Final Physics Print-1

PHYSICS
There are total 11 Topics in this chapter.
 Rest and Motion
 Matter
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Wave
 Light
 Work, Power & Energy
 Gravitation
 Sound
 Kinematics
 Units & Dimensions
 Recent PYQs
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Rest and Motion
An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position which respect to its
surroundings with time and said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its
surrounding with time.
 Rectilinear motion moving car on horizontal road, motion under gravity etc.
 Angular motion such as particle going on a circle, projectile motion, rotation of
machine shaft etc.
 Rotational motion such as motion of a fan.
 It an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be in
uniform motion.
 It an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be
in non-uniform motion.
 Speed
 The distance covered by a moving body in a unit time interval is called its
speed.
 Speed =
 Velocity
 The time rate of change of displacement of a body is called its velocity.
 Velocity =
 An object is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it undergoes equal

displacements in equal intervals of time.
 An object is said to be moving with non-uniform or variable velocity if it

undergoes unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.
 Average velocity =
 Acceleration
 The time rate of change of velocity of a body is called its acceleration.
 Acceleration =
 It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is ms-2.
 Acceleration at an instant of time is known as instantaneous acceleration.
 When the velocity of a body increases with time, then its acceleration is
positive and if velocity decreases with time, then its acceleration is negative
called deceleration or retardation.
 If acceleration does not change with time, it is said to be constant
acceleration.
 Projectile Motion
 When a body is thrown from horizontal making an angle (0) except 90°, then
its motion under gravity is a curved parabolic path, called trajectory and its
motion is called projectile motion.
 Examples:
 The motion of a bullet shot from the gun
 The motion of a rocket after burn-out.
 The motion of a bomb dropped from a aeroplane etc.

 Properties of Projectile Motion
If we drop a ball from a height and at the same time thrown another ball in a horizontal
direction, then both the balls would strike the earth simultaneously at different places.
 Circular Motion
 The motion of an object along a circular path is called circular motion.
 Circular motion with a constant speed is called uniform circular motion.
 The direction of motion at any point in circular motion is given by the tangent
to the circle at that point.
 In uniform circular motion, the velocity and acceleration both changes.
 In case of non-uniform circular motion, the speed changes from point to

point on the circular track.
 Centripetal Acceleration
During circular motion an acceleration acts on the body towards the centre, called
centripetal acceleration. The direction of centripetal acceleration is always towards the
centre of the circular path.
 Force
It is an external push or pull with can change or tries to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion. SI unit is newton (N) and CGS unit is dyne. 1 N = 105 dyne. If sum of all the
forces acting on a body is zero, then body is said to be in equilibrium.
 Centripetal Force
During circular motion a force always acts on the body towards the centre of the circular
path, called centripetal force.
 Centrifugal Force
In circular motion we experience that a force is acting on us in opposite to the direction
of centripetal force called centrifugal force. This is an apparent force or imaginary force
and also called a pseudo force.
 Applications of centripetal and centrifugal forces

 Cyclist inclined itself from vertical to obtain required centripetal force. To
take a safe turn cyclist slower down his speed and moves on a path of larger
radius.
 Roads are banked at turns to provide required centripetal force for taking a
turn.
 For taking turn on a curved road, the frictional force is acting between the
tyres of the vehicle and the road acts as centripetal force.
 If a bucket containing water is revolved fast in a vertical plane, the water
may not fall even when bucket is completely inverted because a centrifugal
force equal or greater than the weight of water pushes the water to the
bottom of the bucket.
 For orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus electrostatic force of
attraction is acting between the electrons and the nucleus as centripetal
force.
 Cream is separated from milk when it is rotated in a vessel about the same
axis. During rotation lighter particles of cream experience a lesser force than
the heavier particles of milk.
 For revolution of the earth around the gravitational force of attraction
between the earth the sun acts as centripetal force.
Matter
Matter is considered as anything which has weight and occupy space. It exist in three
states: Solid, liquid and gas.
 Solid: It is that, state of matter which has definite shape and definite volume. In
this state molecules are very closely packed.
Properties of Solids
Elasticity: The property of a body by virtue of which it regain its original
configuration after the removal of deforming force, is called elasticity. Quartz and
phosphor bronze are almost perfectly elastic bodies.
Plasticity: The property of a body by virtue of which it does not regain its original
configuration after the removal of deforming force, is called plasticity.
 Strain: The fraction I change in configuration i.e. length, volume and shape, is
called strain. Strain has no unit.
 Stress: The internal restoring force acting per unit area of cross section of a
deformed body, is called stress. Stress is of two types
 Normal stress
 Tangential stress
The maximum deforming force upto which a body retains its property of elasticity is
called the limit of elasticity of the material body. The minimum stress required to
break a wire is called breaking stress.
The torque required to produce a given twist in a hollow cylinder is greater than
that required to produce the same twist in a solid cylinder. Therefore, hollow shaft is
stronger than a solid shaft. Springs are made of steel, not of copper as Young's
modulus of elasticity of steel is more than that of copper.
 Elastic Limit: It is the limit of stress and strain upto which a wire remains elastic.
 Plastic Behaviour: If the wire is stretched beyond the elastic limit, the strain
increases much more rapidly. If the stretching force is removed, the wire does not
comes back to its natural length.
 Fracture Point: If the deformation is increased further the plastic

behaviour, the wire breaks at a point known as fracture point.
Ductile and Brittle Materials: If large deformation takes place between the
elastic limit and the fracture point, the material is called ductile. If the wire breaks
soon after the elastic limit is crossed, it is called brittle.
 Elastic Fatigue: It is the property of an elastic body by virtue of which its

behaviour becomes less elastic under the action of repeated alternating deforming
force. Due to elastic fatigue, the bridges becomes less elastic after a use of long
time and therefore are declared unsafe.
Fluid: A substance which begins to flow under an external force is called a fluid.
Liquids and gases are fluids.
 Fluid Density: The ratio of mass to the volume of a body is called its
density. (i.e. mass present in its unit volume). It is a scalar quantity having SI unit
kg/m³. The density of water is 1000 kg/m³. The density of water is maximum at 4°C.
 Hydrometer - It is an instrument used to measure density or relative density of

liquid. Its working is based on law of floatation.
 Fluid Pressure: Thrust (the normal force exerted by a liquid per unit area of the
surface in contact at rest, is called fluid pressure.
Fluid pressure (p). Its unit is Nm2 or Pascal (P(a).
 Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure exerted by the atmosphere, is called

atmospheric pressure.
 Aneroid barometer: is used to measure atmospheric pressure and height of a

place.
Other units of atmospheric pressure are torr and bar.
 Pascal's Law: The pressure exerted anywhere at a point of confined fluid is
transmitted equally and undiminished, in all directions throughout the liquid.
Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press hydraulic brakes works on the basis of Pascal's law.
 Buoyancy: When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid, an upward

force acts on it, which is called buoyant force or upthrust and this property of fluids
is called buoyancy.
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged part
of the body.
The buoyant force acts at the centre of gravity of the liquid displaced by the
submerged part of the body, which is called 'centre of buoyancy'.
 Archimedes Principle
When a body is partially or completely immersed in a quid, it loses some of its
weight. The loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the
submerged part of the body.
 Surface Tension
The property of a liquid by virtue of which it tries to minimise its free surface area is
called surface tension. The minimum surface area of a given amount of liquid is for
spherical shape. Therefore, rain drops are spherical.
 Factors Affecting Surface Tension

 Temperature -The surface tension of a liquid decreases with increase in
temperature.
 Soluble Impurities - If the impurities are less soluble in liquid, then its surface
tension decreases. If impurities are highly soluble in liquid, then its surface
tension increases. Surface tension of a liquid becomes zero at critical
temperature.
Applications of Surface Tension

