ee a ie eee cig edge/ The analysis could be made Detter if the continuum is discretized into more number of straight edge elements. In cases computation becomes enormous. These difficulties are overcome by isoparametric elementsy An isoparametric element can have straight edge or boundaries. Domain with curved boundaries f@) Ng 4 3 Ng (0, 0) g 1 2 Ny Ne x {b) Quadrilateral element in natural ‘ co-ordinate (parent elem aie (e) pen aneet in cartesian Fig. 4.1.1 ‘The isoparametric concept is evolved by taki i ac y taking the parent: element im co-ordinates and then transforming into an element into a arbitrary shape co-riates. The nodal vale in tm of geomet can be raed 1 the ams x} = Nix) HNpxy #Ngxy oN Yi =Niyy +Nagyy +Nay3 Naya i F XNi 4; (displacements) i=l Nyqi +Noqo +N3q3 +Naqy 44.1 Terms Isoparametric, Subparametric and Subparametric ee I 5S [ SPPU : Des. 2012 an ‘soparametric Element , | If order of shape function for gecmetic couturstion i éque sae ae a finction for displacement field then such an element is called subparametric element. yy a‘of shape function for geometric configuration i on for displacement field then such an element 113 shows the example for sub-parametric formulation and for this where, © = Nodes for displacement Cl = Nodes for geometry = Shape function for disp = Shape function for geometry—angean Interpolation Function jsfied, then Lagrangean polynomials can be used to derive r agrangean. polynomial in one dimension is defined by N,@).= m=1—— = =X) = Xp) R= Hg )one OHH) Oe —X1) Ok — 2) Oy = X3)one Oe = Xn) value equal to zero at all points except at exactly the property or characteristic required * Ne) Obviously the above equation takes the pot k. At point k its value is unity. This is supe functions for one dimensional problems. 3D by forming the product of the functions which hold imensional co-ordinate directions i.e. Nyy) = Ni@)-NiO) using Lagrange's 43 \soparametric Formulation of Bar Element Polynomial 43.4 Two Noded Bar in Local Co-ordinates Fig. 43.1. shows a bar : @ dement in local co-ordinate Ua x20 xe Ystem. Length of element ee -— [aa Lagrange's polynomial is iveGi -EEi—E2)* Gi -En) For node 1, Nj () = - Bae Ni &) = For node 2, N. = on 26) eee =e 4.3.3 Three Noded Bar in Local Co-ordinates Fig. 4.3.3 shows a quadratic bar element = in natural co-ordinate system. The local co-ordinate x varies from x = 0 to x = L and x = L/2 at mid node. Lagrange's polynomial is given by Ny) = &=%2)¥3) _ =) e112) (x, = x2) &— x2) 5 (-4) (K=L) @x-L) ae) =~ &-D@x-L) V2 aeRG) oe) eee 4 4 (3-%1)@3-%) (L_\(L G-\G) X(x-L) _ 4x(@x+L) Me ara ae 434 Three Noded Bar in Natural Co-ordinate System Fig. 43.4 shows the o $aoded bar (quadratic bar) in 1 3g 2 ial co-ordinate system. oa Lagange's polynomial 'N,' is ae given by, ty &-&2)6-§3) Ni) = G,=€,) 1-53) E-ve-9 6-9 N@) = G-pe-o ? Shape function N2 GE G-53) N26) = E_-b1 62-53) e-(ayG-0 BED fcee-9? N26) and shape function No eb G-52) ma@) = EOFig, 4.3.5 Variation of shape functions 4.3.5 Cubic Bar (4 Noded Bar) in Local Co-ordinates Fig. 4.3.6 shows a cubic bar element in natural co-ordinate system. 