COLLEGE OF SOCAIL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

Research proposal on socio economic problem of Orphan children

in Adigrat town

A research proposal to be submitted to the department of sociology colleege of

social science and Humanities Adigrat University in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the bachelor degree in sociology in partial fulfillment of the
requirement, for bachelor of arts (B.A) in sociology.

By: Alem Tsegay

ID No 3492

Advisor: Bisrat. W (M.A)

March, 2016

Adigra – Tigray- Ethiopia

 Table of contents

Contents Page
Chapter one: Intrduction..................................................................................................................1

1.1. Back ground of the study......................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the problem......................................................................................................2

1.3. Objective of the study...........................................................................................................2

1.3.1.General objectives.............................................................................................................2

1.3.2.Specific objecitves............................................................................................................2

1.4. Significance of the study.......................................................................................................3

1.5. The scope of the study...........................................................................................................3

1.6. Limitation of the study..........................................................................................................3

1.7. Organization of the paper......................................................................................................4

Chaprter Two: Review Literature....................................................................................................5

2. Definition of the terms..........................................................................................................5

2.1. Theoretical frame work and concept.....................................................................................5

2.2. The cause of orphans.............................................................................................................5

2.3. Types of orphans...................................................................................................................6

2.3.1. Another classification of orphans.....................................................................................6

2.4. Family system theory............................................................................................................6

2.5. Child headed house hold.......................................................................................................6

2.6. The role of family..................................................................................................................7

2.6.1. Orphan a buse....................................................................................................................7

2.7. Consequence of scoio economic problems of oprhan...........................................................7

I
 2.7.1.Lack of proper diet leads to matutation............................................................................7

2.7.2.Lack of basic facility further education leads to with draw from the school....................8

2.7.3.Scoail class and academic achievement............................................................................8

2.7.4.Stigma and social exclusion received from community...................................................9

2.7.5.Forced child labor...........................................................................................................10

Chapter Three: Research Methdology…………………………………………………………...11

3.1. Discription of the study area...............................................................................................11

3.2. Research design...................................................................................................................11

3.3. Types and sources of data...................................................................................................11

3.4. Simple size and sampling techniques..................................................................................11

3.5. Data collection methods.........................................................................................................11

3.6. Method of data analysis..........................................................................................................12

References......................................................................................................................................13

Time table schedule.......................................................................................................................14

Budget breakdown.........................................................................................................................14

Data collection tools......................................................................................................................14

II
 Chapter one: Introduction
1.1. Back ground of the study

Or phan poverty is the denial choice and opportunity violation of dignity. It means the basic
capacity to participate effectively in the society. It means not having enough income and job into
themselves. They have not job and sufficient income and this leads to another problem such as
forced labor, commercial sex, with draw from school etc. because of lack of their parent they are
vulnerable for different diseo economic problem of orphan unduly happen. But the vulnerability
and the number of orphans is different from country to country. Most of the time the sub-shara
country such as Nigeria Niger, Ethiopia, Kenya and etc are the most prominent country of the
world.

Children have the number of needs such as economic need, social need, psycho social, education
need etc. But orphan is denied this basic needs it leads to emotional problem, hardship, stigma
and then the orphan because under street, low income the chronic dilemma for some orases and
live with marginal and fragile environment without access clean water and sanitation and other
problem (UN, 2005).

In many countries of the world, the soci

phan. But some of them have no any income and job to fulfill the basic needs orphan failed
under high risk of malnutrition because the member of extended family con not afford to give
sufficient and faced or (diet). Then due to the above problem the orphan sexually abuse and end
up with commercial sex workers (Jhon Traverse, 1976: 149).

Orphan the problem under the contemporary where is fast rise in the cost of living. Due to this
orphans are the first portion (part) of the society failed in greater risk because orphan have as job
to support and they are not utilized themselves to get the good income,. Even if orphan
participate in the workforce for various reasons. They are given lower position due to physical
strength, age, and other family related problems, skill and etc. (Taut, 1989 cited Yasmin 1998:
1213).

1
The socio-economic problem of orphan increase as the extension of adigrat town from time to
time. As we know adigrat town one of the greatest city in Ethiopia. So the population is migrated
from different corner of the city. Then number of orphan population and orphan increase from to
time. In my research the targeted adigrat town there are a number of orphan who fail under the
socio-economic problem of orphans.

