AIR POLLUTION….

TOGETHER WE FIGHT IT…

GROUP MEMBERS:
•GABRIEL HII
•ARTHUR FONG
•HO WEI KIAT
•FUNG ZEN VUI
•CALEB LEONG
OPEN BURNING…
• Open burning release lots of carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide which blocks out sunlight and
causes worldwide food shortages because the
sunlight cannot be absorbed by the leaves of the
plants and so the photosynthesis process is
disrupted and cannot be done. Henceforth, it will
cause many animals to die because there is no
food for them to eat anymore.
OPEN BURNING…..
• BURNING CAUSES:
Haze
Smog
Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
Dust Storm
CONTENT OF PLASTIC
• PET (PETE), polyethylene terephthalate: Commonly found on 2-liter
soft drink bottles, water bottles, cooking oil bottles, peanut butter
jars.
• HDPE, high-density polyethylene: Commonly found on detergent
bottles, milk jugs.
• PVC, polyvinyl chloride: Commonly found on plastic pipes, outdoor
furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains, clamshell packaging.
• LDPE, low-density polyethylene: Commonly found on dry-cleaning
bags, produce bags, trash can liners, and food storage containers.
• PP, polypropylene: Commonly found on bottle caps, drinking
straws, yogurt containers, legos.
• PS, polystyrene: Commonly found on "packing peanuts", cups,
plastic tableware, meat trays, take-away food clamshell containers
• OTHER, other: This plastic category, as its name of "other" implies,
is any plastic other than the named #1–#6, Commonly found on
certain kinds of food containers, Tupperware, and Nalgene bottles.
COAL POWERPLANT
• Most countries are still using coal power plant as a
primary source of energy. Coal may generate lots of
electricity but it comes with a cost. Coal is a toxic
material to the environment and has been one of the
main factors that cause global warming and the
greenhouse effect. This may cause massive problems
to our eco-system and now has been taking affect.
COAL
• Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were
preserved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation, and
which its chemical and physical properties have been changed as a result
of geological action over time, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon. Coal
is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock.There are at least 5
coal power plant in use in Malaysia and this may increase our air
pollution problem in Malaysia. The use of coal releases methane and
carbon dioxide which are both greenhouse gases.It also contain
mercury,ash,thorium,arsenic and many others
EFFECTS OF COAL
Acid rain
Generation of tons of waste product
Lung cancer
Respiratory problem
Interference with ground water level
Damages infrastructure
Pollutes water(if river nearby source)
 SMOKING
Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since
ancient times. Tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs were
smoked all over the Americas as early as 5000 BC in
shamanistic rituals and originated in the Peruvian and
Ecuadorian Andes Inhaling the vaporized gas form of
substances into the lungs is a quick and very effective way of
delivering drugs into the bloodstream and affects the user
within seconds of the first inhalation. The lungs consist of
several million tiny bulbs called alveoli that altogether have an
area of over 70 m² (about the area of a tennis court). This can
be used to administer useful medical as well as recreational
drugs such as aerosols, consisting of tiny droplets of a
medication, or as gas produced by burning plant material with
a psychoactive substance or pure forms of the substance itself.
SMOKING VS HEALTH…
• Of the various methods of consumption the primary
health risks pertain to diseases of the cardiovascular
system by the vector of smoking, which overtime allows
high quantities of carcinogens to deposit in the mouth,
throat, and lungs. Tobacco-related diseases are some of
the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one
of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized
countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per
year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a
recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male
population will have significantly shortened life-spans due
to smoking.
CONTENT OF CIGARETTES
• Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
• Acrolein
• Nitrosamines
• Nicotine
• Apoptosis
• Radioactive carcinogens(polonium-210)
CIGARETTES
• Chewing tobacco is one of the oldest ways of consuming tobacco leaves.The leaves
are gently compacted against the lip. This stimulates the salivary glands, which leads
to the development of a spittoon.
• Gutka is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, catechu, lime, and flavorings.
It is manufactured, exported, and consumed in India. Social custom does not permit
children in India to smoke cigarettes, it has therefore become increasingly popular.
• Smoking encompasses Beedi, Cigarette, Cigar, Hookah, Kreteks, and Pipe.
▫ Beedis, similar to cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular in India and
other South-East Asia. It produces three times more carbon monoxide and
nicotine and five times more tar than regular cigarettes.
▫ Cigarette smoking is the most common method of tobacco consumption. There
is no credible evidence that "Low Tar," "Light," or "Ultra Light" cigarettes are
safer than regular cigarettes.Most of these terms refer to the type of filter that is
used, and can vary depending on the brand. In some countries, advertising
cigarettes as being "Light" has been banned. Increases mortality rates by 40% in
those who smoke less than 10 cigarettes a day, by 70% in those who smoke 10–19
a day, by 90% in those who smoke 20–39 a day, and by 120% in those smoking
two packs a day or more.
CIGARETTES
▫ Cigar smoking is generally not inhaled as is cigarette smoke, because the high
alkalinity of the smoke can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. The
relative risk for cigar-only smokers of all-cause mortality is 1.02 for 1-2 cigars/day,
