CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Choosing the right strand is crucial for students as it serves as their training ground before
entering college. It is important for students to understand their passion and have clarity about the
course they are willing to pursue. Once a student chooses a strand they like, studying becomes more
enjoyable since the strands are designed and specialized to match their interests.It expands their
knowledge and skills, while at the same time, exposing them to their chosen field of study in preparation
for college. Therefore, choosing the right strand will help motivate students for their future career and
help them determine which paths fit their strengths, passions, and skills.

According to Cervera,Divino,and Verjom(2016),The K-12 Program, implemented in the

Philippines, aims to provide a comprehensive and balanced approach to education that caters to the
needs of both professionals and non-professionals in the country and abroad. The program helps
students acquire and master various skills in different educational fields, including vocational and
professional degree programs

The K-12 system covers kindergarten to 12th grade, providing a strong foundation in crucial subjects and
skills such as math, science, language, and social sciences. It also helps students master basic skills like
reading and writing, which are essential for higher education and the job market

One of the main benefits of the K-12 program is that it prepares students for work by providing ample
learning time for them to master study areas and focus on their interests.The Department of Education
(DepEd) has collaborated with business groups, local and foreign chambers of commerce, and industries
to change their job requirements to hire K-12 graduates.This helps prevent job mismatch by meeting
skill requirements and standards, ensuring that graduates have the necessary skills for work and further
studies

In addition to building a skilled workforce, the K-12 program also aims to produce young entrepreneurs
by offering tracks that train and allow students to venture into business and other fields beyond
employment. After completing the K-12 program, particularly in the senior year, graduates receive a
certificate of qualification and a national certificate as proof of their middle-level skills, providing them
with better employment opportunities and the chance to become young entrepreneurs.

Choosing a career can be a daunting task for students, as it involves a complicated process and
requires an open mind by Moneva and Malbas(2019). Factors such as educational institution location,
learning experiences, personal interests, and contacts can impact the decision-making process, leading
to confusion and uncertainty among students. Undecided students may face challenges such as
unemployment and underemployment . However, making the right career choice can have a significant
impact on a student's professional life and future success . Career counseling can be beneficial for
students who are looking to explore career options and make informed decisions. It is important to note
that students should not remain undecided for too long . While teachers have a greater impact than
career counselors, the influence of the family has been replaced by internet society in today's society .
Ultimately, career counseling can help students understand themselves and the world of work, leading
to better-informed decisions about their future.

Santiago,Caspillan,Valdez,Tamayo,and Meneses(2017) article,Factors Affecting the Decision-

Making of Grade 10 Students in Their Choice of Senior High School Track.Prior to the K-12 education
system, the Philippines had a 10-year program, which was unique among Asian nations and similar to
only two African nations. However, this 10-year program was not enough to compete with other nations
that had 12 or more years of education. The Department of Educationimplemented the K-12 Basic
Education Program to improve the quality of education and provide students with ample time to acquire
necessary skills and competencies. This program covers 13 years of basic education,
includingKindergarten, six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of
Senior High School. The K-12 program aims to combat unemployment and compete with developing
nations because 10 years of education is considered excessive. Graduates of this program will be able to
work internationally because they have completed the 12-year education that is the global standard for
companies all over the world.

Balay,Dela Cruz,Mateo & Miguel(2019) article, Factors Influencing the Choice of Munoz National
High School in Choosing ABM Strand. K-12 is a schooling system in the Philippines that aims to upgrade
learners' fundamental abilities, produce more capable citizens, and prepare graduates for lifelong
learning and work. The K-12 curriculum was signed into law in 2013, adding three years to the country's
basic education. Senior high school students can choose between three tracks: Scholarly, Specialized,
andSports and Expressions. Accounting,Business Management (ABM),Humanities and Social
Sciences(HUMSS), and Science, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are the three strands
that make up the Academic track. The ABM strand is designed for students who want to pursue a career
in accountancy, business, and management. It equips students with the necessary skills and knowledge
from the converging subject matter of Accounting, Business, and Management to maximize their
business-mindedness and set them up for success. The ABM strand provides a solid foundation in
business management principles and prepares students for a variety of jobs in the real world, such as
accountants, auditors, financial analysts, investment bankers, and entrepreneurs. High school students'
career choices are influenced by a variety of factors, and picking a direction is a serious decision. In
picking a course, you are picking your way later on, and it's your venturing stone to accomplish your
objectives.

Vallente,Albia,Gayosa,Dollaga&Nobleza(20