 When soap, detergent, dettol, phenyl etc., are mixed in water then its surface
tension decreases. When salt is added in water, its surface tension increases.
 When oil spreads over the surface of water, its surface tension decreases.
 When kerosene oil is sprinkled on water, its surface tension decreases. As a result the
larva of mosquitoes floating on the surface of water die due to sinking.
 Warm soup is tasty because at high temperature its surface tension is low and
consequently the soup spreads on all parts of the tongue.
 Antiseptics like dettol have low surface tension and therefore it reaches in the tiny
cracks of the wound and cleans the germs and bacteria.
 The surface tension of soap solution in water is less than the surface tension of pure
water. Therefore, soap solution cleans greasy strains of clothes better than pure
water.
 Capillarity: The phenomenon of rising or falling of liquid column in a capillary

tube (glass tube of very fine bore is called capillarity.
 Examples of Capillarity
 A piece of blotting paper soaks ink because the pores of the blotting paper
serve as capillary tubes.
 The oil in the wick of a lamp rises due to capillary action of threads in the
wick.
 The root hairs of plants draws water from the soil through capillary action.
 To prevent loss of water due to capillary action, the soil is loosened and split
into pieces by the farmers.
 If a capillary tube is dipped in water in an artificial satellite, water rises up to
other end of tube because of its zero apparent weight, how long the tube
may be.
 Action of towel in soaking up water from the body is due to capillary action
of cotton in the towel.
 Melted wax, in a candle rises up to wick by capillary action.
 Cohesive and Adhesive Forces

The intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of same substance
is called cohesive force. e.g., Intermolecular force of attraction acting between the
molecules of water, mercury etc.
The intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of different

substance is called adhesive force. For eg., Intermolecular force of attraction acting
between the molecules of paper and gum, paper and ink, etc.
 Viscous force: The force which opposes the relative motion between different
layers of liquid or gases is called viscous force.
 Viscosity: Viscosity is the property of a liquid by virtue of which it opposes the
relative motion between its different layers. Viscosity is the property of liquids and
gases both. The viscosity of a liquid is due to cohesive force between its molecules.
The viscosity of a gas is due to diffusion of its molecules from one layer to other
layer.
Viscosity of gases is much less than that of liquids. There is no viscosity in solids.
Viscosity of an ideal fluid is zero.
With rise in temperature, viscosity of liquids decreases and that for gases increases.
Viscosity of a fluid is measured by its coefficient of viscosity.
Its SI unit is decapoise (kg/ms) or pascal second.
 Stoke's Law: According to this law, the viscous force depends upon the
coefficient of viscosity, velocity of the moving object and its size.
Newton's Laws of Motion

 Newton's First Law of Motion
A body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless an external
force acts on it. It is based on law of inertia. Inertia is the property of a body by virtue of
which is opposes any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line.
 Inertia of Rest
 When a bus or train at rest starts, to move suddenly, the passengers sitting in it
jerk in backward direction due to their inertia of rest.
 The dust particles come out from a carpet when it is beaten with a stick due
to their inertia of rest.
 A passenger jumping out from a rapidly moving bus or train is advised to jump
in forward direction and run forward for a short mile due to inertia of rest.
 Inertia of Motion
When a running bus or train stops suddenly, the passengers sitting in it jerk in forward
direction due to inertia of motion.
 Momentum
The momentum of a moving body is equal to the product of its mass and its
velocity.
 Conservation of Linear Momentum

 The linear momentum of a system of particles remains conserved if the
external force acting on the system is zero.
 Rocket propulsion and engine of jet aeroplane works on principle of
conservation of linear momentum. In rocket, ejecting gas exerts a forward
force which helps in accelerating the rocket upward.
 Newton's Second Law

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force
applied on it and change in momentum takes place in the direction of applied
force.
 Newton's Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and both act on two
interacting objects. Rocket is propelled by the principle of Newton's third law of
motion.
 Impulse
 A large force which acts on a body for a very short interval of time and
produces a large change in its momentum is called an impulsive force.
 Its unit is newton-second.
 A fielder lowers its hand when catching a cricket ball because by lowering his
hands, he increases the time of contact for stopping the ball and therefore
fielder has to apply lesser force to stop the ball. The ball will also exert lesser
force on the hands of the fielder and the fielder will not get hurt.
 Wagons of a train are provided with the buffers to increase the time of
impact during jerks and therefore, decreases the damage. The vehicles like
scooter, car, bus, truck etc. are provided with shockers.
 Friction
Friction is a force which opposes the relative motion of the two bodies when one
body actually moves or tries to move over the surface of another body.
The cause of friction is the strong atomic or molecular forces of attraction acting on
the two surfaces at the point of actual contact.
 Uses of Friction
 A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element that uses balls to maintain the
separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to
reduce rotational friction and to support loads (weight).
 Friction is necessary for walking, to apply brakes in vehicles, for holding nuts
and bolts in a machinery etc.
 Friction can be decreases by polishing the surfaces by using lubricants or by
using ball bearings.
 Tyres are made of synthetic rubber because its coefficient or friction with
road is larger and therefore, large force of friction acts on it, which stops
sliding at turns.
 The tyres are threading which also increases the friction between the tyres
and the road.
 When pedal is applied to a bicycle, the force of friction on rear wheel is in
forward direction and on front wheel is in the backward direction.
 Loses due to Friction
Too much Loss of Energy in machines and then ultimately the machines are
damaged.
Laws of Limiting Friction

 It depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact and their state of polish.
 It acts tangential to the two surfaces in contact and in a direction opposite
to the direction of motion of the body.
 The value of limiting friction is independent of the area of the surface in