1.2 :Statement of the problem

In many countries across the world, socio economic problem was happen undoubtedly. The most
means of reducing orphan problem is provided increase recognition and acceptances due to the
diverse effect of governmental and nongovernmental organization is important to establishment
of good socio economic condition of orphan children are severely in health problems. One of the
most important conditions of action affecting the social position and movement within life span
of orphan peoples is their state health. Since orphan is accorded lower social life then the
children who have the parent, orphan still tend to receive less care and consideration when they
become ill. Another hand the medical personnel why will not give proper care because the
orphan will not clearly tell the problem. (Yasmin, 1998: 15). Orphan children is sexually
harnessed from sexual harassment that result from the creation work environment because they
are of not matured to keep to their right. It is difficult to determined sexual harassment of orphan
children in the work environment because they are employed unsafe work environment such as
hotel, restaurant and etc. They are harassed by drinker. The owner of the hotel, hotel manager
and family of owner of the hotel. By this aspect they are not exposed to concerned body such as
court, police due to fear job cutting and shaming of the such institution as well as the society
(R.wayne MONDY, SPHRI, 1999: 137).

Alcohol could be the primary cause of children deficiency mental retardation, disorder life etc.
most of the wealth care profession also attractive learning and developmental of children is
alcoholic and other related problem, reverse true the children who will be no parent they are feel
we are not counteract for this world, prejudice, stereotypes to the community and the value, rules
and norms because they will not properly socialized the children who has not the parent they do

2
not give the authorizes and permissive styles of the parent authorizes style of high level of
emotional attach and moderate control over their children (Cher sin, 2001: 321).

Although food security precisely difficult orphan are not total food sewed. Food security is being
widely used the definition of food security elusive and being leveled and expand over time.

According to world food summit (1996) “food security exist when all people at all time have the
physical (food) and the economic (means to gain the food) access to sufficient, sage and nut rate
an faxed that meet their directory need and food performance for an active and health life?
However, mostly in the developing country these types of explanation seem paper-value only
because their economy is not feasible to full the above mention criteria. Food in security
happened mass part of the world but it different from country to country as well as part of the
scarcity in the country. Although the current government of Ethiopia take different cure at action
to full fill food security of the citizen still Ethiopia people food insecure in different pocket of
the society such as children, acid age female headed house hold etc. but in the case of orphan is
very harsh and increase time to time as increase urbanization.

The children who have no parent exposed to cocaine. Due to the death of their gerent their feel
depression and street. To make free them from this problem they used different measurement
such as smoking cigarette, cocaine, cannabis, marijuana, alcohol and other physical and mental
danger activities due to this problem the children exposed sever as heavy disease such as cerebral
blooding flow, cardio-vas colored bemuse, extreme headache etc. another than the children who
have their parent they are strong enough healthier happier them who have (cot (M. Shea
1997:117).

The impact of poverty an orphan children is more than double jeopardy”, because biological
development of secondary to premature materials depression, in adequate environmental
stimulation, insufficient social support available poor potential serves as the intensification of the
problem of orphan. This factor increase biological war ability is related to teenage pregnancy,
limited parental core, poor malnutrition and material depressions. The problem of orphan due to
the effect of polarity is huge generally biological problem such as primary and psychological
problem such as disorder substance abuse, suicide and health related problem they are exposed
different sexual transmitted disease such HIV (m. Shea & Marie beaver, 1997: 115).

3
Although several research conducted an orphan. But still untapped the problem of orphans.
According to kasahun (2004) dues-done research. The impact of HIV AIDS on socio-economic
problem of orphan. His research was focused on the magnitude of orphan children with HIV and
impact of IV an social life and sigma.

But hew signature stigmatization and discrimination orphan being orphan or orphan free from
HIV|AIDS. He due not explain the attitude of orphan towards the society, and he does explain
the future expectation of orphan. He decide the viciousness of the problem mean socio-economic
problem of orphan cause HIV and inertly. Then, my research my to address the socio-economic
problems of orphan the effect of socio-economic variable such as education, faced child labor
sigma and discrimination an orphan children. The study focused on the socio-economic problem
of orphan in adigrat town there are 1631 orphan children without any support and care. They
need better service and save the life. This accorded the data of labor and social affair bureau of
adigrat town administration.

1.2. Objective of the study

My researcher will have two objectives such as general and specific objectives.

1.2.1. General objectives

 To investigate the socio economic problem of orphan children Adigrat town
1.2.2. Specific objecitves
 To investigate their educational status and economic situations and food condition of orphan
 To investigate the challenge and constraints of their social relation in relation to sigma and
discrimination
 To study future expectation of the orphan

1.3. Significance of the study

To provide an out work and insight the socio economic problem of orphans in Aidgrat town. To
suggest the possible remedies the change of orphan faced.

