Algorithms 16 00034

Citation: Platt, M.; McBurney, P.
Sybil in the Haystack: A

Comprehensive Review of
Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms
in Search of Strong Sybil Attack
Resistance. Algorithms 2023, 16, 34.
https://doi.org/10.3390/a16010034
Academic Editor: Manki Min
Received: 31 October 2022
Revised: 25 November 2022
Accepted: 27 November 2022
Published: 6 January 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
algorithms
Systematic Review
Sybil in the Haystack: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain
Consensus Mechanisms in Search of Strong Sybil
Attack Resistance
Moritz Platt * and Peter McBurney
Department of Informatics, King’s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK
* Correspondence: moritz.platt@kcl.ac.uk; Tel.: +44 20 78365454
Abstract: Consensus algorithms are applied in the context of distributed computer systems to
improve their fault tolerance. The explosive development of distributed ledger technology following
the proposal of ‘Bitcoin’ led to a sharp increase in research activity in this area. Specifically, public and
permissionless networks require robust leader selection strategies resistant to Sybil attacks in which
malicious attackers present bogus identities to induce byzantine faults. Our goal is to analyse the
entire breadth of works in this area systematically, thereby uncovering trends and research directions
regarding Sybil attack resistance in today’s blockchain systems to benefit the designs of the future.
Through a systematic literature review, we condense an immense set of research records (N = 21,799)
to a relevant subset (N = 483). We categorise these mechanisms by their Sybil attack resistance
characteristics, leader selection methodology, and incentive scheme. Mechanisms with strong Sybil
attack resistance commonly adopt the principles underlying ‘Proof-of-Work’ or ‘Proof-of-Stake’ while
mechanisms with limited resistance often use reputation systems or physical world linking. We
find that only a few fundamental paradigms exist that can resist Sybil attacks in a permissionless
setting but discover numerous innovative mechanisms that can deliver weaker protection in system
scenarios with smaller attack surfaces.
Keywords: blockchain; distributed ledger technology; consensus protocol; Sybil attack; member se-
lection; leader selection
MSC: 68M14; 68M15; 68W15
JEL Classification: L86
1. Introduction
Decentralised systems, such as blockchains underpinning cryptocurrencies, have first
introduced the need for Sybil attack resistance (see Section 1.1.5), owing to their openness.
As the need for Sybil attack resistance only arises in these truly decentralised systems,
research into these attacks is still in its infancy. Many different consensus mechanisms,
varying greatly in specification quality, have been proposed after 2008 when Bitcoin [1] set
in motion the blockchain era. This environment is particularly conducive to our research:
while numerous literature reviews have targeted consensus mechanisms (see Section 3.2),
to the best of our knowledge, no previous work focusing on Sybil attack resistance exists.
Given the challenging effects the latest ‘crypto winter’ [2] might have on the blockchain
industry, academia’s role is to research fit-for-purpose approaches on which mature and use-
ful systems can be built. Providing a classification and taxonomy of Sybil attack resistance
schemes is key to this.
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Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 2 of 125
1.1. Context
The long and rich history of distributed systems research directly leads up to modern
Blockchain consensus: contrary to popular belief [3,4], Nakamoto’s consensus mechanism
Proof-of-Work (PoW) [1] is not an isolated stroke of genius but, like many modern devel-
opments in the field of distributed systems, dependent on the rigorous work of previous
generations of researchers [5]. Nakamoto’s contribution is to combine well-studied ideas to
enable a new class of distributed systems, the decentralised systems. This section outlines
how researchers contribute to the study of decentralised consensus in creative ways, often
combining decades-old findings with modern requirements.
1.1.1. Resilient Distributed Systems
The earliest attempts at remotely controlling computers before the post-war era [6]
aside, the concept of geographically distributed computers collaborating was introduced
in the 1950s. These early computer systems emerged in the military domain and were
coordinated by transmitting generalised digital data over standard phone lines [7]. While
issues of reliability were of concern in these early designs, these were met by basic error
control techniques, like parity checking of input and output data, only [8]. Notably, these
early systems assumed that participating computers were fully trusted and secured via
military procedures. Formalisations of computer networks and their failure characteristics
were put forward alongside the inception of multi-process computing in the 1960s [9].
Back then, Kleinrock [10] laid the foundation for data networking theory by proposing to
research the effects of messaging delays and message prioritisation in ‘large communication
nets’. These theoretical foundations led to the practical implementation of formal message
protocols for wide-area communication [11] and subsequently to the implementation of
the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) [12], the predecessor of
the modern Internet, that brought with it the notion of various autonomous systems clus-
tered in hierarchical layers [13]. These advances, however, focussed mostly on providing
stable means of connecting network members in principle and did not govern higher
protocol layers.
1.1.2. Byzantine Failures and Malice
Pease et al. [14] describe the problem of complex faults in a distributed system by
giving an example of a bad process reporting one value to a given process and a different
value to other processes. Such conflicting (and, potentially, malicious) behaviour cannot be
controlled via the simple mechanisms outlined before. Instead, more complex approaches,
i.e., consensus mechanisms, must be applied. Inconsistent failure modes, later formalised
and termed ‘byzantine’ failures by Lamport et al. [15], have been widely researched and up-
per bounds for the proportion of byzantine participants in distributed systems (depending
on the consensus mechanism used) are established.
1.1.3. From Distributed to Decentralised Systems
As Table 1 shows, decentralised systems are different from traditional distributed
databases, i.e., geographically displaced, loosely coupled, computing facilities [16], since the
latter assume a-priori knowledge of participants and their trustworthiness. Furthermore,
they fundamentally differ from modern verifiable database systems [17,18] in that they
allow cryptographic integrity assurance, but offer no censorship resistance.
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 3 of 125
Table 1. A comparison of distributed systems according to Tai et al. [19] (p. 758).
Property Distributed Verifiable Blockchain
Sequential • • •
Agreed •
Ledgered • •
Manipulation-Resistant • •
Censorship-Resistant •
Decentralised systems are, therefore, a suitable pattern to address entirely permission-
less use cases, intended to be open to the world. While, in practicality, many multi-party
use cases do not require this degree of decentralisation [20,21], blockchain systems that
aspire to be ‘unstoppable, uncensorable world computer[s]’ [22] do.
1.1.4. Blockchain
The first large-scale implementation of such a system was ‘Bitcoin’ [1], a decentralised
payment system introduced in 2008. It famously put forward the concept of decentrally
collecting new transactions into blocks and forming a chain of these blocks via an energy-
intensive, and often criticised [23], ‘mining’ process to make transactions tamper-proof,
thereby coining the term blockchain. Beyond Bitcoin, Blockchain systems share common
attributes: They can be characterised as systems that process transactions sequentially
based on majority agreement and, ultimately, persist them in a tamper-resistant form on
an append-only ledger [19]. For the scope of this work, the majority agreement aspect is
of primary interest since the population for such a majority agreement depends on the
type of system. Familiarity with the blockchain concept is assumed and this definition is
provided for completeness only. (Introductory monographs provide a more comprehensive
foundation from the perspectives of practitioners [24], financial technologists [25], and
academics [26,27].)
Blockchain systems are most commonly categorised along two dimensions: the trust
continuum and the anonymity continuum [28]. On the trust continuum, systems can be
categorised as permissioned or permissionless: a permissioned system employs a governance
process to determine who can act as a writer, whereas a permissionless system allows anyone
to potentially assume this role. On the anonymity continuum, systems can be differentiated
by being public or private: a public system provides all data in a publicly inspectable form,
whereas a private one applies explicit or implicit access control mechanisms. These two
dimensions can be arbitrarily composed (see Table 2). For this study, the write permission
dimension is most relevant.
Table 2. Four archetypes of Blockchain architectures according to Tezel et al. [28] (p. 549).