contact so long as the normal reaction remains the same.
 The limiting friction (Fs max) is directly proportional to the normal reaction R
between the two surfaces.
PYQs
1. A person is hurt on Kicking stone due to ----- Reaction
2. A body with uniform motion ----- Can be accelerated
3. Which of the following force is a virtual force? ---- Centrifugal force
4. Cream gets separated out from milk when it is churned. This is due to -----
Centrifugal Force
5. The cause of separation of cream from milk is ---- Centrifugal force
6. Newton's 1st law of motion gives the concept of ----- Inertia
7. A person dropped a ball from a train moving with a uniform speed. An observer
standing on platform observes it, what will be the path observed by the observer? --
--- Parabolic
8. Which of the following force is dissipative? ---- Frictional
9. An object covers distance which is directly proportional to the square of time. Its
acceleration is ---- Constant
10. When a body is immersed in a fluid, then force acting on it is ------ Upward thrust &
Weight
11. The motion of the wheel of a bull cart while ---- Translatory and rotatory motion
12. A Tennis ball and a cricket ball with Heavy mass throw with same velocity, then to
stop the cricket ball we need out of the following ---- More force
13. A cyclist should lean in a circular motion ----- Sidewise towards the centre
14. Why the needle of iron swims on water surface when it is kept gently?---- Surface
tension
15. A boat will not submerge when it displaces water equal to its own ---- Volume
16. An ice block with a piece of lead embeded in it floats in water. If ice melts the
water level ---- Falls
17. What principle/law explains the working of the hydraulic brakes in automobiles? ---
Pascal's law
18. An oil drop spreads over water because of Pascal's Law. ---- Surface tension of oil is
much smaller than that of water
19. A fountain pen works on the principle of --- Capillary action
20. The hair of shaving brush clings together when removed from water due to ----
Surface tension
21. Motion of a body around a circular path is an ---- Uniform speed and variable
velocity
22. Angle of Friction and angle of Repose found to be as --- Equal to each other
23. Rocket acts on Law of conservation of ---- Linear Momentum
24. A bullet hits and gets embedded in a solid block resting on a horizontal frictionless
table. Which quantity is conserved in this process? ---- Momentum alone
25. A falling drop of rain water acquires the spherical shape due to ---- Viscosity
26. The weakest of all fundamental forces is --- Gravitational force
27. The modulus of rigidity is the ratio of ---- Shearing stress to shearing strain
28. A spherical ball made of steel when dropped in mercury container will ---- Will be
on the surface of mercury
29. Damp clothes are dried in spin dryers by the action of ---- Centrifugal forces
30. Which of the following is a result of surface tension? ---- Capillary action
31. Two rods, one of copper and other of steel, experience the same upthrust when
placed in water. Thus both have ---- Equal volume
32. A single fixed pulley is used to draw water from a well because ---- Force is applied
in a convenient direction
33. Ball pen functions on the principle of --- Surface tension
34. Water from soil enters into the root hairs owing to --- Capillary pressure
35. Water drops cannot stick to the oily surface due to ---- Surface tension
36. If cream is removed from milk, its density --- Increases
37. Materials for rain proof coats and tents owe their water proof properties to ---
Surface tension
38. The wall of a dam is broader at the base --- To withstand pressure that increases
with depth
39. Which of the following liquid is most viscous? --- Oil
40. The surface tension of water on adding detergent to it ---- Decreases
41. Rise of oil in a wick is due to ---- Surface tension of the oil
42. If an ordinary glass tube and a glass capillary tube are both dipped in a beaker of
water rises in --- the Glass tube & the Capillary Tube
43. When two ice cubes are pressed together they join to form one cube. Which one of
the following helps to hold them together? ---- Hydrogen bond formation
44. When a piece of stone is immersed in water it displaces water of equal --- Volume
45. The minimum number of forces to keep a particle in equilibrium is ---- 2
46. Name the process by which bubbles from liquid are formed? ---- Effervescence
47. The washing machine works on the principle of ---- Centrifugation
48. What type of force acts on a car moving around a curve? ---- Centripetal force
49. Acceleration is --- Directly proportional to force
50. If a ball is thrown up, which of the following does not change? ---- Acceleration
51. If a body is moving on a circular path, what is its average velocity if it completes
one cycle in one second? ---- Zero
52. If a force acts upon two objects at rest, and having different masses for the same
amount of time, then which one of the following will be the same for both the
objects? ---- Momentum
53. If a body slides over a surface, the force resisting the motion between them is
called. ---- Friction
54. Purity of a metal can be determined with the help of ---- Archimedes principle
55. The weight of a body at the centre of earth is: --- Zero
56. On a clean glass plate a drop of water spreads to form a thin layer whereas a drop
of mercury remains almost spherical because ---- Cohesion of mercury is greater
than its adhesion with glass
57. An object is in static equilibrium when it is --- At rest
58. Newton's first law is also known as---- Law of Inertia
59. The path of a projectile is called its ---- Trajectory
60. In a projectile motion, a large angle with the horizontal produces ---- High trajectory
61. Motion of a train is an example of ---- Translatory motion
62. ____________ is a pair of forces, equal in magnitude, opposite directed and
displaced by perpendicular distance or moment. ---- Couple
63. In projectile motion, the total flight time is ---- Twice the time required to reach the
maximum height
64. What is the direction of torque? ------ Perpendicular to the direction of applied force
65. A cannon ball is fired. The motion of this ball is an example of --- Projectile motion
66. Upward force on a floating --- Buoyancy
67. When a bus starts suddenly, then passengers ----- Inertia of rest
68. Which of the following quantity is a measure of inertia? ---- Mass
69. Action and reaction --- Are equal in magnitude
70. Law of Inertia is also known as ---- Newton's first law of motion
71. Which scientist gave 'laws of motion'? ---- Newton
72. The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called, ----- Thrust
73. Which contact force is responsible for changing the state of motion of an object? --
-- Frictional force
74. A large force on a rotating body larger ----- Torque
75. If an object moves in a purely rotatory motion, then each constituent particle of the
body moves in a circle, the centre of which is located on a line is called ---- The axis
of rotation
76. The mass of an object ---- Remains same everywhere
77. What is the SI unit of Torque? ---- Newton Metre
78. If a body moves with a uniform speed in a circular motion, then ---- Its velocity is
changing
79. What is the SI unit of Force? --- Newton
80. What is the other name of Galileo's law of falling bodies? ---- Law of motion
81. Soap bubble attains spherical shape due to ---- Surface tension
82. In science a push or pull of an object is called. ----- Force
83. The sliding friction is static friction than the ------ Smaller
84. In a qualitative way, the tendency of undisturbed objects to stay at rest or to keep
moving with the same velocity is called --- Inertia
85. The force of friction between two surfaces will increase if: ---- The two surfaces are
pressed harder
86. For an object, the state of rest is considered to be the state of speed.---- Zero
87. A ball rolling along the ground gradually slows down and finally comes to rest is due
to ------ Friction
88. The motion of a freely falling body is an example of motion. ------ Uniformly
accelerated
89. If the force applied on the object is in the direction of its motion, the speed of the
object ----- Increases
90. Contact force is another name for ----- Friction
91. If the force applied on the object is in the direction opposite to the direction of
motion, the speed of the object ---- Decreases
92. The SI unit of acceleration is ---- Meters per seconds squared
93. According to the Second Law of Motion, for a given force, acceleration is inversely
proportional to the of an object. ---- Mass
94. The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called ---- Drag
95. During uniform motion of an object along a respect to surrounding fluid. straight
line, the with time. ---- Velocity
96. Friction is caused by the two surfaces in contact. ----- Irregularities
Wave
A wave is a disturbance which propagates energy from one place to the other without
the transport of matter.
Waves are broadly of two types:
1. Mechanical Wave
2. Non-mechanical wave
 Mechanical Wave: The waves which required material medium (solid, liquid
or gas) for their propagation are called mechanical wave or elastic wave.
Mechanical waves are of two types:
1. Longitudinal wave: If the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of

propagation of wave, the wave is called longitudinal wave.
2. Transverse Wave: If the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the

direction of propagation of wave, the wave is called transverse wave. Waves on
strings under tension, waves on the surface of water are examples of transverse
waves.
 Non-mechanical waves or electromagnetic waves: The waves

which do not require medium for their propagation i.e. which can propagate even
through the vacuum are called non mechanical wave.
Light, heat are the examples of non-mechanical wave. In fact all the
electromagnetic waves are non-mechanical.
All the electromagnetic wave consists of photon.
The wavelength range of electromagnetic wave is 10-14m to 104 m.
 Properties of electromagnetic waves

1. They are neutral uncharged.
2. They propagate as transverse wave.
3. They propagate with the velocity of light.
4. They contains energy and momentum.
5. Their concept was introduced by Maxwell.
 Following waves are not electromagnetic
1. Cathode rays
2. Canal rays
3. a rays
4. β rays
5. Sound wave
6. Ultrasonic wave
 Some Important Electromagnetic Waves & their discoverer

1. α-Rays --- Henry Becqueral
2. X-Rays ----W. Rontgen
3. Ultra-violet rays ---- Johann Ritter
4. Visible radiation --- Newton
5. Infra-red rays ---- Hershel
6. Short radio waves or Hertzian Waves ---- Heinrich Hertz
7. Long Radio Waves ----- Marconi
Note: Electromagnetic waves of wavelength range 10-3m to 10-2m are called microwaves.
 Amplitude: Amplitude is defined as the maximum displacement of the vibrating

particle on either side from the equilibrium position.
 Wavelength: Wavelength is the distance between any two nearest particle of

