Principles of Steel Design 0.

20𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 76𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 = 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 =
�𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
Final Term  When 𝐿𝐿 > 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 < 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 : 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
Steel Beam (NSCP 2001 & 2015)
Metric English
NSCP 2001 139 20000
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 = 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 � � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 � �
Laterally Supported Beams 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
 Compact Section; 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
 When 𝐿𝐿 > 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 > 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 : 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏
Metric English
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 170 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 65 Metric English
< <
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿 706 × 103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿 102 × 103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑 1680 𝑑𝑑 640 >� >�
< < 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐿𝐿 3540 × 103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿 510 × 103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
 Partially Compact Section <� <�
𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 170 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 250 𝐿𝐿 2 𝐿𝐿 2
> 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 < ⎡2 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 � �
𝑟𝑟
⎤ ⎡2 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 � �
𝑟𝑟
⎤
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = ⎢ − 𝑇𝑇 ⎥ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = ⎢ − 𝑇𝑇 ⎥ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
6 6
⎢3 10.6 × 10 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐⎥ ⎢3 1530 × 10 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
𝑏𝑏 82700𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 12000𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 [0.79 − 0.00076 � � �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 =
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
 Non-compact Section: 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 706×103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3540×103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿
When � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
<� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
< 𝑟𝑟 :
𝑇𝑇
Metric English
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 170 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 65 �1170×103 �𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 82700𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
> > Use: 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 2 ; 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 �𝑟𝑟 � 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑇𝑇
𝑑𝑑 1680 𝑑𝑑 640
> > 1
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝐼
𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 = � 2
 When 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 > 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 ; 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 1
When 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 > 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 < 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 + 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤
 6
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 95 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
> ; 0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 < 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 < 0.66𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀1 𝑀𝑀1 2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1.75 + 1.05 � � + 0.3 � �
𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀2 𝑀𝑀2
Metric: 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 [0.79 − 0.00076 � � �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀
𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 =
English: 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 [0.79 − 0.002 � � �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
NSCP 2015
Allowable Shearing Stress
LRFD ASD
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 = 0.40𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 =
𝛺𝛺
𝑉𝑉 ∅ = 0.90 𝛺𝛺 = 1.67
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 =
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 1. Check compactness of section.
Laterally Unsupported Beams For flange For web
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 ℎ
 When 𝐿𝐿 < 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 : 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜆𝜆 = 𝜆𝜆 =
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
Metric English
 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 Purlin Tributary Loads
𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 = 0.38� 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 = 3.76�
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜔𝜔 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝑁𝑁
𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟 = 1.0� 𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟 = 5.70� 𝜔𝜔 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚
 If 𝜆𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 , there is no FLB. 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)
 If 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 < 𝜆𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟 , non-compact section (inelastic 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑚𝑚)
buckling)
 If 𝜆𝜆 < 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 ≤ 𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟 , compact section

𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑍𝑍𝑥𝑥

2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
𝐸𝐸 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 � ; 𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = �
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴
 gravity load: 𝜔𝜔𝐺𝐺 = (𝑊𝑊𝐷𝐷 + 𝑊𝑊𝐿𝐿 )𝑆𝑆
2
𝐸𝐸 𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐 0.7𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ℎ0  wind load: 𝜔𝜔𝑊𝑊 = 𝑊𝑊𝑤𝑤 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤
𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � �� �1 + �1 + 6.76 � �
0.7𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ℎ0 𝐸𝐸𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐  normal load: 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 = �𝜔𝜔𝐺𝐺 + 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 � cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜔𝜔𝑊𝑊
ℎ0 = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓  tangential load: 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 = �𝜔𝜔𝐺𝐺 + 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 � sin 𝜃𝜃
�𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤
2
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 ℎ02 without sag rods
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = ; 𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 =
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 4
 When 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 , limit state of torsional buckling
does not apply 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝐿𝐿2 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙2
 When 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 , non-compact section 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀 =
8 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
8
𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 − 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 sag rods at midspan: 𝑙𝑙 =
2
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝 − �𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 � � �� ≤ 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝
𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 − 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝

 When 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 > 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 , slender section 𝜔𝜔 𝑙𝑙 2 5

𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝐿𝐿2 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 ; 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 8 8
2
8
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸 𝐽𝐽 𝐿𝐿 sag rods at third points: 𝑙𝑙 =
𝐿𝐿
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2
�1 + 0.078 � 𝑐𝑐 � � 𝑏𝑏 � 3
𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ℎ0 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
� �
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
12.5𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝐿𝐿2 𝜔𝜔 𝑙𝑙2 11
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑅𝑅 ≤ 3 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 ; 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿
2.5𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 3𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 + 4𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 + 3𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚 8 10 30
Torsional Effects on Design Bending Strength of
Biaxial Bending and Purlins Analysis Purlins
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
+ ≤ 1.0; ∅𝑏𝑏 = 0.90  Case 1: Loads Applied Through the Shear
∅𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ∅𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 Center
 Compact section: 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1.6𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
 Non-compact section:
𝜆𝜆 − 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = �𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − �𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 � � ��
𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

Truss Loads
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜔𝜔𝐺𝐺 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + ≤ 1.0; ∅𝑏𝑏 = 0.90
∅𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ∅𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (↑↑↑) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(↓↓↓)
 Case 2: Loads not Applied Through the Shear Moment Correction Factor (𝑪𝑪𝒎𝒎 )
Center
Case 1:
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.85
(sidesway)

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
+ ≤ 1.0; ∅𝑏𝑏 = 0.90 Case 2:
∅𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ∅𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀1
2 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 � �
𝑀𝑀2
Designing of Sag Rod and Tie Rod (without sidesway
and traverse loads)
5
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿
8
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × # 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
cos 𝜃𝜃
Beam Column Case 3:
 restrained ends:
Interaction Equations 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.85
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟  unrestrained
 larger axial compression: ≥ 0.2 ends: 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 1.0
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 8 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (without sidesway
+ � + � ≤ 1.0 but with traverse
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 9 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 loads)
 smaller axial compression: < 0.2 Structural Steel in Compression
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
+� + � ≤ 1.0 maximum slenderness ratio:
2𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑟𝑟

Moment Amplification Method LRFD (NSCP 2015)

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 𝐵𝐵1 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝐵𝐵2 𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 ; ∅ = 0.90

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝐵𝐵2 𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐸𝐸

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 4.71�
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵1 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃𝑃
1 − � 𝑢𝑢 � 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒  elastic critical stress: 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2
� 𝑟𝑟 �
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸  flexural buckling stress: 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 =
(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹
𝑦𝑦
If ≤ 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 or 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀1 𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �0.658 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4( ) (inelastic buckling,
𝑀𝑀2
short column)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.877𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒
If > 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 or 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝑟𝑟
(elastic buckling,
long column)
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔

no translation with translation