‘HANDBOOK OF BLASTING TABLES Compiled from various sources by the Te of ICI Explosives Revised January 1989 These tables are for use by explosives, and shouid be t with other technical informa on the user to accept or rej contained herein. ICI Expl assume any responsibility consequences or results ¢ ICI Explosives is a part of ICI Australiafi INDEX Blasthole Charging Densities Properties of Explosives — Packaged . Properties of Explosives — Bulk Inclined Blastholes .. ANFO — Mixing Quantities . — Variation of Weight Strength and Sensitivity of ANFO with Fuel Oil Content . Quarry Blast Design — Rules of Thumb . Perimeter Blasting .. Average S.G. of Various Secondary Breakage Guide .... Cartridge Counts and Dimensions . Detonating Cords and Fuses . — Detonating Cords — Safety Fuse . — Plastic Ignitor Cord and Connectors Detonators . : — Nominal y Times Electric Delay — Electric Detonator Packaging Extraneous Electric Hazards (Firing Characteristics Radio Transmitters — Transmission L Electric Circuit Resistance Calculation . Non-Electric Initiation Systems ‘Primadet’ MS Connectors. . — Detonating Relay Connectors ‘Primadet’ Delay timing ...... Environmental Effects of Blasting Vibration Calculations .... Vibration Graph — Log/Log Vibration Graph — Linear Airblast Calculations Submarine Blasting . Required Separation Dist inces in ing Number of Holes in Shafts of Various Sizes . Layflat Tubing Sizes Tunnels and Drives . — Relationship of Explosives Consumption to Face Area — Relationship of Number of Blastholes to Face Area . Mensuration .. Conversion Fact Compatability Tablets Glossary of Terms Company Offices ..BLASTHOLE CHARGING DENSIT DIAMETER 432_| 17 102.60 117.26 124.59 131,92 | 146.57 175.89 183.22PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES Relative Effective* Energy (REE) Packaged Explosives 1. Dry Mix ANFO ANFO ALANFO 5% AL ALANFO 10% AL . ANZOMEX Primer . Emulsions POWERGEL 2131 POWERGEL 2141 POWERGEL 2841 POWERGEL 2851 POWERGEL 2901 POWERGEL 2931 POWERGEL 3151 POWERGEL PERMITTED POWERGEL POWERPAC. |. Nitroglycerine Based ANGD 95 AN Gelignite 60 EXACTEX AJAX MORCOL DYNAGEX . Watergels POWERGEL 1531 HYDROMEX T3u AQUAPOUR 1083 MOLANITE 95B MOLANITE 95BP NOTE: = Measured V.O.D.’s will differ according to the conditions under which they are taker confinement, blasthole diameter and method of measurement. ** The Relative Effective Energy of an explosive is the energy calculated to be available to do Typ Measu 41 4.0 3.9 68Pat Beecll OOL en/D et 0/6 $2" ewo/B 2°) 9/6 SEL ewo/6 OL wo/6 go'L ewo/6 OF ewo/6 ogo euo/6 se" 2luo/6 OF" L ewio/6 S2"L wo/6 02" ewo/B SEL /6 OL ewo/6 go" ewo/B 0", wo/6 080 ubuads ying Buens Ibe OANY % — ABseu3 *y3 198u 882 OBZ OOS! OSS2 O”SZ O1S2 Ss9z] .0L92 .099% .0S9Z .0P9z OEZ Oz9z 0192 O0de OANV} ALISN3Q T39Y4aMOd NVOYSN3 S3AISO1dX4 «10H LAM, SAAISO1dX3 «10H AUG, SalLdadOdd JAISO1dxX] NING| INCLINED BLAGIAULE. V = Vertical distance including vertical sub-grade (m) \ D = Horizontal distance (m) L = Length of blasthole (m) @ = Angle of declination (degrees)ANFO MIXING QUANTITIES The Energy released by ANFO- i = mixture is oxygen balanced with ‘Nitropril Fuel Oil distillate (fuel oil) absorbed unifo (kg) (kg) () ammonium nitrate. ‘Nitropril’ and fuel oil both have ¢ 0.8 g/cc. On a volume basis, a r with 5.7% fuel oil can-be measu 16 parts ‘Nitropril’ to 1 part fuel c Mixed ANFO has a density of 0. VARIATION OF THE WEIGHT STRENG SENSITIVITY OF ANFO WITH FUEL OIL ¢ (b) Sensitivity 3 s z z 5 3 22 z QD = s % Fuel OilQUARRY BLAST DESIGN — RULES OF TI Varlous Design Parameters Bench Height. Blasthole Diameter. Burden. Spacing. Subgrade. Stemming. Powder Factor. Inclined Blasthole. Initiation type delays patterns CONDON 1. Bench Height H Chosen on a hasis of local ground conditions and regulations and size and type of loading equipment. 2. Blasthole Diameter (D) Generally dictated by available equipment. (Bench Height: 60 to 140 Blasthole Diameters.) 3. Burden Between Rows (B) Range: 25D to 40D. 4. Spacing Between Blastholes Along Rows (S) Range: 1B to 1.5B. 3 and 4 can be substantially altered depending on the initiation sequence used, see 9 for more details. 5. Subgrade Range: 8D to 12D. 6. Stemming Range: 20D to 30D. 7. Powder Factor Defined as the mass of explosive used to blast a volume of rock (kg/m) P.F.