the medium, vibrating in the same phase. It is denoted by the Greek letter
lambda(λ).
In transverse wave distance between two consecutive crests or troughs and in
longitudinal wave, distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions
is equal to wavelength.
Velocity of wave = frequency × wavelength.
 Sound
Sound waves are mechanical longitudinal waves and require medium for their
propagation. It cannot propagate through vacuum. When propagated speed and
wavelength changes but frequency remains constant. It is of three types:
 Infrasonic waves - 0 to 20,000 Hz
 Audible waves - 20 to 20,000 Hz
 Ultrasonic waves - >20,000 Hz
 Properties of Sound Wave
Reflection
 The bouncing back of sound when it strikes a hard surface, is called reflection of
sound.
 The laws of reflection of light are also obeyed during reflection of sound.
 The working of megaphone, sound boards and ear trumpet is based on reflection
of sound.
 The repetition of sound due to reflection of sound waves, is called an echo.
 The persistence of hearing on human ear is of a second.
 The minimum distance from a sound reflecting surface to hear an echo is nearly is
nearly 17 m.
 Sound proof rooms are made of two layers of walls having vacuum between them.
 Reverberation arises due to multiple reflection of sound.
 While designing an auditorium for speech or musical concerts, one has to take
proper care for the absorption and reflection of sound.
 Time taken by reverberant sound to decrease its intensity by a factor of 106 is called
reverberation time.
Refraction
 When a sound wave move from one mechanical medium to another mechanical
medium, it shows deviation from the original path of the incident wave. The
phenomenon is called refraction.
 It is due to difference is speed of sound in media.
Diffraction
 When sound waves originated by a vibrating source, they spread in the medium
and if the medium is homogeneous, this leads to bending of sound waves around
the edges. Which is known as diffraction.
 The sound waves diffracted broadly and one can easily hears the voice of the
another person.
PYQs
1. When a stone is thrown in calm water of a pond waves produced are ---
Longitudinal wave & Transverse wave
2. Which instrument can be used to study the wave form of a signal? -----
Oscilloscope
3. What is found in frequency modulation? ----- Fixed frequency
4. These waves cannot be transmitted through vacuum ----- Sound
5. Stationary wave is formed by ----- Two waves of same frequency travelling in the
opposite direction
6. Intensity of any wave is proportional to which ---- Square of amplitude
7. In which region of electromagnetic spectrum does the Lyman series of Hydrogen
atom lie ---- Ultraviolet
8. Which of these travels in glass with minimum velocity ----- Violet Light
9. X-Rays are ---- Neutral particles
10. The damage of the human body due to radiation (X-Rays or y-rays) is measured in -
-- Rads
11. Transition ions absorb light in region --- Visible
12. Green house effect is the heating up of the Earth's atmosphere which is due to ---
The infrared rays
13. Which of the following supports particle nature of photons? --- Photoelectric effect
14. The reverse effect of X-ray emission is ----- Photoelectric Effect
15. Which of the following waves cannot be polarized. ----- Ultrasonic
16. Which is the not an electromagnetic wave? ---- Cathode Ray
17. Which has the lowest frequency? ---- Visible Ray
18. Every hot object emits ---- Infrared Rays
19. Matter waves are --- de Broglie waves
20. Which electromagnetic radiation is used for satellite communication? ---
Microwave
21. The radiation initially produced in fluorescent tube is ---- Ultraviolet
22. Waves that are required for long distance wireless communication are ---- Radio
waves
23. Ultra violet radiations of the Sun do not reach the earth because, earth's
atmosphere is surrounded by --- Ozone
24. Who discovered X-Rays? ----- Roentgen
25. The least penetrating power ray is ----- a-rays
26. X-rays can be used. --- To detect defects in precious stones
27. Wavelength of visible spectrum is ---- 3900 A-7600 Á
28. In a Filament type Light bulb most of the electric power consumed appear as ----
Infrared Light
29. Which of the following is used in MRI machine? ---- Magnetic wave
30. A wavelength of 0.3 m is produced in air and it travels at a speed of 300 m/s. Then
it will be an ----- Audible wave
31. Bolometer is used to measure which of the following? ----- Temperature
32. Coolidge tube is used to produce --- X-rays
33. Gamma rays can cause --- Gene mutation
34. Ultraviolet radiations has more energy as compare to --- Infrared Radiation
35. Ultraviolet rays can be used in water treatment as ---- Disinfectant
36. The device used for measuring the wavelength of X-rays is---- Bragg's Spectrometer
37. Radar is used to --- Detect and locate distant objects
38. Who is the inventor of RADAR? --- A.H. Taylor and Lio C. Young
39. Which of the following parts of the sunlight makes the solar cooker hot? ---- Infrared
40. When a vehicle passes, TV reception gets distorted. This is because ----- Spark plug
creates electromagnetic disturbances
41. Where are mesons found? ---- Cosmic rays
42. What is the full form of 'AM' regarding radio broadcasting? ----- Amplitude
Modulation
43. Tape recorder should not be kept near one of the following things: --- Magnet
44. Night photography and photography in mist and fog are possible using ----- Infra-
red radiation
45. Forged documents are detected by ---- Ultraviolet rays
46. In the remote control of television, electromagnetic waves used are ----- Infrared
47. Which of the following radiations has the least wavelength? --- y-rays
48. A seconds pendulum is a pendulum whose time period is ---- 2 sec
49. The scientist who first sent electromagnetic waves to distant places is (A) James
Clerk Maxwell --- Heinrich Hertz
50. Gamma rays have greatest similarity with ----- X-rays
51. The audio signals of TV are ----- Frequency modulated
52. What is the motion which repeats itself after regular interval of time? ---- Periodic
Motion
53. Which of the following waves has the highest frequency? ---- Gamma-rays
54. __________ are used for communication in artificial satellites. ---- Radio waves
55. What is the distance between a crest and a consecutive trough in a transverse
wave? ---- Half of the wavelength
56. Which one of the following is not a property of electromagnetic waves? ---
Electromagnetic waves do not show interference and diffraction.
57. The time taken by a pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its? ---- Time
period
LIGHT
REFLECTION OF LIGHT (Law of Reflection)
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
 The incident ray, the normal, the point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in
the same plane.
Spherical Mirrors & their Uses

 Uses of concave mirrors
 Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles
headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light.
 They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face. The
dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of patients.
 Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in
solar furnaces.
 Uses of convex mirrors

Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles, enabling
the driver to see traffic behind him/her to facilitate safe driving. They always give an
erect, though diminished, image. Also, they have a wider field of view as they are
curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area
than would be possible with a plane mirror.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light
ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. When a thick glass slab
is placed over some printed matter, the letters appear raised when viewed through the
glass slab the bottom of a tank or a pond containing water appears to be raised seen a
pencil partly immersed in water in a glass tumbler. It appears to be displaced at the
interface of air and water. A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be bigger
than its actual size, when viewed from the sides.
The following are the laws of refraction of light:
i. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
ii. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is
also known as Snell's law of refraction. If i is the angle of incidence and r is the
angle of refraction, then, Sin i/Sin r = constant.
The one with the larger refractive index is optically denser medium than the other.
The other medium of lower refractive index is optically rarer. The speed of light is
higher in a rarer medium than a denser medium.
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

The prism has probably split the incident white light into a band of colours. The sequence
of colours VIBGYOR. The splitting of light into its component collars is called dispersion.
Different colours of light bend through different angles with respect to the incident ray, as
they pass through a prism. The red light bends the least while the violet the most. Thus the
rays of each colour emerge along different paths and thus become distinct. It is the band
of distinct colours that we see in a spectrum.
A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after a rain shower. It is caused by
dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere. A rainbow is
always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun. The water droplets act like small
prisms. They refract and disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally
refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop. Due to the dispersion of light and
internal reflection, different colours reach the observer's eye.
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the air further up. The hotter air is lighter
(less dens(e) than the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less than that
of the cooler air. Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not
stationary, the apparent position of the object, as seen through the hot air, fluctuate. This
wavering is thus an effect of atmospheric refraction (refraction of light by the earth's
atmosphere.
 Twinkling of stars: twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of

starlight.
 Advance sunrise and delayed sunset: The Sun is visible to us about 2
minutes before the actual sunrise, and about 2 minutes after the actual sunset
because of atmospheric refraction.
SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Scattering of light is the phenomenon by which a beam of light is redirected in many
different directions when it interacts with a particle of matter.
The blue colour of the sky, colour of water in deep sea, the reddening of the sun at sunrise
and the sunset.
Total Internal Reflection

Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that occurs when light travels from a more
optically dense medium to a less optically dense one, such as glass to air or water to air.
Examples of Total Internal Reflection -
i. Mirage--- Hotter air is less dense, and has smaller refractive index than the cooler
air. On hot summer days, the air near the ground becomes hotter than the air at
higher levels noticed that while moving in a bus or a car during a hot summer day,
a distant patch of road, especially on a highway, appears to be wet. This is also
due to mirage.
ii. Diamonds --- Their brilliance is mainly due to the total internal reflection of light
inside them.
iii. Optical fibres too make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection. Light
undergoes repeated total internal reflections along the length of the fibre there is
no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal.
Tyndall Effect
The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light as a light beam passes through a colloid. The
individual suspension particles scatter and reflect light, making the beam visible. The
earth's atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles like smoke, tiny water
droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes
such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible.
Tyndall effect is seen when a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a
small hole. Tyndall effect can also be observed when sunlight passes through a canopy of
a dense forest.
Power of Accommodation of Eye - The ability of the lens to change its shape to
focus near and distant objects is called accommodation. A normal human eye can see
objects clearly that are between 25 cm and infinity.
Defects of Vision and Their Correction
i. Near-sightedness: If the eyeball is too long or the lens too spherical, the
image of distant objects is brought to a focus in front of the retina and is out of
focus again before the light strikes the retina. Nearby objects can be seen more
easily. Eyeglasses with concave lenses correct this problem by diverging the light
rays before they enter the eye. Near-sightedness is called myopia.
ii. Farsightedness: If the eyeball is too short or the lens too flat or inflexible, the
light rays entering the eye - particularly those from nearby objects- will not be
brought to a focus by the time they strike the retina. Eyeglasses with convex lenses
can correct the problem. Farsightedness is called hypermetropia.
iii. Astigmatism: Astigmatism is the most common refractive problem responsible

for blurry vision. Most of the eyeball's focusing power occurs along the front surface
of the eye, involving the tear film and cornea (the clear 'window' along the front of
the eyeball). The ideal cornea has a perfectly round surface. Anything other than
perfectly round contributes to abnormal corneal curvature- this is astigmatism.
Cylindrical lens is use to correct astigmatism.
PYQs
1. Sun appears red in colour during sunrise and sunset due to ---- The fact that all other
colours scatter away except red
2. The colour of the ocean appears to be blue because the sunlight falling on it is----
Scattered
3. In the absence of the earth's atmosphere sky would appear --- Black
4. Which is the phenomenon which established the transverse nature of light? ---
Polarization
5. The sky appears blue due to ---- Rayleigh scattering
6. The splitting of white light into its component is due to --- Dispersion
7. Light scattering takes place in ---- Colloidal solutions
8. Which of the following statements is true when we see 'rainbow'? --- The sun remains
behind as and we face raindrops
9. A soap bubble shows colours when illuminated with white light. The is due to ---
Interference
10. Rainbows are formed when sunlight --- Incident on rain drops hanging in the
atmosphere is dispersed after suffering refraction and internal reflection.
11. Which of the following colour of light deviates least through the prism? --- Red
12. Rainbow is formed due to --- Reflection and Refraction
13. Which of these waves can be polarized ---- Light waves
14. The formation of Rainbow takes place, when sunlight ---- Scattered due to refraction
and total internal reflection from water drops
15. On a rainy day small oily films on water shows brilliant colour. This is due to ---
Interference
16. An optically plane surface reflects a beam of light --- As a parallel beam in one
direction
17. Which of the following optical phenomena is responsible for the brilliance of
diamond? ---- Total Internal Reflection
18. The phenomenon of change in direction of light when it passes from one medium
to another is called ---- Refraction
19. Which of the following is not caused by atmospheric refraction? --- Reflection
20. A star appears twinkling in the sky because of ----- Refraction of light by atmosphere
21. A water tank appears shallower when it is viewed from top due to --- Refraction
22. The reason for a swimming pool to appear less than the actual depth is ----
Refraction
23. A plane glass slab is kept over coloured letters which appears least raised is ---
Violet
24. Purpose of an optical fibre is to --- Transmit light of different colours
25. The Phenomenon which causes mirage is ---- Total Internal Reflection
26. Total Internal Reflection cannot take place when light goes from --- Water to Glass
27. Optical fibre works on the principle of ---- Total Internal Reflection
28. Energy in reflected light is ---- Increases with increase in angle
29. Lens is made up of --- Flint glass
30. For a person having hypermetropia, the near point is --- Less than 25 cm
31. The head mirror used by ENT doctors is --- Concave
32. Vehicles use, to see the objects coming from behind --- Convex Mirror
33. Which type of mirror is used in the head lights of vehicles ----- Concave Mirror
34. Microscope is more light magnifying because ---- More powerful lenses are used in
electron Microscope
35. A periscope works on the principle of --- Reflection
36. In mirrors the back surface is painted with thin layer of --- Silver
37. Which of the following is used to split white light into different colours? ---- Prism
38. Spectacles used for viewing 3D films have ---- Polaroids
39. What is a compound microscope ---- A microscope whose lenses are convex
40. Convex mirrors are used as a rear view mirror in motor cycles because --- It forms
real image, It forms erect image & It forms smaller image as compared with object
o
41. Persons suffering from myopia are advised to use --- Concave lens
42. Magnifying Glass is basically a ---- Convex lens
43. Shaving Mirror is ---- Concave
44. The Image formed by specific mirror; legs appears as of same size but head and his
body appears smaller than its real size, when person stands in front of mirror. What is
the nature of mirror? --- Convex and Plane
45. What is a zoom lens? ----- A lens with a transitional focal length
46. Dioptre is the unit of ---- Power of lens
47. A concave lens always form an image which is ---- Virtual and erect
48. One can distinguish a telescope from microscope by observing ---- Size of the lens
49. To get the magnified and virtual image mirror is used ------ Concave Mirror
50. Which of the following always makes the smaller image of body, which is placed in
front of it? ---- Convex Mirror
51. To eliminate the glare of headlight in motor cars --- Polaroid's are used
52. The outer white part of the eye that protects the inner structures is ---- Sclera
53. Person who is colour blind cannot distinguish between ----- Red and green
54. The least distance of distinct Vision is ---- 25 cm
55. Distant objects are visible as little out of focus in the condition ---- Myopia
56. Sensitivity of human eye is maximum in the ---- Green region
57. eyes because forms Is dangerous to observe solar eclipse with naked -----
Ultraviolet radiations from sun burn our retina
58. Short-sight in human eye can be corrected by using proper ---- Concave lens
59. Myopia is the same as ---- Near sightedness
60. The owl can see most clearly in total darkness because ---- It has large eyes with
rods directed forward, giving it binocular sight
61. What is myopia? ---- Inability to see distant objects clearly
62. A man cannot see clearly beyond 10 meters The disease he suffers from ---- Myopia
63. The part of the eye having largest refractive index is ---- Lens
64. Hypermetropia or long sightedness can be corrected by using --- Convex lenses
65. The final image in a simple microscope is ---- Virtual, magnified and erect
66. The Sky appears to an astronaut ---- Black
67. The Plate of Blue glass appears blue in sunlight because ---- It transmits the blue light
68. The speed of light in air is ---- 3x 108 m/s
69. Photon is the fundamental unit/quantum of ---- Light
70. Light beam which is highly directional is called ---- Laser
71. Persistence of vision is the principle behind ----- Cinema
72. Which of the following is responsible for the working of newton's colour disc
experiment ---- Persistence of vision
73. Solar cells work on the principle of ---- Photovoltaic effect
74. A light year is a unit of ---- Distance
75. Ozone layer above the surface of Earth provides a shield against ----- Ultra Violet
Rays
76. The primary colours in photography are ---- Red, Blue, Green
77. Which of the following is not a part of a CRT? ----- Gas Plasma
78. White Light constitutes the colours ----- 7
79. Atomic clock transitions depends upon the ----- Caesium
80. The photoelectric effect is described as the ejection of electrons from the surface
of a metal when ---- Light of suitable wavelength falls on it
81. Which of the following gas is used in the Yellowish lamps used as street Lights? ----
Neon
82. Photo oxidation process is initiated by ----- Light
83. What is a Hologram? ---- A 3D Shadow to reproduce the photographic record
84. Who invented the optical fibre? ---- Narinder Kapany
85. Light travels fastest in ---- Vacuum
86. Who Invented Laser? ----- Gordon Gould
87. Who Invented LED? ---- Nick Holonyak
88. Instrument for measuring blueness of the sky or ocean is called ---- Cyanometer
89. Lumen is a unit of ---- Luminous Flux
90. Which of the following purpose optical fibre is used for? ---- Communication
91. Sir C.V. Raman is awarded by Nobel Prize for his experiment of ----- Scattering of
Light
92. Light Waves are ---- Electromagnetic Wave
93. Time taken by the Sun Light to reach the earth? ---- 8.3 min
94. The speed of light with the rise in the temperature of the medium---- Remains
unaltered
95. Who measured the velocity of light first? ----- Romer
96. Which colour is the complementary colour of yellow? ----- Blue
97. Ability to distinguish two closely placed objects is ---- Resolving power
98. Which of the following phenomena is involved in Kaleidoscope? ---- Reflection
99. According to law of reflection: ---- Angle of incidence is always equal to angle of
reflection
100. Who invented first working laser? ---- T. H. Maiman
101. Reflection from a smooth surface like that of a mirror is called ---- Regular
102. Why does a black board appears black in colour? ----- It absorbs all the
colours
103. The bending of light when it passes around a corner or a slit is due to ----
Diffraction
104. What is the reason for formation of Mirage in desert? ---- Both Refraction and
Total internal reflection of light
105. Speed of light is maximum in ----- Vacuum
106. Convex mirror is generally used in ---- Rear view mirror
107. If objects appear enlarged and inverted in a rear view mirror, then which
type of mirror is used? ----- Concave
108. Why does water tank appear shallower when viewed from the top? ---- Due
to refraction
109. In a magnifying glass lens is used. ---- Convex
110. When an object is kept between two parallel plane mirrors then what is the
number of images formed? ----- Infinite
111. A splits sunlight into seven colours. ---- Prism
112. Which type of mirror is used by dentists to see large images of teeth? ----
Concave mirror
113. Which colour is formed when Red and Green are mixed? ---- Yellow
114. Which phenomena shows the particle nature of light? ---- Photoelectric effect
115. Which colour is formed when Blue and Green are mixed? --- Cyan
116. Optical fibre works on which of the following principle of light? ---- Total
internal reflection
117. An image formed by a concave mirror on a screen is called ---- Real image
118. The incident ray, the at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in
the same plane. ---- Normal
119. The reflection formed by the plane mirror is ----- Lateral inversion
120. Convex and concave mirrors are examples of? ---- Spherical mirrors
121. The angle between the and the incident ray is called the angle of incidence.
---- Normal
122. When light passes from one medium to another, this phenomenon of change
in its direction is called ---- Refraction
123. The side mirrors of vehicles are of which type of mirrors? ---- Convex
124. An image formed by a plane mirror, that cannot be obtained on a screen is
called ---- Virtual image
125. The impression of an image persists on the retina for about of a second. ----
1/16
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
 Work: Work is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is joule and CGS unit is erg.
 1 joule = 107 erg.
 Work done by a force is zero when
 Body is not displace actually, i.e. s = 0
 Body is displaced perpendicular to the direction of force i.e. θ = 90°.
 Work done by a variable force

