Environmental

Impact Study
Report

National Tobacco
Enterprise (Ethiopia)
SC

Azeb Gizachew
Aster Mekuria
Eyerusalem Tibebe
Feven Taye
Hawi Fituma
Contents
1. Executive Summary.

2. Introduction.

3. Approach to the study.

4. Assumptions and/or uncertainties.

5. Administrative, Legal and Policy requirements.

6. Description of the proposed action

7. Description of socio-economic and biophysical baseline conditions

8. Potential impacts identification and analysis

9. Alternative analysis

10. Public participation

11. Conclusions and Recommendations.

12. Annexes

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1. Executive Summary
This is an environmental Impact Study Report on National Tobacco Monopoly Ethiopia.
Interviews, the company profile, maps, observations and governmental statistics were
used as methods of analysis during the study. Environmental assessment lectures and
reference books are used as an input for the analysis. All of the findings are presented in
understandable medias and they can be found in this report accordingly. Results of this
analysis shows that the factory haven’t had any environmental assessment done before
its construction and so its highly affecting a wide range of environment around it.

Since our report finds out and illustrates the negative impact of the company on the
society and on the environment, we recommend different approaches and discuss it in
the report. Recommendations discussed include:

. RELOCATING the company to a peripheral industry zone

. RETROFITTING the site into an environmentally sustainable project

This report starts with the company profile and its history and continues with layers of
analysis made by our group members both on the company and the nearby site. It then
proceeds with the SWOT analysis and stating the findings. It lastly proposes strategies
and different approach to create a better environment which leads to major conclusions
at the end.

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2. Introduction
The National Tobacco Enterprise (Ethiopia) SC is a member of the JTI Group of
companies. Among with 5types of cigarettes and other products it distributes and sells
Nyala, the leading domestic tobacco brand in the country. Since this large-scale company
is found in the residential and institutional area of the city, it exposes the society and the
environment to different kinds of problems such as air and sound pollution. Which urges
for this environmental impact study and recommendation statement.

The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts and make them acknowledged so
that a measure can be taken by the responsible body based on the suggested proposal
or any other better approach (if any).

3. Approach to the study.

1. Screening
▪ Since it is an industrial facility it requires a full EIA

▪ Inclusive (listed projects must undergo EIA) industrial project we dompt

have to screen it and determine whether EIA is needed or not for project: It
already requires full level of EIA.

▪ Full or comprehensive EIA required

Methodologies on how we collected the study data

▪ Informal interviews with the dwellers

▪ Formal interviews with the dwellers and the national tobacco site workers
▪ Site visit and analysis on the national tobacco industry and the dwellings around
▪ Literature study from internet

2. Scoping
▪ The factory has caused the residents of the sites to be addicts.
▪ Sound pollution coming out of the machineries.
▪ Wind patterns directing the pollution to other neighboring sefers.
Affected public – Residents of the site and neighboring sefer residents.
- Workers of the institution

3
4. Assumptions and/or uncertainties.
This report has a limitation in deep study of the inner spaces of the company because of
the unwillingness of the company’s administration. It also lacks pictures outside the
company due to the high security surveillance on the site.

Analysis
What is Tobacco?

Tobacco is an agricultural crop, most commonly used to make cigarettes. The

psychoactive ingredient is nicotine, a stimulant, but more than 4,000 other chemicals
(2,000 of which are known to be poisonous) are present in cigarettes.

What is the chemical composition of tobacco?

The particles in tobacco smoke are liquid aerosol droplets (~ 20% water), with a mass
median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) that is sub micrometer (and thus, fairly "lung-
respirable" by humans). The droplets are present in high concentrations (some estimates
are as high as 1010 droplets per cm3). Most cigarettes today contain a cigarette filter,
which can reduce "tar" and nicotine smoke yields up to 50% by several different
mechanisms, with an even greater removal rate for other classes of compounds
(e.g., phenols).

Tobacco smoke contains a number of toxicologically significant chemicals and groups of

chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene), tobacco-specific
nitrosamines (NNK, NNN), aldehydes (acrolein, formaldehyde), carbon
monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen
oxides, benzene, toluene, phenols (phenol, cresol), aromatic amines (nicotine, ABP (4-
Aminobiphenyl)), and harmala alkaloids. The radioactive element polonium-210 is also
known to occur in tobacco smoke. The chemical composition of smoke depends on puff
frequency, intensity, volume, and duration at different stages of cigarette consumption.

