Leaf Disease Detection System

11 IV April 2023
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50439
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com
Leaf Disease Detection System

Sahil Gupta1, Vivek Pandey2, Pravesh Pandey3, Mukul Verma4, Hasib Shaikh5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Computer Engineering, Universal College of Engineering
Abstract: Agricultural productivity is something on which economy highly depends. This is the one of the reasons that disease
detection in plants plays an important role in agriculture field, as having disease in plants are quite natural. If proper care is not
taken in this area then it causes serious effects on plants and due to which respective product quality, quantity or productivity is
affected. For instance a disease named little leaf disease is a hazardous disease found in pine trees in United States. Detection of
plant disease through some automatic technique is beneficial as it reduces a large work of monitoring in big farms of crops, and
at very early stage itself it detects the symptoms of diseases i.e. when they appear on plant leaves. This paper introduces an
efficient approach to identify healthy and diseased or an infected leaf using image processing and machine learning techniques.
Various diseases damage the chlorophyll of leaves and affect with brown or black marks on the leaf area. These can be detected
using image prepossessing, image segmentation. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the machine learning algorithms is
used for classification. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) resulted in a improved accuracy of recognition compared to
the SVM approach.
Keywords: Support vector machine(SVM), CNN(Convolutional Neural Network), Image segmentation, RGB to H
I. INTRODUCTION
In India, for economic development, agriculture is a valuable source. To increase the production of food, the agriculture industries
keep on searching for efficient methods to protect crops from damages. This makes researchers search for new efficient, and precise
technologies for high productivity. The diseases on crops give low production and economic losses to farmers and agricultural
industries. For a successful farming system, one of the essential things is disease identification. In general, by using eye
observations, a farmer observes symptoms of disease in plants that need continuous monitoring. Different types of disease kill
leaves in a plant. For identifying these diseases, farmers get more difficulties. For disease detection, the image processing methods
are suitable and efficient with the help of plant leaf images. Though continuously monitoring of health and disease detection of plant
increase the quality and quantity of the yield, it is costly. Machine learning algorithms are experimented due to their better accuracy.
However, selection of classification algorithms appears to be a difficult task as the accuracy varies for different input data. The
objectives are to detect leaf disease portion from the image, extract features of an exposed part of the leaf, and recognize diseased
leaf through SVM. Further, Convolutional Neural Network is evaluated and compared for accuracy. The paper is arranged into five
sections: the first section gives the introduction, the second section presents the literature survey, the third section discusses
methodologies like feature extractions of images, SVM and CNN, the fourth section shows the result of classification, and the fifth
section is about the conclusion and future scope.
What is Image Processing:-
Image processing has been proved to be effective tool for analysis of images in various fields and applications. Agriculture Sector
where the parameters like canopy, yield, quality of product were the important measures from the farmer’s point of view. Many
times the availability of expert and their services may consume a lot of time as well as expert advice may not be affordable. Image
processing along with availability of communication network can change the situation of getting the expert advice well within time
and at affordable cost since image processing was the effective tool for analysis of parameters. This paper intends to focus on the
survey of application of image processing in agriculture field such as imaging techniques, leaf disease detection. The analysis of the
parameters has proved to be accurate and less time consuming as compared to traditional methods. Application of image processing
can improve decision making for vegetation measurement, irrigation, leaf sorting, etc. Irrigation/Water stress occurs when the water
supply to the plants was limited Fertilizers, pesticides and quality of yield were the major factors of concern in agriculture. Most of
the time the expertise were required to analyze the problems and which may be time consuming and costlier issue in developing
countries. Image processing was one of the tools which can be applied to measure the parameters (leaf area index (LAI), nitrogen
(N) uptake, total chlorophyll (Chl) content) related to agronomy with accuracy and economy. Applications of image processing in
agriculture can be broadly classified in two categories: first one Remote Sensing depends upon the imaging techniques and second
one based on applications like leaf disease Detection.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1603
A. Project Idea
The agronomic requirements though in radically different ways to those currently used this has given rise to many new chances to
service. So they should be tested via non-destructive techniques Leaves are delicate part of plant, The evaluation of agricultural
harvest Classification is dynamic. The most important visual property is leafs texture and color. Hence, classification of leaf disease
is necessary in evaluating agricultural produce, increasing market value and meeting quality standards. Identifying and taking
further dealings for further diffusion of the diseases it is also helpful. The process will be too slow, If the identification and
categorization is done through physical techniques, we need the experts help sometimes it will be error prone and who are less
available. The labour’s classify based on color, size etc. if these quality methods are recorded into automatic system by using
appropriate program design language then the effort will be error free and faster.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY

A. Survey Of Existing System
The existing method for plant disease detection is simply naked eye observation by experts through which identification and
detection of plant diseases is done. For doing so, a large team of experts as well as continuous monitoring of plant is required, which
costs very high when we do with large farms. At the same time, in some countries, farmers do not have proper facilities or even idea
that they can contact to experts. Due to which consulting experts even cost high as well as time consuming too. In such conditions,
the suggested technique proves to be beneficial in monitoring large fields of crops. Automatic detection of the diseases by just
seeing the symptoms on the plant leaves makes it easier as well as cheaper. This also supports machine vision to provide image
based automatic process control, inspection, and robot guidance
Plant disease identification by visual way is more laborious task and at the same time, less accurate and can be done only in limited
areas. Whereas if automatic detection technique is used it will take less efforts, less time and become more accurate. In plants, some
general diseases seen are brown and yellow spots, early and late scorch, and others are fungal, viral and bacterial diseases. Image
processing is used for measuring affected area of disease and to determine the difference in the color of the affected area
Image segmentation is the process of separating or grouping an image into different parts. There are currently many different ways
of performing image segmentation, ranging from the simple thresholding method to advanced color image segmentation methods.
These parts normally correspond to something that humans can easily separate and view as individual objects. Computers have no
means of intelligently recognizing objects, and so many different methods have been developed in order to segment images. The
segmentation process is based on various features found in the image. This might be color information, boundaries or segment of an
image [11], [13]. We use Genetic algorithm for color image segmentation.
B. Literature Survey
Sr
N Yea
o Paper Name r Paper Objectives Research gap identified
1 LEAF DISEASE 201 Leaf Disease Severity Measurement Using Disease symptoms of the plant vary
SEVERITY 4 Image Processing” mentioned in their research significantly under the different stages of the
MEASUREMENT that Fungi-caused diseases in sugarcane are the disease so to the accuracy with which the
USING IMAGE most predominant diseases which appear as severity of the disease measured is depends
PROCESSING spots on the leaves. upon segmentation of the image.
2 PLANT DISEASE 201 In proposed solution, using web application, Approx. 20 % of harvest yield is missing
DETECTION AND 6 whiteflies on leaves of plant at early stages we universal due to pest attack every year which
ITS TREATMENT are calculating is valued around Rs. 90,000 million. Saving 5
USING IMAGE no. of eggs also. farmers to use pesticide as Rs. is like earning 5 Rs. farmers have been
PROCESSING early as possible It will give correct idea . using a pesticide, which increases the crop
yield to avoid loss.
3 LEAF DISEASE 201 Plant Disease Detection and its Treatment Further future work can be extended by
DETECTION AND 6 using Image Processing Leaf Disease developing better segmentation technique;
CLASSIFICATION Detection and Classification Using Image selecting better feature extraction and
USING IMAGE Processing Techniques”, mentioned in their classification algorithms and NNs in order to
PROCESSING research that Agriculture is the mainstay of the increase the recognition rate of final
Indian economy classification process.
4 Plant Leaf Disease 201 Plant diseases affect the growth and crop yield The dataset contains 500 images of tomato
Detection and 8 of the plants and make social, ecological and leaves with four symptoms of diseases. We
Classification economical impacts on agriculture. Recent have modeled a CNN for automatic feature
Based on CNN with studies on leaf diseases show how they harm extraction and classification.Color information
LVQ Algorithm the plants. Plant leaf diseases also cause is actively used for plant leaf disease
significant economic losses to farmers. Early researches
detection of the diseases deserve special
attention
5 Identification of 202 The timely identification and early prevention The implemented CNN architectures, as
Plant-Leaf Diseases 1 of crop diseases are essential for improving described in the previous section, used the
Using CNN and production. In this paper, deep convolutional- parameters in Table 7. EfficientNetB0
Transfer-Learning neural-network (CNN) models are achieved the best accuracy in comparison with
Approach implemented to identify and diagnose diseases that of InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, and
in plants from their leaves, since CNNs have InceptionResNetV2. To evaluate performance,
achieved impressive results in the field of we used different parameters
machine vision
6 An integrated 202 Plants are considered to be vital as they are the Recent use of smart agricultural systems
approach for 1 resource of energy provider to mankind. concentrates on the collection of information
predicting and Leaves can be affected at any time between on environmental parameters such as
broadcasting tea sowing and harvesting. It can lead to huge loss temperature, humidity, soil moisture and pH
leaf disease at early on the production of crop and economical [20–22]. With use of different sensor,
stage using IoT value of market. Therefore, leaf disease researchers have collected accurate data’s and
with machine recognition plays a vital role in agricultural implemented smart agricultural systems to
learning field. But, it requires enormous manpower, make the farm process more effective [23,24].
huge processing time and extensive knowledge
about plant diseases.
C. Problem Statement And Objective