4
 To provide the valuable information about the socio economic problem of orphan at
community levels. The study serves as reference material and clue for other researcher who
aspire engage themselves in research work related to chosen topic.

Because of my research focused an younger (children) young is expensive for one country as
well as the world. Since younger is direct input of one country labor force use mean of
production (factor of production). So orphan children is part of younger’s.

1.4. The scope of the study

Although conduct research all socio economic problem of orphan too crucial both at country
wide or regional level. However, the researcher obliges to limit the scope of the study. In Adigrat
town, due to many constraint which actually beyond the capacity of the research like absence of
sufficient time, transportation, financial problems and the skill of the researcher to obtain the
huge information that gathered at regional and country level.

1.5. Limitation of the study

The researcher faced the following challenges in conducting this paper

- Lack of sufficient experiences or skill of the researcher since be novice.

- Time and financial constraint
- Lack of theoretical knowledge of the research mark in relative the topic
- Unavailable insufficient and of adequate and sufficient data related to the topic
- Despite these challenges and constraints however research has exerted all his maximum
efforts to carry out his study in relatively better status via compromising all these weakness
mentioned above.

1.6. Organization of the paper

The study was organized and structured under five (5) chapters that have some sections and sub
sections. The first chapter deals with the introductory part which comprises the background of

5
the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research methodology, significance,
delimitation, limitation, and organization of the study.

The second chapter emphasize on theoretical and conceptual frame work section. Hence the
socio economic problem of orphan explained by different concepts help to provide brief
knowledge and understand site for the readers.

The third chapter focused fully devoted topic related the finding and presentation of the study.
The challenges and constraints of orphan children for socio-economic and other social life or
orphan children are addressed.

The fourth chapter focuses on presenting, conclusion and recommendation part. Therefore,once
conclusion based on finding discussed under the conclusion. And the recommendation followed
and forwards under the end of the study.

6
Chapter Two: Review Literature

2. Definition of the terms

Orphan has several meaning and definition by different organizations and institutions. Both
UNICEF and USIAD, 2004 defined as “a child who last his mother or her mother or both point
material orphan and double orphan” respectively.

Orphanage: It is the governmental or nongovernmental organizations that cares about children’s

who last their parent and have no giving any care. Social exclusion: - Refers to the process in
which in individual in a community of the people systematically blocked from the right and
resources example having employment etc.

Social stigma: - is the extreme disapproval of the person or group in social characteristics the
ground the perceive and services distinguish them from other member of the society.

Discrimination: Pejudial treatment of individual based on another actual or perceived

membership in certain grows or category.

2.1. Theoretical frame work and concept

Being obvious that study the socio economic problem of orphan important and principle of
growth and development of society at community law (local level) country wide as whole is
different by different way. So, I try to see the diversity of meaning the cause and other aspects of
socio economic problem of orphans in different scholars.

2.2. The cause of orphans

The cause of orphans was several in number. There are factors that the children to the orphan
such as natural factors, economic factor, economic factors and practical factors, and other factors
contribute the children to be orphan. But one of the most prominent factors of cause of orphan
HIV AIDS orphan is the current and urgency problems of orphan. According to UNISEF 30% of

7
orphan are loss their parent by HIV ADIS and the other are non-ADIS orphan who lack their
parent.

2.3. Types of orphans

There is no clear classification or segmentation an of orphan and other classifications.

Single orphan: - Is an orphan who loss the parent only mother one internal orphan and full
orphan is who last their parent both mother and father (UNICEF:2004). This classification
excludes the partial orphan (father loss children).

2.3.1. Another classification of orphans

This classification of orphans is classified by the children to be orphan through different clauses.
such as AIDS orphan famine orphan, were orphan, material orphan, social orphan and etc (save
children UK: 2009).

2.4. Family system theory

This theory is focused on the role of family everything family is very Essen the family. Because
of the number of one family number is not only attending material aspect. But also emotional
and spiritual attachment as groups of family system. Then this approach is describe as system
become very popular both in the theory and precipices as particularly traps working coupes and
family who live in problem. Then due to the death of the children is affected their life in general.
How the people think and be have is affect by the family background. But the orphan children
are influence outside environment because they live within sum or squatter (david Alson: 1994).

2.5. Child headed house hold

As we know the child who have their parent was force to child head family. Due to these the
child head family need to family because of their economy, managing system, power system and
etc.

