C&PF Sarwat Fawwad

COMPUTING AND
PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER#3
HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND NETWORKS
C&PF Sarwat Fawwad

HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

Number System
• A manner of counting
• Several different number systems are exist such as
➢ Decimal Number System
• Used by human to count
• Contain ten distinct digits
• Digits combine to make large numbers.
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HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

➢ Binary Number System

• Used by computer to count
• Two distinct digits 0 and 1
• 0 and 1 combine to make numbers.
• Bits and Bytes
• Binary numbers are made up of bits bit like ON or OFF switch
• Bit represent a switch
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HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

• Byte is 8 bits.
• Byte represent a one character.
➢ Text codes > coverts letters into Binary. >Standard codes necessary for data transfer.
• ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) > American
English symbols
• Extended ASCII > Graphical and other Symbols.
• Unicode > All languages on the plant.
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A LOOK INSIDE THE PROCESSOR

• The most important type of hardware design is a computer's processor architecture.

• The design of the processor determines what software can run on the computer and
what other hardware components are supported.
• For example, Intel's x86 processor architecture is the standard architecture used by
most PCs.
• Most modern computers have 64-bit processors and chipsets, while earlier computers
used a 32-bit architecture.
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COMPARING PROCESSORS

• Speed of Processor.
• Size of cache
• Number of registers
• Bit size(32 bit or 64 bit processor)
• Speed of Front side bus
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STANDARD COMPUTER PORTS

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OPERATING SYSTEM

• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware
and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. functions of an operating System.
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Run Programs
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

➢ Real Time Operating System

• Very fast small OS.
• Built into a device.
• Respond quickly to user input.
• MP3 player, medical devices.
• Nuclear power plant control , Air Traffic control etc
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

➢ Single User/Single tasking OS

• On user work on the System.
• Perform one task at a time.
• MS Dos and Palm OS.
• Take little space on disk.
• Run on inexpensive computers.
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Single User/Multitasking OS
• User can performs many tasks at a time.
• Most common form of OS.
• Windows XP, Windows 98,OS X etc
• For example a User can writing an email while downloading
a file from internet while printing term paper from Microsoft word.
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Multi user/ Multitasking Operating System

• Many user connect to one Computer.
• Each user has a unique session.
• Unix , Linux ,VMS(Virtual Memory System) ,windows NT.
• The System switches from one user to other user
rapidly giving the impression that each user has full control of a System.
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PROVIDING USER INTERFACE

➢ User interface
• How user interact with a computer.
Two types of interface:
❑ Graphical User Interface(GUI)
• Most Common interface
• Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE
• Uses a mouse to control objects
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PROVIDING USER INTERFACE

• A GUI is considered to be more user-friendly than a text-based command-line interface,

such as MS-DOS, or the shell of Unix-like operating systems.
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PROVIDING USER INTERFACE

❑Command Line Interface

• Older interface
• DOS, Linux, UNIX
• A command line interface (CLI) is a text-based
user interface (UI) used to view and manage computer files.
• User needs to remember all Commands.
• Included in all GUIs
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PC OPERATING SYSTEM

• Microsoft windows is the most important PC OS.

o Installed on about 95% of computers.
o Apple and Linux represent the other 5%.
• DOS(Disk operating System)
o Single user operating System
o Command line interface.
o 16 bit OS
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PC OPERATING SYSTEM

• DOS was the first operating system used by IBM-compatible computers.

• This operating system which runs through the hard disk is known as a disk operating
system.
• For the very first time, It was made and introduced for IBM by Microsoft which was
known as IBM PC DOS in the year 1981.
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PC OPERATING SYSTEM

➢ Windows XP(Part of Windows NT family OS)

• Microsoft’s newest desktop product.
• Different look from 2000
• Many different versions
• Digital media support was enhanced.
• Communication was enhanced
• Remote Desktop, Built-in CD burner
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PC OPERATING SYSTEM

• Linux
• Free and inexpensive version of Unix.
• 32 bit OS
• Very stable and fast
• Most flavors are open source.
• X windows GUI
• Command line interface is available.
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PC OPERATING SYSTEM

• Macintosh Operating System

• Macintosh is a line of desktop and laptop computers developed by Apple.
• Each Macintosh computer, or Mac, runs a version of the Mac OS, Apple's
desktop operating system.
• OS X is Apple's operating system that runs on Macintosh computers.
• Very stable and easy to configure.
• Only runs on MAC hardware.
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NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