Permissioned Permissionless
Public i ii
Private iii iv
While in permissioned contexts (i.e., i and iii), it can still be necessary to select a leader
to orchestrate data replication, trust assumptions are often more relaxed and more akin to
those of earlier distributed systems (see Section 1.1.1). This is the case because the group
of potential leaders in permissioned systems can be curated, making for an inherently
trustworthy population of potential leaders. In permissionless contexts (i.e., ii and iv),
however, any member of the public qualifies as a potential leader. This means that entities
whose goals do not align with maintaining the stability of a system and adhering to its
protocol may make themselves available. This makes permissionless leader selection the
harder problem.
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 4 of 125
1.1.5. Sybil Identities: A New Threat
Distributed systems theory has provided in-depth analyses of numerous system
failure modes and has provided mitigations for many of those. Most of the early work,
however, assumed a priori knowledge of system participants (see Section 1.1.1). In addition
to this, while the abuse of telecommunications infrastructure is documented as early
as the 1960s [29] and attacks on computer systems occurred frequently from the 1980s
onwards [30], attacks commonly were carried out by intruders who targeted systems in
which they were not members from the outside. Putting that in perspective to the categories
outlined before (see Table 2), it becomes apparent that research of the pre-Blockchain era is
most applicable to type iii (permissioned/private) systems.
It is not always possible to transfer earlier results to majority-based systems where
there is no a-priori knowledge of potential leaders (i.e., type ii and iv systems) since those
constitute a new phenomenon, popularised with the emergence of blockchain technology.
From an attack perspective, such systems are fundamentally different from prior deploy-
ments as, in them, malicious entities can operate on the same level as trustworthy ones,
for there is no authority to distinguish between those entities. This means that common
approaches to mitigating intrusion risks—such as identity management, user authentica-
tion, or encryption [31]—are not feasible. Furthermore, common strategies to improve
fault tolerance, like increasing redundancy, are futile in a scenario where malicious users
can present arbitrarily large numbers of identities. The presentation of arbitrary entities
with malice—often referred to as ‘Sybil Attack’ [32]—threatens large-scale peer-to-peer
systems in which trusted authorities are absent. This can be attributed to the fact that,
when confronted with conflicting information from multiple peers, decentralised systems
need to attempt to resolve those conflicts in a way that maintains a correct system state.
Determining which piece of information is to be considered correct is the main challenge in
such scenarios.
Successful Sybil attacks manifest in different ways, depending on the consensus
mechanism deployed and the scale of the attack. While successful small-scale attacks
might only introduce forks or stall system operation sporadically, others may irrecoverably
disable it, forcing users to abandon it or to seek ‘hard forks’ and the subsequent manual
removal of the attacking entities [33], a technique frowned upon due to its economical and
ethical ambiguity [34].
1.1.6. Consensus Mechanisms and Sybil Resistance Schemes
More formally, this consensus problem can be defined as one in which ‘each process
proposes some initial value, and processes that do not fail must reach an irrevocable
decision on exactly one of the proposed values’ [35]. In the context of blockchain, a process
can be thought of as any potential writer (see Table 2) in a decentralised system, while
values take the form of transaction proposals. Consensus mechanisms provide algorithms
to reach a decision on a canonical system state when presented with ambiguous inputs.
Often they do so by dynamically selecting a single entity—or leader—to assume the role
of validator and adjudicator of inputs for a limited time. This selection is often done
pseudorandomly or using voting. The target of such a leader selection process is to select
a leader who processes any inputs according to the system protocol while avoiding the
selection of adversaries that violate system protocol.
In general, at most m adversaries can be tolerated for systems with 3m + 1 total
participants [15]. Therefore, to maintain an operational state, the likelihood of selecting an
adversary as a leader in a decentralised system needs to be minimised. This is the purpose
of Sybil resistance schemes, many of which will be analysed in this paper. Academic works
discussing Sybil resistance schemes come in many different forms, oftentimes as a key
component of a consensus mechanism, other times as a standalone proposal. In our work,
we focus on extracting any information relevant to Sybil attack resistance from the papers
analysed, regardless of which context it is discussed in.
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 5 of 125
1.2. Motivation
Making sound architectural decisions for decentralised systems is challenging: a
variety of different potential designs exist and, apart from usual functional and non-
functional requirements, the choice of consensus mechanism shapes decentralised systems
in hard-to-revert ways. The choice of consensus mechanism dictates whether a system
requires a central admissions process or can be entirely open to the public. Due to the
underlying trust assumptions, it furthermore influences the performance of a system, the
hardware demands on participants, and the cost of deployment and operation.
Particularly the choice for or against a mechanism with strong Sybil attack resistance
properties is decisive: due to being rooted in the blockchain movement, many of the
existing consensus mechanisms claim Sybil attack resistance. However, as our analysis will
show, many schemes only deliver on that claim under certain, limited, conditions. It is,
therefore, necessary to firmly establish a framework that established Sybil attack resistance
as one of the key elements of decentralised systems design. This will help the field to focus
research efforts on useful areas in which decentralised technology can be applied, rather
than reinventing the wheel or making costly design mistakes.
1.3. Organisation
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: In Section 2, we describe the
search strategy applied along with the search systems used to gain the broadest possi-
ble exposure to relevant works. In Section 3, we present our results, initially analysing
existing secondary literature on consensus mechanisms (see Section 3.2). Subsequently,
we analyse the primary literature, i.e., the original works discovered. We group works
into mechanisms for democratic processes (see Section 3.3), mechanisms for the education
sector (see Section 3.4), mechanisms for the energy sector (see Section 3.5), general purpose
mechanisms (see Section 3.6), mechanisms for healthcare (see Section 3.7), mechanisms
that seek to improve performance (see Section 3.8), mechanisms for Internet of Things (IoT)
(see Section 3.9), mechanisms for media and entertainment (see Section 3.10), mechanisms
for supply chain management (see Section 3.11), mechanisms for the telecommunications
sector (see Section 3.12), Proof-of-useful-work (PoUW) schemes (see Section 3.13), and
mechanisms for vehicles (see Section 3.14). We then conclude with a comment on the
current state of literature and avenues for future work (see Section 4).
1.4. Scope
For a comprehensive review, we apply a broad definition of academic works, that
includes research papers, technical reports, pre-prints, and theses. We consider any work
that describes a consensus mechanism, a leader selection approach, or a Sybil attack
resistance scheme reasonably well. This includes many works that describe technologies
that do not have Sybil attack resistance as a design goal (including many Byzantine fault
tolerance (BFT) schemes). These are included for completeness.
1.5. Contribution
This work offers a comprehensive review of the blockchain consensus mechanism land-
scape. While many similar efforts have been undertaken (see Section 3.2), this manuscript
can be differentiated from those by the method of categorising relevant works: it tax-
onomises individual contributions using a novel composition of key mechanism attributes
(Sybil attack resistance class, reward scheme, and leader selection methodology). This
approach allows us to provide an objective and comprehensive overview of the field that
clearly describes which Sybil attack resistance class is prevalent in the field. Grouping
by industry, furthermore, allows the reader to determine which verticals have seen re-
search interest. Lastly, by analysing the full breadth of the literature, this work shows
which technological building blocks are commonly applied within different Sybil attack
resistance classes (e.g., PoW in strongly Sybil attack resistant systems). These analyses
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 6 of 125
provide the groundwork for researchers wishing to extend the state of the art in consensus
mechanism research.
2. Methods
The goal of this work is to gain an understanding of the full breadth of available
leader selection strategies. During the preliminary screening, consensus mechanisms in
the context of blockchain were found in various types of academic literature: while many
algorithms are published in dedicated papers that are easy to discover based on their
title alone, others are discussed as part of wider research works, such as technical papers
introducing new system constructs. Thus, to also include manuscripts in which consensus
mechanisms are not the central concern, queries need to be broad. The selection of academic
search systems to retrieve manuscripts relevant to the research question is informed by the
findings of Gusenbauer and Haddaway [36] who categorise academic search systems. All
systems that provide the following functions are considered:
• The system focuses on Computer Science or has a multidisciplinary focus
• The system supports Boolean operators (at least AND and OR)
• The system supports parentheses
• The system allows for bulk download of 50 results or more
Seven academic search systems (see Table 3) provide this functionality [36], including
the highly relevant offerings by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). For each of the academic search
systems, a broad query is formulated. While individual query syntax varies, queries are
modelled after the following example search string:
(
Blockchain OR
"Distributed Ledger" OR
"Crypto Currency" OR
Cryptocurrency OR
Cryptocurrencies
) AND (
Consensus OR
"Proof-of-" OR
Membership
)
Table 3. Search results returned from targeted search systems.
