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Basic Concept in Construction 
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Productivity Enhancement 
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COPYRIGHT: All rights reserved. Audio or visual recording of any lecture, lesson or other teaching session is 

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not permitted. No part of the course materials may be reproduced or made available to third parties in any 
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system, without the prior written consent of BCA Academy, Singapore.
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 Quality trend

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Industry Av. CONQUAS Score (Years 2012 to 2016)

C C y
B e m
Quality issues and recommendations
a d
c
for structural works
A
C A
B
3
Defect Trends in structural works : Formwork

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
4
 Damaged
Formwork

PE
C C y
B em
a d
Ac
C A
Formwork split
B
5
Defect Trends in structural works : Rebar

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
6
 Rusty
rebars

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
c
ABar
A
Chair not properly

C
secured and flattened

B
Cement
7 stained rebars
Defect Trends in structural works : Finished Concrete

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
8
 Exposure of aggregates

E
Metal strip not removed
P
C C y
B em
a d
A c
C A
B
9
Honeycomb
 Conventional Formwork system

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Not easy to achieve the required quality on structural works
10
 PE
Poor quality of concrete surface

C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 More clutter and wastages in
cast in-situ method

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
12
 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Cast in-situ with scaffolding
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Productive Method: System formwork

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Ac
C A
B
15
 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Ac
A
All external walls are RC:
• Only Skim coat

B C
• Better water tightness

16
 PE A Typical Unit

C C y
B e m
a d
• Easier to do layouts
Ac
C A
B
• Not too many turnings

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 PE
C C • Easier for architectural works

y
B m
• Better control on workmanship

e
a d
A c
C A
B
Reference:: Residence Evelyn
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 Pre-cast

PE
C C Prefab Bathroom

y
B e m
Pre-cast and prefab
a d
-Less clutter compared to
A c
cast in situ

C A
B
-Improve productivity

19
Prefabricated Bathroom Unit (PBU)
Good Industry Practices Guide
PE
C C y
B e m
d
Launched e-copy in October 2014
a
A c
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B
http://www.bca.gov.sg/Publications/EnhancementSeries/
enhancement_series.html 20
 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
Brickwork opening

Ac
C A
B
Precast and window joint:
Easy to address
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 PE
Precast facade:

C C y
B m
• External scaffolding

e
d
• Plastering & Skim

a
Ac
• Quick Installation

C A
B
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 Quality Issues in Conventional Methods & Materials

E
Typical Consequences in External Finishes

C P
• Joint treatment for RC/Brickwork

B C
• Plaster cracks & Hollowness
y
em
Brick & RC Joints
• Scaffolding
Thick plaster

a d
c
Scaffolding

A
C A
Water seepage
B Plaster cracks Tie-back holes
 PE
C C y
B issues andem
Quality
a d
recommendations for architectural
A
worksc
C A
B
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Defect Trends in Floor

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Non compliance on joints

PE
C C y
B Inconsistent width

e m
a d
Over Pointing
A c
C A
B
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Uneven Filling
Non compliance of Joints on timber floor

PE
C C y
Skirting Joint B e m
Wide Gap

a d
A c
C A
Skirting/Floor
Joint
B
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How to overcome non compliances on joints?
For Marble
PE
• Dimension control

C C y
B
• Use appropriate spacer

e m
• Use epoxy based grouting (where suitable)

a d
c
For Tiling
• Segregate tiles
A
C A
• Use appropriate spacer

B
• Protect floor tile
• Use Rectified (First Grade) Tiles

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Segregation of tiles based on production batch

E
Typical information on tiles packing

C P
B C y
e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Compressed marble with epoxy joints

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Long timber skirting = Lesser Joints

30
How to address the non conformance on
joints on timber floor?
PE
C C y
B
• Material Condition
- Dimension stability
e m
- Properly seasoned

a d
• During installation
A c
C A
- Plywood base and concealed nail to ensure tight

B
joint

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Use of plywood base and concealed nails

PE
C C y
B
End result: Tight joint

e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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Defect Trends in Wall ( Both Plaster & tiling)

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Plastered wall

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B Patchiness in
the wall
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 PE
Measures to improve wall finishes

C
• Clear all repairs C y
B
• Appropriate roller
em
• Consistency in application
a d
A c
• Interval between different coats

C A
B
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 Control points in wall finishes

E
Ensure surface evenness

C P
B C y
Consistency in application

e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Control points in wall finishes

PE
C C
Use light to check plaster wall

y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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Preparation works - before Painting

PE
C C y
B em
a d
A c
C A
B
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Spray painting to achieve better consistency

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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To improve wall jointing in plaster work

PE
- Use of inner bead

C C y
B
Visually straight
at corners

e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Floor & Wall Tile Joints

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Use of appropriate spacer

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Defect Trends in Ceiling

PE
C C y
B em
a d
A c
C A
B
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 To Improve ceiling finishes