4
Tobacco is a nervous system stimulant that triggers complex biochemical and
neurotransmitter disruptions. It elevates heart rate and blood pressure, constricts blood
vessels, irritates lung tissue, and diminishes your ability to taste and smell.

Tobacco can be processed, dried, rolled, and smoked as:

Cigarettes, Cigars, Bidis, Kreteks

-Loose-leaf tobacco can be smoked in pipes and hookahs

-Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco,
and flavored shisha tobacco. They can also be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco,
dipping tobacco and snus.

Chewing and spitting tobacco can cause: cracking and bleeding lips and gums. receding
gums, which can eventually make the teeth fall out. increased heart rate, high blood
pressure, and irregular heartbeats, all leading to a greater risk of heart attacks and brain
damage from a stroke.

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease worldwide.
Globally, more than 7 million people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses (more
than 6 million from direct tobacco use and approximately 890,000 non-smokers being
exposed to secondhand smoke), and if current trends continue, this number is expected
to increase to more than 8 million a year by 2030 .

Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: Among adults who worked indoors or both indoors
and outdoors, 29.3% (6.5 million) were exposed to secondhand smoke in their workplace
in the past 30 days (Non-smokers, 27.1% or 5.7 million adults). Overall, 12.6% (8.4
million) of adults were exposed to secondhand smoke at home. Among non-smokers,
9.9% (6.3 million) were exposure to secondhand smoke at home.
Among adults who visited public places in the past 30 days, levels of exposure to
secondhand smoke were as follows: 60.4% in bars and nightclubs, 31.1% in restaurant
19.7% in government buildings, and 11.4% in public transportation and in 7.0% in health-
care facilities.(based on global adult tobacco survey: executive summary on 2016-
ethiopian context)

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Impact Study
Effects on flora, fauna and geology
Effects on water
Effects on air and climate
▪ The most commonly found
results of subjecting plants to
cigarette smoke is that while
plants may initially grow more
quickly, they eventually languish
and may even die. Cigarettes
contain not only nicotine, but
more than 4,000 other
chemicals, such as carbon
monoxide, arsenic, ammonia
and butane. Perhaps some of
the other chemicals in cigarettes
affect the plant negatively.
▪ Addiction of residents to the
smell.
▪ Release of chemical wastage
with water that seems clean.
This water at some point inters
the subsurface water and create
a contamination.
▪ Several studies have shown
chemicals that leach from
cigarette butts can be acutely
toxic to aquatic organisms found
that arsenic, nicotine, PAHs, and
heavy metals such as cadmium
and lead are released into the
environment.
▪ Pollute the air and results in
discomfort for passengers.
▪ theorizes John M. Wallace, a
professor at the University of
Washington's climate-research
department, "it might even
counteract global warming by an
equally minuscule amount,
because the white particulate
matter in smoke would reflect
some of the sun's energy,
thereby minimizing heat.
▪
▪
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5. Administrative, Legal and Policy requirements.
Industrial Buffer Yards.

1. Industrial Buffer Yard Defined. An industrial buffer yard is an area of plantings and walls
that shields neighboring residential properties from negative impacts created by industrial
land uses.

2. When Required. An industrial buffer yard is required for any development within an
industrial zone that is adjacent to a residential zone.

3. Buffer Yard Standards.

a. Industrial buffer yards shall be located along the outer perimeter of a property line
abutting a residential zone. See Figure 24-27-1 (Industrial Buffer Yards).

b. The minimum width of an industrial buffer yard shall be 25 feet located within the 50
foot minimum setback area. See Figure 34-27-1 (Industrial Buffer Yards).

c. Industrial buffer yards shall include a solid masonry or equivalent wall no less than six
feet in height.

d. Industrial buffer yards shall be planted with a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees
and shrubs of suitable type, size, and spacing to achieve screening year-round.

e. All plantings within an industrial buffer yard shall be maintained in a manner consistent
with

Section 24-118 (Maintenance) in Article 21 (Landscaping).

f. Paved surfaces shall be prohibited within industrial buffer yards. Buffer yards shall not
be used for parking, driveways, trash enclosures, building areas, or any other activity
associated with the primary use on the property.