8
These stress of house hold from the external and internal (pipeline Bass cited in also deferring:
1994). She done research on the family street thoery and has summarize many of ideas in the
lack of family management back. The internal and external factors will be inside in the family
system such as drunk’s suicide etc. and external by natural factor etc. The child headed family
characterized by economic distress social isolation violent marriage etc.

2.6. The role of family

There are two key concepts parenting behavioral of such as support and control. The parent is the
amounts of caring closeness and affection that prohibit to give child the parent exercise the
leveled of support prevent have social psychological and academicals impact on the children.
The influences of better academic high self esteem, moral social competences psychological and
academicals negatively affected in the cause of support and denied the basic need such as food,
cloth (uniform) gen, exercise book and other reference materials so the academic performance is
law, have self esteem in goral from the freed and dissatisfied their life (Deferring, 1988).

2.6.1. Orphan abuse

Orphan abuse psychological, physical and mental injuries sexual abuse and negated treatment of
orphan less than 18 years orphan share not psychological abuse but also malnutrition and
emotional abuse by the community is difficult to nurturing. And shared the positive attitude
about the value norm,. sanction, folkway rules regulation and the law of society. Because, they
were abuse and discriminated before. Then they are freely, ignore the community means to
achieve the goals and the system. If leads to vicious circles problem between the community and
oprhan and leads to orphan abuse the community and refers true (Olson: 1994).

2.7. Consequence of socio economic problems of orphan

The socio economic problem of orphans lead to several sever problem that range from
deprivation of the basic needs in the necessary condition of living in life. Whereas, essential they
are essence but have no sever problem of the life span if they are not fulfill. The basic need they
are the most necessary for serving in life, while essential are help for better life of the children.
But in the case orphan these necessary condition is not fully secured. Then the socio economic
problem or orphan has the following result.

9
 2.7.1. Lack of proper diet leads to maturation

As we know food is necessary condition for human survival. It is notes entail rather than children
food supply from the external sources collude be actively food security in the long run if it is
disrupt the local market. Due to the deprivation not food and clean water the children failed
under food and water or malnutrition and under water born disease so ministration of orphan is
largely happen in orphan the children who how the parents. Malnutrition is used condition of the
body received improper diet or does not get in enough nutrient food. It is threaten the children
and have negative impact an the growth of children physical (muscular strength) and weight and
mental development of children .It is happen in gable level But the distribution of country and
the parson).The distribution of may malnutrition is different from country to country across the
world as well as it different from the society to society with in an country. Mal automation is
wide spread the orphan part of the society because they have no naught income to support the
styles and have no relative to full fill the basic diet when we in general malnutrition is safely
happen in sub-sahara an country and it is faced the.

Malnutrition is used the condition of the body received improper diet or does not get enough
nutrient food. More variable children and elder and disabled person. According to the Ethiopia
central statistic authority (2005) may nutrition of the children show the children sweetly wasted,
11% the children wasted and 47% of the children under Weight which orphan contain 30% of
from the total population of children. Wasted 1 setup) wasted mean the individual weight is
below minus two (-2) standardization from the media weight age of reference (UNICEF, 2008).

2.7.2. Lack of basic facility further education leads to with draw from the
school

Education is the process of increasing skill knowledge and development of other activities. So,
there may be different educational in put. The children that become orphan after the loss of their
parent through (HIV AIDS) other natural causes miss out from the school interrupted because of
domestic and economic pressure orphan is less the skill and other practical knowledge that they
received from their saws. Without this skill and basic school education many of these children
negatively offered in long run as suffered economic health and social problems.

10
According to UNIAID revel large number of Ethiopia is suffer in quavered and illiteracy from
the total of five (5) million who last their parent of orphans. The literacy rate is among is year
and above 35.9 with deep gender gap and difference the literacy rate of males is 50% and 22.8%
female.

2.7.3. Social class and academic achievement

Un daftly most of the orphan children are the family of lower class they being and have its own
effect one education. To many poor and minority students continue to attend school is difficult
because despot address their need and in which they learn little. Due to this they are with draw
from the school and have show little performance in their educational activity the cause behind
high school dropout rate failure law achievement. Another hand the poor children used as
escaping from poverty if they get the chase to support the basic facility to the teaching because
they have no other opportunity to engage and support them selves.

This two idea seems to contract oppose the poor and minority they are poor in educational
achievement and another than they are poor and minority group in the society who get the
opportunity to full fill the basic facility are good educational pertinence or achievement whine
we see in the close of orphan even through they get the opportunity to support the basic facility
they may not effective due to the family related problem and received from the community. This
implies that financial (material) aspects is not enough to the children in good achievement there
must be emotional and psychological support are needed. (Elliot, 2000: 127).

