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Caie Igcse Physics 0625 Theory v8
Caie Igcse Physics 0625 Theory v8
ORG
CAIE IGCSE
PHYSICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE PHYSICS
1.2. Motion
1. MOTION, FORCES AND Speed is defined as the distance travelled per unit time.
ENERGY Use the equation
d
v= t Where:
Acceleration:
a is acceleration
v is final velocity
u is initial velocity
Δt is change in time
Falling objects:
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An object which is falling because of acceleration due to The centre of mass is the place at which all of the object's
gravity through the atmosphere is subjected to two external mass is concentrated. Because gravity works only on one
forces. One force is the gravitational force, expressed as the spot in the item. For regularly formed objects, the centre of
weight of the object. The other force is the air resistance or mass is in the centre.
drag of the object. It is critical to understand where a body's centre of mass is
An object has terminal velocity when those two forces are located, as this dictates the body's stability. When a body is
equal. tilted slightly, the line of action of its weight passes through its
base, it is stable.
1.3. Mass and Weight
Resultant forces:
Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at
Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along
rest relative to the observer. The mass of a body is a
the same straight line.
measure of the amount of matter in it.
An object either remains at rest (stationary) or continues in a
Weight is a gravitational force on an object that has mass.
straight line at constant speed unless acted on by a resultant
Gravitational field strength g is defined as force per unit
force.
mass.
A resultant force may change the velocity of an object by
The equation for gravitational field strength is :
changing its direction of motion or its speed.
g=W
m
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Energy Resources
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Non-Renewable Energy Power is defined as work done per unit time and also as
Renewable Energy Sources
Sources energy transferred per unit time.
Solar (EM Waves from the W
Nuclear P=
sun)
t
- Biofuels ΔE
P=
t
Some sources of energy derive their energy from the sun. P = power (watt)
These are: W = work done (J)
ΔE = energy transferred (J)
Coal - formed from dead trees that have used energy T = time (s)
from the sun to produce hydrocarbons that have become
coal under pressure 1.7. Momentum
Biofuels - organic matter that is burned in order to
produce energy Momentum is defined as mass x velocity (kg m/s)
Hydro-electric - energy relies on the sun’s energy to run
the water cycle so energy can be harnessed The equation for momentum is p = mv Where:
Wind - gets heated and rises up and cooler air flows to fill p is momentum
the space m is mass
Solar - Electromagnetic waves from the sun are captured v is velocity
by photocells and turned into energy Resultant force is defined as the change in momentum per
unit time:
Environmental Δp
Renewability Availability Reliability Scale
Impact
F= Δt
Solar ✓ high low high low impact Impulse of a force is defined as force x time for which force
Almost no acts:
Geothermal ✓ low high low Impulse = F Δt = Δ(mv)
impact
Biofuels ✓ high high high low impact
The principle of the conservation of momentum:
Hydro- impacts
✓ high high high
electric marine life
General law of physics according to which the quantity called
Tidal ✓ high low low - momentum that characterises motion never changes in an
Greenhouse isolated collection of objects; that is, the total momentum of a
Coal ☓ high high low
gases closed system remains constant.
Radioactive
Nuclear ☓ low high high
substances 1.8. Pressure
Boilers, turbines and generators are used to generate Pressure is defined as force per unit area, and measured in
electricity in a power plant. N/m or Pa. 1 Pa = 1 N/m
The equation for pressure is: p = Fa Where:
p is pressure
F is force
a is area
Pressure beneath the surface of a liquid changes with depth
and density of the liquid. The change in pressure beneath the
surface of a liquid is given by the equation:
change in pressure = density x gravitational field strength x
change in depth
Power:
2. # Kinetic Model of Matter
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Properties of the 3 States of Matter - The molecular In Solids, when temperature increases it makes the
Model particles vibrate faster and expands slightly in volume.
In Liquids, when temperature increases particles move
faster around each other and expand.
In Gases, the volume increases by a large amount.
Increasing internal energy of an object :
Heating
Rubbing
Shaking
Increased Temperature → Increased Internal Energy →
Increase in average kinetic energy of particles
calculated using :
mΔθ
Where :
ΔP
Fnet = m = mass (kg)
Δt
V
energy supply process process
k
P = Takes place at the Takes place
V Takes place at the
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Position of Relative size of Nature of taking into account the fact that the sound has to travel
Position of Image
Object image Image there and back.
Point sized, Real and Sound travels at 343 metres per second in air, 1493
At Infinity At Focus metres per second in water, and 5130 metres per second
very small Inverted
in steel.
Real and
Beyond 2F Between F and 2F Diminished For a healthy human ear, the audible frequency range is
Inverted
20 Hz to 20000 Hz.
Real and Ultrasound is defined as sound having a frequency of
At 2F At 2F Same size
Inverted more than 20000 Hz:
Between F Real and Ultrasound is partially reflected back when it reaches a
Beyond 2F Enlarged
and 2F Inverted border between two media. The remaining waves pass
Huge, very Real and through. A transceiver can produce ultrasound and collect
At Focus F At Infinity the reflected waves to determine the distance of objects
large Inverted
below the surface. Ultrasound is utilised for SONAR and
On the same side of
Between F Virtual and medical imaging without the usage of ionising radiation.
the lens as the Enlarged
and O Erect
object
3.3. General Properties of Waves
Describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass.
A converging lens is used to correct long-sightedness.