Reference-part 2 Zoning Districts, Land

Uses,and Development Standards

“Industrial Districts. Greater buffering from

residential districts is needed including
increased landscaping and wall regulations.
The list of industrial uses should also be

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updated to include and possibly encourage eco-industries.” city of spring field master
plan

INDUSTRIAL SITE STANDARDS OF UGANDA CITY

CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5: STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL:

5.0 DEFINITION

Industry is defined as general manufacturing, processing, assembling, handling, storing

of products and materials. Industrial activity can be classified into light, general, heavy

and special uses depending on scale, noise, effluents, odours, appearance, nature of

materials, etc. Separate areas may be zoned for these different types of industry. Small

scale enterprises such as crafts, maize mills, tailoring workshops, carpentry, bicycle and

shoe repairs, tinsmiths, etc., are generally regarded as service industries which can be

located in commercial areas (Chapter 3). Industrial development will only be

permitted in areas zoned for such purposes.

5.1 STATUTORY CONTROLS

Apart from the Public Health Act and other laws, industrial buildings and installations

must conform to the standards set out in the Factories Act, and all industrial

development proposals must be referred to relevant approving organs, including

NEMA, Uganda Investment Authority and Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social

Development. Industrial activities may have to be licensed by the responsible local

government and institutions. Further information on statutory controls for specific

industrial developments may be obtained from the respective Local Governments,

Uganda Investment Authority (UIA), etc.

5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES

The purpose of these zones is to provide for a variety of industrial operations, but to

8
restrict or prohibit those activities which have characteristics likely to produce serious

adverse effects within or beyond the limits of the Park. They are classified as follows:

5.2.1. Light Industrial Parks

The Light Industrial Zone is intended to provide for low-intensity industrial uses in

zones adjacent to other uses that are prone to industrial pollution. This section

regulates small and medium size plots of between 5,000 sq. M and 10,000 sq. M for

uses with restricted hazardous activities.

Permitted Principal Uses

a) Processing of non-hazardous materials

b) Offices serving main processing activity

c) Open storage <10% Plot surface grade 1, < 30% grade 2, < 40% for grade 3

d) Manufacturing, processing, packaging, or assembling of components or goods

e) Light truck and freight terminals and warehouses

f) Timber yards

g) Automobile sales and service facility (show rooms)

Principal Uses allowed by Special Permit

1. Contractor’s yards / equipment storage with adequate visual screening.

2. Saw mill.

3. Veterinary hospital, or commercial stable on a plot of at least three acres, provided

that no animals shall be kept in any buildings or enclosures within 45 sq. M of any

30

property line; and the use shall not create any odours, noise or other impacts that

would constitute a common- law nuisance with respect to any other property.

4. Expansion of a non-conforming use.

5.2.2. Heavy industrial

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The heavy industrial zone is intended to provide for heavy processing activities of

industrial goods, with a possibility of direct railway siding and sharing a marshalling

yard facility for block train manoeuvres. This section regulates large-sized plots of not

less than 10,000 sq. M.

Permitted Principal Uses

a) Manufacturing and processing

b) Storage up to 40% of plot surface

c) Offices serving main processing activity

d) Truck parking 1 lot per 600 sq. M

Uses allowed by Special Permit

a) Business and Commercial up to less than 10% of built space

b) Stacking/ Storage beyond 40% of plot surface

Table 7: Summary of Industrial Area and Dimension Requirements

LAND USE MASTER PLAN OF ADDIS ABABA

It has provided no space for industrial zones.

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Ethiopian proclamations on the use of tobacco product
FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC OF ETHIOPIA

Proclamation no.759/2012
Advertisement proclamation
Part 6
PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED ADVERTISEMENTS
25. Prohibited Advertisement

1/ The direct or indirect dissemination of the following advertisements through the use of any means of
dissemination shall be prohibited:
a) advertisement of any substance classified as narcotic drug by appropriate governmental body;
b) advertisement that encourage the direct use of any prescription medicine or medical appliance;
c) advertisement of narcotic drug or psychotropic substance;
d) advertisement of weapon;
e) advertisement of gambling;
f) advertisement of illegal product or service;
g) advertisement of usury;
h) advertisement of witchcraft;
i) advertisement of cigarette or other tobacco products;
j) advertisement having political goals; and
k) other advertisements prohibited by law.

