20 Elem

3.1 Types of 2D Elements

co-ordinatesthen the elements
The configurationof elementsdefinedby two
analysis such
2-D elements. These elements are suitable for the two-dimensional
2D elements are
stress, plane strain or plane elements.The commonlyused
are shown in Fig. 3.1.1.
rectangular elements. The differenttypes of 2D elements

3
3

6 5

1 2
1 2 4

(a) Linear triangular (b) Quadratic triangular

element element
7
4 3 4 3

8 6

1 2
1 2 5
(c) Linear rectangular (d) Quadratic quadrilateral
element element or QUAD 9 element
(or quadrilateral element)

4 3

O
1 2
(e) Quadrilateral formed by two triangles

Fig. 3.1.1 2D elements

32 Formulation of Elemental Stiffness and Load Vectors for Linear

Strain Rectangle
is
Fig. 3.2.1 shows a Linear Strain Rectangular (LSR) element This element
known as quadrilateral element The element consists of 4 nodes with 2 de
freedom; tx'-displacementis u and 'Y-displacementis v for point with
cartesian/global co-ordinate system.
 q8

(X4.Y4) q4
4
2

qi

Fia. 3.2.1 Linear strain rectangularelement

31.1Derivationof Shape Function for LSR or QuadrilateralElement

Fig.3.2.2, shows a quadrilateral element in natural co-ordinatesC, q).

1 2

Fig. 3.2.2 LSR in natural co-ordinates

Shapefunction
NI
...(3.2.1)
Let
from
whereal, a 2, a 3 and a 4 are generalised co-ordinates to be determined
condiåons,
l,
itmction at its own node is unity and
shape
I (because value of
zero).
for other nodes it
Finite
3-3
 At node 2,

At node 3,
0 a J +02 + a 3+04
At node 4,

Adding equations 3.2.I(a) and 3.2.)(b), we get

and adding equations 3.2.l(c) and 3.2.I(d), we get

Solving equations 3.2.I(e) and 3.2.I(f)

Substituting the value of a I and u 3 into equations 3.2.I(c) and 3.2.l(d) andsolving
the resulting equations we get,

Substituting the value of al , a 2, u 3 and u 4 into equation 3.2.l, we get

 N2
function (3 9.2)
inøpe

conditions are

o u I -02 -u 3+04 .(3.2.2

ode 2,
At n

3,
At node
u 1+02 +03+04 ..(3.2.2

4,
At node
O UI —(12+03 —a 4 ..(3.2.2

solvingequations 3.2.2 (a) through 3.2.2 (d), we get

the value of
substituting , a 2, a 3 and 014 into equation 3.2.2, we get
1 1 1

4 4

Shapefunction N3

Let, 3
...(3.2.3)

Boundary
conditions are
At node l,

..(3.2.3
0
at node
2
...(32.3
0 — al +02 —03 —04

3
...(321
Otl+Co+Ot3+(14
Finica
 At node 4,

Solving equations 3.2.3 (a) through 3.2.3 (d), we get

get
Substituting the value of u 1, (12, u 3 and a 4 into equation 3.2.3, we

Shape function N4
Let,
Botmdary conditions are ,
At node 1,
.. .(3.2.4

At node 2,
...(3.2.4

At node 3,
011+ ...(3.2.4

At node 4,
..(3.2.4

Solving equations 3.2.4 (a) through 3.2.4 (d), we get

Substituting the value of 011, 012,u 3 and a 4 into equation 3.2.4, we get
 2D Elements

of Strain-Oispiacement [B-Matrixl Matrix and Stress Matrix

Derivation
LSR Element [ SPPU : Dec. 2014J
for 3.2.1, LSR element has four nodes with two degrees of freedom at
to Fig.
An x-displacementis u and y-dispiacementis v for a point p(x, y). Linear
oode. element is a 2D element. lherefore, strain components in 2D element are

by

Ox
x
öv

Du Ov

Sincethe displacements u and v are dependent upon natural co-ordinates and

are in turn dependent upon cartesian co-ordinates x and y. Therefore, using the
bin ruleof partial differentiation.