1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and 1.17 for 5+ cigars/day. A NIH study done concerning
those who smoked at least one cigar per day, found that "The health risks associated
with less than daily smoking (occasional smokers) are not known."Though most
cigar smokers do not inhale, those that do have risks of lung cancer similar to
cigarette smokers. Increased risk for heart attack is less for cigar smokers, but still
present.
▫ Hookah, also referred to as Shishas, are smoked in Eastern Mediterranean
region.[citation needed] Some studies suggest that hookah smoking is considered to be
safer than other forms of smoking. However, water is not effective for removing all
relevant toxins, e.g. the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons are not water-soluble.
Several negative health effects are linked to hookah smoking and studies indicate
that it is likely to be more harmful than cigarettes, due in part to the volume of
smoke inhaled.
• Second-hand smoke, also called passive smoking, it is a involuntary inhalation from
the end of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or otherwise.
• Snuff is a smokeless tobacco inhaled through the nose.
• Snus, also with the variation of dipping tobacco, are placed between the upper lip and
CIGARETTES
▫ Kreteks are cloves and tobacco cigarettes most commonly smoked in
Indonesia.
▫ Pipe smoking are the usage of tobacco from which the tobacco leaves are
ground and placed into a pipe for inhalation. Pipe smoking has also been
researched and found to increase the risk of various cancers by 33%.In
addition to the cancer risk, there is some risk of infectious disease
resulting from pipe sharing, and other risks associated with the common
addition of other psychoactive drugs to the tobacco.
 Cigar smoking is generally not inhaled as is cigarette smoke, because the
high alkalinity of the smoke can quickly become irritating to the trachea and
lungs.The relative risk for cigar-only smokers of all-cause mortality is 1.02
for 1-2 cigars/day, 1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and 1.17 for 5+ cigars/day. A NIH
study done concerning those who smoked at least one cigar per day, found
that "The health risks associated with less than daily smoking (occasional
smokers) are not known."Though most cigar smokers do not inhale, those
that do have risks of lung cancer similar to cigarette smokers. Increased risk
for heart attack is less for cigar smokers, but still present.
CIGARETTES
▫ Hookah, also referred to as Shishas, are smoked in Eastern Mediterranean region.[
citation needed] Some studies suggest that hookah smoking is considered to be safer than
other forms of smoking. However, water is not effective for removing all relevant
toxins, e.g. the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons are not water-soluble. Several
negative health effects are linked to hookah smoking and studies indicate that it is
likely to be more harmful than cigarettes, due in part to the volume of smoke
inhaled.[20][21]
▫ Kreteks are cloves and tobacco cigarettes most commonly smoked in Indonesia.
▫ Pipe smoking are the usage of tobacco from which the tobacco leaves are ground
and placed into a pipe for inhalation. Pipe smoking has also been researched and
found to increase the risk of various cancers by 33%.[22] In addition to the cancer
risk, there is some risk of infectious disease resulting from pipe sharing, and other
risks associated with the common addition of other psychoactive drugs to the
tobacco.[23]
• Second-hand smoke, also called passive smoking, it is a involuntary inhalation from
the end of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or otherwise.
• Snuff is a smokeless tobacco inhaled through the nose.
• Snus, also with the variation of dipping tobacco, are placed between the upper lip and
teeth, where nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucuous m
EFFECTS OF CIGARETTES
• Lung Cancer
• Genetic Defect
• Miscarriage(for women)
• Radioactive Poisoning
• Heart Attack
• Emphysema
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Pulmonary Damage
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Tuberculosis
• Bronchitis
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Rapid Heart Beat
• Cigarette Smoke May Affect Non-Smokers
 FACTORIES
• Factories are one of the main air and water
polluters of the world. They are responsible for
many release of dangerous substances which
dangerous to humans and so to the eco-system.
They have polluted the air as much as vehicles.
Though they have been built far from cities, their
effect on the environment is visible even residents
in the city will be affected with the air transfer of
toxins from the factories.
FACTORIES IN MALAYSIA
• There are many factories in Malaysia. There are
more than 200 factories in Malaysia and most are
furniture and wood factories. These factories
release a huge amount of sawdust which may
enter the lungs of someone if it is small enough.
TOXINS RELEASED
• Carbon monoxide
• Chlorofluorocarbon
• Hydrocarbon
• Nitrogen oxide
• Sulfur oxide
• Troposphere ozone
• Petroleum(solvent)
EFFECTS OF TOXINS RELEASED
• Thinning of the ozone layer
• Haze
• Smog
• Blocking of ultraviolet rays
• Kills plants and animals
AEROSOL SPRAY
Aerosol spray has been widely used around the
world. It was invented by Lyle Goodhue and William
Sullivan. Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it
propellant qualities, the small, portable can
enabled soldiers to defend against malaria-carrying
bugs by spraying inside tents in the Pacific during
World War II. In 1948, three companies were
granted licenses by the United States government
to manufacture aerosols.It was filled with
chlorofluorocarbon and later most changed to
methane or butane but the disadvantages were
that they were flammable.
CONTENTS OF AEROSOL SPRAY
• CFC(Chlorofluorocarbon)
• Methane
• Butane
• Isobutene
• Nitrous oxide(laughing gas)
• Carbon dioxide
• Methyl ethyl ether
EFFECTS OF AEROSOL SPRAY