Regulation No ,299/2013

Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control

11
Council of Ministers Regulation ........................... Page 71.83,

PART THREE

CONTROL OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

33, Requisite of Permit

No person may import, distribute or sell a tobacco product except with the permit of the
Authority

upon confirmation of the product's compliance with requirements .

34. Protection of Minors from Tobacco Product No person may directly or indirectly sell
to or create

temptation upon a minor to use tobacco products.

35. Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Product

11 The labelling of any tobacco product shall describe the characteristics of the product
and the health problem and hazard it causes, and may not directly or indirectly create the
impression that it is less harmful than any other tobacco products.

21 The label of any unit packet, package and outside packaging of tobacco products shall:

a) bear health warning dc, cribbing the harmful effects of tobacco lies which shall
constitute 30 % or more of the principal display areas;

b) describe the health warnings in. words or picture that smoking causes cancer, cardiac
or bronchitis diseases or immature death or' serious health problems caused as a result
of tobacco use;

c) be written in Amharic or English in large, visible, legible and irremovable manner; and

d) contain information on the major constituents and main hazardous constituents four in
the emissions of the tobacco products.

31 For the purposes of this Artic le, the term "outside packaging 01 in relation to tobacco
products applies to any packaging used in the

retail of the product.

36. Places Prohibited for Smoking

II No person may smoke tobacco in a place for public gathering or use.

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21 Places for public gathering or use shall include

the following:

a) rooms of health institution;

b) class rooms of educational institution;

c) public conveyances;

d) dining places like hotels and restaurants; and

e) such other places prohibited for smoking. as may be denied by the appropriate
organ.

31 Notwithstanding the provisions of sub article

(I) of this Article, smoking in places for public

gathering or use identified by the Author may

be allowed at a designated smoking area.

survey released at the end of October 2017 revealed that

There are around 3.7 million tobacco users and 2.9 million adult cigarette smokers in the
country (Abiye & Dawit, 2017). It is stated that the Global AdultTobacco Survey (GATS),
conducted in conjunction with the government of Ethiopia,is the country’s first survey of
adult tobacco use. The survey also shows that nearly one-third of adult Ethiopians are
exposed to secondhand smoke at work the Ethiopia’s premier tobacco company the
National Tobacco Enterprise (herein after referred as, NTE) has increased its production
of cigarettes from 4 billion to 6 billion per year6. The fact that the NTE increased its
production of cigarettes from 4 billion a year to 6 billion a year recently implies that
smoking is rising in Ethiopia. Therefore, the preamble of (Tobacco Control Directive No.
28/2015) provides tobacco is a growing public health concern in Ethiopia which requires
early intervention despite the nonexistence of concrete data that show the extent of
deaths caused by smoking. In this regard, the legislative restriction or banning smoking
in public places have been justified for several scientific and philosophical grounds that
worked elsewhere works in Ethiopia too; for the fact that smoking has been proved to
pose massive problems
of health, welfare and ecology

Legislative and Institutional Framework on Tobacco Product in Ethiopia

Although there is lack of a holistic research, as a matter of fact, controlling tobacco
production was introduced during the era of Empress Zewditu by the Tobacco Regie
Regulation 192814. The objective of this regulation was simply to provide how tobacco is
produced under the monopoly. After 12 years, the government passed another law known

13
as the Tobacco Regie Proclamation which gives diversities of power to the regulatory
body15. According to Proclamation No 30/1942 the Regie was established as a State
Monopoly to among other things, purchase, preparation, manufacture, sale import and
export of tobacco, whether in its natural and in the shape of cigarette, cigars, chives
serving in the manufacture of tobacco products. This legislation prohibited the import,
export or sell of any monopolized article which included, among others, tobacco except
under license from the Board or by such other authorities as may be designated
by the Ministry of Finance. From the institutional perspective, Legal Notice No. 227/1959,
mandated the Board to issue the license. Moreover, Art. 2 (E).) of Decree No 37/59, also
provided for punishment on anyone contravening the provisions 14Tobacco Regie
Regulation provided with eight chapters and thirty-four Articles, these regulations
put in place the legal and institutional infrastructure for tobacco farms including matters
relating to
production of the tobacco leaf, licensing of tobacco farmers, distribution and training of
traders engaged in the business. The Regulations also carry provisions for granting
monopoly of cigarettes, cigars and cigarette papers, procedure for importation and
exportation of tobacco products from and to Ethiopia, with the then Ministry of Agriculture
assuming the responsibility of implementing the law.
15 (Proclamation No 30/1942) A Proclamation to Establish a State Monopoly in Respect
of Tobacco, Matches and Pocket Lighters. This law established a state monopoly in the
name of a Regie, the predecessor of the National Tobacco Enterprise, which was vested
with exclusive powers in the following areas:
1) the purchase, preparation, manufacture, sale, import and export of tobacco,
whether in its natural form or in the shape of cigarettes, cigars, chine serving in the
manufacture of tobacco;

