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Design of Internet of Things based Electricity Theft Detection using Raspberry

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Vol. 10 Issue 02, February-2021

Design of Internet of Things based Electricity

Theft Detection using Raspberry PI
Oscar Famous Darteh*1, Charity Oseiwah Adjei2,
Raphael Anaadumba4, Sajib Sarker5, Goma T.F.J. Christian6
School of Computer Science and Software
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
Nanjing, China

Amo Samuel Blay3

Department of Electrical Engineering
Accra Technical University
Accra, Ghana

Abstract—The indicators of the size and development of an
economy are dependent on its production and consumption of
electricity, so electricity theft contributes to slow economic growth.
Although few countries gain profit from electric power
exportation, most production is for consumption. But recently,
utility authorities are facing a considerable amount of losses. We
can divide the losses into technical losses (TL) and non-technical
losses (NTL). Technical losses are in-built in the network and are
curbed to a considerable level; the remaining is due to the power
dissipation of conductors and other equipment on in the
distribution and transmission network. NTL happens due to
inaccuracy of metering, electricity stealing or theft and energy
unmetered. Detecting electricity theft is a nightmare most utility
authority. It is against this draw-back that our paper seeks to
deploy Internet of Things based Electricity theft detection Using
Raspberry Pi. Researchers have predicted a volatile hike in the
quantity of “things” or devices connected to the internet. The
utility sector must take advantage of this technology to improve its
losses. This research’s design architecture is to detect any illegality
that occurs between the utility serve and the energy meter at the
customers’ premises. The system could be monitored in real-time
over the internet by the utility authority.
Keywords— Internet of Things; Electricity Theft Detection;
Raspberry Pi
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things is a term used for a system where devices
are given IP addresses, and everybody makes the device
recognisable on the internet via that IP address. The web, which
started with the internet of computers, is developing.
Researchers have predicted a volatile increase in the number of
sensors, devices or “things” connected to the internet. The
product network is known as the Internet of Things (IoT) [1].
IoT has the propensity to alter people’s lifestyles. People prefer
to monitor things through automatic systems in today’s world
rather than through any manual system. The Raspberry Pi and
the relay, together with the circuitry driving the system, are the
main elements of the IoT-based electricity theft detection system
introduced in this paper. The indicators of the size and
development of an economy are dependent on its production and
consumption of electricity, so electricity theft contributes to
slow economic growth. Although few countries gain profit from
electric power exportation, most production is for consumption.
Although few countries gain profit from electric power
exportation, most output in developing countries is for
consumption. Most developing countries have suffered
undesirable economic consequences to meet the demands of
electricity for real estate and industrialisation due to electricity
theft. According to the World Bank's development indicator
collection, the percentage of distribution and losses due to
transmission in Ghana was at 23% in 2014, gathered from
officially recognised sources [2]. Reducing transmission and
distribution losses is the greatest challenge to power utility
authorities.
We can categorise the losses in to technical (TL) as well as
non-technical (NTL) [3]. Technical losses are in-built in the
system which is reduceable to an appreciable level; the
remaining is due to power dissipated in equipment and
conductions used to for the distribution and transmission
lines[4]. NTL happens due to inaccuracy of metering, stealing
or theft of electricity, as well as energy consumed but
unrecorded by the energy meter [5]. Electricity theft is the
energy consumed by a customer that is unaccounted for or not
measured by the energy meter. Theft of electricity happens due
to meter tampering, meter bypassing, and service lines tapping
to the customers’ premises. Due to the deficiencies in the
metering system and the lack of transparency and accountability
in billing customers of electricity in public utilities, customers
take advantage to steal electricity to avoid paying the realistic
tariff. Electricity theft causes a very high negative impact on the
financial status of power distribution and utility companies,
which puts pressure on the future investment of the power sector.
The ripple effect is that the losses incurred due to the theft are
passed as the cost to the paying consumers in either poor quality
service and higher tariff [6]. Reports suggest 25 per cent of
Ghana’s current annual average losses are due to electricity theft
[7]. However, the emergence of smart grid technologies has
informed researchers to utilise the smart grid platform to detect
and monitor electricity theft. Our research proposes a
generalised IOT based design using raspberry pi to detect
electricity theft by comparing the recorded values of current at
the utility service intake to the recorded value of current at the
energy meter intake. The result of the compared values is stored
on the firebase server, which is accessible in real-time. The
paper is structured as follows: Methods employed by fraudsters
in electricity theft are described in section 3; Literature works on
electricity theft detection is described in section 2; In chapter 4,