3 4 2 x=0 x=U3 x=2U3 x= oe i Fig. 4.3.6 Lagrange's shape functions are pees) Xa) 0X4) RL 1) = Gx) 661 =%3) = X4) @-LHo-2%4)@-Y4) (= x1) &~x3) (&K-x4) (2 ~ x1) %2 — x3), — x4) sco) (-8) aBar) Element in Natural a cubic bar in local co-ordi ss shape function N, is given by Ni) = : : €1-E2)E1-E3) G1-ba) eee 5 =) G-CU/3NE=V9) , Ci CI 173) AFH) NG) = ae E-NEtV/E-VI : ‘ be Shape function N Ba Gan) 2-80 G2- nen 2 Se Shape function Nx GEG asde=b) NsG)ee EDGE Na) * 2 gene" "Shape function Na : a siggy G=bs)imnen mes Cees OE =b2)Ga-bs) pepe» tend@ Ns Fig. 4.3.8 Variations of shape function xe 3 (1, 1)2 Ny€,n) = 50-8)-40—m NiGn)=4 (1-8) =n). Shape function N> 1 No(E.n) = No(E)-No(n) co | = &-81) _§-G)_ 148 7 na) cae Nom) =4 (148) (=m) Shape function N N3(E,n) = N3(6)-N3(™) | ty ee SiS | Mi - ae 2 NN n3—N2 N3(n) =oe ' dratic Quad 4.3.8 Lagrangean Shape Functions for Qua (QUAD 9 Element) 5 ©14.-1) (0-1) (1,-1) Fig. 43.10 2 Fig. 43.10 shows a quadratic quadrilateral element in natural co-ordinates having 9 nodes with 2 degrees of freedom of each node (i.e. &,n). Lagrangean shape-fianctions this element are as follows : Ni © 0) = Nj €)-Ni(n) Shape function N, NiG, 0) = Ny(E)-Ny(n) = G-§)G-Es) _ E-nE-0) _EE=D ae Gi-Ea)Ei-Es) Cl-NCI-~ 2 ) = MM) (A= Ns) _ (=D (M=0) _ aH ; (i-n4)(i—n3) C=) (I=0) (iN3(E.n) i 7 41+) m+) Nan) ie 461 E-D m+ Shape function Nx Ns(.n) Ns(E) Ns(6) Ns(n) Similarly, Shape function Ng No 0) Ne &) = Ne &) No(n) Ng (n) = Ns(€)-Ns(n) = 6-8) G-8) _€-Cye-p &5-8)€s-E) O=C))O-) - EDE-)_ Sa 1-8? (1-17) (n=) _ (=D 1-9) (=m) @s—n5) CI-DERO a(n=)) = No(E)-No(n) _ &-&)6-§5) _G-C))E-9 €6—&s) Gs -&s) EG+) 2 -@) d-0) (@ig— 12) (16-13) O- CD) O-I) (-n?) (n=m2)(n=M3)_ _ M=CD) =) _ 4+) =) =function No No(Esn) = No(E)-No( : (£5) Es) _ 6-DE-CY No®) = Ee=Eey~Es) O- DO“ _ EDE-) | g2 -1 No(6) (n=ns)(n—my)__ (n= CD)V=D No) = Go—ns)(y=17) OED) O-D No(n) = eeu =1-9? No(E,n) = (1-§?) (I- 0?) Example 4.3.1 : For the three-noded ‘iso-parametric bar element shown in Fig. 4. Show that Jacobean determinate is |J| = L/2 Also determine the shape Nj toN3 and the strain-displacement matrix [B]. Assume the displacement field as = 2 — 5S [ SPPU : May Solution : u = aytaysta,s? Boundary conditions are Bree ie =) 1. ap a) —ayta; Be 28s =): = ajtazta, Infinix HOT 10“Shape functions are Nyuy +Nouy +N3u3 a .( Dn at ee eee4.4 Area Co-ordinates Fig. 44.1 shows triangular element in cartesian co-ordinates. 'P' is any internal point within the element. Point P and any two nodes ‘of the element make a triangle such Infinix HOT 10pate taba a J iS, samanige Aspect ratio is the ratio of largest to smallest size in an element. It is found that the ratio should be as close to unity as possible to give the accurate results. For a 2D element, the aspect ratio is conveniently defined as length to bredth ratio. fig. 44.2 shows few cases of aspect ratio (AR). (@AR=3=15 ()AR=1 (QAR=1 (ar==2 Fig. 4.4.2 Examples of aspect ratio Itis seen from the above Fig. 4.4.2 that Fig. 4.4.2 (b) and Fig. 4.4.2 (c) having aspect mtio es 1 yield good results compared to Fig. 4.4.2 (a) and Fig. 4.4.2 (4). Warp angle The accuracy of calculation increases if higher order elements and more number of clments are used. Warp angle is used to measure the quality of the mesh. It is used to measure the planar property in case of quadrilateral element. 