Lack of schooling result missing educational qualification and higher skill thus pervading their
life in poverty competition of children with could worker leads to depressing wage sources. A
part from this above lack of opportunity for higher education older children’s deprives caption
of developing higher skill and technological capabilities felt are required for economic
development transformation to attain higher income and better standard of living.

2.7.4. Stigma and social exclusion received from community

It is the most sewer problem happen in orphan children. It reads to set halting the children stigma
is extreme disparate at (discontent with) a personal groups on social characterized ground that

11
perceived the sever to distinguish them from the other secrecy and a discrimination on the other
hand the partial treatment that received from the community leads to social excursion.

They are exclude from the community participation education political activity then the orphan
failed under social treasure and leads to seeing of the value less and engaged in different deviant
activities, such as prostitution crime, gambling, school drop, and other violence’s (Gattan, 1997:
28).

2.7.5. Forced child labor

The studies and serves on child labor have proven un dependable to the children who loss their
parent engaged in forced labor. Concerning this problem “rapid assessment carried out by the
international labor organization (ILO) investigate the situation of working children are much
more likely than non orphan to be commercial, agriculture domestic serves, commercial sex
street venders” (ILO, 2003). This rapid assessment is clearly show the experience of child force
through pall a way. This is different in different context. In out areas most of the children labor
is engage in agriculture and at heavy work. While in urban areas they engage in commercial sex,
stretwiseans actor criminal activities.

The child exposed accidental injuries at work. The children thus be protected to prevent the socio
economic and physical harm which persist to affect them during their life time such injuries
include the following points.

General Child injuries and abuse like tiredness, laziness excessive fear and more. Sexual abuse
particular sexual emption of girls by adult rose, prostitution, early and unwanted pregnancy,
abortion and sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV/AIDS , drug and alcoholism.

12
Emotional agate such as depreciation family love and affection resulting landing and have
lessens.

Physical abuse that include car postal, punishment emotional treatment such as blaming verbal
attack, rejection, simulation and bad work (pre meaux,1996:432).

Chapter Three : Research Methodology

3.1. Description of the study area

This study will be conducted Adigrat town tigray national state eastern tigray zone at adistances
of 894 Km from Addis Ababa and 114 Km from mekelle and the astronomical location is 140 o
north latitude and 39o 29 east longitude.

- Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the central statistical agency of Ethiopia
(CSA) this town has a total population 0f 57.588 of whom 26.010 are men and 31.578 women.
Adigrat is the last important Ethiopia city south of the border with Eritrea and is considered to be
a strategically important get way to Eriterea and the reds Adigrat was part of Ganta Afeshum a
sparat worda created for the city.
3.2. Research design

The study design employed in this study is mixed approach both qualitative and quantitative
research method. this study design employed in this is by using mixed approach both by
qualitative and quantitative methods of study, qualitative study obtains observation, interview
method and quantitative methods will be brain statistical data or numerical data.

13
3.3. Types and sources of data

The data that will be required to achieve objectives of the study are both primary and secondary
data. The primary data will be collected form the employee of the organization through
questionnaire. The questionnaire contains both open ended and closed ended questions. And the
secondary data will be collected from documents and other published materials.

3.4. Simple size and sampling

techniqueshttp://www.besoccer.com/new/hazard-is-one-of-the-best-three-
players-in-the-world

According to data obtained from labor and social affairs office there are about 1631 orphan
childbearing (857 females and 774 males) sampling from will be obtained from the office and
simple random sampling will be applied taken as respondent according the formula 50
respondents were drown from the total and from the 50 are 33 selected.

The sample size determination is based on formula adapted form (tolore Yemane)

n = sample size form the population

N = the total population

e = the error interval

50
n=
1+50=¿ ¿

50 50
n= n=
1+50=( 0.01 ) 1.5

50
n= n=33
1+50 X 0.01

3.5. Data collection methods

14
The study will include both primary and secondary sources. It helps to successfully to understand
the data collected from both open ended and close ended questions will be from documents as
well as published materials. The researcher will use 33 questions for the respondents and the
researcher will make an interview for orphan children.

