Contents

Foreword by Helen Odell-Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1 Introduction to Music Therapy

1.1 Music Therapy – A Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Lars Ole Bonde
1.2 Definitions of Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Lars Ole Bonde
1.2.1 Music Therapy and Music Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3 A Therapeutic Understanding of Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lars Ole Bonde

2 Theoretical Foundation of Music Therapy

2.1 Music in Body and Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Erik Christensen
2.2 Therapy Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Lars Ole Bonde
2.2.1 Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.2.2 Psychotherapeutic and Psychoanalytic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2.3 The Influence of Therapy Theories on Music Therapy – An Overview . 73
2.3 Analytical and Psychodynamic Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Inge Nygaard Pedersen
2.3.1 Classical Psychoanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Inge Nygaard Pederse
2.3.2 Mentalisation-Based Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Niels Hannibal
2.3.3 Daniel Stern’s Theories on the Interpersonal World of the Infant,
Change in Psychotherapy and the Dynamics of Vitality . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Niels Hanniba
2.3.4 Communicative Musicality – A Basis for Music Therapy Practice . . . 104
Ulla Holck
 2.3.5 Play and Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Karette Stensæth
2.4 Transpersonal and Integral Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.4.1 Intersubjectivity and ‘Surrender’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Katarina Mårtenson Blom
2.4.2 Wilber’s Integral Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Lars Ole Bonde
2.5 Music as Analogy and Metaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Lars Ole Bonde
2.5.1 Music as Analogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2.5.2 Music as Metaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
2.5.3 The Psychological Functions of Music – A Taxonomy and
Metaphorical Listening to Four Selections of Baroque Music . . . . . . . . . 144

3 Selected Music Therapy Models and Interventions

3.1 Perspectives on Internationally Well-Known Music Therapy Models –
An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Lars Ole Bonde and Gro Trondalen
3.2 The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Lars Ole Bonde
3.3 Analytically Oriented Music Therapy (AOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Inge Nygaard Pedersen
3.4 Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Lars Ole Bonde and Gro Trondalen
3.5 Benenzon Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Lars Ole Bonde and Gro Trondalen
3.6 Cognitive-Behavioural Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Lars Ole Bonde, Gro Trondalen and Tony Wigram
3.7 Community Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Gro Trondalen and Lars Ole Bonde
3.8 Free Improvisation Therapy – The Alvin Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Tony Wigram
3.9 Methods in Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Stine Lindahl Jacobsen and Lars Ole Bonde
3.9.1 Improvisation-Based Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
3.9.2 Songwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
3.9.3 Therapeutic Voice Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
3.9.4 Receptive Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
3.10 Physiological Reactions to Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Tony Wigram and Lars Ole Bonde
3.11 Music Medicine and Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Lars Ole Bonde
3.12 Music and Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Lars Ole Bonde
3.13 Health Musicking – Music and Health: A Final Discussion . . . . . . . . . . 223
Lars Ole Bonde

4 Music Therapy in Clinical Practice

4.1 Referral Criteria and Clinical Practice in Music Therapy –
An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Tony Wigram, Anne Mette Rasmussen and Stine Lindahl Jacobsen
4.2 Music Therapy for Psychiatric Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.2.1 Music Therapy for Adults in Hospital Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Inge Nygaard Pedersen, Niels Hannibal and Lars Ole Bonde
4.2.2 Music Therapy in Social Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Niels Hannibal, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Trine Hestbæk
4.3 Music Therapy for People with Developmental Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.3.1 Music Therapy for Children with Developmental Disabilities . . . . . . 262
Ulla Holck
4.3.2 Music Therapy for Adolescents and Adults with Developmental
Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Ulla Holck
4.4 Music Therapy for Persons with Acquired Neurological Conditions . . . . . 283
4.4.1 Healthy and Active Ageing: Music as Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Hanne Mette Ridder
4.4.2 Music Therapy for Adults with Acquired Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . 290
Søren Vester Hald and Hanne Mette Ridder
4.4.3 Music Therapy for People with Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Hanne Mette Ridder
4.5 Music Therapy for People with Somatic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
4.5.1 Music Therapy in Paediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Ilan Sanfi and Lars Ole Bonde
4.5.2 Music Therapy for Adults with Somatic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Karin Schou and Lars Ole Bonde
4.5.3 Music Therapy in Palliative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Lars Ole Bonde
4.6 Music Therapy for People with Psychosocial Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
4.6.1 Music Therapy for Refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Bolette Daniels Beck
4.6.2 Music Therapy in Family Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Stine Lindahl Jacobsen
4.6.3 Music Therapy for People with Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Bolette Daniels Beck
4.6.4 Music Therapy with Children and Adolescents at Risk . . . . . . . . . . 368
Stine Lindahl Jacobsen
4.7 Music Therapy and Personal Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Lars Ole Bonde

5 Music Therapy Research and Evidence-Based Practice

5.1 Music Therapy Research: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Hanne Mette Ridder and Lars Ole Bonde
5.2 Assessment and Clinical Evaluation in Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Stine Lindahl Jacobsen, Tony Wigram and Anne Mette Rasmussen
5.2.1 Case: Joel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
5.3 The Aalborg University PhD Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Hanne Mette Ridder and Lars Ole Bonde
5.4 Evidence-Based Practice in Music Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Hanne Mette Ridder and Lars Ole Bonde

6 Music Therapy Training – A European BA and MA Model

6.1 An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Lars Ole Bonde, Stine Lindahl Jacobsen, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Tony Wigram
6.2 Musical Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Lars Ole Bonde, Stine Lindahl Jacobsen, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Tony Wigram
6.3 Experiential and Resonant Learning Processes: Music Therapy
Self-Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Lars Ole Bonde, Stine Lindahl Jacobsen, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Tony Wigram
6.4 Clinical Training, Internships and Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Lars Ole Bonde, Stine Lindahl Jacobsen, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Tony Wigram

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551