• NT Server
• Support Networking .
• Security added (by using User name and password)
• Remote Management utilities such as Performance Monitor, Service Controller.
• Dial-out capability to remote servers
• RAID support included.
• RAID is a technology that is used to increase the performance and/or reliability of data
storage. The abbreviation stands for either Redundant Array of Independent Drives
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NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

➢ Linux for severs

• Popular in small business.
• Stable . Fast and inexpensive.
➢ Windows 2003 Sever
• Design to compete with Unix.
• XP like interface
• Better supports for XP computers.
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EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM

• An embedded operating system (OS) is a specialized operating system designed to

perform a specific task for a device.
• specially designed computer system that essentially contains software and hardware for
performing specific tasks.
• Mobile Phones, Laptops, Cameras, Washing Machines, ATMS,
and Hair Straightener ,Medical equipment
are examples of Embedded System.
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EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM

• Windows CE
• It is a version of the Windows operating system designed for small devices
• such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) .
• The Windows CE graphical user interface (GUI) is very similar to Windows 95
• So devices running Windows CE should be easy to operate for anyone familiar with
Windows 95.
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EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM

• Symbian
• Symbian OS was the most widely-used smartphone operating system in the world until
2010, when it was overtaken by Android. Development of Symbian OS was discontinued
in May 2014.
• Found in smart phones .
• Used for games, instant messaging. Internet.
• Symbian was now called... Nokia.
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ACQUIRING SOFTWARE

• Computer software comes in three different flavors:

• freeware, shareware, and commercial software.
Commercial software
• Any software a company designs and develops to sell, or licence, is commercial software.
• Software that must be purchase.
• Commercial software requires payment before it can be used, but includes all the
program's features, with no restrictions or time limits.
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ACQUIRING SOFTWARE

Freeware is free to use and does not require any payment from the user.
Shareware is also free to use, but typically limits the program's features or the amount of
time the software can be used unless the user purchases the software.
Open source
• Programs distributed with source code.
• Not all open source software are free.
• WordPress is an excellent example of open source software that is free to use but with
commercial options.
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ACQUIRING SOFTWARE

• The main difference between open source and commercial software is that open-source
software providers make the source code available to developers.
• Linux ,Samba , My SQL, Apache are example of Open Source Software
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WORD PROCESSING PROGRAMS

• Create text document

• Graphics and other objects are supported.
• Simple web pages can be created.
• Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect
(Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.
• The term Text editor can also be used to refer to a word processing program.
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SPREADSHEET PROGRAMS

• Calculates numbers and finances

• Data can be viewed in the form of Table & Graphs
• The most commonly used spreadsheet application is Microsoft Excel.
• Several other spreadsheet programs are available including
• IBM Lotus 1-2-3 for Windows and Apple Works and Numbers for Mac OS X.
•
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PRESENTATION PROGRAMS

• Use to create Slides or transparencies.

• A presentation program is a software program that helps create a slideshow that
addresses a topic.
• Enhances a speech and lecture.
• Different color and animation are available.
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NETWORK DEFINITION

• Set of technologies that connects computers.

• Allows communication and collaboration between users.
➢ Uses of Network
• Simultaneous access to data. Sharing of data files, stored on a server, software can be
shared.
• Shared peripheral device such as printers and faxes.
• Personal communication Email, conferencing(Tele and video Conferencing.
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USES OF NETWORK

• Voice over IP
Phone communication over network wires.
• Easier data backup
Backup copies data to removable media.
Server data backed up in one step.
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TYPES OF NETWORKS – LAN, MAN AND WAN

• The Network allows computers to connect and communicate with different

computers via any medium.
• LAN, MAN and WAN are the three major types of the network designed to operate
over the area they cover.
• There are some similarities and dissimilarities between them.
• One of the major differences is the geographical area they cover, i.e. LAN covers the
smallest area; MAN covers an area larger than LAN and WAN comprises the largest of
all.
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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

➢ Local Area Network(LAN)

• Systems are close to each other.
• Contained in one office or building.
• Contains Printers, Servers , and Computers.
• Organizations often have several LANS
• A LAN is a network of connected devices that exist within a specific location.
• LANs may be found in homes, offices, educational institution, or other areas.
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WIDE AREA NETWORK

• Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Two and more LAN connected
• Over a large geographic area.
• The internet is a WAN.
• Many wide area networks span long distances via telephone lines, fiber optic cables, or
satellite links.
• Unlike LANs, WANs are not limited to a single location.
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TYPES OF NETWORKS