Operator Search System Results
ACM Guide to Computing Literature 519
Bielefeld University Library BASE 5890
IEEE Xplore 1846
Elsevier ScienceDirect 3186
Elsevier Scopus 4084
Springer Nature SpringerLink 3519
Clarivate Analytics Web of Science 2755
Since this review targets leader selection strategies in the context of blockchain, the
term Blockchain, or the closely related terms Distributed Ledger and Cryptocurrency are
required. Similarly, since leader selection is central to consensus mechanisms, the term
Consensus, or the related term Membership is required. Furthermore, the commonly used
construct Proof-of-* is admissible.
2.1. Search Results
The total number of results returned (21,799) raises confidence in the search queries
being sufficiently broad. The queries were executed in the week of 26 April 2021. The
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 7 of 125
number of results reflects the manuscripts indexed at this time. Since the queries do not
impose any limitations on the manuscript type, a broad range of scientific works, both
peer-reviewed and not peer-reviewed, are returned (see Section 1.4). For this review, all
result types, including pre-prints, are considered. These results form the input to the
following multi-step manuscript screening process (see Figure 1).
ACM: 519
Scope: 21,799
BASE: 5,890
IEEE: 1,846
ScienceDirect: 3,186
Scopus: 4,084
SpringerLink: 3,519
Web of Science: 2,755
Excluded: 21,312
Abstract Screening: 12,790
Included: 483
Figure 1. A total of 21,799 records—many of which were duplicates—were obtained from scientific
search engines. During the manuscript screening process, 12,790 scientific manuscripts were initially
analysed. After de-duplication and analysis of the abstracts and manuscript contents, 483 were found
relevant for this study.
2.2. Duplicate Resolution
‘EPPI-Reviewer’, a software suite for research synthesis, is used to manage sources
and screen manuscripts. The step in the review process is to apply the built-in ‘Manage
Duplicates’ functionality to correlate duplicates automatically. While this functionality was
found to be less effective than other de-duplication software [37], a significant number of
duplicates (7,861) is discovered. Additional instances, however, remain undetected and
will be treated manually after this automated step.
2.3. Abstract Screening
Following duplicate resolution, titles and abstracts of results are screened for relevancy.
Here, the following questions are answered:
• Is the result published in 2008 or after?
• Is the result written in the English language?
• Does the result describe a primary article (e.g., an original research article) or a
secondary article (e.g., a review)?
• Does the article concern the field of computer science?
• Does the article concern decentralised computing?
• Does the article describe a consensus mechanism?
Should either of the questions be answered with no, the manuscript is automatically
excluded. Should all of the questions be answered with yes or unclear, the manuscript will
be included for further analysis.
The abstract screening process eliminated a large number of manuscripts (9009).
However, the remaining candidate list still contained numerous duplicates which were
removed manually based on similarities of title, author list, or digital object identifier
during abstract screening.
During the manual screening, the full texts of the documents were obtained online.
Documents were only considered if digital access was granted to them via King’s College
London library subscriptions. Manuscripts that would only have been available in print or
via interlibrary loan were not obtained. Still, the vast majority of full texts were obtainable
and only a very small number could not be accessed. The full texts were then briefly
examined to understand whether they were indeed relevant and, only if found so, were
fully analysed. They were then categorised as either primary literature (i.e., works that
proposed an individual mechanism) or secondary literature (i.e., surveys and taxonomies).
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 8 of 125
3. Results
We organise the results by common sectors to gain a better understanding of the
needs of particular industry verticals. This also helps us to further analyse which system
properties occur together, e.g., we find that many use cases in IoT (see Section 3.9) have no or
limited Sybil attack resistance due to the limited computational capabilities of IoT devices.
3.1. Aspects of Interest
We are particularly interested in some key elements of Sybil attack resistance schemes.
First, what level of Sybil attack resistance they provide when deployed (see Table 4).
We assume that the mechanism in question is deployed to a large-scale system, as many
Sybil attack resistance effects only materialise with high usage volume, as can be seen
when considering the likelihood of 51% attacks on PoW systems with low popularity [38].
For Sybil attack resistance, we introduce three categories: Strong Sybil attack resistance;
meaning a mechanism that, when applied to a sizeable system, could not be attacked,
even by an irrational attacker, unless they incur tremendous cost. Limited Sybil attack
resistance; meaning an attacker might be successful with an attack if they are ready to
incur significant cost and orchestrate an attack over a long time. No Sybil attack resistance,
meaning an attacker could easily overwhelm a public/permissionless system using the
mechanism in question. The latter category is not to be seen as criticism of the mechanism: it
mostly applies to environments in which the mechanism designers do not have to consider
Sybil attacks.
Table 4. Three categories of Sybil attack resistance.
Category B Coordination Effort Time Expenditure
Strong Sybil attack resistance Excessive High Extreme
Limited Sybil attack resistance High High High
No Sybil attack resistance Negligible Negligible Negligible
Second, whether an incentive scheme is part of the proposed mechanism. Here, we
analyse whether participants receive rewards for adherence to the protocol and/or pun-
ishment for deviating from it. Third, the application of random/pseudorandom numbers
during the execution of the mechanism. Fourth, whether the mechanism is somehow linked
to the physical world, e.g., by asserting on messages generated by users having access to a
central processing unit (CPU) with a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). Fifth, whether
a reputation system is applied in the context of the mechanism: such a system may be
used to inform leader selection based on reputation signals from other participants or from
central sources. Sixth, whether the mechanism is intended to be applied in permissioned or
permissionless settings. Here we are particularly interested in outlier mechanisms with
strong Sybil attack resistance that are applied in permissioned settings or mechanisms
with weak Sybil attack resistance being applied in permissionless settings. Last, we out-
line the leader selection method, foremost by analysing whether the mechanism relies on
(pseudo-)randomness, an election, or a pre-formed committee. Many mechanisms combine
multiple factors. In such case, we aim to call out the dominant factor.
3.2. Secondary Literature
To gain an overview of the available works and to understand which mechanisms are
deemed most relevant by the research community, the secondary literature was analysed
(see Table 5). Here, we find that most researchers align on a small number of major
mechanisms: in the secondary literature analysed, only PoW (see Appendix D.224), Proof-
of-Stake (PoS) (see Appendix D.212), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) (see
Appendix D.147), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) (see Appendix D.72), and Proof of
Elapsed Time (PoET) (see Appendix D.154) are mentioned by more than half of the works.
This foreshadows the analysis of the primary literature where we find several works that
have received hardly any attention so far. These most commonly discussed mechanisms
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 9 of 125
reflect the breadth of the entire field well as they include permissionless mechanisms (e.g.,
PoW), permissioned mechanisms (e.g., PBFT), and mechanisms that make use of physical
world linking (e.g., PoET by using TEE).
Table 5. Secondary literature analysed during manuscript screening.
PoW
(Appendix
D.224)
PoS
(Appendix
D.212)
PBFT
(Appendix
D.147)
DPoS
(Appendix
D.72)
PoET
(Appendix
D.154)
Proof-of-Space
(Appendix
D.209)
Proof-of-Burn
(Appendix
D.177)
Proof-of-Activity
(Appendix
D.168)
Proof-of-Importance
(Appendix
D.187)
Raft
(Appendix
D.230)
Proof-of-Authority
(Appendix
D.157)
dBFT
(Appendix
D.66)
Proof-of-Luck
(Appendix
D.157)
Aggarwal and Kumar [39]
vember 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 of 122
Continued from previous page
Inc Perm
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re Pn Pl Sel
Lightweight DPoS for Energy
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Credit-Threshold [125] C.15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
Proof-of-Efficiency [127] C.19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Rand.