3.6. Method of data analysis

The research we will be used data analysis for both qualitative and quantitative data that is
appropriate to each method. the research war will use descriptive analysis in the form of tabular
representation of the respondents, and content analysis for qualitative method on better
understand of the respondents.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETION

This chapter focuses on the presentation analysis and interpretation of data gathered from
questionnaires and interview. In the survey the researcher was distributed 33questionnaires and
the were returned. In addition, the researcher also asked seven open ended questions for four
official who work in tigray labor and social affair association bureau of adigrat town.

4.1. Demographic characteristics of the sample

Table 3.1 distribution of respondent by sex

Sex Frequency Percentage %

Male 13 39
Female 20 61
Total 33 100
Source: computed from survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E.C

The above table revel that most of the respondents who select with random sampling technique
are females 20(61%) and the rest 13(39%) are males. In this case it indicate that the researcher

15
employed via conducted random sampling technique females respondent more dominant than
males.

Table 4.2. distribution of respondent by age

Age Frequency Percentage %

1-6 years 11 33.3%
7-12 years 8 24.24%
Above 13 years 14 42.42%
Total 33 100%
Source: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E.C

As we indicate from the above table 11(33.3%)of the respondent are Ander the age of 1-6 years
and 7-12 years are 8(24.24%)and the rest 14(42.42%) are above 13 years.

Table 4.3 distribution of the respondent by educational level

Educational level Frequency Percentage %

1-8 grade 19 57.57
Above grade 8 14 42.42
Total 33 100
Source: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E.C

As the above table shows that 19(57.57%) of the respondent are under grade 8 and the rest
14(42.42%) are above grade 8 and also there are no respondent that are uneducated .generally
this table shows that the orphans who attend there e education under grade 8 are more dominant
than who attends above grade 8.

16
Table 4.4. distribution of respondent by family background

items Option s Respondent

With whom are you living Frequency Percentage %

A with father only 6 18.18

B with mother only 10 30.3

C with grandparents 9 27.27

only

D with relatives 6 18.18

E others 2 6.06

Total 33 100

17
18
Source: computed from the survey conducted by the research 2008 EC.

The above table indicted that the orphan children’s live with mother only and grand parent
are ,10(30.3%) and 9(27.27%) respectively. The other children’s that lives with relatives and
father only are 6(18.18%) and the rest 2(6.06%) are live with other. As we obeserb from the
above data most of the children in the sub-city are living with mother and grand parents are
dominant.

4.2 Economic characteristics of the sample study

Table 4.5 Distribution of the respondent by their occupational status

Items Options Respondent

Frequency Percentage %

What is your job A student 28 84.84

2 6.06

B daily labor

2 6.06

C weyalie

1 3.03

Others

Total 33 100

Source: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E.C
The above table shows that most of the children’s are students that is about 28 (84.84%) and the
children’s that participate in daily lab our and weyalie activities 2(6.06%).the rest 1(3.03%) are

19
participated in other works so, that as we obserb from the above table the amount of student children’s
dominated over the other children’s that participate in daily lab our, WEYALIE and other activities.

Table 4.6 Distribution of respondents based on source of in come

Item Option Respondent

Frequency Percentage %

Source of income 6 18.18

From mother only

From father 11 33.33

From grandparent 11 33.33

From governmental 5 15.15

organizations

Total 33 100

Source: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E.C
The above table indicates that the orphan children’s that obtain there income from father are
11(33.33%) and from grand parent’s are 11(33.33%) respectively .the rest 5(15.15%) of the orphan
children’s are obtain there income from the governmental organizations. Generally the above table
shows that the most respondents obtain there income from father and grandparents are dominated
over the respond ants that they obtain from their mother and governmental organizations.
Table 4.7 distribution of respond antes based on income level
Item Option Respondents
Frequency Percentage %
Income level A Below 100 birr 10 30.3
B 101-150 birr 17 51.51
C 151-200 birr 2 6.06
D above 200 birr 4 12.12
total 33 100
Dose the income A Yes 12 36.36
sufficient for full filling B no 21 63.63
of your needs?
total 33 100
Source: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E.C

The above table indicates that the income level of the orphan children’s that is below 100 birr are
10(30.3%). In addition the children that have an income level of 101-150 birr and 151-200 birr are

20
17(51.51%) and 2(6.06%) respectively. the most respondents that have an income level of above 201
birr are 12.12 percent of the total respond antes. Therefore this table indicates that the respond ant
that an income level of 101-150 birr are dominated over the respond ant that have an income level of
below 100 birr, 151-200 and above 200 birr’s. And also that table shows that the sufficientness of the
income for full filling of the children’s need. Among the respondents about 36.36% respondents that the
income that they obtain is enough for full filling of their needs. But about 63.63 percent of the total
population respondents that it is not sufficient for full filling their needs

Generally the respondent that responds the income is not sufficient for full filling their needs dominated
over that of the respond ants that responedyes.