Better Surface Evenness

PE
C C y
B e m
Better Painting Consistency

a d
A c
C A
B
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Ceiling Jointing Defect

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
A
Poor joint @ Ceiling and Wall

C
B
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Improve jointing for ceiling and wall joint

PE
C
Provide inner bead

B C y
e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Provision of closer level pegs near soffit
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 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Ensure straight corners before painting

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Defect Trends in Door

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B Material Damages
Mainly occur during installation & lack of protection
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 Common problems on doors

PE nail hole

C C y
B e m
a d
Chip
A c
A
dents

B C
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 Protection To Minimize Door Material Damage

E
At Factory

C P
B C y
m
During delivery @ site

d e
c a After installation

A
C A
B
51
Defect Trends in Windows

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Ac
C A
B Uneven
mitre Joint

53
 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Poor tiling & window frame joint
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 Common non compliance of

E
Window joints

C P
B C y
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a d
A c
A
Mitre Joint

B
Manage @ factory C
Manage @ site
Silicone Joint
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 Data Analyzing for Internal Finishes

Some examples of component

PE
C
Wardrobe

C y
Kitchen cabinet

B
Vanity cabinet
Shower screen
em
W.C

a d
c
Basin

A
Balcony railings

A
Others

B C
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Defect Trends in Components

PE
C C y
B em
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Component

E
Material & Damages

C P
B C y
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a d
A c
C A
B
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 Data Analyzing for Internal Finishes

General non-compliance area

- ceiling and component

E
- wall and component

C P Poor joint
B C y
e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Data Analyzing for Internal Finishes

PE
C C y
B
Poor joint

m
between the

e
d
component &

a
wall

Ac
C A
B
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 Wall and door joint

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
Example of good
Workmanship

C A
B
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 An alternate to silicone
joints for component

PE
CC y
Use of PVC strip to

B m
achieve consistent joint

e
between component and

a d
tiling

Ac
C A
B
Example of good
Workmanship

62
 PE
C C y
B em
Quality issues and
a d
c
recommendations for M&E works
A
C A
B
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 Design

Aesthetic Design Consideration

PE
C C y
B m
• Align Floor trap

e
cover and tile

a d• Aesthetically

c
pleasing

A
C A
B
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 Anyone thought
about

E
maintenance?!

C P
B C y
e m
a d
A c
C A
B
• Aligned with tile joints does not necessarily solve functional issue
65
 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Typical sleeve method A c
C A
B
Dimension flexibility?

66
 PE • Adjustment flexibility
• Minimize half moon situation

C C y
B e m
a d
A c
A
Enlarged sleeve method
C
B
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 Excess protrusion of pipe

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
Concealed pipes on top of finished concrete

B
= lesser cover for the pipe
= lesser screed bonding
= lesser tile bonding
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 PE
After application of membrane

C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
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 Alternative Method

E
Cast-in pipe and sleeve

C P
B C y
e m
More care during the casting

a d
Ac
C A
B
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 Missed Out Provision of Air-con Drain Pipe

PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Conventional remedial action: hack recess on the slab to conceal the pipe
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 Insufficient Drop at

E
door area

C P
B C y
em
a d
Ac
C A
Air-con drain pipe connecting to toilet floor trap
B
- Root cause for insufficient drop at toilet entrance area

72
 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Drain Pipe through ceiling
Ac
C A
B
Connect to shaft

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 How to enhance quality

PE
C
Alter

C
Process

B m y
Continual
Specialists /

d e
a
Trade
Improvement

Enhance
Experts

Quality
A c
C A
B
Corrective /
Monitor Preventive
Action

74
 PE
Other Challenges in
achievingC C
Construction
y
Quality B m
d e
c a
A
C A
B
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 We would like to
have a We can adopt it

E
better quality but the design

P
product not specified

C
We can adopt it, We can adopt if
but the

C
the buyer

y
developer did not

B
willing to pay

m
ask for it higher

d e
c a
A
Architect

C A
B
End User Contractor

Developer
76
 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Ac
C A
B
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Changes:
PE
C C y
3 dedicated points for prefabrication technology 

B m
and/or productive construction methods

d e
a
1 point to recognise inclusion of GGBS and/or GGBS 

A c
(SMC) as a consideration during selection of 
contractors

C A
B
78
 PE
C C y
B em
a d
Ac
C A
B
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 PE
C C y
B e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Please refer to the latest guidelines on:
http://www.bca.gov.sg/Awards/GGBA/builders_award.html
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 Scan QR code

E
Quality Housing Portal (QHP)

C P
B C y
e m
a d
A c
C A
B
Check for latest updates at webpage: https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/iQuasScoreChart/
 PE
C C y
B em
Thank You a d
A c
C A
B
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