If we throw a ball upward, work done against gravity is given by, W = mgh
where, m = mass of the body,
g= acceleration due to gravity and
h = height through which the ball is raised.
The centripetal force acts on a body perpendicular to the direction of motion.

Therefore, work done by or against centripetal force in circular motion is zero.
If a coolie is carrying a load on his head and moving on a horizontal platform, then
work done by force of gravity is zero as displacement is perpendicular to the
direction of force of gravity.
 Energy
Energy of a body is its capacity of doing work. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is
joule.
Energy can be transformed into work and vice-versa with the help of some
mechanical device.
There are two types of Mechanical Energy, which are as follows:
i. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called its
kinetic energy.
𝟏
Kinetic energy of the body of mass m moving with velocity v is given by K = 𝟐mv².
ii. Potential Energy: The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its position or
configuration is called its potential-energy. Gravitational potential energy, U= mgh.
 Einstein's Mass-Energy Relation
According to this relation, the mass can be transformed into energy and vice-versa.
When Δm mass is disappeared, then produced energy E= Δmc2
where, c = speed of light in vacuum.
 Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, only one type of energy can be
transformed into another form of energy.
Only for conservative forces, (total mechanical energy)
initially = (total mechanical energy) finally.
PYQs
1. Which of the following pair of physical quantity has same dimensions?---- Work and
Energy
2. Energy stored in a spring in watch ---- Potential Energy
3. A stone is dropped from the roof of a House towards ground. When will be the K.E.
of stone maximum? ---- Just before reaching the ground
4. Which is the not a vector quantity? ---- Work
5. ___________ is the mechanical transfer of energy to a system or from a system by an
external force on it. ---- Work
6. Rate of work done is ---- Power
7. One Kilowatt hour is equal to ---- 3.6 Mega Joule
8. In which of the following cases, Kinetic energy is being used in performing work? ----
Wind mill grinding wheat grain
9. Which is the cleanest source of energy? ---- Wind energy
10. Which one of the following is not a non-conventional source of energy? --- Natural
Gas
11. Kinetic energy depends on ----- Both mass and velocity of the moving body
12. Which is the sources has the largest share in power generation in India? ---- Thermal
power
13. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities have the same dimensions? -----
Work and Energy
14. The energy stored in a watch spring is ---- Potential energy
15. Energy that is produced commercially from coal is called ---- Thermal energy
16. In a photocell light energy is converted into ---- Electrical energy
17. A kilowatt-hour is unit of ---- Power
18. A bullet is fired from a rifle which recoils after firing. The ratio of kinetic energy of the
rifle to that of the bullet is ----- Less than one
19. Direct conversion of solar energy with the use of a photovoltaic cell results in the
production of ---- Electrical energy
20. A photo-electric cell converts ------ Light energy to Electrical energy
21. A stone is dropped from the roof of a house towards the ground. The Kinetic Energy
of the stone will be maximum: ----- Just before it touches the ground
22. Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during ---- Photosynthesis
23. In a rechargeable cell what kind of energy is stored within the cell? ---- Chemical
energy
24. The energy emitted by the Sun is due to ---- Nuclear fusion
25. A dynamo is used to convert ------ Mechanical energy into Electrical energy
26. When a body falls from an aeroplane, there is increase in its ---- Kinetic energy
27. The inexhaustible source of energy of stars is due to ---- Conversion of hydrogen to
helium
28. Which of the following reaction is the main cause of energy radiated from Sun? ----
Nuclear fusion
29. Energy in the foods can be measured in which units?---- Joule
30. . A flying jet possesses ---- Both kinetic and potential energy
31. When the speed of a moving object is halved, its ----- Kinetic energy becomes 1/4
of the original
32. By the use of photovoltaic cell while converting solar energy which of the following
is produced? ---- Electric energy
33. In a water lifting electric pump, we convert ---- Electrical energy into Kinetic energy
34. The device used to convert solar energy into electricity is ---- Photovoltaic cell
35. Which are the have the same unit? ---- Work and Torque
36. Which of the following is the second largest source of global energy? ----
Renewable Energy
37. When a ball is thrown vertically upwards, I which of the following quantities remains
constant during its motion? ----- Energy
38. What is the SI unit of heat energy? ---- Joule
39. What is the unit of calorific value? ---- kJ/kg
40. Energy in the form of heat is wasted when a machine is operated. This heat is
generated due to --- Friction
Gravitation
Each and every massive body attracts each other by virtue of their masses. This
phenomenon is called gravitation.
 Newton's Law of Gravitation

The gravitational force acting between two point objects is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
Gravitational force ((F) = Gm, m
Where, G is universal gravitational constant.
Its value is 6.67 x 10-11 N-m² kg-2.
Gravitational force is a central as well as conservative force.
 Acceleration Due to Gravity of Earth

The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the earth's
gravitational pull, is called acceleration due to gravity, g
where, M = mass of the earth, R= radius of the earth.
The value of g changes slightly from place to place but its value near the earth's
surface is 9.8 ms-2.
Gravitational force is the weakest force in nature.
It is 1036 times smaller than electrostatic force and 1038 times smaller than nuclear
force.
 Factors Affecting Acceleration due to Gravity

