FINAL EXAM

11TH LESSON: AFGHANISTAN

It’s more susceptible to instability because of the tribe groups which are
also divided based on ethnicity and religion
1929: King tries to reform country
1934: It gets recognized by USA
1950s: Afghanistan had to face disputes with Pakistan over territory
division
Invasion of USSR and fight with the holy warriors ‘’Mujahidin’’
1988: Withdrawal USSR troops, Afghan left by themselves to fight holy
1warriors until 1992
End 90s: Talibans take control of government thanks to instability
1994: creation Taliban movement by Islamic students that took radical
interpretation of Islam
1996: Talibans take Kabul and get recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia
and United Arabic Republic
1999: US government declares political and economic sanctions on the
country for supporting Bin Laden
2001 9/11: Twin tower attack : US and allies war to terrorism and Bin
Laden gets killed
2001: NATO troops arrive in Afghanistan
2003: ISAF(UN led by NATO)= International security assistance force:
allow Afghanistan government to exercise their authority, build capacity of
national military forces and fight terrorism
2014: ISAF is over and national security forces take responsibility of
country (11 years later)
2015: RSM( RESOLUTE SUPPORT MISSION): train, give advice and
support to national security forces to fight terrorism and secure country
SUSPENSION NATO MISSIONS AFTER 20 YEARS
10TH LESSON: IRAN

1921: Rehza Kahn Pahlavi(military officer) overthrows Persian

government and takes power,
1925: he starts first Pahlavi dynasty and becomes first Shia from Pahlavi
family.
1935: Persia gets renamed as Iran
During WW2: Iran declared itself ‘’neutral’’
British-Irani conflict over British companies
1941: Occupation of Northern Iran (Britain-USSR)
‘70s: Mohammed Rehza Pahlavi’s rule
1979: The Islamic Revolution, Komeni(nationalist populist)
Iranian students attack US embassy
1980: Iran attacks Iraq
1990: Kuwait invaded
1991: US ‘’Operation store desert’’ BUSH
2003: Iraqi freedom operation

9TH LESSON: SYRIA

1944: Independence of Syria
Ba’th party governs the country ( Nasserism)
1970: Minister of Defence Hafez Al-Assad overthrows government
2000: Hafiz Al-Assad dies
 Son Bashar al-Assad gets control: conservative mono-political
government, Allawi minority
2011: Beginning Syrian civil war (still ongoing)
2013: ISIS joins the conflict
ISIS
2003: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi( Jordan) had already an active terrorist
network during Iraqi war
-Starts to get closer to Al Qaida and Osama Bin Laden
-Al Qaida group founded in Syria
-After death of Zarqawi, actions intensified and changed name-> ISI
2009: After USA passed control of the country to the government
-Terrorist freed from Iraqi prisons
-Creation of ISIS(SUNNIT)

8th lesson: DECOLONIZATION

 50’S- 60s AFRICA-> gave power to the richest and established
dictatorships
 CONGO: civil war brought dictatorship and assassination of Lu
Bumba 1961 (fought for independence and became 1st president of
republic)
 ALGERIA 54-62 (8 ys)
-Led by the guerrillas of FLN
-Indochina’s Independence set the precedent
-Bloody random massacres by Muslim Algerians
-French population asked for government intervention
-French army’s intervention: Argel
-Independence
 SOUTH AFRICA
1912: African national congress
 1931: independence
1949: government of racial segregation
1991: abolished and free elections; Nelson Mandela
 EGYPT
1922: independence
1954: Nassar took power
 Libya
1951: independence and expropriating Italian goods
 INDIA
- Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about
the end of modification of colonial regimes.
- Civil disobedience campaigns
- Indian National Congress directed by Gandhi
- Independence granted in 1947
- Immediate result: civil war between Hindus and Muslims
- Two new states emerged – India and Pakistan
- They are hostile to present day: frequent border disputes, nuclear
near-confrontation

IN LATIN AMERICA
CHILE
1973: Allende ded

ARGENTINA
1946-1974: Peròn (populist)
1976-1982: military dictatorships

BRAZIL
1930-1950 Bairgass (like Peròn)