Proof-of-Work based on
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Elec.
Credit-Based Concurrent Block
Building Consensus [135]
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
Lightweight Credibility-Based
Equity Proof Consensus [136]
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Cross-Layer Trust-Based
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Proof-of-Benefit [137–140] C.17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme, Ra: Ran-
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permissionless, Sel
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection via election
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack resistance
●: Applicable, ◌: Not applicable
3.5. General Purpose Mechanisms 342
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It contains 343
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, such as 344
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resistance are 345
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [142–152]. 346
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted towards 347
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mechanisms without 348
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of election-based 349
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader selection methods 350
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resistance make 351
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by using CPUs [153] 352
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phones [162], or 353
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sybil attack 354
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive schemes 355
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the protocol, 356
with only some incorporating penalties [158,168–178,261]. 357
on November 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 of 122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Version November 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 of 122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from previous pag
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
3.5. General Purpose Mechanisms
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It contains
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, such as
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resistance are
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [142–152].
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted towards
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mechanisms without
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of election-based
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader selection methods
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resistance make
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by using CPUs [153]
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phones [162], or
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sybil attack
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive schemes
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the protocol,
with only some incorporating penalties [158,168–178,261].
Version November 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 of
Continued from previo
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Rand
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme, Ra
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permissionle
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection via elec
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It conta
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, such
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resistance
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [142–1
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted towa
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mechanisms with
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of election-ba
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader selection meth
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resistance m
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by using CPUs [1
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phones [162]
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sybil att
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive schem
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the proto
Version November 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms
Continued from
Inc Perm
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re Pn Pl
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment schem
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permis
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection v
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resis
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [1
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mechanisms
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of electi
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader selection
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resistan
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by using CP
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phones
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sy
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the
Continue
Inc Perm
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re Pn
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Credit-Threshold [125] C.15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Efficiency [127] C.19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefit [137–140] C.17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishmen
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl:
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader sele
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analyse
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic dom
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the fi
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly tar
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mecha
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader sele
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack re
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by usin
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile ph
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with stro
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most ince
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence t
Co
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Credit-Threshold [125] C.15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Efficiency [127] C.19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Puni
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Per
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Lead
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack resistanc
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms an
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exoti
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are common
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. M
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make u
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil atta
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mob
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms wit
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adher
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefit [137–140] C.17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissione
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack re
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithm
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong S
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popul
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are com
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategi
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and m
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic l
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybi
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: so
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161],
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanism
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems.
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Credit-Threshold [125] C.15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Efficiency [127] C.19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefit [137–140] C.17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permi
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Se
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil at
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all alg
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some target
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with st
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance a
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection str
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems a
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow determin
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistanc
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mech
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless syst
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Credit-Threshold [125] C.15 ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Efficiency [127] C.19 ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefit [137–140] C.17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward s
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn:
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selec
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No S
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of a
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some t
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes w
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particu
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resista
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selectio
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned syste
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow dete
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with lim
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resi
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Aggarwal et al. [40]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorith
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Ahmad et al. [41]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Ali Syed et al. [42]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Alsaqqa and Almajali [43]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Alsunaidi and Alhaidari [44]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack res
Andoni et al. [45]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
Andrey and Petr [46]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
Antal et al. [47]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
Azbeg et al. [48]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some arge ed a exo c doma ns such as 344
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are 345
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d [142–152] 346
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge ed owards 347
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mechan sms w hou 348
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of e ec on-based 349
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se ec on me hods 350
Ve s on Novembe 28 2022 subm ed o A gor hms 12 o 122
Con nued rom prev ous page
Inc Perm
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re Pn P Se
L gh we gh DPoS for Energy
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Cred -Thresho d [125] C 15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Proof-of-Effic ency [127] C 19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Rand
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ E ec
Cred -Based Concurren B ock
Bu d ng Consensus [135]
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
L gh we gh Cred b y-Based
Equ y Proof Consensus [136]
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Cross-Layer Trus -Based
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen scheme Ra Ran
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P Pe m ss on ess Se
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec on v a e ec on
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack es s ance
● App cab e ◌ No app cab e
3 5 Genera Purpose Mechan sms 342
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ysed I con a ns 343
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma ns such as 344
Con nued rom prev ous pag
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
3 5 Genera Purpose Mechan sms
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ysed I con a ns
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma ns such as
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d [142–152]
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge ed owards
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mechan sms w hou
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of e ec on-based
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se ec on me hods
Ve s on Novembe 28 2022 subm ed o A gor hms 12 o
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen scheme Ra
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P Pe m ss on e
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec on v a e ec
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ysed I con a
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma ns such
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d [142–1
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge ed owa
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mechan sms w h
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of e ec on-ba
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se ec on me h
Ve s on Novembe 28 2022 subm ed o A gor hms
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re Pn P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen schem
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P Pe m s
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec on v
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ysed I
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma ns
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack res s
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d [1
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge ed
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mechan sms
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of e ec
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se ec on
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s an
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Cred -Thresho d [125] C 15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Effic ency [127] C 19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se e
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana yse
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c dom
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fi
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y ar
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mecha
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se e
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack re
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Cred -Thresho d [125] C 15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Effic ency [127] C 19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Per
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Lead
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack es s anc
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms an
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es M
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make u
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a a
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss one
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack e
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor h
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong S
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are com
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and m
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Cred -Thresho d [125] C 15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Effic ency [127] C 19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a g
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance a
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s r
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems a
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Cred -Thresho d [125] C 15 ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Effic ency [127] C 19 ◌ ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d s
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No S
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s a
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec o
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys e
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de e
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m
Bach e a 49
vembe 28 2022 subm ed o A gor hms 12 o 122
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
on Novembe 28 2022 subm ed o A gor hms 12 o 122
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hm
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Bamakan e a 50
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Bashar e a 51
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Be o e a 52
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Bhu a e a 53
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Dabbagh e a 54
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Dha ou r and Assar 55
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Ferdous e a 56
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Ferrag e a 57
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Fourn er and Pe r o 58
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Fu e a 59
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Hao e a 60
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Hazar and Mahmoud 61
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
He e a 62
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
He w g e a 63
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Honnava e a 64
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
ndhu a and Venka esu u 65
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
sma and Ma erwa a 66
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
ayaba an and N 67
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
enna h and Ashara 68
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Ka arya and Va s 69
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
Kaur e a 70
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
Khamar and Pa e 71
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
Lao e a 72
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 10 of 125
Table 5. Cont.