Agricultural productivity is something on which economy highly depends. This is the one of the reasons that disease detection in
plants plays an important role in agriculture field, as having disease in plants are quite naturalCrop diseases are a major threat to
food security, but their rapid identification remains difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary
infrastructure Owing to changing climatic conditions, crops often get affected, as a result of which agricultural yield decreases
drastically. If the condition gets worse, crops may get vulnerable towards infections caused by fungal, bacterial, virus, etc. diseases
causing agents. The method that can be adopted to prevent plant loss can be carried out by real-time identification of plant
diseases.To detect unhealthy region of plant leaves. Classification of plant leaf diseases using various features. Coding is used to
analyze the leaf infection. The main aim is to obtain an automate detection of the plant diseases. On one hand visual analysis is least
expensive and simple method, it is not as efficient and reliable as others .So, we detect the plant diseases using image processing
and deep learning with greater efficiency
D. Project Scope
Plant diseases cause a major production and economic losses in the agricultural industry. The disease management is a challenging
task. Usually the diseases or its symptoms such as colored spots or streaks are seen on the leaves of a plant. In plants most of the
leaf diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
The diseases caused due to these organisms are characterized by different visual symptoms that could be observed in the leaves or
stem of a plant. Usually, these symptoms are detected manually. With the help of image processing, Automatic detection of various
diseases can be detected with the help of image processing. Image processing plays a crucial role in the detection of plant diseases
since it provides best results and reduces the human efforts.The scope of this project is very huge. It can be applied to various
farming applications, and medicinal technologies. Farmers can use our app to detect the diseases present in their crops beforehand
and can take preventive measures against it. Also in the field of medical science, it can be used to detect the diseases and get a
knowledge of the percent of leaves that are affected by specific type of disease. By getting this analysis, we are able to prevent
against those type of diseases which can happen in future.The image processing could be used in the field of agriculture for several
applications. It includes detection of diseased leaf, stem or fruit, to measure the affected area by disease, to determine the color of
the affected area. Tomato cultivation is one of the most remunerative farming enterprises in India.The naked eye observation by the
experts is approach usually taken in identification and detection of plants. This approach is time consuming in huge farms or land
areas. The use of image processing techniques in detection and identification of tomato plant diseases in the earlier stages and
thereby the quality of the product could be increased
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Image acquisition is the first step of a plant disease detection system. By using digital cameras, scanners, or drones, high quality
plant images can be captured. The images can also be taken from the web. Large numbers of image samples were collected from
Kaggle datasets, which consists of diseased and healthy leaves. Image Pre-processing is used to increase the quality of leaf image
and eliminate the unwanted noise.
The segmentation process is used to partition the plant image in various segments to separate the diseased portion of the leaf.
Fig. 1 Flowchart for leaf disease recognition