=Mass of explosiv Volume of Rock (See page 2 for charging densities) It should be noted that powder factor does not take into consideration explosive strength. Explosives can be compared using the weight ‘strengths and bulk strengths found in tables on page 3, e.g. the weight strength of POWERGEL 2131 is about the same as ANFO, the density however is considerably higher. P2131 allows more energy to be packed into the same volume. It should also be noted that packaged explosives do not completely fill the hole (unless slumped). This results in less explosive per metre rise. There is also a decoupling effect which reduces blasthole pressures. (Mass/m) X (charge length) inclined Blastholes ideally blastholes should be par: and this often requires angled h holes drilled on a square or stag have the following effects: () (i) (ii) (iv) (vy) (vi) effective burden (Be) will c effective spacing (Se) will unchanged; effective spacing to burde increase; the vertical distance of co the same thus requiring ar ‘stemming length in the bla the vertical distance of sut remain the same thus req increased charge length b for the same surface burde the powder factor will be e increased by inclined blas compared to vertical blastt Initiation {i) (ii) (ii) w) The type of initiation syste largely on the explosive ct regulations. The delay between holes < row in a blast should gene ms per metre of spacing. T reduced if there is a high ri The minimum delay betwe rows of blastholes commor range 4 ms to 8 ms per me delays are used there may time for adequate rock mo\ and subsequent rows of m: choke up in deep multi-rov In-hole delays — it is recor blasthole charge not be de surface initiation system he through four rows/holes (he 4 row Burning Front).Typical Initiation Sequences 1. Square, Row by Row Drilled: B = S, square Instantaneous Row firing is not recommended by ICI. 2. Square, V Drilled: B = S, square Ratio Effective Spacing = Se = 2 Effective Burden Be 3. Square, VI Drilled: B = S, square Ratio Se =5 Be 4. Equilateral Staggered, VI Drilled: B = S, staggered Ratio Se = 3.25 Be Be’ Se LEN For further details in Blast Desion coneitt either the IC] Bankle? ‘Riacting in Onarrice an1. Tunnelling — Smooth Blasting Using 25 mm diameter cartridged Powergel in 45mm diameter blastholes. Suggested Blasthole Spacing is 0.6m to 1.0m. Suggested Blasthole Burden is 0.8m to 1.0m. | 2 Quarry and Civil Engineering-Smooth Blasting Using continuous 25mm diameter cartridged Powergel in 75mm diameter blastholes. Suggested Blasthole Spacing is 0.8m to 1.3m. Suggested Blasthole Burden is 1m to 1.4m. 3. Presplitting Loading density approximately D2/12, grams of explosive per linear metre of blasthole. Hole spacing approximately 10D. Where D = blasthole diameter (mm). These guidelines assume that the hole diameter is greater than twice the cartridge diameter. 4. Line Drilling Hole spacing approximately three times hole diameter, ie. S = 3D. AVERAGE S.G. OF ' | PERIMETER BLASTING MATERIALS BLAST Material Basalt Coal — Anthracite Coal — Bituminous Diabase Diorite Dolomite Gneiss Granite Gypsum Hematite Limestone Limonite Magnesite Magnetite Marble Mica-Schist Porphyry Quarizite Salt-Rock Sandstone Shale Silica Sand | SECONDARY BREAKAGE GUIDE Plaster Shooting 1.5m thickness is the approximate limit for plaster shooting. Power Paks and ‘Plastergel’ are commonly lused but A.N. Gelignite 60 is also very effective for this purpose. |For competent rock the following ranges are applicable. Refer to mud capped esp. with incr. thickness of rock. Rock Thickness (m) Popping (Explosives in a drill ho Approximate explosive mass requir Up to twice as much may be requir embedded in the ground.| CARTRIDGE COUNTS AND DIMEN Nominal ‘Nominal Nominal Diameter Length Mass: e (mm) (mm) (g) Ho 28 35 26 1 ‘ANZOMEX’ POWER PLUS D 44 55 120 2 |‘ANZOMEX' K 35 118 175 2 ‘ANZOMEX' POWER PLUS P- 54 118 390 2 ‘ANZOMEX’ POWER PLUS Q 79 400 2 ‘ANZOMEX’ SLIDER 78 143 Nominal Nominal 400 Nominal Diameter Mass: (mm) ) 110 370 165 Powergel 3151 Magnum Powergel 2131 IAN Gelignite ‘60° IAN Gelignite ‘60’ N Gelignite ‘60° IAN Gelignite “60” JANGD ‘95° IANGD ‘95° PLASTERGEL IAN Gelignite ‘60° IAN Gelignite ‘60° Gelignite ‘60° NGD ‘95° JANGD ‘95° GD ‘95° ‘ANZITE’ Blue ‘ANZITE’ Blue POWERPAC — Packaging POWERPAC 250 g — 100 per case POWERPAC 500 g— 50 per case| DETONATING CORDS AND FUSES DETONATING CORDS Principal Physical Properties of Detonating Cords Compatible P\ ‘ANZOMEX’ ‘ANZOMEX’ “‘ANZOMEX' F POWERFLEX 5 ‘ANZOMEX F UNIFLEX 3.6 ‘ANZOMEX F SLIDER PRI NOTE *TRUCKCORD !S NOT RECOMMENDED AS A DOWNLINE Lengths