4.8 .distribution of the respondents based one educational status

Item Option frequency Percentage %

Are currently following Yes 27 81.81
education No 6 18.18
Total 33 100
If you say yes either any Yes 21 63.63
obstacle that hinders
you to achieve your No 12 36.36
education
Total 33 100
If your answer is yes A Financial 18 54.54
what type of problem
do you have ? B Family related 9 27.3
problem
C Un equal treatment 6 18.2
in school
Total 33 100

Source: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 E C

The above table indicates that about 27( 81.81% )of the total respondent follows their education and
also 6(18.18%)of the total population do not attend their education currently. this means the children’s
that the attend their education dominates those who do not follow .As use absorb from the above table,
most of the respondents said that there is a problem that hinder their educational achievement about
21(63.63%). And the rest 12(36.36%) respondents respond that they do not have hinders on their
educational achievement. So the dominant of orphan children’s not at good achievement due to
hinders. A among the obstacle problems of the orphan children are financial problems , family related
issues and un equal treatment in school and so on. The dominate problem that made them to deny their
education is due to economical problem that is about 18(54.54%).

4.9 Distribution of the respondents based on the support that du on them

21
 Items Options Respondents

Is their any Frequency Percentage%

special support in
your school?
A yes 22

66.67

B NO 11 33.3

Total 33 100

If your answer is A Teaching material 18 54.54

yes what are the
supports you get B psychological 2 6.06
from your school? support

C Make up class for 9 27.3

orphan

D Others 4 12.12

Total 33 100

Sources: computed from the survey conducted by the researcher 2008 EC

The above table indicates that the orphan children’s who get a support from their school are about
22(66.67% and the rest 11(33.3%) had not gat support from their school. This shows that the dominant
orphans had gat support from their school. As we absorb from the above table the major supports that
done for them are teaching martial support like exec rise book, books and so on that is about
18(54.54%). In addition to this the orphan children obtains another supports like psychological support
2(6.06%) , make up class for orphan 9(27.3%) and others supports 4(12.12%) . Generally the above table
indicates that special support are made for the orphan children’s to motivate them.

Table 4.10 Distribution of respondent based on social relation in relations to discrimination

22
 Items Options Respondents

Is their any kind of Frequency Percentage%

discrimination
against you by your A YES 16 48.48
friends
B NO 17 51.51

Total 33 100

If your answer is A Negative 23 69.7

yes then what type discrimination that
of influence is apply makes you to live
on you? alone

B positive decimation 6 18.18

that makes you to
attend your education

C Others 4 12.12

Total 33 100

If the A yes 3 9.09

discriminations act
on you negatively B NO 20 60.6
have you decide to
start the life of
street children?

Total 23 100

If your answer is A By doing labor work 2 66.06

yes then how can
you fill full your B By doing criminal O 0
basic needs like activities
food, cloth etc C Others 1 33.33

3 100

Source: computed from survey conducted by the researcher 2008EC

23
The above table indicates that the social relations of the orphan children’s related to discrimination. As
we absorb from the above table about 17(51.51%) of the total respondents do not have any kind of
discrimination but the rest 16(48.48%) have influence that action them by their friends. In addition to
this most of the orphan children’s that is 23(69.7%) receives negative discrimination that makes them to
live alone. Among this negatively discriminated groups 1(33.33%) of the orphan children decides that to
live alone and to do labor works , other works fill full there needs like food, cloth etc. Are about
2(66.06%) of the total respondents that the decide to live alone. The table also indicates that, there are
also orphan children’s that is 20(87%) of the negatively discriminated group that they do not decide to
live alone . The table also shows that there are orphan children that obtain positive discriminations that
make them to attend there education and to have asocial relation was their friends that is about
6(18.18%) of the total respondent. . Table 4.11 distribution of respondent based on feature plan

Items Options Respondent

What is your plans Frequency Percentage%

for the feature?
A Participating in 5 15.15
trading activities

B Participating in 0 0
labor work

C Participating in art 2 6.06

works

D Attending 26 78.8
education

Total 33

100

Source computed from survey conducted by the researcher 2008EC

The above table shows that the feature plans of the orphan children’s. As we absorb from the above
table the major feature plane of the orphan children’s is attending education that is about 26(78.8%) of
the total respondents. In addition to this ,there are also orphans who have a feature plan like
participating in trade activities 5(15.15%) and art works 2(6.06%) of the total respondent. The table also
indicates that there are no respondents that have plane for participating in labor works.

