F1

My

Py

Pz O Px
F3 Mx

Mz x
z

Px AXIAL FORCE This component measures the pulling

or pushing action perpendicular to the section It is
often denoted by P
Py Pz SHEAR FORCES These are the components of the
total resistance to sliding portion to one side of the
exploratory section past the other The resultant force
is usually designated by V and its components by Vy
and Vz to identify their directions

Mx TORQUE This component measures the resistance

to twisting the member and is commonly given the
symbol T
My Mz BENDING MOMENTS These components measure
the resistance to bending the member about y! or z!
axis and are often denoted merely by My or Mz
 Bar ' Bar (
'$ mm '$$$ mm

#$$ N #$$$ N
The unit strength of a material is usually defined as the
stress in the material Stress is expressed symbolically as
P
σ
A
where s Greek lowercase letter sigma is the stress or
force per unit area P is the applied load and A is the cross!
sectional area
The unit for stress are the units of force divided by the units
of area In SI force is measured in Newtons N and area is
measured in square meters m Thus the units for stress
are Newtons per square meter N-m Frequently one
Newton per square meter is referred to as one Pascal Pa

In US Customary units force is measured in pounds lb

With area measured in square inches in the units for
stress are pounds per square inch lb-in frequently
abbreviated as psi
Dividing load by area does not give the stress at all points in
the cross!sectional area3 it merely determines the average
stress A more precise definition of stress is obtained by
dividing the differential load dP by the differential area over
which it acts5
dP
σ
dA
The condition under which the stress is constant or uniform
is known as simple stress A uniform stress distribution can
exist only if the resultant of the applied loads passes through
the centroid of the cross!section
It does not follow however that positioning the load through
the centroid of the section always results in a uniform stress
distribution
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of '$$mm must
carry a tensile load of 6$$ kN Determine the outside
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to '($ MPa
A composite bar consists of an aluminium section rigidly
fastened between a bronze section and a steel section as
shown below Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated Determine the stress in each section

Aluminum
Bronze A   in
Steel
A   in
A   in


 lb  lb  lb
 lb

 ft  ft  ft

For the truss shown determine the stress in members AC
and BD The cross!sectional area of each member is 7$$
mm

B D F

m
A H

m C
m E
m G
m

 kN  kN
The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A The bars AB
and AC are pinned to the support at B and C The areas are
8$$ mm for AB and 6$$ mm for AC Neglecting the
weights of the bars determine the maximum safe value of W
if the stress in AB is limited to ''$ MPa and that in AC to
'($ MPa
B C

° A °

W
Shearing stress differs from both tensile and compressive
stress in that it is caused by forces acting along or parallel to
the area resisting the forces whereas tensile and
compressive stresses are caused by forces perpendicular to
the areas on which they act For this reason tensile and
compressive stresses are frequently called normal stresses
whereas a shearing stress may be called a tangential stress

A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads

cause one section of a body to tend to slide past its adjacent
section
What force is required to punch a ($!mm diameter hole in a
plate that is (# mm thick: The shear strength is ;#$ MPa
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing
strength of 6$ ksi The compressive stress in the punch is
limited to #$ ksi a Compute the maximum thickness of
plate from which a hole (# in in diameter can be punched
b If the plate is $(# in thick determine the diameter of
the smallest hole that can be punched
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member
supported as shown below The pin diameter is ($ mm
A rectangular piece of wood #$ mm by '$$ mm in cross
section is used as a compression block as shown
Determine the maximum axial force P that can be safely
applied to the block if the compressive stress in the wood is
limited to ($ MPa and the shearing stress parallel to grain is
limited to # MPa The grain makes an angle of ($° with the
horizontal as shown
Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that the
latter is the internal stress caused by a compressive force
whereas the former is a contact pressure between separate
bodies Some examples of bearing stress are the soil
pressure beneath piers and the forces on bearing plates
The result of an excessive bearing stress is to cause yielding
of the plate or of the rivet or both The intensity with which
the rivet bears against the rivet hole is not constant but it
actually varies from zero at the edges of the hole to a
maximum directly in back of the rivet The difficulty inherent
in a variable stress distribution is avoided by the common
practice of assuming the bearing stress sb to be uniformly
distributed over a reduced area equal to the projected area
of the rivet hole Then the bearing load is expressed by

Pb Pb
σb  
A b dt
A ($!mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each ''$
mm wide The allowable stresses are '($ MPa for bearing in
the plate material and <$ MPa for shearing of the rivet
Determine the minimum thickness of each plate and the
largest average tensile stress in the plates
A cylindrical tank carrying a gas or fluid under a pressure p
is subjected to tensile forces that resist the bursting forces
developed across longitudinal and transverse sections A
simple method of determining the bursting force F is
indicated in the figure below
The stress in the longitudinal section that resists the bursting
force F is obtained by dividing it by the area of the two cut
surfaces This gives5
 F pDL pD
σ  A  σt 

tL
σt 

t
This stress is usually called the tangential stress because it
acts tangent to the surface of the cylinder3 other common
names are circumferential stress hoop stress and girth
stress
Consider a free!body diagram of a transverse section

The area of a transverse section is the wall thickness

multiplied by the mean circumference or pD=tt3 if t is small
compared to D it is closely approximated by pDt
Consider a free!body diagram of a transverse section

pD
Then we obtain σ l 
t
where sl denotes what is called the longitudinal stress
because it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder
The equation for solving the stress in the wall of a thin!
walled spherical pressure vessel is identical to that for the
longitudinal stress in a cylinder
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 6$$mm in diameter with a
wall thickness of ($ mm is subjected to an internal pressure
of 6# MPa a Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel b To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
'($ MPa:
The wall thickness of a 6!ft diameter spherical tank is #-'<
in Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is
limited to 8$$$psi
A water tank (( ft in diameter is made from steel plates
that are ½ in thick Find the maximum height to which the
tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to
<$$$psi The specific weight of water is <(6 lb-ft