• Increase of rubbish
• Thinning of the ozone layer
• Explosion
• Death if inhaled
• Difficulty breathing
VOLCANO
• Volcano is an opening or a rupture in a planet’s
crust which allow hot, molten rock, ash and gases
to escape from below to the surface. Volcano can
be caused by mantle plumes(hotspot) example,
Hawaii. Hotspot volcanoes are found on rocky
planets in the solar system. Volcanoes are usually
found where tectonics plates diverge and
converge
TYPES OF VOLCANO

• Shield volcano
• Super volcano
• Stratovolcano
• Submarine volcano
• Sub glacial volcano
• Mud volcano
CONTENT OF VOLCANO

• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric Acid
• Hydrogen chloride
• Hydrogen fluoride
• Ash(rocks)
• Magma
EFFECT OF VOLCANO ERUPTION

• Albedo(amount of light reflection back to space)

• Famine
• Difficulty breathing(ashes)
• Pyroclastic flow
• Release of chlorofluorocarbon gases
• Destroys ozone layer
• Acid rain
• Cooling of the world
• Plants cannot produce food because ash cover
leaves…
 AUTOMOBILE
• There are more than 590 million cars on the road today.
The word automobile comes, via the French automobile,
from the Ancient Greek word αὐτός (autós, "self") and the
Latin mobilis ("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves
itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate
animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car is
believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or
carrum ("wheeled vehicle"), or the Middle English word
carre ("cart") (from Old North French), or karros (a Gallic
wagon). Therefore, making it the no.1 contributor to
global warming and greenhouse effect.
TYPE OF PROPULSION