PoW
(Appendix
D.224)
PoS
(Appendix
D.212)
PBFT
(Appendix
D.147)
DPoS
(Appendix
D.72)
PoET
(Appendix
D.154)
Proof-of-Space
(Appendix
D.209)
Proof-of-Burn
(Appendix
D.177)
Proof-of-Activity
(Appendix
D.168)
Proof-of-Importance
(Appendix
D.187)
Raft
(Appendix
D.230)
Proof-of-Authority
(Appendix
D.157)
dBFT
(Appendix
D.66)
Proof-of-Luck
(Appendix
D.157)
Lashkari and Musilek [73]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Lasisi and Hsu [74]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Lepore et al. [75]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
MacKenzie et al. [76]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Maple and Jackson [77]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Masood and Faridi [78]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Masood and Faridi [79]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Mingxiao et al. [80]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Co
Inc
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ●
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168
Monrat et al. [81]
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continue
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
heavy use of physical world link ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us n
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e ph
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s ro
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos nce
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adher
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance so
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161]
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sm
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s anc
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mech
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168
Naz and Lee 82
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s ance make 351
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us ng CPUs [153] 352
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e phones [162] or 353
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack 354
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s ance make
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us ng CPUs [153]
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e phones [162] or
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen ve schemes
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s ance m
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us ng CPUs [1
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e phones [162]
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong Syb a
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen ve schem
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us ng CP
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e phones
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong Sy
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen ve
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us n
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess
Nguyen and K m 83
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
N sse and L chfie d 84
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Pah a an e a 85
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Panda e a 86
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Perez e a 87
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Praveen e a 88
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Ramkumar e a 89
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Sharma and a n 90
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Sr vas av e a 91
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Verma e a 92
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Wang e a 93
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Waz d e a 94
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
X ao e a 95
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
X ao e a 96
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Y n e a 97
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Yousu e a 98
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Zhang and Lee 99
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
Zhao e a 100
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nue
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Co
Inc
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph R
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra P
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ●
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌
ms 12 o 122
Inc Perm
we gh DPoS for Energy
m ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
of-Cred -Thresho d [125] C 15 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
of-Energy-
a on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
of-Effic ency [127] C 19 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ● ◌
of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Rand
of-Work based on
a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ E ec
-Based Concurren B ock
ng Consensus [135]
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
we gh Cred b y-Based
Proof Consensus [136]
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Layer Trus -Based
nsus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
nc uded
ed o A gor hms 12 o 122
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
No nc uded
3 3 Mechan sms or Democrat c Processes
On y five mechan sms were categor sed as target ng the fac tat on of democrat c
processes (see Tab e 6) A key respons b ty for such systems s to orchestrate vot ng on
edger to support th s an under y ng consensus mechan sm shou d make b ock producer
se ect on sub ect to a free e ect on [101] (F gure 12) a pre-requ s te that s met n the
Proof-of-Cred b ty mechan sm proposed by Abu dr s et a [102] The ma or ty of the
mechan sms target perm ss on ess systems thereby contr but ng to the debate about the
su tab ty of consensus mechan sms for pub c democrat c b ockcha n systems [103] Some
mechan sms approach Syb attack res stance through persona encounters n the phys ca
wor d [104 105] wh e others app y PoS- ke mechan cs to cred b ty scores [102 106]
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 11 of 125
Table 6. Consensus mechanisms in democracy.
Inc Perm
Ref SA + − Ra Ph Re Pn Pl Sel
Democratic Byzantine Fault
Tolerance [107]
Appendix A.2
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from previous p
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme, Ra: Ra
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permissionless, S
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [142–152]
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the protocol
Version November 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Ran
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Ele
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme, R
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permission
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection via el
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It con
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, su
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resistan
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [142–
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted tow
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mechanisms wi
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of election-
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader selection me
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resistance
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by using CPUs
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phones [16
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sybil
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive sch
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the pro
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment sch
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Perm
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selectio
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed.
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domai
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack res
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly target
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mechanism
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of elec
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader selectio
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resist
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by using C
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phone
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong S
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentiv
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to th
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishm
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm P
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader s
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analy
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic d
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil atta
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies. Mech
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use o
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leader se
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by us
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with st
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most in
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherenc
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Pu
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, P
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: L
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack resista
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at ex
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Syb
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are comm
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strategies.
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic lead
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil a
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], m
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms w
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Mo
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adh
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, In
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissio
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel E
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algori
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with stron
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly pop
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are c
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strate
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministi
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sy
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance:
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–16
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechani
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless system
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] fo
None
Consensus for
e-Democracy [106]
Appendix A.1
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Credibility [102] Appendix A.4
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Encointer [104] Appendix A.3
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Personhood [105] Appendix A.5
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc −: Punishment scheme,
Ra: Randomisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permis-
sionless, Sel Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader
selection via election. : Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack
resistance.
to Algorithms 12 of 122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
: Applicable,
8, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 of 122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
: Not applicable.
3.4. Mechanisms for Education
Steiu [108] identifies ‘digitalisation and decentralisation of educational certifications’
and ‘lifelong learning’ as key drivers for the deployment of blockchain technology in an
educational context. Additionally, Hsu et al. [109] define the main challenges of smart edu-
cation environments as ‘trust, privacy, and transparency’. Consequently, some researchers
suggested the application of blockchain technology to these environments. While, with only
three mechanisms, the education category is sparse, some commonalities can be made out:
as Table 7 shows, none of the proposed Sybil attack resistance schemes explicitly assume a
permissionless system. The ‘Group-Based Consensus for Educational Systems’ [110], for
example, assumes a hierarchical system of educational stakeholders.
Table 7. Consensus mechanisms in education.
Inc Perm
Group-Based Consensus for
Educational Systems [110]
Appendix B.1
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from previous
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme, Ra: R
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permissionless,
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection via electio
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It contain
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, such a
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resistance ar
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted toward
Continued from pre
Inc Perm
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re Pn Pl Se
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] C.18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ El
Proof-of-Generation [128] C.20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Ra
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Co
Credibility Consensus [130] C.3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ El
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ El
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ra
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ra
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme,
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permissio
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection via
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It co
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, s
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targeted to
Continued fr
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment sc
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Per
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selecti
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic doma
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack re
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targe
Conti
Inc P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms anal
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil att
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in th
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: P
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned,
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack resis
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sy
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, I
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permiss
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attac
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algor
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with stro
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly po
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are
Elec.
Proof-of-Reputation [111] Appendix B.3
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from pre
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Co
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ El
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ra
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ra
Continued fr
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Conti
Inc P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly po
Improved DPoS [112] Appendix B.2
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from pre
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Co
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ El
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ra
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ra
Continued fr
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Conti
Inc P
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc −: Punishment scheme,
Ra: Randomisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permis-
sionless, Sel Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader
selection via election. : Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack
resistance.
to Algorithms 12 of 122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
: Applicable,
8, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 of 122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
: Not applicable.
3.5. Mechanisms for Energy
The energy sector is seeing a considerable amount of blockchain-related research (see
Table 8). This is not surprising since, as Brilliantova and Thurner [113] attest, relevant
requirements are arising in the energy sector as a result of the movement towards peer-
to-peer (P2P) energy trading. As Andoni et al. [45] assert, blockchain technology can
empower consumers and small electricity generators. While challenges, such as regulatory
uncertainty and environmental questions, remain [114], decentralised technology was
found to be a good fit for blockchain technology, specifically to combat the existing security
issues of smart grid systems [115]. With regards to Sybil attack resistance it is worth
mentioning that, apart from two [116,117], all reviewed mechanisms expose limited or no
Sybil attack resistance. This can, in most cases, be attributed to the fact that energy trading
needs to rely on central entities, like distribution system operators, to provide reliable
meter readings [118] both for the consumption and production of electricity. Therefore,
permissioned systems [119–131] are dominating the energy space.
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 12 of 125
Table 8. Consensus mechanisms in energy.
Inc Perm
Communicate
Proof-of-Credit [116]
Appendix C.1
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment scheme, Ra: Ran
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permissionless, Se
Version November 28, 2022 submitted to Algorithms 12 o
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection via ele
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed. It cont
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domains, suc
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of election-b
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sybil at
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive sche
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Punishment sche
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Perm Pl: Permi
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader selection
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic domain
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attack resi
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popular in the field [
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly targete
Sybil attack resistance, unsurprisingly, target permissioned systems and make use of elect
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil attack resista
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Leader sel
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analys
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exotic do
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil attac
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commonly ta
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some by usi
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile p
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc -: Pun
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permissioned, Pe
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Elec.: Lea
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack resistan
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms a
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted at exot
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are commo
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic leade
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Sybil att
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: some b
or TEEs [146,152,154–158], others by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mo
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms wi
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems. Mos
rely on rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adhe
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybil attack resistance class, Inc +: Reward scheme, Inc
domisation, Ph: Physical world linking, Re: Reputation system, Perm Pn: Permission
Rand.: Random leader selection, Sel Comm.: Committee-based leader selection, Sel Ele
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resistance, : No Sybil attack r
all algorithms that are not industry-specific, as well as some targeted a
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong
contained, including those found in subsection 3.1 to be particularly popu
As seen in Table 9, mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance are co
permissionless systems and often apply random leader selection strateg
leader selection. In some cases, these mechanisms follow deterministic
that are not captured by our categorisation. Schemes with limited Syb
heavy use of physical world linking to achieve Sybil attack resistance: s
physical proximity [163–167]. Incentive schemes are common in mechanis
resistance, likely because these are expected in permissionless systems
Rand.
