SYMPTOMS

BACKGROUND

Symptoms are the physical conditions that indicates an illness, and are usually described as either strong, mild or weak.
Many illnesses have symptoms in common, such as nausea, high blood pressure, etc.
Whereas other symptoms are rarer and specific to a narrow range of illnesses.
The most important syptoms that leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom, and the symptoms that cause a patient to seek
medical help are referred to as presenting symptoms.
Symptoms are the things that are noticed by the patient, whereas signs are the objective evidence of an illness, which can be
observed by doctors and others. So pain is a symptom, and a low blood cell count is a sign. Some features can therefore be both
signs and symptoms.
Symptoms can be classified into the following:
o General symptoms such as loss of appetite, tiredness, pain, convulsions, and dizziness.
o Neurological/psychological symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia and unsteadiness.
o Ocular symptoms such as blurred vision, double vision and loss of vision in one eye.
o Gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, blood in stools, and indigestion.
o Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain and abnormal heartbeat.
o Urological symptoms such as incontinence, difficulty urinating, passing a lot of urine, and impotence.
o Pulmonary symptoms such as coughing, hyperventilation, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
o Integumentary (skin) symptoms such as rashes, itching, blisters, and swellings.

VOCABULARY

o Cardinal symptom → síntoma cardinal o principal

PRESENTING SYMPTOMS :
o Dizziness → mareo, vértigo
o Dizzy → mareado
o Anxiety → ansiedad
o Unsteadiness → inestabilidad
o Blurred → borroso
o Bloating → inflamación, hinchazón
o Blood in stools → sangre en las heces
o Shortness of breath → dificultad para respirar.
o Integumentary → tegumentario
o Rash → sal(r)pullido, erupción
o Itching → picazón
o Blisters → ampollas
o Swellings → hinchazones
o Swollen → hinchado
o Stitches → puntos de sutura
o Sneezing → estornudos
o Bruising → hematomas
o Constipation → estreñimiento
o Cramp → calambre
o Deformity → deformidad, anormalidad
o A lump → bulto, hinchazón, masa.
o Numbness → adormecimiento
o Vomiting → vómitos
o A runny nose → secreción nasal, flujo nasal.
o Sickness → enfermedad, náuseas, mareos.
o Sore throat → dolor de garganta
o Spots → manchas, puntos, lunares
o aching → dolor
QUESTION TAGS

Con las "question tags" en inglés terminamos las frases con una pregunta corta, de signo contrario, la cual se usa para pedir la
opinión o buscar la aprobación del interlocutor. Equivalen en español a: ¿no es verdad?, ¿no?, ¿no es así?

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR

1. Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares.

2. Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en

NEGATIVO.

3. Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en

AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO.

I AM / I AM NOT / ARE / AREN'T / IS/ ISN'T

WAS / WASN'T / WERE / WEREN'T

• To go to Boston is the best choice, isn't it?

Ir a Boston es la mejor opción, ¿no?

• I am on the list of those who have passed the test, aren't I?

Estoy en la lista de los que aprobaron el examen, ¿no?

• Fefi and Nick aren't in position to buy such an expensive house, are they?
Fefi y Nick no están en condiciones de comprar una casa tan costosa, ¿no?

• I was at the office when Sarah got there, wasn't I?

Yo estaba en la oficina cuando Sarah llegó, ¿no?

• It was a great day to go fishing, wasn't it?

Fue un buen día para ir a pescar, ¿no?

• Your friends weren't expecting your call, were they?

Tus amigos no esperaban tu llamado, ¿no?

• We were having a good time at the party, weren't we?

La estábamos pasando bien en la fiesta, ¿no?

DO / DON'T / DOES / DOESN'T

DID / DIDN'T

• I don't play tennis very well, do I?

No juego muy bien al tenis, ¿no?

• Those musicians play beautifully that song, don't they?

Esos músicos tocan esa canción maravillosamente, ¿no?

• Clau doesn't like coffee at all, does she?

A Clau no le gusta para nada el café, ¿no?

• The room looks great with the new painting, doesn't it?
La habitación se ve maravillosa con el cuadro nuevo, ¿no?

• The movie scared you, didn't it?

La película te asustó, ¿no?

• Javi came to see you to ask for your advice, didn't she?
Javi vino a verte para pedirte consejo, ¿no?

• We didn't come on time to see the festival, did we?

No llegamos a tiempo para ver el festival, ¿no?

• Cami and Harry invited you to their wedding, didn't they?