• Campus Area Network (CAN)

• A CAN is a network that covers an educational or corporate campus. Examples include
elementary schools, university campuses, and corporate buildings.
• A campus area network is larger than a local area network LAN since it may span
multiple buildings within a specific area.
• The two primary benefits of a CAN are security and speed.
• Connect multiple LAN networks to each other through switches and router, and
finally to create a single network..
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TYPES OF NETWORKS

• Home Area Network (HAN)

• A home area network (HAN) is a network inside the home used to provide monitoring
and control over energy usage. It connects to the utility’s electric meter and monitors
energy usage so the home owner can see what energy is being used and where.
• HAN, Home Area Network, is a type of network that allows different computers and
other network devices in any room to share resources, including the internet access.
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TYPES OF NETWORK

• Personal Area Network(PAN)

• Very small scale Network
• Range is less than two meter.
• Cell Phones, PDAs ,MP3 Players
• usually over Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to
interconnect devices
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NETWORK MEDIA

• Network media is the actual path over which an electrical signal travels as it moves from
one component to another.
• In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path between
the transmitter and the receiver.
• It is the channel through which data is sent from one place to another.
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NETWORK MEDIA (WIRE BASED MEDIA)

➢ Twisted Pair Cable

• Twisted pair cable is can use for telephone communication.
• Most common LAN cable. A pair of wires that can transmit data.
• There are two type of twisted pair cable, unshielded twisted pair (UTP)and shielded
twisted pair (STP).
• Speed range from 1Mbps to 1000Mbps.
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NETWORK MEDIA (WIRE BASED MEDIA)

➢ Coaxial cable
• Coaxial cable. The center of a cable is made of copper wire.
• Coaxial cable is support 10 to 100 mbps of transfer rate. Coaxial cable is little expensive
than UTP cable
• . Coaxial cable can cabled long distant than UTP cable. Twisted pair cable can run 100
meters(328 feet). Using coaxial cable, distance is 500 meters(1640 feet).
• Nearly Obsolete. Similar to cable TV wire.
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NETWORK MEDIA (WIRE BASED MEDIA)

• Fiber optic cable

• Fiber optic cable can carry more data in longer distance than coaxial cable.
• Fiber optic cable can run 100km(60 miles) without amplifying . Fiber optical can be used
medium for telecommunication and networking because it is more flexible than other
cable.
• Data transmitted through light pulses.
• Very secure . Speeds up to 100 Gbps.
• Immune to interference.
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WIRELESS MEDIA

• Data transmitted through the air.

• LANs used radio waves
• WAN uses Microwave Signals.
• Difficult to secure.
• Easy to setup.
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NETWORK HARDWARE

• Network interface Cards

• A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component without which a computer
cannot be connected over a network.
• It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a dedicated network connection
to the computer.
• It is also called network interface controller, network adapter or LAN adapter.
• NIC allows both wired and wireless communications.
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NETWORK HARDWARE

Network linking devices

• Connect nodes in the network.
• Cable runs from node to device.
➢ Hubs
• Centre of a star network.
• all nodes receive transmitted packets.
• Slow and insecure.
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NETWORK HARDWARE (HUB)

• A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple devices in a
network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN.
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NETWORK HARDWARE (HUB)

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NETWORK HARDWARE (SWITCHES)

• Switches facilitate the sharing of resources by connecting together all the devices,
including computers, printers, and servers, in a small business network.
• A switch, is a high-speed device that receives incoming data packets and redirects them
to their destination on a local area network (LAN).
• It is an intelligent network device that sends message to selected destination ports.
• Like a hub, a switch also has many ports, to which computers are plugged in.
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NETWORK HARDWARE (BRIDGE)

• A bridge in a computer network is one kind of network device, used to separate a

network into sections.
• Every section in the network separate bandwidth. So that network performance can be
improved using a bridge.
• Connects two or more LAN together.
• The main function of this is to examine the incoming traffic and examine whether to
filter it or forward it.
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NETWORK HARDWARE (BRIDGE)

• A bridge is a device that connects one local area network (LAN) to another local area
network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or Token Ring).
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NETWORK HARDWARE (ROUTER)

• A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze and move incoming packets to
another network.
• For example, routers are commonly used in home networks to share a single Internet
connection between multiple computers.
• It connects different networks together and sends data packets from one network to another.
• A router can be used both in LANs (Local Area Networks) and WANs (Wide Area
Networks).
• Routers are more expensive than other networking devices like hubs, idges and switches.
A router
C&PF is a piece of network hardware
Sarwat Fawwad responsible for
forwarding packets to their destinations.
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NETWORK HARDWARE (GATEWAY)

• Gateway connects two dissimilar networks.