2) the manufacture, possession and trade in paper for the preparation of cigarettes;
3) the manufacture, possession or trade of machinery and detached pieces of
machinery for machines serving in the manufacture of tobacco;
4) the manufacture, possession and trade of matches, pocket lighters, detached parts
of pocket lighters, petrol phials serving for the use of pocket lighters and
flints for pocket lighters.
After 30 years, this law was repealed by Proclamation No. 197/1980 and the National
Tobacco and Matches Corporation was established. The rationale behind the
establishment of Corporation was primarily, to enable it carrying out the manufacturing,
trading and other related activities. As its predecessor, Art 7 of this Proclamation
conferred the NTE an exclusive right to grow and process tobacco for the satisfaction of
the country’s needs and foreign exchange. Thus, the objectives of these laws were not
aimed at the protection of the public from smoking and nor acknowledged such health
threat as serious public health concern. Similarly, it is envisaged that the NTE was
established with the exclusive right to manufacture, import and export tobacco and
tobacco products Proclamation No 37/92. There have been various laws enacted
including Legal Notice No, 70/1945; Legal Notice No. 227/1959; Proclamation No.
197/1980; Proclamation No. 37/1992; Proclamation No. 181/1999. In similar vein, the
NTE was mandated to regulate tobacco product as sole producer of the product and it
controlled others issuing the license. According to Proclamation No. 181/1999, the

14
objective of the enterprise was similar with its predecessor and meant to promote the
prevalence of tobacco products in any manner so as to satisfy the needs of foreign
exchange.

The NTE share company was established to strengthen the monopoly over production
and distribution of tobacco and tobacco products in the country16. The institutions
mandate to regulate tobacco product were largely manufacturer and the producer of the
product. These laws were in no way in conformity with the FDRE Constitution which
provides that “all persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment”
(Proclamation No. 1/1995, FDRE Constitution Art, 44, 1). As we observed in the previous
section, tobacco use control is largely related with the right of workers in healthy
environment. The right to a healthy and safe work environment is also provided in the
FDRE Constitution (Ibid, Art 42.2).
The government is further expected to protect and promote the health, welfare and living
standards of the working people (Ibid Art, 89, 8). This provision envisages that the public
is entitled to live where their lives won’t be at risk. Accordingly, these prior legislations
were against the constitutional protection towards the public large. The regulatory
regimes seen above, aimed to regulate marketing aspect of tobacco products from the
economic aspects to a single monopoly of public enterprise and it was noticed that the
supplier of tobacco product was given the power to regulate its product including licensing
of tobacco product for other bodies who may be engaged in the business of tobacco
product let alone curbing health and other multifaceted problems. The content of these
laws promoted tobacco product for Ethiopian society attaching tobacco production with
matches pocket lighters, detached parts of pocket lighters, petrol phials 16Article 2 of
Proclamation 181/1999 thus provides that the Monopoly right of the National Tobacco
Enterprise in respect of the purchase, preparation, manufacture, sale, import and export
of tobacco and tobacco products. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development,
(MoFED) is the major shareholder with 78% of the total shares; Sheba Share company
retaining the balance 22% of the shares. But currently 40% of the government’s share
was transferred to Japanese Tobacco International (JTI) and only 38% remained as its
share.

serving for the use of pocket lighters and flints for pocket lighters. In general, the above
legislative measures were literally meant to regulate the economic benefit of tobacco
products under the monopoly of public enterprise. Therefore, this writer strongly holds
that the rationale behind legislative failure to ban smoking in any place under the
Ethiopian legal framework until 2013 was for the sole purpose of sustaining the economic
benefit of tobacco products under the monopoly of public enterprise.