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our proposed detection system including the general design.
Lastly, we present the conclusions with future related work in
chapter 5.
II. RELATED WORKS
In this section, we review the existing and proposed designs for
electricity theft detection.
A. Existing Designs
In [8], the theft detection system has two current
transformers: one at the input and the other at the energy meter’s
output. Any difference in the input and output values of current
transformers is considered as power theft by the user. The
system was designed with the help of power line communication
technology. Md. Umar Hashmi and Jayesh G. Priolkar’s [9] anti-
theft energy metering system explored advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI) using PLC technology. A handshaking
operation between the two AMI residential meters (M1 and M2)
sends data to the central server at the utility authority’s premises.
The quantity recorded is the KWH value. The relationship is
found by comparing the consumption between the two meters.
The PLC communicates the frequency of the filtered signal
between M1 and M2 to the server. Any distortion in signal
means theft or illegal connection. Vinay N. and Shubham R
[10]. proposed a microcontroller-based framework utilising
ATmega32. Current sensor one records the transmitted source
current, and current sensor 2 records the substantial load current.
The slave transceiver of both transmits computerised
information to the master transceiver of primary microcontroller
atmega32, which persistently screen the information obtained
from both the sensor and at the same time show it on LCD. If,
perchance, that any undesirable load is found between any of the
sensors, the current measured by sensor one will be more than
the current measured by sensor 2. The master microcontroller
detects this error, and the microcontroller commands the GSM
modem to send an alarm message to the operator.
[11] proposed a power theft identifier using. Their system
used an embedded microcontroller to compare the difference in
energy consumption between two energy maters. The system
calculates energy supplied by the distribution system on digital
energy meter 1. The energy consumption on the residential side
is also calculated and recorded by digital energy meter 2. For
instance, if digital energy meter 2 is consuming eight units, this
data is stored at a smart hardware microcontroller; this data is,
however, compared with the energy reading at digital meter 1.
Fig. 1. A Typical Distribution Service line
If the digital meter 1 records say 15 units, then the smart grid
two-way communication reports the theft of 5 units. A technical
report published by [12] proposed a ZigBee-based electricity
theft prevention system that uses a microcontroller to monitor
any change in the resistance value of the energy meter and show
its condition on the LCD. Other works carried out by [13] [14]
[15] proposed various WSN based power theft control systems.
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A power theft detection and automated bill management system
using the Arduino microcontroller and Electric Power theft
detection and location Tracking using IOT were proposed by
[16]-[17]. In order to find the power theft and automated billing
system, they used a current sensor and voltage sensor.
III. METHODS EMPLOYED IN ELECTRICITY THEFT
In most cases, electricity is supplied from the utility
distribution service lines to the energy meter installed at the
customers’ premises.
Fig.1 shows a typical distribution service line. The two
leading electricity operators in Ghana, the Electricity Company
of Ghana (ECG), introduced different types and versions of
energy meters in its quest to reduce electricity theft. We can
describe these meters as devices that calculate the quantity of
electrical energy used by a customer of electricity or any
powered electrically. Generally, we categorise the types of
energy meters used in Ghana into two, namely, Whole Current
meters (WC meters) and Transformer Operated (TO meters).
Our research focuses on WC meters due to their percentage use.
This section discusses these meters and the methods deployed
by consumers to steal electricity.
A. Whole Current Meters
These type of meters are fixed directly at the intake of the
customers’ load—these meters are commonly utilised for
residential and commercial customers who require low energy
for operation. The WC meters, based on technology, are
classified into Electromechanical and Electronic meters.
• The Electromechanical Meter’s mode of operation is by
counting the revolutions of an electrically conductive
aluminium disc, which spins at speed equal to the meter
records’ quantity of energy. The number of spins counted
is equal to the energy consumed. The voltage coil uses a
little and moderately quantity of energy, generally in the
area of 2 watts, which is unregistered by the energy
meter. In the same manner, the current coil uses a little
amount of energy which is equal to the current squared
flowing through it, usually close to several watts at full
capacity, which is recorded on the meter [18]. Fig.2
shows the electromechanical energy meter. To temper
with this meter, fraudsters place large magnets at sides of
the meter to lower the aluminium disc rotation, thereby
drastically reducing the amount of electricity consumed.
The other method is drilling a hole through the meter’s
plastic case and inserting a magnetic needle to stop or
slow the rotating disc [19]. Another method is by meter
bypassing and tapping of service lines to the customers’
premises. Also, electricity thieves place sugar close to the
rotating disc in the meter to attract ants, which slows the
rate at which it rotates.
• The introduction of electronic meters curbed electricity
theft until fraudsters found an alternative. These meters
show the energy consumed on an LED or LCD screen,
and others can also send readings to isolated places.
These meters work by calculating impulses and therefore
have impulse ratings per kWh, which is different from
manufacturers. In addition to measuring consumed
energy, electronic meters can also take account of other
quantities of the load and incoming supply like
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maximum and the minimum rate of consumption
demands, reactive power, and amounts like voltage and
power factor. They support, also time-of-night-and-day
billing, for instance, reading the energy consumed during
off-peak and on-peak hours[8]. Some use Smart ZIGB,
and GPRS Technology with the system server positioned
at the utility’s premises. The energy charge is done by the