Decentralised Consensus
Decision-Making [117]
Appendix C.7
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Consensus Resource Slicing
Model [119]
Appendix C.2
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybi
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Credit-Based PoW [120] Appendix C.4
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Dynamic-Reputation Practical
Byzantine Fault
Tolerance [121]
Appendix C.8
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Enhanced
Proof-of-Work [132]
Appendix C.9
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Fast, Secure and Distributed
Consensus Mechanism for
Energy Trading Among
Vehicles using
Hashgraph [133]
Appendix C.10
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
None
Hyper Delegation
Proof-of-Randomness [122]
Appendix C.11
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Improved Proof of Work [123] Appendix C.12
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Transmitters [124]
Appendix C.13
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Credit-
Threshold [125]
Appendix C.15
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
Appendix C.16
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Cooperation [134] Appendix C.18
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Proof-of-Efficiency [127] Appendix C.19
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Generation [128] Appendix C.20
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Reputation [129]
Appendix C.21
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Comm.
Credibility Consensus [130] Appendix C.3
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Credit-Based Concurrent
Block Building
Consensus [135]
Appendix C.5
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
: Strong Sybil attack resistance, : Limited Sybil attack resis ance No Syb a ack es s ance
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen scheme R
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec on v a e e
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ysed I con
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma ns suc
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge ed ow
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen sche
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P Pe m
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec on
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma n
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack res
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d [
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge e
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mechan sm
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ys
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c do
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ac
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y a
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Pe
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Lea
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack es s an
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms a
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are commo
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss on
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E e
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are co
E ec
L gh we gh
Cred b y Based Equ y
Proo Consensus 136
Append x C 14
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Cross Layer Trus Based
Consensus 131
Append x C 6
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Benefi 137–140 Append x C 17
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Ref Sec on re erence SA Syb a ack res s ance c ass Inc + Reward scheme Inc − Pun shmen scheme
Ra Random sa on Ph Phys ca wor d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Perm ss oned Perm P Perm s
s on ess Se Rand Random eader se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eader se ec on Se E ec Leader
se ec on v a e ec on S rong Syb a ack res s ance L m ed Syb a ack res s ance No Syb a ack
res s ance
o A gor hms 12 o 122
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
App cab e
8 2022 subm ed o A gor hms 12 o 122
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
No app cab e
Th s catch-a category captures the ma or ty (57 %) of a a gor thms ana ysed It
conta ns a a gor thms that are not ndustry-spec fic as we as some targeted at exot c
doma ns such as astronaut cs [141] In th s category a arge number of schemes w th
strong Syb attack res stance are conta ned nc ud ng those w th arge overa popu ar-
ty [142–152] As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w th strong Syb attack res stance are com-
mon y targeted towards perm ss on ess systems and often app y random eader se ect on
strateg es Mechan sms w thout Syb attack res stance unsurpr s ng y target perm ss oned
systems and make use of e ect on-based eader se ect on In some cases these mechan sms
fo ow determ n st c eader se ect on methods that are not captured by our categor sat on
Schemes w th m ted Syb attack res stance make heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng to
ach eve Syb attack res stance some by us ng CPUs [153] or TEEs [146 152 154–158] others
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 13 of 125
by relying on IP addresses [159–161], mobile phones [162], or physical proximity [163–167].
Incentive schemes are common in mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance, likely
because these are expected in permissionless systems. Most incentive schemes rely on
rewards [142,143,145,149,150,153,153,155,158,163,168–260] for adherence to the protocol,
Table 9. General consensus mechanisms.
Inc Perm
Bitcoin-NG [179] Appendix D.2
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
ECDLP-based PoW [180] Appendix D.4
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoS Based on Credit Rewards
and Punishments [262]
Appendix D.6
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
PoS Based on Verifiable
Random Functions [181]
Appendix D.7
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoS for Bitcoin Sidechains [168] Appendix D.8
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoS with Behavior Score and
Trust Rating [182]
Appendix D.9
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
PoS with Waiting-Time
First-Price Auctions [183]
Appendix D.12
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoS with Weighted
Voting [184,185]
Appendix D.13
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoW Based on Power Analysis
of Low-End
Microcontrollers [187]
Appendix D.15
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoW on quadratic multivariate
equations [263,264]
Appendix D.16
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoW with Early Stage PoS [188] Appendix D.17
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoW with Personalized
Difficulty Adjustment [190]
Appendix D.19
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoW with Quantum-Resistant
Hash Collision [191]
Appendix D.20
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
pVFR for PoW [265] Appendix D.21
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Albatross [169] Appendix D.24
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Alt-PoW [192] Appendix D.25
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Attack-Tolerant PoW [193] Appendix D.29
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
B4SDC [194] Appendix D.32
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
BeaconBlocks [266] Appendix D.34
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
This catch-all category cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s ron
Rand
B ock Ma ur y Leve 195 Append x D 36
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev ous p
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen scheme Ra Ra
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P Pe m ss on ess S
Ve s on Novembe 28 2022 subm ed o A gor hms 12
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Coopera on [134] C 18 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
Proof-of-Genera on [128] C 20 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Ran
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Cred b y Consensus [130] C 3 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ E e
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P Pe m ss on
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec on v a e
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen sch
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade se ec o
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana ysed
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shm
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec Leade s
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms ana y
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c d
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pu
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned P
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E ec L
S ong Syb a ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack es s a
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor hms
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a ex
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Re Sec on e e ence SA Syb a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme In
dom sa on Ph Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss o
Rand Random eade se ec on Se Comm Comm ee based eade se ec on Se E
Rand
Bob a 198 Append x D 40
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Cha ns o Ac v y 199 Append x D 44
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
C en Ass s ed
Consensus 267
Append x D 46
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C oudPoS 268 Append x D 48
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Compos e Framework
Leverag ng Proo o S ake and
Proo o Work 201
Append x D 51
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Conflux 202 Append x D 52
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Crux 269 Append x D 59
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Cumu a ve
Proo o Work 204
Append x D 60
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
De ega ed Proo o S ake w h
Downgrade 270
Append x D 68
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
De ega ed
Proo o Repu a on 206
Append x D 71
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
De ega ed Proo o S ake 145 Append x D 72
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 14 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Deterministic
Proof-of-Work [271]
Appendix D.75
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Equihash [207] Appendix D.84
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Error-Correction Code Based
Proof-of-Work [208]
Appendix D.85
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Estimable PoW [209] Appendix D.86
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
extended PoS [272] Appendix D.87
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Fair Proof-of-Work System
With Computing Power
Rating [210]
Appendix D.89
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Fair selection protocol for
committee-based
permissionless
blockchains [273]
Appendix D.90
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Fantômette [170] Appendix D.91
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Filtered Proof-of-Work [274] Appendix D.95
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Goshawk [211] Appendix D.97
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Greedy Observed Largest
Forest [275]
Appendix D.99
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
HashCore [276] Appendix D.104
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Hybrid PoW/PoS [277] Appendix D.106
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Hybrid PoW/PoS [213] Appendix D.107
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Hybrid Consensus with
flexible Proof-of-Activity [214]
Appendix D.109
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Improved DPoS with
K-Means [215]
Appendix D.112
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Interactive
Proof-of-Stake [216]
Appendix D.113
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algor hms ana y
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a a
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mech
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use o
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are comm
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c ead
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Th s ca ch-a ca egory cap ures he ma or y (57 %) of a a gor
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y pop
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are c
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra e
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Sy
Rand
suku 278 Append x D 115
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
a a gor hms ha are no ndus ry-spec fic as we as some arge ed a exo c doma ns su
as ronau cs [141] In h s ca egory a arge number of schemes w h s rong Syb a ack res s an
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d [142–
perm ss on ess sys ems and of en app y random eader se ec on s ra eg es Mechan sms w