7th lesson: ISRAEL-PALESTINE

PROMISE: During WWI, Arabs supported Allied efforts against the
Ottomans in return for the promise of the Sykes-Picot agreement giving
them their own countries after the war.
REALITY: MANDATE
ZEONISM
-After the 1973 war, Palestinians began their own war against the Israeli
state, but they did not have a government or an army, so their war was
conducted using the methods of freedom fighters (from their perspective)
or terrorists (from the Israeli perspective)-> kidnap of athlete for attention
- Since 1948, Palestinians had lived in refugee camps in Southern Lebanon
in desperate poverty. Once the PLO began their campaign against the
Israeli government,

many of the attacks came from these refugee camps. As Lebanon was in a
civil war itself, there was no police presence in the refugee camps to stop
the attacks
- In 1980, the Israeli Defense Forces invaded Southern Lebanon to remove
the threat of raids on Northern Israel.
-Their invasion led to an occupation that lasted until the early 1990’s as
well as the massacre of Palestinian civilians in the Sabra and Shatila
refugee camps by local Lebanese militants.
-In response to the occupation, another important player emerged:
Lebanese Sh’ia terrorist group Hezbollah.
-While Hezbollah’s goal was to remove Israel from Southern Lebanon, it
continued to bomb Northern Israel until 2004 when Israeli forces attacked
Lebanon again.
1947
1948
1967
1973
1987
1988 Arafat independence
2000
2006 Esbollah

-Israelis have been settling in the West Bank and Gaza (the Occupied
Territories) as an autonomous Palestinian authority can not provide
protection to Israeli settlers. As a result, Israeli soldiers are stationed
amongst Palestinian settlements to protect Israeli settlers.

-In 2006, the militant Palestinian group, Hamas, won control of the region
in local elections based on the fact that they were the only organization
providing social services to the population. They began bombing southern
Israel with rockets on a daily basis at that time as well as endorsing suicide
bombers as they moved from Gaza into Israel.
-In response, Israel closed the borders of Gaza and enforced a full embargo
on the territory.
-The conflict rose to a new height in December of 2008 when Israeli forces
both bombed Hamas targets and conducted a land invasion in an attempt to
eradicate Hamas

6th lesson CHINA-RUSSIA

Geneve conference
1954 5 principles of coexistence and trade treaty w India
1955 Bandug conference(Indonesia w Afro-Asian countries)
1956 diplo relations with Egypt and process of destalinization
1957 nuclear agreement China-USSR
1958 Bombing Formosa island (Taiwan)
1959 Neutrality USSR
1960 Paris conference
1960 Congress of Moscow
1961 Congress of commie parties
1962 Economic agreement China-Albenia(Hoxa)
VIETNAM 55-75
19th -> French colony
1954: Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Min
1964: Tonkin golf attack
ASIAN ORANGE AND NAPALM
1968: US embassy attack
1968: PET OFFENSIVE and MYLAI MASSACRE
1971: End of war
1973: Withdrawal of American troops
1975: South surrenders and unified communist country

OAKS(WAR) AND DOVES(PEACE)

Lesson 5th CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS

1952 EISENHOWER US President
1954 Manila Treaty : US, Fr, UK, Paki, Thai, Philip, AUNE
1953 Treaty of Ankara
1952 Treaty of Bled
Massive retaliation
1953 first Castro coup ‘tat
1958 USA stops sending arms to Batista
1959 Batista flees
1959-60 treaties Cuba-USSR
1960 Che Guevara declared Cuba was part of socialist area w China
1961 USA cut ties with Cuba
1961 Bay of Pigs attack (Kennedy)
1961 Conference in Uruguay (money)
1962 2nd one Latin states get asked to cut ties with Cuba
1963 treaty with Soviets
MONROE DOCTRINE

Lesson 4th COLD WAR 1945-1991

1946 Churchill Iron Curtain Speech
1947 Truman is US president
1949 NSC68 (expansion of policy of containment 1947)
1948 Marshall plan
1948-49 Berlin crisis
1949 NATO
1950 West Germany joins NATO
1955 Warsaw Pact <-> NATO
1949 USSR launch first atom bomb and works on building hydrogen bomb
1952 first U.S. H-bomb which was officially announced by Truman on
January 7, 1953
1950-1953 Korean War
1953 Stalin dies + we have Eisenhower, USSR first intercontinental
ballistic missile
Expansion NASA and race to space and research new weapons
1951 Anzus treaty