server whenever the meter communicates to the system
server, which informs the electricity customer via SMS.
To additionally ensure security, they are locked-out with
customised seals. However, these meters, even with
security considerations, are basically tampered with by
meter bypassing and tapping of service lines to the
customers’ premises. This is an organised crime mostly
committed jointly by ECG /NEDCO field workers and
the customer [19]. Some unscrupulous electricians have
also developed a method that uses a contactor (an
electromechanical device), which makes tapping into the
service lines unnoticed by the utility operators even
during an inspection, as shown in Fig.3. Finally, another
general method employed in electricity theft is
disconnecting the neutral line. In this condition, the meter
cannot accurately calculate the voltage difference across
the live wire and the neutral wire to the consumer
distribution board. The result will be an unrealistic
energy calculation of the meter.
Fig. 2.Electromechanical Energy Meter
This work has received funding from 5150 spring
specialised (05492018012 , 05762018039), Major Program
of the national social science Fun of China (Grant No.
17ZDA092), 333 high-level talent cultivation Project of
Jiangsu province (BRA2018332), Royal society of
Edinburgh, UK and China Natural Science Foundation
Council (RSE reference:62967_LIU_2018_2) under their
joint International projects funding scheme and basic
research programs (National Science Foundation) of
Jiangsu province(BK201913988)
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Vol. 10 Issue 02, February-2021
Fig. 3. Illegal Tapping of Utility Service
IV. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
A We propose an IoT based electricity theft detection using
Raspberry Pi.
A. System Design
1) Raspberry Pi: T The Raspberry Pi is a range of
minicomputers, developed by the Raspberry Pi foundation. It is
a United Kingdom-based company with one of their aims to
encourage researchers and to encourage students to learn basic
computer science and technology easy. They have developed
free resources to aid learners to study computing and how
computers work with devices alongside sensors. Launching of
the ranges of Raspberry Pi started in 2006. Models A and B
were announced on the 19th of February 2012. During July
2014, the Model B+ was announced. The Raspberry Pi, 3 Model
B, was out doored on the 29th of February 2016 [20]. Raspberry
pi is an inexpensive minicomputer. It is also capable of
converting digital signals into text. PC Display, as well as
Television, can be linked to Raspberry pi. You can attach
Mouse and Keyboard to Raspberry pi. It consists of a central
processing unit ( CPU) and a chip-based graphical processing
unit, all versions having Broadcom device on a chip. CPU
velocities range from 700 megahertz to 1200 megahertz for the
Raspberry Pi 3. The board has memory size ranges from
256megabytes to 1gigabytes of RAM. There is a stable digital
card (SD) that stores operating systems and application
memory. Practically, raspberry pi boards consist of several
components, as shown in Fig.4.
a) Components
• 2Gigabytes, 4gigabytes and 8gigabytes LPDDR4-
3200 SDRAM depending on medels.
• 2.4 gigahertz or 5 gigahertz IEEE 802.11ac wireless,
bluetooth5.0, BLE.
• 2 universal serial bus 3.0 ports; 2 universal serial bus
ports 2.0 ports
• Gigabit Ethernet
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Fig. 4. Raspberry Pi 4 Board
• 40 pin standard GPIO header with fully backward
compatibility.
• Supports 2 number of micro-HDMI ports up to 4kp60
• 2-channel MIPI DSI display port
• 2-channel MIPI CSI camera port
• 4-pole video and audio ports
• Decode of H.265 (4kp60), H264 (1080P60), 1080p30
• OpenGL ES 3.0 graphics
• Micro-SD card slot for loading operating system and
data storage
• 5V DC via USB-C connector (minimum 3A*)
• 5VDC via GPIO header (minimum 3A)
• Power over Ethernet (PoE) enabled
2) NodeMCU ESP8266: The NodeMCU Development
board is a firmware and development kit that is available freely.
It plays a very critical role in an open-source firmware and
development kit that plays an important role in using a few
script lines to design a proper IoT application [21]. This allows
explicitly flashing from a USB port. This incorporates
characteristics of a WIFI entry point and deployed
microcontroller. The module is primarily based on ESP8266,
which is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP / IP stack as
well as microcontroller capabilities. Due to the above features,
WiFI networking with NodeMCU is very dominant. It aids
downloading and uploading of data, hosting of a web server,
can be possibly used as an access point or station. When fixed
onto the Raspberry Pi allows the entire system to be connected
to the internet for data fetch and upload.
Fig. 5. NodeMCU ESP8266
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a) Components
• Analogue to digital converter (ADC)
• General-purpose input and output (GPIO) pin:
NodeMCU has input pins of general use with its board.
It aids the switching of LEDs to zeros and ones
digitally. It is also capable of producing pulse width
modulation.
• Serial Peripheral Interface (PI) Pins: NodeMCU based
ESP8266 hardware has four-pins.
• SPI (HSPI) for SPI connectivity. It also has SPI pins
for the contact with Quad-SPI. With this SPI interface,
we can connect any device with NodeMCU enabled by
SPI and make communication with it possible.
• Inter-integrated circuit (I2C ) pins: On GPIO pins of
the ESP8266, the NodeMCU has support for I2C
functionalities.
• Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter pins:
There are two interfaces, UART 0 and UART 1. The
firmware and the codes are uploaded inboard by the
UART0
3) Relay Module: The 4- channel relay interface circuit
board that takes a supply voltage of 5V and a driving current of
15-20milliamps for every channel is used to control different
types of large current equipment and appliances. It is
manufactured with high current relays that woks with 250Volts,
10amps AC or 30Volts, 10amps DC. It has a standard
microcontroller-controlled interface, as shown in Fig.6.
a) Components
• Maximum output of relay: 250Volts, 10Amps AC and
30Volts, 10 Amps DC
• 4- way relay module.
• Standard interface that can be operated by the
Raspberry pi directly
• Isolation optocoupler for safety on high voltage and
ground protection.
Fig. 6. Block Diagram of Relay Module
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and converted into text that will be saved onto the Firebase
server via NodeMCU. The utility Authority will have the
authorisation to monitor the condition in real-time.

