP Solution

Select data-soln in the Objects panel.

To show pressure coefficient on the wing:

• In the Data panel, change the flow variable to Pressure Coefficient;

• In the Query panel, enable the 2D Plot option;

Figure 1.1: Pressure Coefficient at Z = 0.5m, GLC305 Wing

Close this window to return to the run management window.

1.6.2. DROP3D Solution

Select Colored under Object.

Figure 1.2: Collection Efficiency, GLC305 Wing

To show the collection efficiency at a certain wing cross-section:

• In the Query panel, enable the 2D Plot option;

Figure 1.3: Collection Efficiency at Z = 0.5m, GLC305 Wing

Close this window to return to the run management window.

1.6.3. ICE3D Solution

Figure 1.4: Ice Shape, GLC305 Wing

Close this window to return to the run management window.

1.7. Input Parameters and Convergence

1.7.1. FENSAP Input Parameters

Close this window and do not save the input parameters.

1.7.2. Convergence of FENSAP

Close this window.

1.7.3. DROP3D Input Parameters

Close this window and do not save the input parameters.

1.7.4. Convergence of DROP3D