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of e ec on-
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
con a ned nc ud ng hose found n subsec on 3 1 o be par cu ar y popu ar n he fie d
As seen n Tab e 9 mechan sms w h s rong Syb a ack res s ance are common y arge
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se ec o
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
MaGPoS 171 Append x D 120
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eader se ec on me
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Mu okens Proo o
S ake 218
Append x D 127
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Mu p e W nners Proo o
Work 219
Append x D 128
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
NeuCo n 173 Append x D 131
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Open Represen a ve
Vo ng 279
Append x D 133
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Op ca Proo o Work 220 Append x D 134
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Ouroboros Cryps nous 280 Append x D 135
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Ouroboros Genes s 281 Append x D 136
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Ouroboros Praos 282 Append x D 137
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Para e Proo o Work 221 Append x D 138
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Pena y by Consensus n
PoW 174
Append x D 140
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
P xe 283 Append x D 144
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Poo Co n 222 Append x D 146
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Pr sm 223 Append x D 149
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Pr va e Proo o E or 284 Append x D 150
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Ad ourn 285 Append x D 151
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Con r bu on 224 Append x D 153
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Exper ence 225 Append x D 155
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Segmen ed
Work 226
Append x D 159
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Accumu a ed
Work 286
Append x D 165
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Ac v y 149 Append x D 168
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Behav or 287 Append x D 173
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Proo o Burn 148 Append x D 177
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 15 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Proof-of-Credit [261] Appendix D.182
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Discrete
Logarithm [234]
Appendix D.183
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Equivalence [165] Appendix D.184
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Human-Work [236] Appendix D.186
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Importance [150] Appendix D.187
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Interaction [237] Appendix D.188
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Lottery [238] Appendix D.190
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Participation [241] Appendix D.195
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Prestige [288] Appendix D.199
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Replicated-
Storage [289]
Appendix D.202
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Reproducibility [290] Appendix D.203
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Reputation with
Nakamoto Fallback [291]
Appendix D.205
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Proof-of-Space [147] Appendix D.209
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Stake [143] Appendix D.212
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Stake for Bitcoin
Subchains [245]
Appendix D.213
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Strategy [246] Appendix D.215
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Continued fro
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Contin
Inc Pe
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Proof-of-Work [1,142] Appendix D.224
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Continued from prev
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Ele
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
: Strong Sybil at ack es s ance L m ed Syb a ack es s ance No Syb a ack es s ance
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s ance
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us ng CPUs
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e phones [16
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong Syb
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen ve sch
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some by us ng C
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e phone
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong S
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen v
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o h
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos n
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherenc
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] m
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mo
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adh
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–16
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys em
Rand
Proo o Work App ed o he
C que Prob em 292
Append x D 225
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen ve schemes 355
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan sms w h s rong Syb
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen v
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos n
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mo
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan
Rand
Proo o Work Based on
Ana og Ham on an 293
Append x D 226
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Work on he nfla on
Propens y o Co a z
Orb s 294
Append x D 227
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Repu a on Based Hybr d
Consensus 250
Append x D 237
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Robus Proo o S ake 295 Append x D 243
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Ro DPoS 251 Append x D 245
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Ro ercha n 252 Append x D 246
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Sa e e A ded
Consensus 141
Append x D 249
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Serv ce Zone Based
H erarch ca Consensus 296
Append x D 260
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Sk Co n 297 Append x D 262
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
So da 255 Append x D 264
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Th nkey 256 Append x D 269
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
T me Memory Da a
Trade O 257
Append x D 270
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Trus ed Execu on
Env ronmen S ake 157
Append x D 218
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
BFT w h Sa e e
Cha ns 298
Append x D 1
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
PBFT w h Node Qua y
Con ro 299
Append x D 5
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Ran
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
PoW w h n eger Pr me
Fac or sa on 189
Append x D 18
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Ran
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Adap ve W de Area
Rep ca on 300
Append x D 22
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
AdRa 301 Append x D 23
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E e
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
A zahran and Bu usu s
Decen ra zed Consensus
Pro oco U z ng Game
Theory and Randomness 302
Append x D 26
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued ro
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con n
Inc Pe
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 16 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Amoeba Paxos [303] Appendix D.27
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Assigned-Majority-
Validation [304]
Appendix D.28
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Auction-Based
Consensus [305]
Appendix D.30
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Authorized Proof of
Stake [306]
Appendix D.31
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
BLIC [307] Appendix D.35
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Blockchain for the Common
Good [196]
Appendix D.37
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Blockchain-Based Federated
Learning Framework with
Committee Consensus [308]
Appendix D.39
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Byzantine Set Union
Consensus [309]
Appendix D.41
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Casanova [310] Appendix D.42
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
None
Caucus [311] Appendix D.43
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
CloudPoS (with CSP
Invovlement) [268]
Appendix D.47
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Coinami [312] Appendix D.49
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Committee-Based Byzantine
Consensus [313]
Appendix D.50
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Consensus Through
Herding [314]
Appendix D.54
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Credence-Based
Consensus [315,316]
Appendix D.56
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Cross-Application
Permissioned
Blockchain [317]
Appendix D.58
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Dynamic PBFT [318] Appendix D.61
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
This catch-all category captures the majority (57 %) of all algorithms analysed I
ha are no cap ured by our ca egor sa on Schemes w h m ed Syb a ack res s a
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
eader se ec on In some cases hese mechan sms fo ow de erm n s c eade
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
DagGr d 319 Append x D 62
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Syb a ack res s ance unsurpr s ng y arge perm ss oned sys ems and make use of e ec on-b
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
De ega e Consensus
A gor hm 320
Append x D 64
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
De ega ed Adap ve
Byzan ne Fau
To erance 321
Append x D 65
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
De ega ed Proo o Econom c
Va ue 321
Append x D 67
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Dependab y Rank based
Consensus 322
Append x D 74
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
DEXON 323 Append x D 76
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
DF N TY 324 Append x D 77
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Dynam c H erarch ca
Byzan ne Fau To eran
Consensus Based on
Cred 325
Append x D 79
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Ega ar an Prac ca
Byzan ne Fau
To erance 326
Append x D 81
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec ron c den fica on
Au hen ca on and Trus
Serv ces Va da ng
ndy P enum 327
Append x D 82
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Comm
E p s 328 Append x D 83
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Ex ens b e PBFT 329 Append x D 88
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Fas eader based
random zed Byzan ne
Agreemen 330
Append x D 92
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Fas BFT 331 Append x D 94
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 17 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Geo-Scale Byzantine Fault
Tolerance [332]
Appendix D.96
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Graph Learning BFT [333] Appendix D.98
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Group-Based Optimized
Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance [334]
Appendix D.102
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
HotStuff [335] Appendix D.105
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Hybrid Byzantine
Agreement [336]
Appendix D.108
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Identifiable Practical
Byzantine Fault
Tolerance [337]
Appendix D.110
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Istanbul BFT
Consensus [338]
Appendix D.114
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Leader-Stable Fast Byzantine
Fault Tolerance [339]
Appendix D.116
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
LFT2 [340] Appendix D.117
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Lisk-BFT [341] Appendix D.118
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Majority vOting Cellular
Automata [342]
Appendix D.121
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Mchain Consensus [343] Appendix D.122
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Mobile Crowdsourcing
Chain [217]
Appendix D.123
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Multi-Block BFT [344] Appendix D.124
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Multi-Round Concession
Negotiation [172]
Appendix D.125
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Multi-Supervised
Permissioned
Blockchain [345]
Appendix D.126
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Comm.