• Diesel
• Gasoline
• Biofuel
• Electric
• Petroleum
• Steam
• Air
• Gas turbine
• Rotary engine
• Rocket and jet cars
RELEASE OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GAS
• Carbon dioxide
• Lead
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrocarbon
• Nitrogen
EFFECT OF AUTOMOBILE TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
• Global warming
• Greenhouse effect
• Defect in babies
• Respiratory difficulties
• Acid rain
• Destruction of habitats (building of roads)
 SOLUTION TO
AIR POLLUTION
• Renewable energy
Solar
Geothermal
Wind
Biomass
Hydrogen fuel cell
• Scrubber
SOLAR
Solar power technologies provide electrical
generation by means of heat engines or
photovoltaics. A partial list of solar applications
includes space heating and cooling through solar
architecture, potable water via distillation and
disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal
energy for cooking, and high temperature process
heat for industrial purposes. The total solar
energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans
and land masses is approximately 3,850,000
exajoules (EJ) per year
USE OF SOLAR PANEL
• Architecture and urban planning
• Solar lighting
• Solar thermal
• Water heating
• Heating, cooling and ventilation
• Water treatment
• Cooking
• Process heat
• Electrical generation
• Photovoltaics
• Solar vehicles
STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY
• Solar energy is not available at night, and energy storage is an important issue
because modern energy systems usually assume continuous availability of energy.
• Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically
useful temperatures for daily or seasonal durations. Thermal storage systems
generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as
water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-
of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.
• Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another
thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can
deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C). The "Dover
House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating
system, in 1948.
• Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an
effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat
capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional
power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to
store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m³ storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about
99%.
• Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable
batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems,
excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid. Net
metering programs give these systems a credit for the
electricity they deliver to the grid. This credit offsets
electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot
meet demand, effectively using the grid as a storage
mechanism.
• Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form
of water pumped when energy is available from a lower
elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is
recoverered when demand is high by releasing the water to
run through a hydroelectric power generator
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth,
and thermos, meaning heat) is energy generated from heat stored in
the earth, or the collection of absorbed heat derived from
underground.
• Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal generator on 4
July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy.[1] The largest
group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at
The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United States.[2]
The Philippines and Iceland are the only countries to generate a
significant percentage of their electricity from geothermal sources;
in both countries 15-20% of power comes from geothermal plants.
As of 2008, geothermal power supplies less than 1% of the world's
energy.[3] The most common type of geothermal power plants (
binary plants) are closed cycle operations and release essentially no
Greenhouse gas emissions; geothermal power is available 24 hours
a day with average availabilities above 90% (compared to about 75%
for coal plants). [4]
ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL
• Geothermal power requires no fuel, and is therefore virtually
emissions free and insusceptible to fluctuations in fuel cost. And
because a geothermal power station doesn't rely on transient sources
of energy, unlike, for example, wind turbines or solar panels, its
capacity factor can be quite large; up to 90% in practice.

• It is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small

compared to the size of the heat reservoir.

• Geothermal has minimal land use requirements; existing geothermal

plants use 1-8 acres per megawatt (MW) versus 5-10 acres per MW
for nuclear operations and 19 acres per MW for coal power plants. It
also offers a degree of scalability: a large geothermal plant can power
entire cities while smaller power plants can supply more remote sites
such as rural villages.
DISADVATANGES OF GEOTHERMAL
• From an engineering perspective, the geothermal fluid is corrosive and,
worse, is at a low temperature compared to steam from boilers. By the laws of
thermodynamics this low temperature limits the efficiency of heat engines in
extracting useful energy during the generation of electricity. Much of the heat
energy is lost, unless there is also a local use for low-temperature heat such as
greenhouses, timber mills, and district heating.
• However, since this energy is almost free once the plant is established, the
efficiency of the system is not as significant as for a coal or other powered
plant. Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many
decades, locations may eventually cool down.

• For example, the world's second-oldest geothermal generator at Wairakei has

reduced production. It is likely that locations like these were designed too
large for the site, since there is only so much energy that can be stored and
replenished in a given volume of earth. If left alone, however, these places
should recover their lost heat, as the Earth's mantle and core have vast heat
reserves.
WIND ENERGY
• Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as
electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate
capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts.[1] Although wind
produces only about 1.5% of worldwide electricity use,[1] it is growing rapidly,
having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008.

• Wind energy has historically been used directly to propel sailing ships or
converted into mechanical energy for pumping water or grinding grain, but
the principal application of wind power today is the generation of electricity.
Large scale wind farms are typically connected to the local electric power
transmission network, with smaller turbines being used to provide electricity
to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy back surplus
electricity produced by small domestic turbines. Wind energy as a power
source is favoured by many environmentalists as an alternative to fossil fuels,
as it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces lower
greenhouse gas emissions, although the construction of wind farms is not
universally welcomed due to their visual impact and other effects on the
environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
• Wind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation, and has no
emissions directly related to electricity production. Operation does
not produce carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, mercury, particulates,
or any other type of air pollution, as fossil fuel power sources do.
• Wind power plants consume resources in manufacturing and
construction. During manufacture of the wind turbine, steel, concrete,
aluminium and other materials will have to be made and transported
using energy-intensive processes, generally using fossil energy
sources.
• Danger to birds is often the main complaint against the installation of
a wind turbine.
• However, studies show that the number of birds killed by wind
turbines is negligible compared to the number that die as a result of
other human activities such as traffic, hunting, power lines and high-
rise buildings and especially the environmental impacts of using non-
clean power sources.
ECONOMIC AND FEASILIBILITY
• Wind and hydroelectric power generation have negligible fuel costs
and relatively low maintenance costs; in economic terms, wind power
has a low marginal cost and a high proportion of capital cost.