A diverging lens is used to correct short-sightedness
The dispersion of light as shown by the refraction of white
light passing through a glass prism.
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1 1
Frequency = f=
period (s)
T
1 1
Period (s) = T=
Frequency Frequency
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Resistance
Resistance is the opposition to current. For a given potential
difference, the higher the resistance, the lower the current.
Therefore resistors are used in circuits to control the current.
The unit of resistance is the ohm Ω.
Current
Resistance (Ω) =
Voltage
Length
Ω∝L
The electrons have to travel a longer length and thus
encounter more resistance.
Cross-sectional area
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Supplies the
More electrons can flow per unit time, increasing the
Cell electrical energy to
current and therefore decreasing the resistance.
the circuit
Current Voltage (IV Graphs)
A power supply is a
device that converts
one voltage to
Power Supply d.c.
another more
and a.c.
convenient voltage
while delivering
(Ohmic Conductor = Resistor) power.
Electrical Energy and Electrical Power Electrical energy is Instrument used to
transferred from the battery or power source to the circuit Ammeter measure electrical
components then into the surroundings. current.
ΔE Instrument used to
1 Watt is 1 J/s P =
measure potential
t Voltmeter
P = IV ∴Electrical power = Voltage (V) × Current (A)
difference.
ΔE
IV = ∴Electrical energy = Voltage (V) × Current (A) ×
t Converts electrical
Converts heat to
Thermistor
electrical resistance.
Explanation:
ΔE = Pt ⟹ 1kWh = 1kW × 1h Light-Dependent Converts light to
1J Resistor electrical resistance.
1Watt = and 1kW = 1000W ⟹ 1kW =
s Converts electrical
1000J Heater
energy to heat.
s
⟹ 1kWh = 1000J × 3600s = 3.6 × 106 J To provide a variable
Circuit diagrams and components potential difference.
Component Symbol Function To split the potential
Potential Divider difference of a
In open position the
power source
Switch circuit is broken so
between two or
no current flows
more components.
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Nuclear Fusion
5.2. Radioactivity
Detecting radiation
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Radioactive Decay
Half Life
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The time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope in any
sample to decay
Nuclide notation is the notation of an element when it is
The activity of a source is measured in becquerels. (Bq)
written with its proton number and nucleon number. \n A
Different isotopes have different half-lives and half-lives
nuclear reaction would take place like this.
can vary from a fraction of a second to billions of years in
length
Half-life can be determined from an activity–time graph
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times. The dust particles clump together and form the inner
The solar system consists of eight planets: Mercury, rocky planets while gasses orbit the centre farther away
Venus, Earth and Mars are the inner, rocky planets. and form gas giants.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the outer, gas The centre of the accretion disk starts to form a new star
giants. called a protostar. At this point, gravity is still pulling mass
There are millions of asteroids and meteoroids orbiting together.
the sun, mainly found between Mars and Jupiter.
Comets are balls of ice, dust and gas. They orbit the sun in a
Our Solar System
very elliptical orbit leaving a trail of gas and dust behind.
The Sun makes up about 99.8% of the mass of the solar
However, this is not the tail of the comet because the tail
system. It has a strong gravitational pull keeping al the
always faces away from the Sun.
planets in orbit.
1. Kinetic Energy
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images? 2. Gravitational Potential Energy
q=tbn:ANd9GcRhn2q4cvaoJd08MCr6EiNBafbyhktMBpjbfz_DIn7MqYm7aSRc
A planet close to the sun has a low GPE but a high KE. A
Gravity pulls heavier particles close together toward the planet far away from the sun has a high GPE and a low KE.
centre. How to calculate orbital speed:
The gasses get hot and pressurised enough to start
The formula for speed is distance/time. We consider the
nuclear fusion.
orbits to be perfectly circular in this situation. The formula
is:
2
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https://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-
content/uploads/2010/05/life-cycle-of-star.jpg Spectroscopy
The Life Cycle of A Star Exceeding Eight Solar There are many dark lines in the wavelengths of visible light
coming from the Sun. This is because the cool gas in the Sun’s
Masses
atmosphere absorbs them. A spectrum with these absorption
It begin as a protostar but the core is more massive and hot lines is known as an absorption spectrum.
enough to fuse heavier elements further from the core. The
outer shell expands into a red supergiant.
https://www.redshift-
live.com/binaries/asset/image/18408/image/Redshift_of_spectr
The top line represents the absorption spectrum observed in
an experiment in earth and the bottom line is a redshifted
one from a distant galaxy.
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Hubble’s Law
The Doppler effect can be used to work out how fast galaxies
are moving away from us. The speed at which galaxies are
moving away from us is proportional to the distance away
from us.
https://www.youphysics.education/wp-
content/uploads/Doppler2.webp
v Ho
galaxies must have been close together in the past. The reciprocal (inverse) of the Hubble constant is known as
Hubble time because it can be used to work out the age of the
The Big Bang Theory and Cosmic Microwave universe. The current estimate for Ho is 2.2 x 10^-18 per
Background Radiation second.
We know that:
The theory that the Universe had a beginning is the Big distance
Bang Theory which states that the Universe (space, time, time = So:
since. v Ho
The Big Bang was not an explosion. The singularity was Therefore the age of the Universe is:
unimaginably hot and dense which has been expanding 1 1
tuniverse = = = 4.5 × 1017 s =
and cooling. Neutral atoms could not form due to the heat 2.2 × 10−18
Ho
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Physics