Legislative and Institutional Framework after 2009

Although regulation of tobacco in Ethiopia was started 90 years ago, the intention of those
laws was not to protect the public from tobacco epidemic. Their objectives were to sustain
monopoly ownership of tobacco product. They were motivated to maintain the production
as a source of government income. For several years, institutionally tobacco production
was under the control of its producers until 2009. However, it is by virtue of Article 22
(Proclamation No. 661/2009), tobacco product regulation became under the Food,

15
Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority (herein after referred as,
FMHACA) and it requires securing a special permit for the importation, exportation or
wholesale of tobacco products before engaging in these ventures. It is further stated that
the content, manufacture, import, export, distribution, sales, use, advertisement and
promotion, packaging and labeling and disposal of tobacco products shall be in conformity
with regulations issued under the proclamation. But the problem of this proclamation was
that it totally ignored the issue of public health safety in general and banning smoking in
public places in particular. Even it does not regulate the way how the product is being
used both by smokers and the area where smoking is allowed. It did not lie any ground
about protecting the public. After four years, however, the implementation regulation was
enacted. This regulation provides as a principle, that no person may smoke tobacco in a
place for public gathering or use (Regulation No. 299/2013, Art 36, 1). These places for
public gathering or use shall include rooms of health institution; class rooms of
educational institution; public conveyances; dining places like hotels and restaurants; and
such other places prohibited for smoking as may be determined by the appropriate organ
(Regulation No. 299/2013, Art 36, 2), a-e), (3). This legislative restriction on where to
smoke is the first in its kind in Ethiopia. Thus, this writer holds that legislative ban of
smoking in public places was not introduced until 2013 and such restriction was a
fundamental shift to protect the public from SHS. Yet due to various reasons it was
ineffective among others, smoking areas are left to be identified by the authority.
Moreover, the Authority did not identify such areas and to the worst smoking is allowed
in a designated area. Ethiopia made a phenomenal move on tobacco control while it
ratified the FCTC (Proclamation No. 822/2014). It should be noted that Ethiopia signed
the FCTC on Feb, 25, 2004 (WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2017).

This was a great step to join the global response to tobacco control ratifying the E. Shona
DOI: 10.4236/blr.2017.84029 538 Beijing Law Review FCTC in January 2014 after a
decade of its signature. It could be typically considered as an indication of acknowledging
that the tobacco epidemic is a major threat to public health. Moreover, the ratification of
the FCTC justified a government’s duty to “implement effective legislative, executive,
administrative and/or other measures”, as provided in Art.8 of the FCTC. The FCTC in its
preamble requires parties to enact laws and policies that meet minimum international
standards that enable to save the public from tobacco health epidemic.
Therefore, it is presumably a landmark development in Ethiopia’s fight against
smoke related health and social problems. After the ratification of the FCTC, a new
directive was enacted to enhance the implementation of the Convention. To that effect,
the preamble of the Tobacco Control Directive, 28/2015 states that FMHACA is mandated
to undertake and implement the convention and maintain effective implementation of
smoke free regimes of the FCTC. The preamble of the directive clearly stated that tobacco
consumption has been scientifically confirmed to cause serious ailments including cancer,
respiratory disease, cardiac and blood vessel diseases; disability as well as death. In so
doing it clearly acknowledged that smoking is serious health, social, economic and
environmental consequences in Ethiopia for the first time. Furthermore, exposure to
tobacco smoke causes serious health problems, death, and disability to nonsmokers
exposed to the smoke, and its control is found a must measure to say the least. Therefore,
a cumulative reading of Art, 14 (1) and 2 of the directive envisages that overall objective

16
is to protect public health from the devastating health, social, environmental and
economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke and,
as appropriate, to give effect to Ethiopia’s obligations undertaken under the WHO FCTC
and its implementing guidelines and protocols. The directive prohibits smoking in any part
of indoor public places, indoor work places, and on public conveyances. The prohibited
indoor work places and public places covers from health and education institutions… to
railway stations, airports and bus stations17. Moreover, it is also prohibited to smoke
anywhere within the outside premises any place that provides services primarily to
children or youth under the age 18 including playgrounds, kindergartens, education
facilities, other places where children congregate, and youth centers.
However, as art 15 of the directive envisages, smoking is allowed in government offices,
rooms of education and healthcare service, tobacco may be smoked if the owners of the
prohibited public or work places provide a designated room for smoking. Similarly,
smoking in the outdoor premises of universities, colleges and other higher education
facilities, and public transport stations is allowed in a smoking designated area as envisaged
in Art 15, (3). In both situation, smoking requires a provision of designated area by the
business owners. Accordingly, it is the duty of the owner or other responsible person of
the public place or conveyance or, in the case of a workplace the employer or other
appropriate person to take all reasonable steps to enforce or ensure compliance with the
smoking prohibition provisions18