• The estimated average cost per unit incorporates the cost of

construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed
funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual
production, and other components, averaged over the projected
useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.
Energy cost estimates are highly dependent on these assumptions so
published cost figures can differ substantially.

• Cost per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be

comparable to the cost of new generating capacity in the United
States for coal and natural gas: wind cost was estimated at $55.80 per
MWh, coal at $53.10/MWh and natural gas at $52.50
BIOMASS ENERGY
• Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living
and recently dead biological material that can be used as
fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass
refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or
produce for example trash such as dead trees and
branches, yard clippings and wood chips biofuel, and it
also includes plant or animal matter used for production
of fibres, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include
biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel.

• Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of

plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn,
poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane , and a variety of tree
species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil).
The particular plant used is usually not very important to
the end products, but it does affect the processing of the
raw material.
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT
• Biomass is part of the carbon cycle. Carbon from the
atmosphere is converted into biological matter by
photosynthesis. On death or combustion the carbon goes back
into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens
over a relatively short timescale and plant matter used as a fuel
can be constantly replaced by planting for new growth.
Therefore a reasonably stable level of atmospheric carbon
results from its use as a fuel. It is accepted that the amount of
carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight.[3]

• Though biomass is a renewable fuel, and is sometimes called a

"carbon neutral" fuel, its use can still contribute to global
warming. This happens when the natural carbon equilibrium is
disturbed; for example by deforestation or urbanization of
green sites. When biomass is used as a fuel, as a replacement
for fossil fuels, it still puts the same amount of CO2 into the
atmosphere.
• However, when biomass is used for energy production it is
widely considered carbon neutral, or a net reducer of
greenhouse gasses because of the offset of methane that
would have otherwise entered the atmosphere.

• The carbon in biomass material, which makes up

approximately fifty percent of its dry-matter content, is
already part of the atmospheric carbon cycle.

• Biomass absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere during its

growing lifetime, after which its carbon reverts to the
atmosphere as a mixture of CO2 and methane (CH4),
depending on the ultimate fate of the biomass material.
CH4 converts to CO2 in the atmosphere, completing the
cycle. In contrast to biomass carbon, the car from long-
term storage, and adds it to the stock of carbon in the
atmospheric cycle.
HYDROGEN FUEL CELL
• A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion
device. It produces electricity from fuel (on the
anode side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side),
which react in the presence of an electrolyte.

• The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction

products flow out of it, while the electrolyte
remains within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually
continuously as long as the necessary flows are
maintained.
APPLICATIONS
• Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such
as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations,
and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on
hydrogen can be compact and lightweight, and have no major moving
parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve
combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999%
reliability. This equates to around one minute of down time in a two
year period.

• Micro combined heat and power systems such as home fuel cells and
cogeneration for office buildings and factories are in mass production
phase. The stationary fuel cell application generates constant electric
power (selling excess power back to the grid when it is not
consumed), and at the same time produces hot air and water from the
waste heat. A lower fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency is
tolerated (typically 15-20%), because most of the energy not
converted into electricity is utilized as heat. Some heat is lost with the
exhaust gas just as in a normal furnace, so the combined heat and
power efficiency is still lower than 100%, typically around 80%.
HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION
• The first public hydrogen refuelling station was opened in Reykjavík,
Iceland in April 2003. This station serves three buses built by
DaimlerChrysler that are in service in the public transport net of Reykjavík.
The station produces the hydrogen it needs by itself, with an electrolyzing
unit (produced by Norsk Hydro), and does not need refilling: all that enters
is electricity and water. Royal Dutch Shell is also a partner in the project.
The station has no roof, in order to allow any leaked hydrogen to escape to
the atmosphere.

• The 2001 Chrysler Natrium used its own on-board hydrogen processor. It
produces hydrogen for the fuel cell by reacting sodium borohydride fuel
with Borax, both of which Chrysler claimed were naturally occurring in
great quantity in the United States. The hydrogen produces electric power
in the fuel cell for near-silent operation and a range of 300 miles without
impinging on passenger space.

• Chrysler also developed vehicles which separated hydrogen from gasoline in

the vehicle, the purpose being to reduce emissions without relying on a
nonexistent hydrogen infrastructure and to avoid large storage tanks.
THE END