of Detonating Cord per Reel and per Case “SHEARCORD’ REDCORD FLEXICORD TRUNKCORD POWERFLEX 5 UNIFLEX 3.6 ‘RX PRIMALINE” 1000 1000 1500 1000 REDCORD Is also available as 1 x 334 m reel carton, 6 kg gross weight, and in £ packs per case of 600 m, gross weight 21 kg. SAFETY FUSE Burning speed at sea level — 100 seconds per metre ( 10%) ee ee ee PLASTIC IGNITER CORD AND CONNECTORS Brown Colour Nominal burning speed 300 mm/s 30: Diameter 3mm 21 Length of coil 150m 300 Coils per case 10 10 Appropriate connector beanhole slott Connectors per tin 500 Tins per case 10La DETONATORS ELECTRIC DETONATOR IDENTIFICATION Description Half Second, No. 8 Star (Protected)* Short Delay, No. 8 Star L Series, (Protected)* Short Delay Carrick, No. 6 (Protected)* Instantaneous N6. 8 Submarine (Protected)* 2m Instantaneous No. 8 Star Seismic (Protected)* * Protected’ detonators have internal protection] Leadwire Resistance against static electricity by means of an insulating sleeve over the fusehead. For ‘L’ Series and 1/2 Secc the following resistances (le Detonator Strength No. Blasting Cables: A 100 m length of 50/00.25 mm twin core cable (with yellow PVC covering) will measure a total resistance of 1.4{2 The resistance of fusehe: 09-162ELECTRIC DELAY DETONATORS [ NOMINAL DELAY TIMES OF Delay No. S©MVNanaR DNA ‘LU’ Series Short Delays (ms) Half Second Delays (ms) | EuEcTrIC DETONATOR F INSTANTANEOUS (Packed in bundles of 10) Cartons per Casi Bundles per Carton Leadwire Length (m) ‘L’ SERIES Usually supplied as 25 detonators (0-18). Sometimes supplied on a o case basis as follows: Leadwire Length (m) Cases containing a selection of de! can be produced for special orders Delay 0 to 18 are stock items in all 19 to 30 are imported against firm c shipments from Nobel’s Explosives Advice on delivery lead times is | State Sales Offices.oN EXTRANEOUS ELECTRIC HAZAR MAXIMUM EXCITATION AND MINIMUM LAG TIMES OF ELECTRIC DETONATORS The shortest lag time of any detonator must not be less than the maximum excitation time required by any other detonator in the circuit, or the short lag will cut all detonators requiring longer excitation times. 20 CURRE~1N AMPERES 05 CURVE OF $e ‘MINIMUM LAG TIMES :URVE OF MAXIMUM EXCITATION TIMES 00 10 20 30 TIME IN MILLISECONDS Recommended minimum firing currents are: (1) 1% amps D.C. for each and every series circuit. (2) 2% amps A.C. for each and every series circuit. (3) 0.6 amp per detonator in a parallel circuit not containing zero delays or No. 1 short delays. MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM TRANSMITTERS Unless a site survey has been dc detonators should not be used cl broadcast transmitters than the d the table below. The distances pi factor of safety for conditions pre Car, CB and handheld (walkie-ta should not be taken within 10 me blasing operation. Transmitter Power Range (Watts) 25 50 100 500 1000 5000 . 10000 . 50000 . TRANSMISSION LINES MINIMUM SAFE Transmission Line Voltage 66 000 132 000 330 000 Electric detonators should not be high tension power lines. The risk the power lines and a firing cable into the air by a blast is avoided a subject to a hazardous level of m A danger still exists should stray enter the blasting circuit during a recommended that no electric firi to the power lines than the distan table.ELECTRIC CIRCUIT RESISTANCE CALCUL SERIES CIRCUIT —_ Blasting Cable Detonator Calculating Resistance Assume in the above circuit that there are 30 detonators on 3.6 m leadwires connected to ‘200 m of blasting cable. Resistance of 30 detonators R,=30 x19 =572 Blasting cable (200 m @ 1.4 2/100m) Re =200x0.014= 282 Total Resistance Ry + Re = 59.82 Voltage Requirement {a) D.C.: For a series circuit it is recommended to use a D.C. current of 1.5 A for detonator | From Ohms Law: V=IR=15X 59.8 =89.7V V = Voltage (Volts) 1 = Current (Amps) R = Resistance (Ohms) AD.C. supply of not less than 90 V is required to pass through tite Firing circuit to initiat (b) A.C.: For a series circuit it is recommended to use an A.C. current of 2.5 A for detonator From Ohms Law: V=IR=25X 59.8 = 1495 V A240 V ACC. mains supply would produce a current of: V/R = 240/59.8 = 4A This would be satisfactory. If a‘Blasting Exploder' is being used, it is not necessary to calculate the current per det exceed the number of detonators for which the exploder is rated. For parallel circuit calc further details on electric firing see the ICI booklet ‘FIRING ELECTRICALLY’. Note: The ‘Nissan 30 Shot’ exploder charges a capacitor with sufficient energy to fire a a resistance of not more than 100 ohms (nominally 30 detonators). The Beethoven Mk2 is also a capacitor-discharge exploder capable of firing up te1. (a) ‘PRIMADET’ TRUNKLINE DELAYS (TLD’S) are used in continuous “piggy-back” mode to provide a complete, very low noise surface initiating network. TLD’s consist of white signal tubing in a 200mm diameter coil with a delay detonator bunch block at one end and a plastic ‘J connector’ clip on the other. (See diagram below.) Nominal Signal Tube Bunch Block Firing Time* Length Colour (ms) (m) 2.6, 6.1 Black 9,12 Black 15, 18 Green 3.6, 6.1, 9, Yellow 12, 15, 18 As above Red As above White 12, 15, 18 Black Signal tubing has a reaction rate of 2000 m/s (ie. 1/2 ms per metre). TLD Packaging TUBE Length Units/Case Mass/Case (kg) (b) ‘PRIMADET DETONATORS ‘PRIMADET detonators are to be used as ‘supplied.The tube must not be cut in the field, as this could allow ingress of moisture or dirt with resultant malfunction or failure. Standard ‘PRIMADET Detonators come with an over-extruded signal tube and are available in either Lona Period (LP = Yellow) or Short Period (MS = White). For more demanding hi: gtnatirene NON-ELECTRIC INITIATION SYSTE LONG LEAD HD ‘PF detonators are availat have thicker over ex which has greater ten abrasion resistance. 1 range is available onl 8, 12, 14 and 15. Thi is opaque/white in ap; Short lead length (500 (SLHD) are available 1 charge mass detonati another means of ach hole non-electric dela In standard cases, ea delay number and sar number of units per cz the short lead lengths, lead lengths. *DPIMANET’ TRLThe MS Connector is used to incorporate a Nominal Delay Period Cok delay into surface detonating cord trunklines. 15 milliseconds b 25 milliseconds b Colour 35 milliseconds g 45 milliseconds g Yellow 60 milliseconds re Red DRCs are packed in cardboard Black twenty cartons per fibreboard cz White Blacké -PRIMADET" DELAY TIMING ‘PRIMADET’ Delay Se MS SERIES LP SERIES fEENENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF BLAST Vibration {tis particularly useful to be able to estimate the vibration caused by blasting. ‘As many site factors will affect the transmission of vibration through rock the most accurate prediction graph for a site will be that generated from vibration measurements taken at the blast site. In the absence of site data the attached graph can be used as a guide. This graph is based on the following attenuation formula: v=k(S.0)8 V — Vibration as Peak Particle Velocity (mm/sec). S.D. — Square Root Scaled Distance (see below). Kk) — Constants related to rock properties. The ) following values have been found to relate to ) “average” rock under “worst case” conditions: K=1140 B=-16 This formula will normally give very conservative vibration predictions. At critical locations, where there has been no prior blasting experience, it is wise to carry out initial blasts with conservative charges and monitor the levels of vibration generated. Scaled Distance (S.D.) S.D. = R/(Fxw)"/2 R — Distance between charge and point of potential damage (m). 'W — Charge mass per delay (kg.) F — Reinforcement Factor F = 1.0 — Delay between charges greater than 300 ms. F = 1.5 — Delay between charges less than 300 ms. Vibration Limits The Australian Standard 2187 Part 2 Explosives Code recommends maxi Particle Velocities to avoid damage t ‘Structure Historic building or monument buildings of special significance Houses and low rise residential commercial buildings not included below Commercial and industrial buildings, structures of reinforced concrete or steel construction Where substantiated by careful inves Particle Velocity other than that recor table may be used.| VIBRATION GRAPH (To be used DISTANCE (to nearest structure) 1000 in 7 T — 2 500 py 0 S s ® Ne we so 200 gente oe 4 100 |__| 50 i) 30b, 20 io 1 10 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 EFFECTIVE CHARGE MASS PER DELAY (kg) These graphs apply to single instantaneous charges. If multiple short delay firing is being NOTE: LOGARITHMIC GRAPE used, the effective instantaneous charge may be _Site monitored results have ger “"™, considered as 1.5 times the charge per delay. the above graphs to be very coVIBRATION GRAPH {To be used as a1 DISTANCE (to nearest structure) (metres)Airblast is a term applied to high pressure (often not audible) pulses of air generated from