4.3 ANALYSIS OF OPAN ENDED QUESTIONS

24
In order to know the socio-economic problem of orphan children of Adigrat town, the researcher
reside question entailed as who do you explain the support of the community to the orphan
children. When the researcher asked questions for the optional workers labor and social affair
bureau almost all the respondents argue that the support of the community low. For this
argument the respondent give the following evidence for there are argument.

 The supports very low because the support is provided by voluntary only.
 The member of the community is neglect orphan children due to individualization
way of life.
 There is problem of finding skill man power in order to give supports for training and
cretin awareness to orphan children.

In order to explain the educational access of orphan children’s the researcher raise a question
entailed. How do you explain the access of education for orphan children? Most respondent said
that the government supports in order to access for all children’s and then the respondent give the
following activities that done by the government.

 Building both primary and secondary schools in each town of the city
 Setting policy of quality educations for all
 Giving spatial support for orphan children’s like teaching material , financial support
and so on.
 Provide free education for all children with out any cost ETC

The coordination between community NGOs and Government organization and governmental
organizations is important in reducing the socio economic problem of orphans. In order to under
stand their coordination the researcher asks. How do you see the coordination of government ,
community and NGOs in reducing the socio economic problem of orphan children?

Most of the respondent said that the coordination is not satisfactory and the put their ideas
follows.





25





 Andrew J. Charlin (2002:321) public and private family. (3 rd ed) Johans Kapken university,
Megrawliw.
 Davidalson (1994). Marriage and faily strength (3rd ed) university of minnesota.
 Deferian (1988). (3rd ed), marriage and family strength Nebraska University
 Juhum F. Travers (1976: 149) educational psycology. (3rd ed), united state Boston college,
 Shane R. Premeaux (1996: 432) (7th ed) Human resources and management madison, megraw
hill, in USA.
 Stephan N. Elliot (2000:172) educational psychology university Wisoconsin madison,
Megraw hill, in USA.
 Taut cited yasmin Mohamed (1998) an assessment of services servender by integrated
holistic approach, in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
 Papline bass cited in alson (1997:28)marreiage and family strength.
 Gaff man cited in baure(1997:27)(3rd ed) Cincinnatus university.
 Kasahun abate(2004) the impact HIV on socio economic problem Ethiopia Adis Ababa.
 Thomas.shell (1997:115)(3rd ed)special education university Missouri-sanit lavis.

26
 Adigrat University

College of social science and Humanitity

Department of sociology

I. Demographic questions
1. Sex
A. Mal B. Female
2. Age
A. 1-6 year B. 7-12 year C. 13-17 year
3. Educational level
A. 1-8 grade B. Above 8 C. Un educated
4. With whom are you living
A. Father only B. with mother only C. with grand parent D. with relative E. other
II. Economic related questions
5. What is your job daily activity
A. Students B. daily labour C. please specufy D. other please specify
6. Source of income for education
A. From mother only B.from father C. from grand parent D. from government
organizations
7. Income level
A. Below 100 birr B. 101-150 birr C. 151-200 birr D. aboove 201 birr
8. Is the income sufficient for your daily needs
A. Yes B. No
9. Are you currently following education
A. Yes B. No
10. If the answer is Yes for question number 9 is any obstackk that hinders you education
achievement if your answer is No skip?

27
 A. Yes B. No

III. Multiple respond possible

11. From question number 10 is your answer is yes from following which is the factors
A. Financial problem B. family related problem C. un equal treatment in school
12. Is there any special support in your school
A. Yes B. No
13. If your answer for question 12 is yes, then what kind of support are receive from the
school/multiple response possibles.
A. Teaching material like books excerice book and other
B. Psychological support
C. Makeup class for orphans
D. Others
14. Is there any kind disrimination agains you by your friends?
A. Yes B. No
15. If the answer for question number 14 is yes then what type of influence is apply on you?
A. Negative discrimination that makes you to live alone
B. Posetive discriminations that makes you to attend your education and play with them
C. Otehrs
16. Depending on question number 15, if the discrimination is act on you negeatively have
you decied to start the life of street children.
A. Yes B. No
17. If the answer for question 16 is yes then how can you fulfill your basic need like food,
cloth etc?
A. By doing labour work
B. By doing criminal activities
C. Others
18. What is your plan for the future
A. For from organization or support organization
B. Want to self relant

28
C. Want to hard work and chanse their way of life

29