A. Algorithm
Following are the algorithms that are used in the proposed work. The Grey wolf optimization are used to optimize the features
which are given by CNN.
1) CNN: Neural Network and Deep Learning How to find effective features is the core issue in image classification and pattern
recognition. Humans have an amazing skill in extracting meaningful features, and a lot of research projects have been
undertaken to build an FE system as smart as human in the last several decades. Deep learning is a newly developed approach
aiming for artificial intelligence. Deep learning-based methods build a network with several layers, typically deeper than three
layers. Deep neural network (DNN) can represent complicated data. However, it is very difficult to train the network. Due to
the lack of a proper training algorithm, it was difficult to harness this powerful model until Hinton and Salakhutdinov proposed
a deep learning idea [27]. Deep learning involves a class of models that try to learn multiple levels of data representation, which
helps to take advantage of input data such as image, speech, and text. Deep learning model is usually initialized via
unsupervised learning and followed by fine-tuning in a supervised manner.
The high level features can be learnt from the low-level features. This kind of learning leads to the extraction of abstract and
invariant features, which is beneficial for a wide variety of tasks such as classification and target detection. There are a few deep
learning models in the literature, including DBN [14], [15] SAE and CNN. Recently, CNNs have been found to be a good
alternative to other deep learning models in classification and detection. In this paper, we investigate the application of deep CNN
for HSI FE. The architecture of CNN is different from other deep learning models. There are two special aspects in the architecture
of CNN, i.e., local connections and shared weights. CNN exploits the local correlation using local connectivity between the neurons
of near layers. We illustrate this in Fig.4, where the neurons in the mth layer.
Fig. 2 Proposed Flowchart
Fig. 3 Convolution Neural Network
B. Data Model And Description: CNN Model

CNN is a widely-used image recognition model that has been shown to attain greater than 78.1% accuracy on the ImageNet dataset.
The model is the conclusion of many ideas developed by many researchers over the years. An 256x256x3 input representing a visual
field of 256 pixels and 3 color (RGB) channels. Five convolution layers, with a few interspersed max-pooling operations.
Successive stacks of “CNN Models”. A softmax output layer at the end at an intermediate output layer just after the mixed layer.
Steps involved in CNN are Convolution layer in CNN is performed on an input image using a filter. Relu (Rectified Linear Unit)
which simply converts all of the negative values to 0 and keeps the positive values the same. Pooling layer is used to reduce the
spatial size of the Convolved Feature. They are of two types such as Max Pooling and Average Pooling. Fully Connected layers in a
neural networks is a layer where all the inputs from one layer are connected to every activation unit of the next layer. These
networks are commonly trained under a log loss (or cross-entropy) system, giving a nonlinear variant of multinomial logistic
regression.
C. Fundamental Model
The phases of the proposed work are:
1) Collection of raw data.
2) Training data using CNN model.
3) Testing data.
4) Determine accuracy.
Fig. 4 Fundamental Model