17
6. Description of the proposed action
The action that we propose is to retrofit the site. Totally remove the industry from the city
center and relocate it on the outskirts or remote area to lower its environmental impact
related with pollution.

Retrofitting means 'providing something with a component or feature not fitted during
The proposal or adding something that it did not have when first constructed'.

The following comparison makes it clear that retrofitting is not an option it is mandatory.

18
AIM
After some 5 and 10 years, we would like to see the retrofitted site as the following.
These visions are not random, we extracted them from the current status of the site.
The plan is to keep up the strong side, improve the weakness, take advantage of the
opportunities and avoid the threats.
. A self-efficient environment just as it is now, but inclusive.
. An image-building area for the international organizations
around it.
. A secure place both for the institutions and the pedestrian.
- A site that is pedestrian friendly.
-
. An average and fair land distribution for the community.
. An active site especially in the afternoon.
. One with readable buildings in terms of building height,
facade, material etc.

Strategy
. demolish all the buildings in both compounds,
except for the administrative office found at the frontage.
. consider the facade, material and color of
these building to design readable buildings.
. include basic facilities in the compounds to
make it self-efficient.
. include cultural and tourist attracting programs
since it is a diplomatic area.
. Our programs will be systematically thought to be semipublic, because of security and
silence of the area.
. A place to visit before one goes home.
-reduce the traffic congestion Which contributes to the micro climatic problems
and pollution
- dedicate 45% of the plot to open green areas.

19
20
21
The Prediction about the likely Absence of the proposed Stockholders
proposed future environmental action,
action, conditions in the site

GALLERY Invite the public to engage and This can always be replaced by Government
be conscious. an outdoor gallery. But the
absence of this project will
Create opportunities for the create an opportunity for private
creation of more wide and stakeholders to monopolize the
public spaces. sefer. Blocking the dwellers.
LIBRARY A place where youth can Lose a public space. Government
develop a sense of place.
PUBLIC This is a crucial part as much of Government
SPORT the of the population is the
CENTER
youth and needs a place to let
go.
PLAY Involve Children’s to take part Since the sefer is a very Government
GROUND in the community. This will important location if this projects
shape them to become are not implemented a private
responsible citizens. body will take hold of it and use
it which ever way they see fit
even if it disrupts the
environment.
COMMERCIAL Gathers all the community Local Economy will be low. Individuals
together around one function. Which leads to poverty and then
to environmental misuse.
Creates an economic plat form
for the dwellers.

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7. Potential impacts identification and analysis
1. Identification of project action and possible key Environmental effects
Effects on flora, fauna and geology
Effects on water
Effects on air and climate
▪ The proposal dedicated 45% to
green open spaces. This open
spaces can well inhibit different
types of flora and flora which
creates a well structured
ecological network.
▪ The well maintained flora system
contributes to the maintenance
of the geology. The ecological
network created helps in
keeping the Geology in tact.
▪ The project is a public project
mainly centered on landscape
design. This can use natural
methods of filtration by creating
swamps: this filter dirty water
and enable it join subsurface
water.
▪ Large amount of plants filter the
air and reduce global warming
stabilizing the climatic
conditions.
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 2. Measurement and prediction of possible effects

Effects on ▪ Healthy growth of plants

flora, fauna ▪ Healthy Fauna
and geology ▪ Balanced level of minerals in the soil.

Effects on ▪ Clean sub surface water

water ▪ Healthy aquatic life
Effects on ▪ Clean and refreshing environment.
air and
climate

3. Impact Evaluation

ecological importance, ▪ Creates a habitat for all to live.