 Shape of Earth: Earth is not completely spherical its radius at equator is
approximately 42 km greater than radius at poles. The value of g is maximum
at poles and minimum at equator.
There is no effect of rotation of the earth at poles and maximum at equator.
 Effect of Altitude - g decreases with altitude.
 Effect of Depth - g decreases with depth and becomes zero at centre of
the earth.
 Mass and Weight
The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. It is a scalar quantity
and its SI unit is kg.
Mass is measured by an ordinary equal arm balance.
Mass of a body does not change from place to place and remains constant.
The weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the
earth. Weight of a body (w) = mg.
 The centre of gravity: of a body is that point at which the whole weight of
the body appears to act.
The centre of gravity of a body can be inside the material of the body or outside it.
It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is newton (N).
It is measured by a spring balance.
Weight of a body is not constant, it changes from place to place.
 Weight of a Body in a Lift

When lift is rest or in uniform motion: The weight recorded in spring balance (i.e.
apparent weight) is equal to the real weight of the body w = mg.
When lift is accelerating upward: The weight recorded in spring balance is greater
than then real weight of the body
w' = m(g+ a)
When lift is accelerating downward The weight recorded in spring balance is smaller
than the real weight of the body.
w' = m(g - a)
When lift is falling freely under gravity: The apparent weight of the body
w' = m(g - g) ( As a=g)
w=0
Therefore, body will experiences weightlessness.
 Weight of a Body at the Moon

As mass and radius of moon is lesser than the earth, so the force of gravity at the
𝒂
moon is also less than that of the earth. It's value at the moon's surface is 𝟔
 Satellite
A heavenly body revolving around a planet in an orbit is called a satellite. Moon is
a natural satellite of the earth. The satellite may be artificial. Artificial satellites are of
two types:
i. Geostationary Satellites
It revolves around the earth in equatorial orbits which is also called Geostationary or
Geosynchronous orbit. The time period of these satellites is 24 hour.
ii. Polar Satellites

 These satellites revolve around the earth in polar orbits at a height of
approximately 800 km.
 Weather monitoring which is predicted on the basis of information about
moisture present in air, atmospheric pressure etc, obtained through a polar
satellite.
 We are able to see a live telecast of cricket world cup match or other
programme with the help of a communication satellite which is a geostationary
satellite.
 Launching vehicles - PSLV & GSLV.
PYQs
1. The apparent weight of man in a lift is less than the real weight then ----- When the
lift is going down with acceleration.
2. When lift moves downwards with constant acceleration ----weight decreases.
3. When lift moves with constant velocity- No change in weight.
4. What is the minimum escape velocity of rocket to be launched into space?---- 11
km/sec.
5. The shape of our milky way galaxy is ------ Spiral
6. Who defined the law of gravitation? ----- Newton
7. The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the ---- Absence
of gravity outside
8. The spoon dropped by an astronaut in a satellite will ---- Continue to follow the
motion of the satellite
9. Dimension of Universal Gravitational constant is ----- M-1L3T2
10. Time period of Revolution for a Geo-stationary satellite is --- 24 hours
11. What is the height of a Geo-Stationary satellite from the surface of earth? -----
36,000 Km
12. Intensity of gravitational field of earth is maximum at ---- Poles
13. The time period of a pendulum when taken to the Moon would ----- Increase
14. The atmospheric air is held to the Earth by----- Gravity
15. In the Earth, the weight of a body is maximum at the ----- North Pole
16. A man inside an artificial satellite feels weightlessness because the force of
attraction due to earth is ---- Zero at that place
17. The mass of a body measured by a physical balance in a lift at rest is found to be
m. If the lift is going up with an acceleration a, its mass will be measured as ---- m
18. The weight of a body acts through the centre of ---- Gravity
19. It is easier to carry two buckets of water in one hand each, than to carry only one in
one hand because ---- Centre of gravity falls within the body
20. The minimum number of geostationary satellites needed for uninterrupted global
coverage is: ---- 3
21. As we go from Equator to North pole the value of 'g', the acceleration due to
gravity. ----- Increases
22. The apparent weight of a man in a lift is less action than the real weight when: ----
The lift is going down with an acceleration
23. Why the Earth is having its own atmosphere? ---- Gravity
24. The point where total mass of a body is supposed to be concentrated is known as --
-- Centre of mass
25. If there were no gravity, which of the following will not be there for a fluid? ----
Upward Thrust
26. The weight of an object is maximum. ---- On the poles of the earth
27. The tides in the sea are primarily due to ---- The gravitational effect of the Moon on
the Earth.
28. As per Newton's Law of Gravitation, the force between two bodies is ---- Directly
proportional to the product of their masses
29. Acceleration due to gravity on a planet decreases with ---- Increase in altitude from
surface of the planet
30. If the radius of the earth decreases and its mass remains the same, then the value
of "acceleration due to gravity" will ---- Increase
31. With reference to gravity, what is G called? ----- Gravitational constant
32. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity at the centre of earth? ---- 0
33. Why is weightlessness experienced while orbiting the earth in space ships? --- Zero
gravity
34. What will happen if an object is dropped from a height and there is no air
resistance? ------- Its speed will increase
35. The apparent weight of a person in a lift which is moving down with uniform
acceleration is ---- Less than the weight when the person is stationary
36. Who first determined the value of G (gravitational constant)? ----- Lord Cavendish
37. Law of gravitation applies to ---- Any pair of bodies
38. Which is the CORRECT about Moon's gravitation? --- Moon's gravitation = 1/6th of
Earth's gravitation
39. At which of the following place, weight of an object is maximum? ---- At poles
40. If the orbit of a planet is an ellipse then what is the point at which the Sun is located
called? ----- Focus
SOME IMPORTANTS UNITS
Physical Quantity Unit(S.I.) Symbol

Distance Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous Intensity Candela Cd
Angle Radian rad
Solid Angle Steradian Sr
Force Newton N
Energy Joule J
Speed Metre/second ms-1
Angular Velocity Radian/second rad s-1
Frequency Hertz Hz
Moment of Inertia Kilogram meter square kg m2
Momentum Kilogram meter/second kg ms-1
Angular Momentum Kilogram metre square/ kg m2s-1
second
Pressure Pascal Pa
Power Watt W
Surface Tension Newton per metre Nm-1
Viscosity Newton second per metre Nsm-2
square
Thermal Conductivity Watt per meter per degree Wm-1 oC-1
celcius
Specific Heat Joule per kilogram per kelvin Jkg-1 K-1
Electric Charge Coulomb C