Multisignature-BFT [346] Appendix D.129
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
astronautics [141]. In this category, a large number of schemes with strong Sybil a ack res
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Musch 347 Append x D 130
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Open Bus ness Env ronmen
BFT 348
Append x D 132
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
PeerBFT 349 Append x D 139
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Persona Arch ve Serv ce
Sys em 350
Append x D 143
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Comm
POA PBFT 351 Append x D 145
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Comm
Prac ca Byzan ne Fau
To erance 144
Append x D 147
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Prac ca Layered Consensus
Mechan sm 352
Append x D 148
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proo o Res 353 Append x D 158
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Tra n ng
Qua y 354
Append x D 161
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proo o Usage 227 Append x D 162
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Accuracy 355 Append x D 166
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Ach evemen 228 Append x D 167
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proo o Ac v y 356 Append x D 169
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o A om c y 357 358 Append x D 170
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Comm
Proo o Au hor y 359 Append x D 171
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proo o Bus ness 232 Append x D 178
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Proo o
Commun ca on 360
Append x D 179
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Proo o Con r bu on 233 Append x D 181
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proo o Lucky d 361 Append x D 191
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Ma or y 362 Append x D 192
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Proo o Par c pa on and
Fees 363
Append x D 196
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 18 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Proof-of-Points [242] Appendix D.198
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Proof-of-Reputation [364] Appendix D.204
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Proof-of-Review [243] Appendix D.206
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Sovereignty [365] Appendix D.208
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Stack [366] Appendix D.211
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Trust [367] Appendix D.216
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Comm.
Proof-of-Validation [247] Appendix D.220
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Verifying [175] Appendix D.221
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proof-of-Vote [368,369] Appendix D.222
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Comm.
Proof-of-Win [370] Appendix D.223
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Proteus [371,372] Appendix D.229
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Raft [151] Appendix D.230
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Randition [373] Appendix D.231
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Random Leader Selection
based on Credit Value [374]
Appendix D.232
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Randomization to PoW [248] Appendix D.233
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Regulated Bitcoin [249] Appendix D.235
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Reputaion-Based BFT [375] Appendix D.236
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Ref: Section reference, SA: Sybi a ack es s ance c ass Inc + Rewa d scheme Inc Pun shmen scheme Ra Ran
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o he pro oco
w h on y some ncorpora ng pena es [158 168–178 261]
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
res s ance ke y because hese are expec ed n perm ss on ess sys ems Mos ncen ve sche
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o he pro o
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o he
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mob e p
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance some b
or TEEs [146 152 154–158] o hers by re y ng on IP addresses [159–161] mo
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adhe
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
heavy use of phys ca wor d nk ng o ach eve Syb a ack res s ance s
phys ca prox m y [163–167] Incen ve schemes are common n mechan s
E ec
Repu a on based Byzan ne
Fau To erance 376
Append x D 239
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o he pro oco 356
w h on y some ncorpora ng pena es [158 168–178 261] 357
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o he pro oco
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adherence o he
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
re y on rewards [142 143 145 149 150 153 153 155 158 163 168–260] for adhe
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
R 377 Append x D 241
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Robus Byzan ne
Agreemen 336
Append x D 242
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Rock Sc ssors Paper 176 Append x D 244
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Ro a ng Mu p e Random
Samp ng 378
Append x D 247
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Saguaro 379 Append x D 248
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Sca ab e Byzan ne Fau
To erance 380
Append x D 250
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Sca ab e H erarch ca
Byzan ne Fau
To erance 381
Append x D 251
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Sca ab e Ne work Coded
PBFT 382
Append x D 252
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Sca ab e Prac ca Byzan ne
Fau To erance w h
Shor L ved S gna ure
Schemes 383
Append x D 253
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Comm
Score Vo ng based BFT
Consensus 384
Append x D 254
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Secur y Aware Gene c
A gor hm based Prac ca
Byzan ne au
To erance 385
Append x D 256
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Se S ab z ng Byzan ne
Consensus 386
Append x D 257
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
separa e proo o deep
earn ng 387
Append x D 259
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Shard ng Perm ss oned
B ockcha ns Over Ne work
C us ers 388
Append x D 261
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
S ream e 389 Append x D 266
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
E ec
Torneo 259 Append x D 272
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Two T er Vo ng Sys em
Arch ec ure 390
Append x D 275
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
uM ne 391 Append x D 276
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Un ary n ercha n
Ne work 392
Append x D 277
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 19 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Weak Centralized
Consensus Mechanism with
Incentive Effects [178]
Appendix D.278
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Weight of Authentication
Byzantine Fault
Tolerance [393]
Appendix D.279
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
What, Where, How
much [260]
Appendix D.280
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Efficient, General, and
Scalable Consensus [154]
Appendix D.80
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
PoS with Robust Round
Robin (PoW Bootstrap) [153]
Appendix D.10
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Comm.
PoUW as a Problem-Solving
Market [186]
Appendix D.14
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Blockchain
Reputation-Based
Consensus [197]
Appendix D.38
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Circle of Trust [200] Appendix D.45
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Consensus of Trust [394] Appendix D.53
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Consensus-based Oracle
Protocol for the Secure Trade
of Digital Goods [203]
Appendix D.55
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Credit-Based Verifier
Selection with Double
Consensus [395]
Appendix D.57
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Decision-Theoretic Online
Learning Consensus [396]
Appendix D.63
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Delegated
Proof-of-Reputation [205]
Appendix D.69
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Delegated
Proof-of-Reputation [397]
Appendix D.70
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Green-PoW [212] Appendix D.101
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Guru [398] Appendix D.103
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Identity-Augmented
Proof-of-Stake [399]
Appendix D.111
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
Permissionless
Proof-of-Reputation-X [400]
Appendix D.142
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
domisation, Ph: Phys ca wo d nk ng Re Repu a on sys em Perm Pn Pe m ss oned Perm P
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Ba ance 401 Append x D 172
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proo o B d 231 Append x D 176
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Human
Engagemen 235
Append x D 185
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Ne work ng 239 Append x D 193
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Proo o No ar zed
Work 240
Append x D 194
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Rev ew 402 Append x D 207
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
E ec
Proo o Spend ng 244 Append x D 210
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o S ake w h T me
S ak ng 403
Append x D 214
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Trus 404 405 Append x D 217
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Rand
Proo o Un que
Human 406
Append x D 219
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ●
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Proof-of-Benefi [137–140] C 17 ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on Consensus 407 Append x D 238
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C 6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Reverse Hash Cha n 408 Append x D 240
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Semada
Proo o Repu a on 253
Append x D 258
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C 14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
So ware Guard
Ex ens on enab ed
decen ra zed n rus on
de ec on ramework 254
Append x D 263
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ E ec
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C 5 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand
Syb To eran Equa y
Pro oco 177
Append x D 267
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Repu a on [129]
C 21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
oken age based
consensus 258
Append x D 271
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued rom prev o
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nued rom
Inc Perm
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Con nu
Inc Per
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transm ers [124]
C 13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Genera on [126]
C 16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Algorithms 2023, 16, 34 20 of 125
Table 9. Cont.
Inc Perm
Trust Consensus
Protocol [409]
Appendix D.273
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
Twice Verifications and
Consensuses of
Blockchain [410,411]
Appendix D.274
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Elec.
PoS with Robust Round
Robin (Intel SGX
Variant) [153]
Appendix D.11
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Comm.
Basalt [159] Appendix D.33
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ●
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌
Rand.
DTNB [160] Appendix D.78
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Comm.
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand.
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand.
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌ Com
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ Elec.
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Rand
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌ Rand
Continued from
Inc Perm
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ● ◌
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ● ◌
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ● ◌
Continu
Inc Per
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌ ●
Proof-of-Energy-
Generation [126]
C.16 ● ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ●
Reputation [129]
C.21 ◌ ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ●
C.5 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ◌
C.14 ● ◌ ● ◌ ◌ ◌
Consensus [131]
C.6 ● ◌ ● ◌ ● ●
C
Inc
Ref SA + - Ra Ph Re
Transmitters [124]
C.13 ● ● ● ◌ ◌

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Algorithms 16 00034

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Citation: Platt, M.; McBurney, P.

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