Cami y Harry te invitaron a su casamiento, ¿no?
HAVE / HAVEN'T / HAS/HASN'T
HAD / HADN'T

• I have chosen the cake you like, haven't I?

He elegido la torta que te gusta, ¿no?

• Phillip and Andy haven't been to the World Cup, have they?
Phillip y Andy no han ido al Mundial, ¿no?

• Krys hasn't attended classes lately, has she?

Krys no ha asistido a clase últimamente, ¿no?

• The Lord of the Rings has been Tolkien's best book, hasn't it?
El Señor de los Anillos ha sido el mejor libro de Tolkien, ¿no?

• We had seen that woman in the shop, hadn't we?

Habíamos visto a esa mujer en el negocio, ¿no?

• Isabella hadn't answered all the questions on the test, had she?
Isabella no había respondido todas las preguntas en la prueba, ¿no?

• The doctors hadn't seen a case like that before, had they?
Los médicos no habían visto un caso como ése antes, ¿no?

• Francy hadn't finished painting the wall, had he?

Francy no había terminado de pintar la pared, ¿no?

WILL / WON'T
WOULD / WOULDN'T

• You will come to Spain next winter, won't you?

Vendrás a España el invierno próximo, ¿no?

• The coffee machine will be soon working, won't it?

La máquina de café estará funcionando pronto, ¿no?

• John and Peter won't play this tournament, will they?

John y Peter no jugarán este campeonato, ¿no?

• We will be seeing you soon, won't we?

Te veremos pronto, ¿no?

• You would work on Sundays, wouldn't you?

Trabajarías los domingos, ¿no?

• Ale wouldn't mind if I stayed at home, would he?

A Ale no le importaría que me quedase en casa, ¿no?

• This necklace would be perfect for Mary Ann, wouldn't it?

Este collar sería perfecto para Mary Ann, ¿no?

• That married man and Daniella wouldn't think of getting married, would they?
Ese hombre casado y Daniella no pensarían en casarse, ¿no?

CAN / CAN'T
COULD / COULDN'T

• You can't play the guitar, can you?

No sabes tocar la guitarra, ¿no?

• This road can be dangerous to take at night, can't it?

Puede ser peligroso tomar esta ruta de noche, ¿no?

• It can't be true that Fer has just arrived, can it?

No puede ser cierto que Fer acabe de llegar, ¿no?
 • Angela and Jack can call your lawyer if they are in trouble, can't they?
Angela y Jack pueden llamar a tu abogado si están en problemas, ¿no?

• The winners could go to Swiss, couldn't they?

Los ganadores podrían ir a Suiza, ¿no?

• You could ask Susan what she thinks about your case, couldn't you?
Podrías preguntarle a Susan lo que piensa acerca de tu caso, ¿no?

• The project could have failed but for Daniel, couldn't it?
El proyecto podría haber fallado si no fuera por Daniel, ¿no?

• We couldn't come earlier to the party, could we?

No podríamos llegar más temprano a la fiesta, ¿no?

MAY / MIGHTN'T

• It may rain tonight, mightn't it?

Podría llover esta noche, ¿no?

• We may try to talk to Susan to see if she changes her mind, mightn't we?
Podríamos intentar hablar con Susan a ver si cambia de opinión, ¿no?

• Jane mightn't help me with the cleaning, may she?

No podría Jane ayudarme con la limpieza, ¿no?

• Bill may catch the train if he tried, mightn't he?

Bill podría alcanzar al tren si lo intentara, ¿no?

SHOULD / SHOULDN'T
MUST / MUSTN'T

• Sally should have called to tell us that she is ok, shouldn't she?
Sally debería haber llamado para decirnos que está bien, ¿no?

• Robert shouldn't propose to Alice if he is not sure about it, should he?
Robert no debería proponerle matrimonio a Alice si no está seguro, ¿no?

• Tim and I should take a taxi so we get on time, shouldn't we?

Tim y yo deberíamos tomar un taxi así llegamos a tiempo, ¿no?

• The students shouldn't behave that way, should they?

Los alumnos no deberían comportarse así, ¿no?

• Carol mustn't use make-up in the play, must she?

Carol no debe usar maquillaje en la obra de teatro, ¿no?

• I must visit the doctor if the pain continues, mustn't I?

Debo ir al médico si continúa el dolor, ¿no?

• The gardener must finish the work now, mustn't he?

El jardinero debe terminar el trabajo ahora, ¿no?

• Janet must think of a present for her boyfriend's birthday, mustn't she?
Janet debe pensar en un regalo para el cumpleaños de su novio, ¿no?