442 Shape Functions of 2D Quadratic Triangular Element (TRIA 6 Element) ifunetion in Lagrange form Ni(E) ae - we - @ EyGi-ba) on of Ni(G)=E2E-1) Shape function N 1 —0) = Nom = “Gaia OO (p= 13) (2 — Ns) ; a) N2(n) = n2n-1) ___ Shape function Ny 1 N3(6) = “ewe-to 6-063) iG = GS @-n(0-3] Na@)= 625-0 Ng Be. 6-2) G28p/ BP Beto b5 77 Infinix HOT 10443 Convergence Requirements - Patch Test To ensure convergence of the res “wproximation must satisfy condition call i) The displacement function should sult with mesh Tefinement, the displacement led convergence criteria. They are, be continuous, ii) The displacement function should Satisfy rigid body displacements, iii) The displacement function must represent constant strain state If all the 3 conditions stated above Honly last 2 conditions are satisfied, it Compatibility conditions are satisfied, the element is said to be converged. is said to satisfy the completeness condition. When a continuum is divided into number of elements which deforms due to “plication of load, then deformati ion should not be discontinuous or in other words, the teforned elements should not overlap. If the convergence conditions are satisfied and the Berbility conditions are not satisfied then. the, elements. are called non. and if both convergence and compatability conditions are satisfied then the |Get called confirming elements. Patch test A ents is called a patch. In some cases, considerable difficulty is Rewine cay variables for an element. ‘The discontinuity of displacement i inns finite strains at the interface between the adjacent elements, However, if in limit, as the size of the subdivision decreases continuity is restored. To know whether Conforming clement will converge, patch test is conducted. The clement is said ‘Passed the patch test if the computer code predicts the ee ee teIf the derivative of a displacement function is constant, known as C° continuity. is one degree of freedom per node. The displacement function for beam element is given by u = ag tayxtayx?+a5x? du apr ay +2ayx +3a3x? If the derivative of displacement function gives 2 degree of freedom per node, known as C! continuity. The displacement function for frame element is given by u = ag tax tapx? +a3x3 ta4x4 tasx> +agx® du & If the derivative of displacement function gives 3 degree of freedom per node, known 4 as C? continuity. = a; +2ax +3a3x? + 4a 4x? +5a5x4 +6a 6x) ess “1 Marina - ~ Jacobian Matrix se | SpPU: : Dec. 2018: : is already seen in the preceding sections that how convenient it Rs deecsning no eps teste a To unders ‘is uniqueness of mapping, consider a two-noded rod element, where the co-ordin ‘nodes are given by x; and x»..We need to transform the co-ordinate p © system, such that x, transforms to — 1 and x, trans!oy ied ay Bet cic 322 ma aa ee in sections 3.2.2 and 3.3.3, 45 Ie Serendipity Elements Serendipity elements are the rectangular element with no interior nodes. Since the - intemal node of higher order Lagrangean element do not contribute to the inter element connectivity, elimination of internal nodes results in reduction of element matrix. S-noded quadrilateral element is the example of serendipity element. 45.1 Derivation of Shape Function for 8 - Noded Quadrilateral Element (or Serendipity Element) (1,1) (0,1) (4,1) 4 7 3 = (1,0) (-1,0) 3 1 2 4-1) @-1) (1-1) Fig. 4.5.1 Serendipity element lerhent is called as Fj S-noded quadrilateral. This © 45.1 shows eae interior node, The sonal functions forthe ent since it is notat Np = Gd Fas8-Co dra ED +N 1 ga-bd-mce-1-9 4 aseya-mG-n-) Fare den) E+n-p Fd-B +m Coen) For top and bottom nodes : N= F-84040) 5-57 Ns = $0-84)0+n-C) Ns = 3 0-£2)(-9) Ny = $0-€2)(+m) Ny 5 (1-07) +88), where, k= 6, 8 5-2) 48D) 5 d-n2)a+8) (=n?) 0-8) Infinix HOT 10ical integration is extensively used in FEA. It is the process of obtaining the b jmate value of definite integral 1 = fy(xdx without actually intergrating the gross a jon, There are several methods such as trapezoidal