D. Methodology
Image processing is a process of performing some operations on an image, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some
useful information from it. Acquisition, Segmentation, Augmentation, Feature Extraction. Image acquisition is the first main step of
digital image processing. Image acquisition is simple process when given an image that is already in digital form. Generally, the
image acquisition stage includes pre-processing, such as scaling etc. Image Segmentation procedures partition an image into its
constituent parts or objects. Generally, autonomous segmentation is the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged
segmentation process that brings a long way toward successful solution of imaging problems that require objects to be identified
individually. Image Augmentation is a technique that is used to artificially expand the dataset, parameters that are generally used to
increase the data sample count are zoom, shear, rotation, pre-processing function and so on. Image feature extraction is one of the
most important segments in this project. Feature selection works by selecting the best features based on unilabiate statistical tests.
The features are carefully selected based on their unique differences between the different types of leaves.
Fig. 5 Block diagram for plant leaf disease recognition
1) Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifier: To classify the various diseases in plants any of the machine learning techniques can
be used. The classification phase suggested deciding if the input image is healthy or diseased. In this paper Support Vector
Machine (SVM) classifier has been used because it has some advantages over other classifiers such as effective in high
dimensional spaces also in cases where the number of dimensions is greater than the number of samples. It is memory efficient
as it uses a subset of training points in the decision function (called support vectors). SVM is a supervised machine learning
algorithm used for both classification and regression. SVM is a discriminative classifier. In this approach, for classification, the
SVM technique has been applied. In SVM, each data item is plotted as a point in n-dimensional space; the number of
dimensions corresponding to the number of features being classified. The classification is obtained by discovering the hyper-
plane that uniquely distinguishes between different groups of scattered data points. By finding the hyper-plane the classification
is performed. Hyper-plane differentiates two classes very well.
Fig. 6 SVM Classifier
2) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): CNN is a class of deep neural networks. The CNN model comprises an input layer,
convolution layer, pooling layer, a fully connected layer, and an output layer shown in figure 3. To classify the disease in plants
in a precise manner the images are provided as input. The convolution layer is used for extracting the features from the images.
The pooling layer computes the feature values from the extracted features.
Depending on the complexity of images, the convolution and pooling layer can be further increased to obtain more details. A fully
connected layer uses the output of previous layers and transforms them into a single vector that can be used as an input for the next
layer. The output layer finally classifies the plant disease.
IV. RESULTS
Fig. 7 Background Removed Image
Fig. 8 Training & Validation Accuracy
Fig. 9 AI Dashboard
Fig. 10 Test Image File Uploader
Fig. 11 Model Result with Preventative measure
V. CONCLUSIONS
The existing method for plant disease detection is simply naked eye observation by experts through which identification and
detection of plant diseases is done. For doing so, a large team of experts as well as continuous monitoring of plant is required, which
costs very high when we do with large farms. In such conditions, the suggested technique proves to be beneficial in monitoring large
fields of crops. Automatic detection of the diseases by just seeing the symptoms on the plant leaves makes it easier as well as
cheaper and different diseases classification techniques used for plant leaf disease detection and an algorithm for image
segmentation technique that can be used for automatic detection as well as classification of plant leaf diseases later. With very less
computational efforts the optimum results were obtained, which also shows the efficiency of proposed algorithm in recognition and
classification of the leaf diseases. This study summarizes major image processing used for identification of leaf diseases are k-
means clustering, SVM. This approach can significantly support an accurate detection of leaf disease. By computing amount of
disease present in the leaf, we can use sufficient amount of pesticides to effectively control the pests in turn the crop yield will be
increased. We can extend this approach by using different algorithms for segmentation, classification. By using this concept the
disease identification is done for all kinds of leaves and also the user can know the affected area of leaf in percentage by identifying
the disease properly the user can rectify the problem very easy and with less cost.
REFERENCES
[1] Sujatha R* , Y Sravan Kumar and Garine Uma Akhil, “leaf Disease Detection using Image Processing”,School of Information Technology and Engineering,
VIT University, Vellore-Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 27th November 2017
[2] Thete Vaishali V , Thakare Pradnya R , Kadlag Gaurav B ,
[3] Prof. P.A. Chaudhari, “Leaf Disease Detection Using Image Processing”-BE Student, Electronics and Telecommunication Department, SVIT Chincholi, Nashik
Professor, Information Technology Department, SVIT Chincholi, Nashik- February 2017
[4] Vijai Singh and A.K. Misra, “Detection of plant leaf diseases using image segmentation and soft computing techniques”-journal homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/inpa-Computer Science Department, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, UP, India and Computer Science & Engg. Department,
MNNIT Allahabad, UP, India
[5] Utkarsha N. Fulari , Rajveer K. Shastri , Anuj N. Fulari, “Leaf Disease Detection Using Machine Learning” -Journal of Seybold Report-Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication, Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baramati, India
[6] Anjana , Mr. Keshav Kishore , “Plant Leaf disease classification and detection with CNN”-2 Department of Computer Science & Engineering, AP Goyal
Shimla University, INDIA - October - December 2018
[7] Keerthana M1, Raksha K R2, Thanuja V3, Sridhar R4 , “Classification and Identification of Leaf Diseases using Deep Learning”- 1,2,3Students, Department of
Information Science & Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
[8] Asst. Professor, Department of Information Science & Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) - June 2020
[9] Emma Harte, “Plant Disease Detection using CNN”-School of Computing National College of Ireland Mayor Street, IFSC, Dublin 1 Dublin, Ireland- 7th
September 2020.
[10] Monishanker Halder, Ananya Sarkar, Habibullah Bahar, “PLANT DISEASE DETECTION BY IMAGE PROCESSING: A LITERATURE REVIEW”- Journal
of food science technology- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408

Leaf Disease Detection System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Leaf Disease Detection System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11 IV April 2023

Leaf Disease Detection System

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

C. Problem Statement And Objective

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Fig. 1 Flowchart for leaf disease recognition

Fig. 2 Proposed Flowchart

Fig. 3 Convolution Neural Network

B. Data Model And Description: CNN Model

Fig. 4 Fundamental Model

Fig. 5 Block diagram for plant leaf disease recognition

Fig. 6 SVM Classifier

Fig. 7 Background Removed Image

Fig. 8 Training & Validation Accuracy

Fig. 10 Test Image File Uploader

Fig. 11 Model Result with Preventative measure

You might also like