Utility Intake Point

USB
AC Supply
Connector

Rasberry Pi 4 Relay 1

Utility Premises

NodeMCU

Cloud
Server

Consumer Premises

Energy
Relay 2
Meter
Fig. 7. Current Sensor

4) Current Sensor: ACS712 current sensor detects and

generates an electrical signal proportional to the electrical Load

current in a wire or network, whether it is high or weak. The

current sensor records current and sends the signal to display
the measured current on the comparator of the Raspberry Pi via
the relay module for further analysis.
5) Firebase Server: Firebase, which is a Back-End -As-
Services which started as a YC11, has been updated vigorously
onto Google Could as the next-generation application
development platform. Firebase frees developers to focus on
building an excellent user interface. With firebase availability,
we do not need to host servers. The firebase is its server, the
application programming interface, and has its data store, that
is written in such a generic fashion that it needs to be modified
to suit most needs which allow data to be stored on GCloud.
The storage of the firebase has a built-in security system to
protect the Google Cloud bucket from intruders and at the same
time giving authenticated customers detailed rights and
privileges.
6) Utility Service Box (USB): The Utility Service Box
house one of the relay module with a current sensor
incorporated. It is mounted on the utility service pole and is
accessible to only the utility authority staff.
B. System Architecture
The advantage of this architecture is that it will be able to detect
any illegal connection done between the USB and the energy
meter, which supersedes the existing architectures that aimed to
detect the illegality between the energy meter and the consumer
unit.
Initially, when the utility service feeder is energised, the value
of the supply current will be measured by the current sensor
incorporated in relay 1. The Raspberry Pi will fetch this
measured current. In the same way, the current sensor
integrated into relay two measures the source current at the
energy meter intake point, which is then fetched by the
Raspberry pi. The current signal recorded by the two current
sensors is compared in the comparator of the Raspberry Pi. Any
difference in the current recording will be registered as illegal
Fig. 8. Activity flow diagram of IoT Based Electricity Theft Detection
V. CONCLUSION
Internet of things based electricity theft detection using
Raspberry Pi has been designed. The architecture deployed the
use of a 4- channel relay interface circuit boards, incorporated
with current sensors for measuring and recording current
imbalance. The Raspberry Pi gives the utility authority the
flexibility to monitor any theft between the energy meter and
the USB in real-time. The design also incorporated NodeMCU
that allows access to data stored on GCloud of the firebase
server. It is envisaged that future works look at the construction
of the system to establish this design’s practicality.
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