rule, Simpson's ee rule, th . mpson's 34 Tule, Weddle’s rule and Gauss Legendre quadrature rules are available for gmerical evaluation of definite integrals. The choice of a suitable numerical integration is ever completely straight forward. In FEM, the most accepted form of numerical iegration is called ‘Gauss Quadrature’ which we shall explain in this section. Consider the problem of numerically evaluating a one dimensional integral of the form +1 1 = fae) ae we (4.6.1) -1 This type of integral arises in FEM very often. Now let us consider n-point proximation, 1 JG) d = WE.) + Wor) ++ WaflEn) 46.1 @) -l Where W,, W2, -.. Wy are the weights and &;,&> ...., are the sampling points and mown as (Geuss-points. The concept behind Qaussian quadrature is to select the n Gauss points and weights such that equation (4.6.1 (@)) provides an exact answer for polynomials '(G) as large a degree as possible. 46.1 One - Point Formula Let us consider n = 1 = frees = W, (1) +++ (4.6.2) Ei jon (4.6.2) will work for a polynomial having degree = ecieg iE According to Gauss, (@n-1) =proximate —> ree 210) 4 Execterea =|, f(x)dx. 4.6.2 Two - Point Formula Let us consider n = 2 4 I= fra =w, £6,)+w, fE,) Al= +1 fre) ae = yflé :)+ Wall 2) + WaflEs) -l For three point formula ‘ = WR Er = 08s Hi W, = 59, Wa = 8/9 and W; = 5/9 6.4) can be wniten equation (4 I= eee Mis ifEv + Wf E2) + Walls) Sate 996"9 3606)“From equation (4.6.5), +. Equation (4.6.5) can be written as Jeena = fe re 42] : (5) ag Using one point and two point formula. i Solution : t= ffpees?o gta Wf) For one point formula, W, = 2 and x = 0 i = = 0492 I = W, f(%) afse Ora For two point formula, 1 Wy = Wo= 1 and x, =-1/3,x, =4+— ie = Wy £(x1)+ We f(x) = 1xd3e V3 + 4 /8)2+ae 42x24 Idx = vn) wi W, = W2 = 1, x; = 1/43 and x,=+1/4f3 for two point ofa ol ofall 1 = 3.3333 or 10/3, the exact value is also the same. Example 4.6.3 : Evaluate +1, T= f= cx using one point and two point formula. =x | Solution : We have res iz Using one point formule, ie: dx = Wife) = 27 wyF tas) W2f2) -mi(F Ratt |fi 7 fey : w= [ SPPU ‘Change of interval is given by, CHE) Cae) x = 05E+05 e dx = 05d& using three point Gaussian’ Trample 4.6.7 : Evaluate the following integrals quadrature method. 4 + 41 ee? 4 sin| = = a or]: si) | yi fer—aler a a) Given : ia i[ere(le Using three point formula = Wyf(xi)+ Wal 2) Wsf (x3) Spe Saat Cen suite ib, xp = 0 and x3 = 106 1 sore“) Sle ; [06 +on( Where, Wr =Gaussian Quadrature : 2D Analysis 4141 = f fre, mab-an -1-1 ‘The Gaussian quadrature for the 2D integral is given by 1 = Wyf 1.1) +Wof E2.M2)+Waf E33) + Wal Ea otg) For 2D quadrilateral element, we have W, = Wp = W3 = Wy =1 rim - (3-3) f(E,.n2) = (+3) £3.03) = | Gono = (5-5) Example 4.6.8: Using 2 point Gaussian quadrature formula, evaluate the following integral 414 T= J JG? +2n+n?)d8-an iA, 4141 mel J? +in+n?)a8an - Wat Grom) + Wof E2.n2)+W5fE3.m3) + Wa a - "Conder he ahem of mmr eating» o-dmesonl IEA! of he ‘ae1 = 2.66 +H Sa are given as N, = & Nz = and Ns = 1-8-1 Evaluate sha 1 P. Also, if temperature at node 1, 2, and 3 are 25°, 30° ,, evaluate the temperatures at the interior point P. 3(3, 10) : For isoparametric formulation, the temperature within the element is T= NyT, +N2T2 N37 Nyy +Nox2 +N3¥S and y = Nyy +No¥2 +Na¥3 Also, Ni@zN2O)*NIO) 6 =N,2)+N2@)+N3(10) s eay+ns)7-b- 3) 6 =&2)+1@)+0-§—9) G0) 2 ag +5n +335 - 3% 6 = 26 +3 +10-10§ -107, 86-7 +4=0 x 32 3 a = 0, get: recentinto equation (1), we get 5 T = (03478) (25°) + (0.1739) GO) + (04783) 09, T = 37.827°C Example 4.6.10 : Determine integration of following function by using Gauss and 3-point method and compare with exact solution. fParx+s2 ae 1@ [ SPPU : May 2016, Marks 10] = flat +x? hax Let xX = agtay bg ey = S=ag—a) oe x= 10, y= 10 = ag+ay Solving, we get ag = 75 a, = 25 ‘Thus, x = 75+ 25y Also, dx = 25dy Hence, the given integral can be written as “1 = fy u+(75+25y)4 (7542.59)? 