Inmatnx form

Du

Ox

Du

Ox by
Ähere,
Jacobian mamx
Ox by

Finite ElementAnalysis
 2D Elements
f Load Vector due to Body Forces for
Quadrilateral
due to body forces is given by
workpotential
Ille UTF

element
For2P
UTF

Nq and
WKT,

f (Nq)T

t dx dy

or t•det J do

Thisis of the form • wp = qTFe

det J • dk • dn

where,
Load vector due to body force
Example
3.2.1 : Point P in located in rectangular having natural
co-ordinates
075)as shown in Fig. 3.2.3 below, determine X and Y
co-ordinates of Point P
t SPPU : May 2016|
(5, 10) (10, 10)
4 3

P(0.3, 0.75)

1 2
(10, 5)

Fig. 3,2.3
 0 21876 0.8125 56875 1.53\25

; Excmg\e 3.2.2 : Determine lhe Cartesian co-ordinate of the potnt P(F,-0.5,

( SPPU : Dec.20161

Solution : Givcn data :

(4, n) (0.5, 0.6), 0.5, -r 0.6, (XI, y l) (2, l) ; (xj,Y3)

For isoparametric formulation

X NIxI+N2Y,2+N3x3+N4xy
 20

are fzrcüon for

32.3 : For 'he €iemcnt shown In Fig 3.25, asse"'31e m»rrzr ,ma'
*aplacemez: for tke (0 7, ( SPPU : 2016 |

Given data :

tan matrix
fcr qxadrilatcral eleczt given by
 20

Where, (I— n)x; +4(1— n)X2 +4(1+ n)X3

(l - 0.5)x 0+-(1-0.5) x 30+-(1+0.5) x (1+0.5)xo

(l — — •n)Y3
a( l + n)Y4

(l - 0.5)x 10+-(1-0.5) x 10+-(1+0.5) x 40

-(1+0.5) x 40

(I-O.7)xO-

-21.675 + 21.675

22 + a (l —k)Y4

(1+0.7) x 10+-(1 + 0.7) x 10.

+ —(1—0.7) X 40

-- 0.75 4.25 + 17 +3
22

. Jacobian matrix J

Area of elementis

112.5
 displaccmcntmatrix (Il [or JA!) by

3.3Formulationof Elemental Stiffness Matrix and Load Vectors for

ConstantStrain Triangle (CST) Element
( SPPU : April 2016, May 2016 )
A triangular clcrncnt
consists
of three nodes
withtwo dcgrees of
freedom
at each nodc as

Wherex-di%placemcntis u
and
y-displacement is v.
lhs clement
is popularly
known as Constant
Strain
(CST) elements.
Fig. 3.3,I Conatant strain triangular element
•Constant
Strain Triangular (CST) Element :
e strains
are constant in CST element
From
Pascal's triangle

= a 0 + a Ix+a2Y
 l, N N 3 for a tnangular elemem
Example 3.3.1 : Evaluate the shape functions N
shown in mg. 33.7 at point P(3,75, 4.75)

(3 75.4 75)
3

1
2

Fig. 3.3.7

Solution : Given data :

(x (3.75, 4.75)

For an usoparametncformulation,we have

4.75

Solving (l) and (2), we ge

Thetefcre, N, 0.22

3-32 Finit'
 3,3.2 : A nodal co-ordinates of triangular element IS shown in Fig. 3.3.8.
the shape functions N2 and N 3 and also co-ordinates y of point P Take
0.4.

2
1

Fig. 3.3-8

: Given data :
Solution

(3.5, y)
NI 0.4
Foran isoparametric formulation

NIXI +N2x2 + N3x3

(0.4) (1.5) + n) (4)
3.5
3.5 0.6+4+0—1.6
0.5

Also
+ N 2Y2 + N 3Y3

0.4(2) +0.5 (3) +0.

2.8
Examp{e 3.3.3 : For pointP loouteå (he trume•lc,qhnwnIn 3 3 9 the
arc / 0 3, [)ercrrnne the r

Soluüon Given data :

For an fornulatjon

and
X (0.1) (l) O.M4) O and

Fl<ice, coordinates of point P(x. y)