the venting of explosive gases to the atmosphere. Most routine blasting operations employing explosives within properly stemmed biastholes do not generate excessive airblast overpressures. Low leveis of airblast may, however, worry householders by shaking windows, etc. Complaints may be reduced by taking steps to reduce airblast. The most severe cases of airblast are caused by unconfined charges. Airblast overpressure may be estimated for unconfined surface charges by using the following formula: Git P=185 12 P — Pressure (kPa). W — Mass of charge detonated (kg). R — Distance from the charge (m). Airblast is reduced by adequately covering all exposed explosives and by increasing the degree of confinement of blasthole charges by increasing the stemming and/or burden distances and using effective stemming material (e.g. crushed aggregate). Airblast overpressure for fully confined blasthole charges may be estimated using the following formula: AZ R P=33 wie) Weather conditions will affect the transmission of airblast. Wind will increase the airblast downwind (by up to 6 dBL) and reduce the airblast upwind (by up to 6 dBL). Clouds, temperature inversions and wind shear can reflect or focus the airblast onto remote sites. Prevailing weather conditions should be considered prior to firing a blast in a critical area. Criteria for Airblast Damage 0.002 kPa (100 dBL) — barely noticeable 0.006 kPa (110 dBL) — readily acceptable 0.05 kPa (128 dBL) — currently accepted that damage will not occur below this level. Regulatory authorities in Australia generally enforce limits between 0.01 kPa and 0.02 kPa at source of £7, complaint for air vibration from quarries. The most generally accepted « is 115 dBL. The measurement taken with an impulsive precis read on the “Linear Peak" Scz Airblast pressure values (kPa) linear decibel (dBL) values usi relationship: OBL = 20 x log, Submarine Blasting Concussion Effect Under Wate Water is an extremely efficient pulse energy. The harmful effe should be considered whenev underwater blasting. Underwater concussive effect | the following formula: PEA, where P — Peak pressure in (kPa). W — Mass of explosive (kg). R — Distance from charge to f damage (m). A— 546 x 108. Where the underwater charge blasthole underwater: P (confined) = 0.4 P. Physiological Effects of Bias The following figures may be u P ’eak Pressure | Report Injury Absolutely Ie ‘Lung injuries 50% Chance animals ‘Completely : animalsREQUIRED SEPARATION DISTANCES IN THE SITING OF MAG References: NSW Dangerous Goods Regulation 1978 and Australian Standard 2187 Pa Commonly used explosives coming into class 1.1 or class 1.2 are: Glass 1.1.B Detonators plain and electric with mass explosion risk Class 1.2.F = Ammunition, HE, NME Rockets, HE, NME Class 1.2.G = Ammunition — Illuminatory, NME Incendiary NME Lachrymatory, NME Smoke, NME Flares Class 1.5 Blasting Agents insensitive to a no. 8 detonator at 40°C. A ‘protected place’ means — — public place — railway, tramway or aerodrome — waterway used for navigation — dock, wharf, pier, jetty, reservoir (other than a public reservoir), river wall, sea wall or bridge — furnace, kiln, forge or fire for manufacturing purposes or for the use of any boiler, engine or machine — water main or water supply channel, other than an underground main or channel — main electrical substation — electrical power transmission line having a line voltage of 1 kilovolt or more — radio or television transmitter used in community broadcasting or television services. Class 1.1.0 Ammonium nitrate exp! viz ANFO, ‘AMEX’, AL/ “SEISMEX’ HE Detonating cords NG explosives Blackpowder/Gunpowc Explosives slurries TNT PETN Watergels ‘METABEL’ ‘ANZOMEX’ Primers A'‘protected work’ means — — dwelling-house — government or public building, chur college, school, hospital, theatre or — shop, factory, warehouse, store or any timber yard, in which any persc engaged in any trade, business or f — building or structure in or about whi usually present or from time to time — public reservoir — premises licensed for the storage o! dangerous goods. New magazines up to 1000 kg, when not mounded, must have a minimum separation distance work of 183 metres. Over 1000 kg, a new magazine is required to be mounded. The relevant State Authority should be contacted to determine the appropriate safety distance fc explosive storage requirement.i eee Licensed Between an Capacity Between Between a magazine unmounded of