12.54y 4 4 = [/0+75+25y+5625+6.25y2 +37 Sy]2.5y 1 1 = [''1161.875+100y +15.625y2 Jay= 1.875104 py eiseas(- : [ane gels =125 ey. = 209.35 Gi- f= ( the [Hionay = 1x 125 +1 x 209.35 Point Formula 1 = J Hopay = witli) +Wafv2) + Wath) 8 5 Wi ae ;, w+ ied y, = 106, 2 =% y3 = 106 fly:) = JO) = [161.875 100(-J0.6) +15 625(-108)"] 1 (106) = 96.518 fly2) = £0) = [161.875 +0 + 0] = 161.875 2 flys) = cf) = (161.875 +100(f0.6)+15.625(-V0.6)] 3 = 251438 3 3 5 yo6 51845 xI6.875+5 251.438 y = 33719 =< 2 10 sxextrien (75)ecies 4.6.6 Full and Reduced Integration ; ; "All isoparametric solid elements are integrated numerically By two ene number of integration points viz full integration and reduced integration. For the second order elements Gauss integration is used as it is efficient and polynomial functions. a Full integration usually means that an integration scheme where full order is used t integrate the element's internal forces and stiffness. 7 Reduced integration usually means that an integration scheme one order less than the full scheme is used to integrate the elements internal forces and stiffness. ? 4.6.7 Sub - Modeling and Sub Structuring The philosophy of submodeling is to keep refining a model to obtain convergence of stresses in very few critical regions. This eliminates to resolve the full model with large elements and saves lot of time. The procedure adopted in submodeling is as follows Isolate the region of stress concentration from the full model. e * Mesh the isolated region with a fine mesh. « From the full model solution, obtain displacements at the interface region that separates the isolated region from the rest of the model. * Apply these displacements as displacement boundary conditions at the interface region. + Apply all loads and boundary conditions within the isolated region and solve, * This procedure can be repeated many times till the solution converges. * Substructuring eget for reducing the size of the stiffness matrix by eliminating some degrees of freedom as slaves and retaining only master degrees of freedom. This is mainly done to save storage capacity eae analysis and also yields exact results. For examples all the nodes at the interface considered as master nodes and all other nodes are as slave nodes, When the are no forces on slave nodes, we have a super element with sti displacements and forces associated with only the master degrees of f ‘This super element can be solved to determine the unknown variables.b T= fre ax : “where f(x) takes the values yo Yo" 90 for X = X9,X1,X250Xq 1s shown, in Fig. 4.6.4. Let us divide the interval (a, b) into n subintervals of width h so that xq = a, x =Xoth, X_ = Xo +2h, ks Xo =Xotnh=b, then xgtnh a T= f£() dx =h J P(xq +h) dr x0 0 Put x = xo+th, dx = hdr 4 r(r-1 I= n flyer avo MS ) 2y9+ 0 -1)-2) (r= D@=2)-3) rr Me ) 39+. rl dr Integrating, we get nh n(2n-3) *Fitayax = ailyor 390% a M0 x0 dae tne A4yo 2 nt _ 30 5 ——-3n| yt ae wyer('- pata Newton-cotes quadrature formula. From this general formula, are derived by taking different values of n.