▪ Adds to the biodiversity of the site and helps in
mitigating its loss.
▪ Creates a healthy community.
Social importance, ▪ Huge area of land will be given to the public which
gives them a chance to take over the site with their
normal social life.
▪ Creates an opportunity for a social gathering and
interaction.
environmental standards ▪ Location of such factories should be far form:
a) rooms of health institution;
b) class rooms of educational institution;
c) public conveyances;
d) dining places like hotels and restaurants; and
e) such other places prohibited for smoking. as may be
denied by the appropriate organ.

statistical significance, ▪ Densifies the site with a population in need of

housing service.
▪ Huge amount of land will be allocated for the public
to use for its most pressing needs.
▪

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8. Alternative analysis
TO THE PROJECT ▪ Keep the tobacco building structure
but adaptively use it for another
public function E.g changing it to a
Gallery.
▪ Totally remove the building
structures and turn the site in to an
urban park.
WITHIN THE PROJECT ▪ Make Programs That could include
both the poor and the rich.
▪ Involve outdoor amphitheater here
art could be shared.
▪ Install programs supporting the
neighboring Au building.
NO GO ▪ Corporate functions
▪ Offices
▪ Government facilities
▪ Institutions that completely
monopolizes the site.
▪ Small alterations to the existing
factory use.
Elaboration

1. Public park
Public parks help in the following ways:

1. Reduction of the Urban Heat Island Effect

The abundance of flat, dark surfaces made up of asphalt and concrete in cities creates
what is known as the urban heat island effect. This makes urban neighborhoods
noticeably warmer than other nearby areas, and is a major factor in smog creation.
2. Centre of Community
Parks provide space for neighborhood residents to interact with each other and meet
new people. They’re also great spaces for events and for people to engage in
recreational activities. This allows people to develop a sense of community. A park is
perfect for a picnic, a concert, or a farmer’s market—whatever your community feels it
needs.

3. Clean Air

Trees remove a wide variety of pollutants from the air. Air pollution can increase risk of certain
cancers and have adverse effects on children, the elderly and anyone with underlying

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respiratory problems. It also reduces the distance you can see on a summer day and increases
the mortality rate in highly polluted cities.

4. . Protect Natural Ecosystems

The need for more and better parks in our cities isn’t just about us. Each park has its
own ecosystem. They provide natural habitats for many different animals. As cities
grow, more and more of these animals find themselves without homes. Parks provide a
safe place for many of those displaced by urban sprawl.
Building a healthy network of parks in our city is one major way we can protect these
animals and preserve local ecosystems. This also makes parks great places to teach
children about the environment and the importance of preserving natural ecosystems.

Parks are crucial to the healthy development in our city, and should be a major part of
any city planning going forward. Parks benefit everyone in the community. They benefit
the economy. They provide important habitats for many animals. And those are just a
handful of reasons why we need to stand up for the parks in our communities.

9. Public participation
The proposal aims to include all age groups from different ethnic and cultural
backgrounds.

The proposal aims to involve the public in its

Level of public participation totality. It revolves around the publics desired
activities and also on activities that aim to improve
the current practices of the public.

fairness and appropriateness of the Equitability is in in the core center of our proposal
modalities as it aims to involve people from different age,
cultural and sexual backgrounds.
time frame, The proposal is to be a permanent Figure within
the site. The tobacco factory is to be permanently
relocated and retrofitted with a different program.

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10. Conclusions and Recommendations
In conclusion the proposed projects aims to reduces the environmental impacts of the
current building use by having more public areas situated with 60% green coverage
and natural ways of sewage control E,g using landscaping measures. As a proposal
aimed for the public it includes programs aimed at the public.

Since our report finds out and illustrates the negative impact of the company on the society and
on the environment, we recommended different approaches and discussed it in the report.
Recommendations discussed include: RELOCATING the company to a peripheral industry zone
and RETROFITTING the site into an environmentally sustainable project.

Our proposed project aims to reduces the environmental impacts of the current building use by
having more public areas situated with 60% green coverage and natural ways of sewage control
using landscaping and other measures. It includes programs aimed at the public.

The plan is to keep up the strongside, improve the weakness, take advantage of the opportunities
and avoid the threats. And after 5 and 10years we aim to see:
. A self-efficient environment just as it is now, but inclusive.
. An image-building area for the international organizations
around it.
. A secure place both for the institutions and the pedestrian.
. A site that is walkable and pedestrian friendly.

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11. Annexes

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