magazine magazines anda magazine and a (kg) mounded unmounded protected place protected work 10 183 12 183 14 183 17 183 183 183 183 191 226 257 284 327 TABLE OF NUMBER OF LAYFLAT HOLES IN SHAFTS OF VARIOUS SIZES Nominal Width Nominal Di Shaft Diameter Shaft Area Number of (mm) (mm) (m) (m?) 50 32 100 64 125 80 175 110 250 160 100 — 115 130 — 170 Layflat Tubing comes in two th 150 — 205 180 — 250 (i) 150 um — roll length 181 (ii) 200 um — roll length 136 rTUNNELS AND DRIVES The following graphs and tables apply for 45 mm diameter blastholes and 38 mm diameter expl For larger blastholes, use larger burdens and less holes, conversely for smaller diameter blasthc pee nea OF EXPLOSIVES CONSUMPTION TO FACE AREA Explosives Consumption (Kg/m3) Face Area (m2) RELATIONSHIP OF NUMBER OF BLASTHOLES TO FACE AREA 90 Mica S Granit 80 x 3 Sandst Shales 8 2 3 & $ Number of Blastholes @ 3 xy 8 3 — ° 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Face Area (m2)MENSURATION 1. CIRCLE 5. PARALLELOGRAI Circumference = 2m d Perimeter = 2 Awea =n? = nd? Area =a 4 =a b i ' Circle ld — at 2. RECTANGLE 6. SPHERE Perimeter Surface Area = 41 Diagonal Volume = 4 ‘Area PJ : b 7 = 3. RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE 7 CONE Perimeter Surface Area = mr Area Volume = mt ce : sine Cose ane = bia c b a 4. GENERAL TRIANGLE 8. CYLINDER Perimeter =a+b+c Surface Area C Area =cxh =axm and C 2 2 Volume c and lS = Perimeter =a+b+e 2 2 Then A ‘S(S-a) (S-b) (S-c) + c2-2bc cosA r ? + o42ac cosB ? + be=Dab cosC a h Oy || CONVERSION FACTORS Muttiply ‘Symbol By To Obtain milliunit microunit . - - - . -kilounit Peeeee tees reese sMEgaunit fee. gigaunit 401.3 s..cllssssssss ss. kilopaseal feteteeeeee IAT ee pound per square inch kilojoule .... peer eee eee 16102109 , cubic inch oo... 2... bette eeeeee + +2882 10% | cubic metre... 46.39 2.0.0.2... 222. cubic centimetre 122 1.308 7 » cubic yard 0.3048 . ++ Metre... igen 4546 tre grain : 6480x107 . gram. fora ese pee 548 eee eee QFQiN gram fo 3527x109 | ‘ounce . horsepower ++ 0.7457 . vere eee kilowatt inch... fe 2B cee millimetre": kilocalorie . +4.187 . peeeeeeeseee ckilojoule niobate etter Co wee Od i eccceeeeee es Gigapascal kilobar bee 145 x 104 : pound per square inch Kilogram... ee eeeeeeeeeeeeees Peete eee POUN eevee es kilogram per cubic metre. pound per cubic yard kilogram - force per square metre: -9.807 . getpae rerio beeen eeeee kilogram per square metre ....... 11.422 x 10 “pound per square inch kilometre . . bette eeeeeee es 06214 MIE sees eeeee sees kilometre per hour se ckm/h been 0.6214 mile per hour . kilopascal . 2ockPa 0.1022 metre of water Kilopascal .. eee cece cece cece ec aKPA Lee 20.1450 1. spound - force per squar Kilowatt hour... eee ee eeeeceeees cKWA 136. megajoule litre. sree eeee 0.220 . litre. 1.760 . litre per sec : : 11320 . es cde NE ane beeen eeneseessbesasahl_ BEI SMnrstaseerehanstasper-V (Ee metre of water... 5... 0eeeeeeee 06 MH,O -9.789 . unit. British thermal unit - cubic centimetre... eee eee eee cubic foot . cubic inch . cubic metre =gallon per minute Moot .esecceeeeeten, kilopascal kilometre . -kilometre per hour... . TILT Uklopascal.. inch .. .kilopascal .. . nee 10.1998 ,...scss00e0 TECH eat ed tc a abt eoremea cst e beeen 04020 222: + “kilogram = force per squi : pereeeeeeesesees 1104536 ooo. cccieleteese kilogram, pound per cubic yard 6... ... eee e eIDIYD Lecce eee eee + 0.5933. kilogram per cubic metre pound per square inch ..... Tego 10% 2 Tkdiobar Pound - force per square inch Fee B95 eee eee eee ekilopascal SOLON oe eeeceessseeereeee *0.9072 tonne square inch"; 16452 eee ce eee square milimetre . fon... T1016 vee eee cece cess tonne: tonne .......- 0.9842 .. HOM veces eee tonne per cubic metre ......... Foe 07825 ee eeeeeeeeeeee es slOM per cubic yard... millimetre of mercury... ‘ounce ...The data presented in the following tables indicates those |.C.|. and/or |E.S. products recomr other. The products have been divided into donors (i.e. those doing the initiating) and re initiated). The following notation has been used: O — Recommended X — Not Recommended 1, 2,3 etc. — See Appropriate Footnote In some instances a product combination has been shown as NOT RECOMMENDED \ combination would be satisfactory. For example a copper No. 6 detonator with Plastergel. T been made on the basis that these two products would not normally be found in the same envi a product combination is only recommended under specific conditions those conditions are Any product combination not listed is NOT RECOMMENDED.RECEPTOR PRIMERS, CORDS NONEL PRIMADETS Lead-in MS&LP TLD —MSConn. 