THE KOREAN WAR 50-53

1st part
After the conclusion of WWII in September 1945, the Soviet Union
declared war on Japan; this was done in agreement with the United States.
-Japan had ruled over Korea for more than 30 years.
-To weaken Japan’s power, the SU liberated the northern part of Korea
and the US occupied the southern region.
-By 1948, the relationship between the SU and US soured. Neither the SU
nor the US wanted to give up their influence in Korea; as a compromise,
Korea was split into two at the 38th Parallel.
-North->Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Supported by the SU and
Chinese Communist Party
-South-> Republic of Korea Supported by the US and had democracy
US hoped the division would keep the peace and prevent the spread of
Communism in Asia. The goal was to have the split be temporary but
neither side wanted to give up their control.
2nd part:
After growing tensions, North Korea invaded South Korea by crossing the
38th Parallel on June 25, 1950.
North Korea’s goal: Unite North and South Korea under one government
independent of foreign influence. North Korea saw the separation of the
country as the fault of unwanted American interference and they wanted to
free South Korea from the grip of the US. The SU and communist China
were backing North Korea.
The US was very surprised because their focus had been on stopping the
spread of Communism in Europe; they really weren’t prepared to deal with
something in Asia. The South Korea army was no match for the North
Koreans, who swiftly advanced.
United Nations (UN) Security Council immediately called for a cease-fire
but the North Koreans continued to attack. Top US advisors decided to
take action; they were determined to not let another Asian nation fall to
Communism since many felt they “lost’’ China years before.
Containment policy
On June 27, 1950, the UN Security Council called on UN members to
support South Korea; the SU ambassador was absent. “I have ordered
United States air and sea forces to give the Korean government troops
cover and support.” –President Harry S Truman. Badly needed troops were
sent in by the US and 15 other nations; this was the first time UN troops
fought together in a major conflict. General Douglas MacArthur became
the commander of the UN forces in July 1950; the fighters were mostly
from the US and South Korea.
3rd part: how the fighting went
By September 1950, the North Korean troops had taken everything but the
south-eastern tip of Korea; fighting raged there for six weeks.
MacArthur and other military leaders came up with a daring plan at a port
city, which allowed them to launch a surprise attack on the North Koreans
from behind their lines. UN forces quickly drove the invading North
Koreans out of South Korea. In just over a month, MacArthur captured the
North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Soon, UN forces reached the Chinese-
Korean border.
Some Chinese troops began fighting alongside the North Koreans earlier in
the war, and soon thousands more backed the NKs.
UN forces were pushed back across the 38th Parallel. MacArthur called for
air and ground troops to attack China, but Truman refused. MacArthur
openly criticized Truman in a letter by stating, “There is no substitute for
victory.” Truman ultimately relieved MacArthur of his command in April
1951. UN forces managed to push the blended Nort Korean and Chinese
troops back across the 38th Parallel.
4th part: END of the war
By Spring 1951, it was clear that neither side would achieve victory.
Peace talks began in July 1951.
The American public soon grew frustrated with the lack of progress. The
war became a major topic in the 1952 election; Truman chose not to run
for reelection, knowing many blamed him for the US’s involvement.
After Dwight D. Eisenhower won the election, he traveled to Korea. Peace
talks did not yield results and more soldiers kept dying as fighting flared
up. Eisenhower brought up the possibility of using atomic weapons.
A cease-fire was signed on July 27, 1953, essentially ending the fighting.
Korea was again divided roughly along the 38th Parallel.
A narrow demilitarized zone (DMZ) was made between the two countries;
soldiers are still there today.
PEACE TALKS
Technically, the North and South Koreans had only signed a truce. The
Armistice Agreement formally ended fighting and divided the Korean
peninsula, but it was not a peace treaty.
Technically, North and South Korea are still at war.

AFTER THE WAR

North Korea’s economy – already in trouble before the war – was
struggling; support from the SU and China wasn’t enough, and there are
still problems with jobs and housing today.
North Korea also remains under the rule of a strict Communist
dictatorship.
South Korea quickly ousted its leader after the war and struggled with its
economy for a while; during the Vietnam War, SK gave support to the US,
and that was rewarded with $200 million from the US, which boosted its
economy.
South Korea continues to do well today.

AFTER WW1. 1st lesson

Saint Germain treaty, 1919 -> Italy receives Trenten and Sud-Tirol
Treaty of Trianon 1920-> Yugoslavia received Croatia and Slovenia, while
majority of Transylvania was given to Romania

Treaty of Neuilly 1919(Bulgaria)->Greece got Andreopoli port and

Yugoslavia received Macedonia
Treaty of Sevres, 2020 (Turkey) -> Greece received Mice and port of
Dacia, Armenia independent, Kurdistan autonomous state

UK received Palestine and Iraq

France received Lebanon and Syria

Treaty of London 1915-> Italy was promised Venezia-Giulia except for

Fiume
Yugoslavia-Italy border quest: Italy wanted Fiume
Treaty of Rapallo, 1920: former Austrian literal, Dalmatia, Zadar and
Fiume declared independent
Treaty of Rome, 1924: Fiume was given to Italians and Port of Susak to
Yugoslavia

Treaty of Rapallo 1922