• Gateway is a passage to connect two networks together that may work upon different
networking models.
• They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it,
and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters .
• A gateway is a network node used in telecommunications that connects two networks
with different transmission protocols together.
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NETWORK HARDWARE (GATEWAY)

• A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a "gate" between two networks.

• Examples of gateway are router, firewall , server, email security gateway
or other device that enables traffic to flow in and out of the network.
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NETWORK PROTOCOLS

• Network protocols are

• The language of the Network. Rules of communication.
• A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted
between different devices in the same network.
• Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any
differences in their internal processes, structure or design.
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NETWORK PROTOCOLS

• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

• TCP/IP is a set of standardized rules that allow computers to communicate on a network
such as the internet.
• TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received at the destination.
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NETWORK PROTOCOLS

• IPX/SPX stands for Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange.

• IPX and SPX are networking protocols used initially on networks using the Novell
NetWare operating systems.
• Older protocol
• Replace by TCP/IP.
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DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION

➢ Digital phones line

• Local telephone companies are upgrading.
• Service will faster and more reliable.
➢ Broad band connection
• Any data connection faster than 56kps
• Commonly used in business.
• Becoming popular in home installations.
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DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION

➢ DSL Technologies (Digital Subscriber Line )

• Used to transmit digital data over telephone lines.
• communication medium, which is used to transfer internet through copper wire
telecommunication line.
• Along with cable internet, DSL is one of the most popular ways ISPs provide broadband
internet access.
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DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION

➢ Cable modem connection

• Used in home and offices.
• Requires a cable modem
• Hardware device that allows your computer to communicate with an Internet service
provider over a landline connection.
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ELECTRONIC MAIL

➢ E-mail
• Can be linked with wired or wireless connection.
• Post and read . Quick communication.
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THE INTERNET

• The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world.
• Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere
with an Internet connection.
• The internet is a global network of computers that works much like the postal system,
only at sub-second speeds.
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INTRANET

• Network within the organization.

• A local or restricted communications network, especially a private network .
• An intranet is a computer network for sharing information, operational systems, and
other computing services within an organization.
• Private network used by an organization .
• The primary purpose of an intranet is to help employees to securely communicate
among each other, to store information
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EXTRANET

• An Internet is a set of servers all over the world that are linked together and are able to
be accessed publicly.
• Examples:
• Twitter All of the information on Twitter (tweets, likes, friends, etc) are stored on
Twitter’s servers and can be accessed publicly around the world.
• YouTube has servers all over the world to store videos and other information about
accounts and statistics. This information can be accessed by anyone.
• A good example of an extranet network would be Sharepoint.
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WEB ADDRESS

• URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

• http:// Hyper text transfer Protocol
• ftp:// (file transfer protocol)
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INTERNET FORMATS

• HTML (Hypertext markup Language)

• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
• HTML is not a programming language; it is a markup language that defines the structure of
your content. <!doctype html>
<html>
<title>TechTerms.com</title>
<body>
<p>This is an example of a paragraph in HTML.</p>
</body>
</html>
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INTERNET FORMATS

XML
• Stands for "Extensible Markup Language.“
• XML allows you to create a database of information without having an actual database. While it is
commonly used in Web applications, many other programs can use XML documents as well.
• XML was designed to carry data - with focus on what data is
• HTML was designed to display data - with focus on how data looks
• XML tags are not predefined like HTML tags are
•
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INTERNET ADDRESS

DNS
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.
• Humans access information online through domain names, like hotmail.com or espn.com
Youtube.com etc.
• DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.
• Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines use
to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP addresses
such as 192.168.1.1
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CONSUMER E-COMMERCE

• Online shopping
• Purchasing things through website.
• Also called Business to customer(B2C)
• Refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer
of money and data to execute these transactions.
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CONSUMER E-COMMERCE

• Online banking
• Used to pay bills.
• Check online balanced
• Transfer of money to another account.
• Very secure transaction.
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SECURITY

• Secure web pages

• Allow safe transaction of money through credit card.
• Use the Secure Socket Layer(SSL).
• Encrypted data transmission to the Server.
• Secure web pages are easily identified
• URL uses https://
• Brower status bar shows a closed lock.