2p Slider ppP. KG ppD Tuf A Red PFlex5 Flexi Trunk ORC__RX-Prim Uni DONOR xx KK KKK Ox oOox x x x xx OM xx OX coca o$o xx OO x Ox x ocoo00°o xx OO xox x x x x x OO COOK KKK x ecoooo°0 QOOx x x x x x x x x O © ooo°o ooo o oo0o0o00 0000 000 ° ooo0oo0°o o0o0°0 ooo ° oo0oo0o0°0 oo000 000 ° ooo0000 0000 000 ° ooooo0o°o o000 000 ° ooo0o0°0 oo000 000 x xxO000 xxx K KK OK x xxoo000 xxx KKK OX x xO0000 OOxXxxXx OxO0 x Oo000xx OoOoOxKxX oxo x oo00oxx oOxx Oxx x oo00oxx g 2 20 3 68e 5 gessgsgsRECEPTOR POWERGEL N.G. BASED EXPLOSIVES AND ANGDe ExACIK EST aux wonco. OMA ora gist oma) a8 AQUAPOUR BLOV LOADED ANFO PER- 2941 SEISMIC MITED P 1501 x x x Oo x 2931 x °° x x °o oO Oo DONOR 0.8 CAPPED FUSE ED No. 6 COPPER ED No. 8 ALUM. UBMARINE EISMIC tot xOo000x xO000x Oxxx xo OxxxxOo Oxxxxo xO000x xOOxXxOx xO000x xO000Ox ' SERIES & 1/2 SEC. ARRICK x RIMADET MS AND LP 4 x x xooo xO00 XX KKK OK OK, X-PRIMALINE od ETACORD/UNIFLEX 35 UNKCORD r O00 -O00 OWERFLEX 5 EXICORD JFFCORD. IMERS XZOMEX A KO: tH) x «x VZOMEX pp) \ZOMEX K, G SeeoO oO %-X Oo xX O %X O xX odd ° fe} x fo} x ° x ° x ddd e duatetsy dutecte(©)tecttep CecstteCoesttess”duetied{o/etteuis, @etetiat) Ey x x ° x ° x ° Xx ° add EEE EEE Ste Cree EEE EES Eeoce aC y SuaWdd C AIRtasKC-AastNNiC-SiiSHINT: BUINIGK -10QtIN-SNG00IT sU0if00r-J808118" 3 puooyny C lietasd-#estetd(sttevid(- Brinton -tectinit-latsesdT sutitelt-Yesstiat 7 puooyxe| oo eee tHe ie Het g tee puoapey ¢$ S$ €§ gs € $ £€ 8 € xopoMmog/pico ‘emo it s € $ € g € S € psooyuna Pa ete He Cee tee ee tHe tee eee Se XoyUN/MIOOBIEq v 9 € v & v & v © @UI|EWUd-XY SdYOO ONILYNOL3C See I eT Ere ree Pe re Ee SNBd1 S13QVWNIud Sieg Aejag oujerg Ost OSE Ost Ot OST OSt OSI OSI OSF IWS WSL uwiost —“wWigS og 001 o9sz ossz orse ss9z 0292-0092 Papeo] Mojg Painog Jo pasainy HONOG 739u3MOd NVDUSNA OaNV 4O1d3903YGLOSSARY OF TERMS advance airblast AN ANFO approved backbreak and overbreak blasthole blasting agent blasting circuit tester blasting mat bulk strength burden distance burn cut butt capped fuse cartridge charge charging circuit collar collar length connecting wire crimper cut-off deck charges delay detonator detonating cord detonation detonation velocity om, detonation wave the distance a tunnel face advances following t! explosives a sub-audible compression wave transmitted th ammonium nitrate an explosive mixture of ammonium nitrate and having the weight ratio of 94.3 : 5.7, approved by the Explosives/Mines Department ground broken beyond the perimeter blastholes a hole which is charged with explosives for blas @ term used to describe certain high explosives ingredients are classed as an explosive an approved electrical instrument for testing firi a heavy flexible mat placed over a blast to prev energy yield per unit volume of explosive the distance between the explosive charge and a number of parallel blastholes drilled essential face, some of which are charged and fired to cr that portion of a blasthole which remains in the a length of safety fuse with a plain detonator cri @ preformed unit of explosive wrapped to a prec and length an explosive charge the act of placing the explosive in the desired pi the wiring connecting electric detonators to eac exploder the open end of a blasthole the length left uncharged at the open end of the insulated wires (usually of a lighter gauge than | used between the detonator lead wires and the a special tool used for crimping a detonator ont fuse a form of misfire in which some explosive is left ground movement explosive charges which are separated within a stemming a detonator which fires at a fixed time interval ai a continuous core of explosive powder containe or plastic cover. It must be initiated by a detonat an explosive process of very high speed involvi wave in the charge a measure of the speed with which the detonati through an explosive the shock wave set up by detonationdownline easer emulsion exploder explosive strength extraneous electricity’ face fly-rock fragmentation fuse lighter heave high explosive igniter cord igniter cord connectors layflat tubing lead (or leg) wires magazine misfire oxidiser particle velocity perimeter blasting plaster shooting Popping presplitting primary blasting primer round safety fuse ‘secondary blasting shotfirer Poe tOF inating oer explosives: the line of detonating cord by which a primer is lower blasthole and from which itis initiated blasthole in a tunnel face next to the cut and initiated deen fired a super fine mixture of oxidiser solution encapsulatec matrix a specially designed portable source of electrical ene detonators the strength of an explosive expressed against a star e.g., 110% ANFO. an electrical current from a source other than the firin could initiate a detonator a wall of rock, usually near vertical, either naturally fo more often the case, formed by blasting rock which is thrown an excessive distance from the the extent to which the blasted material is shattered it fragments a pyrotechnic device used to ignite safety fuses the extent to which the broken mass of rock is moved position vertically an explosive capable of detonation an incendiary cord used to sequentially ignite safety f connectors used to link igniter cord to safety fuses thin-walled plastic tubing (usually polythene) used to damp or wet blastholes the wires which are permanently attached to an elect a store which is used for keeping explosives or deton a charge or part of a charge which has failed to explo an ingredient in an explosive that provides oxygen the rate.at which a particle of ground vibrates. It is rec millimetres per second the techniques used to produce-a desirable final rock blasting the breaking of rocks by firing charges placed against confined by mud or clay the breaking of a rock by firing a small charge within < which has been drilled into it a method of perimeter blasiing in which the presplit ct before the main charges. the biasting of the original undisturbed rock mass the cartridge or that portion of a charge containing a d coupled to detonating cord by which the remainder of detonated a selected pattern of holes used to blast a face under; a fuse which burns at a definite rate, and is used to ini detonator the reblasting of oversize rocks resulting from primary the person whose responsibility includes preparing, ct firina explosivessinking cut smooth blasting spacing stabhole stemming stray current subdrilling sympathetic detonation tamping throw toe trunkline watergel weight strength a detonator circuit a pattern of blastholes adopted for blasting t existing floor a method of perimeter blasting employing ur the linear distance between the collars of ble a short intermediate blasthole used between drill cuttings, angular crushed rock, sand, etc blastholes after they have been charged unwanted electricity from various sources the portion of a blasthole drilled beyond the detonation of an explosive charge caused b' adjacent charge the act of consolidating explosives or stemm the extent to which the broken mass of rock position horizontally the area at the foot of a face the surface line(s) of detonating cord to whic are connected explosives which are gelled, saturated aque: containing suspended solids the strength of a unit mass of an explosive w of a reference explosive| GCUMPANY OFFICES & PLANTS Box No. Telex Facsimile Telephone Deer Park 3023 32435, 3636619 (03) 361 6611 Explosives Factory Head Office Ballarat Road oes Beker ocd 38976 (03) 363 2966 = (03) 363 5111 Initiating Explosives Systems Tilburn Road 38976 (03) 3631475 — (03) 361 6995 |New South Wales Sydney 2065 les Office 100 Christie Street 178032 (02) 436 5544 (02) 436 55¢ St. Leonards Mudgee 2850 Ulan Explosives Plant Byron Place (063) 73 4737 (063) 73 4706 Muswellbrook 2333 Liddell Explosives Plant Box 285 (065) 761135 (065) 76 1174 Muswellbrook Explosives Plant Blakefield Road Box 460 (065) 433895 (065) 43.4114 Mt Thorley 2330 Singleton Explosives Plant Box 496 Piercefield Road S'ton 2330 (065) 746633 (065) 74 6561 Singleton 2330 ICI Explosives Office, Suite 5 126 John Street Box 319 (065) 724295 (065) 72 3311 ‘Smithfieid 2164 BMI Prospect Explosives Plant Box 208 (02) 688 1664 (02) 688 1556 Greystone Rd., Prospect ‘Tocumwal 2714 ICI Explosives Reserve Box 27 (058) 74 2402 = (058) 74 2130 ICI Explosives Office 2 Canal St. Box 527 (003) 319749 (003)31 963% Tasmania Savage River 7321 ICI Explosives Plant Box 19 (004) 461390 = (004) 46 1113Western Australia North Fremantle 6159 State Sales Office 65 Rule Street Baldivis Explosives Plant Stakehill Road Collie 6225 Collie Explosives Plant Kalgoorlie 6430 Kalgoorlie Explosives District Office & Plant Explosives Reserve Kununurra 6743 Argyle Explosives Plant Limestone Ck Const. 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