Potential Volt V
Capacitance Farad F
Electric Resistance Ohm Ω
Inductance Henry H
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb
Luminous Flux Lumen lm
Illuminance Lux lx
Optical Wavelength Angstrom Å
Impulse Newton second Ns
Other Important PYQs
Sound
1. The velocity of sound in moist air is more than in dry air because the moist air has ---
Less density than dry air
2. Hertz is the unit of ______________ ----- Frequency
3. The Unit of noise pollution (level) is ---- Decibel
4. What is Decibel? ----- Scale of sound level
5. The Permissible noise level at residential area during day time is---- 55 dB
6. The range of frequency of ultrasonic wave. ------ Greater than 20 KHz
7. Sound cannot pass through ---- Vacuum
8. Which of the following property of sound is affected by change in air temperature -
---- Frequency
9. What is the minimum distance (in metres) required to hear an echo? ---- 17
10. Which among the following determines the pitch of a sound? ----- Frequency
11. In which of the following speed of sound is maximum? ---- Steel
12. In which of the following medium of sound will be comparatively speed of high? ---
Iron Rod
13. Pitch of a sound depends upon its ---- Frequency
14. Which of the following character of sound wave change with the change in
temperature in atmosphere ---- Frequency
15. Which phenomenon do bat or dolphins used to. find prey, predators or obstacles? -
--- Echolocation
16. In which of the following frequency Range, Human ear feels the sensitivity of
vibration of sound? ---- 20-20,000 Hz
17. If the ratio of intensity of wave is 25:9. What is the ratio of their amplitude? ---- 5:3
18. Supersonic air plane creates a shock wave called ---- Sonic Boom
19. Which of the following does not have any effect on velocity of sound? ---- Pressure
20. When a vibrating tuning fork is placed on table, a loud sound is heard. This is due to
---- Forced vibration
21. Sound waves do not exhibit the phenomenon of---- Polarisation
22. SONAR is based on the principle of ---- Echo
23. Instrument used to study the behaviour of a vibrating string is: --- Sonometer
24. Sound travels fastest in --- Steel
25. Speed of sound in a gas is proportional to --- Square root of isothermal elasticity
26. The Doppler's effect is applicable for ---- Light wave & Sound wave
27. Which one of the following animals can hear ultrasonic sound? ---- Bat
28. source from --- The overtones present in the sound
29. Which of the following type of waves is differ Sent from others? ---- Sound waves
30. Quality is that sensation of sound which is felt by our ears by virtue of ---- Waveform
of sound wave
31. Beats occur because of ---- Interference
32. The loudness of sound depends upon ---- Amplitude
33. Pitch is sensation which depends upon ---- Frequency
34. Sound waves of wavelength greater than that of audible sound are called. ---
Infrasonic waves
35. If a sound travels from air to water, the quantity that remain unchanged is ----
Frequency
36. Ultrasonic waves can be detected by ---- Kundt's tube
37. The waves used in sonography are ----- Ultrasonic waves
38. Echo is produced due to ---- Reflection of sound
39. The frequency of ultrasound wave is typically ---- Above 20 KHz
40. The velocity of sound in air ---- Decreases with decrease in temperature
41. The device which converts sound energy into electrical energy is called ----
Microphone
42. Least audible sound for most of the human ear is: ---- 0.0002 p bar
43. The ordinary and maximum tolerance limit of sound by human being is --- 60 dB to
80 dB (decibel)
44. Submerged objects can be located using ---- Sonar
45. Velocity of sound in air does not change the change of ----- Pressure of air
46. Sound waves cannot be polarised because they ---- Are longitudinal
47. The velocity of sound in a gas depends on ---- Density and elasticity of gas
48. Sound is heard over longer distances on rainy days because ---- Sound travels faster
in moist air
49. What is the SI unit of frequency? --- Hertz
50. Who pioneered diagnostic ultrasound? --- lan Donald
51. What is the SI unit of intensity of sound? ---- Decibel
52. A person standing on a railway platform listens to the whistles of arriving and
departing trains. ---- Of higher pitch when train arrives
53. Which term is not associated with sound wave? --- Candela
54. If density of oxygen is 16 times that of hydro gen. What will be their corresponding
ratio of velocity of sound? ---- 1:4
55. Conversion of sound energy into electrical energy is done by ---- Microphone
56. A bomb explodes on the moon. You its sound on earth after will hear ---- You
cannot hear the sound of explosion
57. Bats can sense obstacles because they produce ---- Ultrasonic sound waves
58. Quality of a musical note depends on ---- Harmonics present
59. Which of the following is the unit of perceived loudness of sound? --- Decibel
60. Hydroscope is an instrument that shows L changes in --- Sound under water
61. The SI unit of intensity of sound is --- Watt per square meter
62. Women have shrill voice because of ---- High frequency
63. The instrument used to study the laws of vibrating string is ---- Sonometer
64. In fluid mechanics, Mach number is 1, if the speed of an object is equal to the? ---
Speed of sound
65. What is the unit of frequency? --- Hertz
66. Sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called ---- Infrasonic sound
Kinematics
1. What should a person do on a freely rotating turn-table to decrease his angular
speed? ---- Spreads his hands outward
2. Which of the following particle has maximum momentum, if all particles are moving
with a same speed?--- Alpha particle
3. Rain drops fall from great height. Which among the following statements is true
regarding it? ---- They fall with that ultimate velocity, which are different for different
droplets
4. While catching a ball, a player pulls down his hands to lower the --- Momentum
5. If the velocity-time graph of a particle is represented by y = mx +c, then the
particle is moving with ---- Constant acceleration
6. The swing of a spinning cricket ball in air can be explained on the basis of ----
Turbulence caused by wind.
7. The spokes used in the wheel of a bicycle increase its ---- Moment of inertia
8. The slope of a velocity-time graph represents ---- Acceleration
9. Railway tracks are banked on curves so that ---- Necessary centripetal force may
be obtained from the horizontal component of the weight of the train
10. When a running car stops suddenly, the passengers tends to lean forward because
of: ---- Inertia of motion
11. A metal ball and a rubber ball, both having the same mass, strike a wall normally
with the same velocity. The rubber ball rebounds and the metal ball does not
rebound. It can be concluded that: --- The rubber ball suffers greater change in
momentum
12. The motion of the wheels of a bullock-cart while moving on the road is an example
of ------ Translatory and rotatory motion
13. The moment of inertia of a body does not depend upon its
14. To open a door easily, the handle fixed. ---- Away from mid-point opposite to
hinges
15. An object covers distance which is directly proportional to the square of the time.
acceleration is ---- Constant
16. An object with a constant speed is not accelerated --- is not accelerated
17. The average kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas is directly proportional
to ---- Absolute temperature of the gas
18. Why does a cannon recoil after firing? ---- Newton's third law of motion
19. Which of the following law of conservation applicable on the motion of a rocket? -
--- Conservation of momentum
20. When the speed of car is doubled, then what will be the braking force of the car to
stop it in the same distance? ---- Two times
21. The dimension of which of the following is the same as that of impulse? ----
Momentum
22. Rate of change of momentum is ---- Force
23. What is impulse equal to? ---- Change in momentum
24. Jet engine works on the principle of conservation of ---- Linear momentum
25. The phenomena of raising the outer edge of the curved roads above the inner
edge to 3 provide necessary centripetal force to the vehicles to take a safe turn is
called---- Banking of roads
26. If the speed of an object moving along a straight 38 line keeps changing, its
motion is said to be ---- Non-uniform
27. If the speed of an object moving along a straight line is constant, its motion is said
to be --- Uniform
28. The function of ball bearings in a wheel is: --- To convert kinetic friction into rolling
friction
29. A sphere rolls down on two inclined planes of different angles but same height, it
does so --- With the same speed
30. An athlete runs before long jump to get advantage on ---- Inertia of motion
31. A pilot has to release the bomb to hit a target ---- Before the target
32. A bomb at rest explodes into a large number of tiny fragments. The total
momentum of all the fragments. ---- Is zero
33. The distance-time graph for the motion of an object moving with a constant speed
is a ---- Straight Line
34. If an object moves in a circular path with, its motion is called uniform --- Speed
Latest CGL 2021 PYQs
1. Which law of Newton provides a quantitative definition of force?--> Second law of
motion
2. Which of the following elements is NOT suitable for the fabrication of a light
emitting diode structure?--> Germanium
3. Which of the following laws deduces the expression for the force between two
stationary point charges in vacuum or free space?--> Coulomb's Law
4. Gold and copper happen to absorb leaving yellow light.--> blue and violet light
5. The range of weak nuclear force is of the order of ---- 10-16 m.
6. The radiation belts are giant swaths of magnetically trapped highly energetic
charged particles that surround Earth.--> Van Allen
7. What is the power of 'second' in the SI unit of acceleration?-- > -2
8. Which of the following is the physical quantity for the expression arc/radius?-->
Plane angle
9. How many protons are there in a lithium nucleus?--> 3
10. What is the study of the production and propagation of sound waves called?-->
Acoustics
11. Which of the following techniques can be used for reducing the total dissolved
solids (TDS) in water? ---- Ion Exchange & Distillation
12. The rate of doing work is called:--> power
13. Acceleration is equal to the rate of change of ---- velocity
14. Which of the following is the horizontal distance between two successive crests?-->
Wave length

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PHYSICS

There are total 11 Topics in this chapter.

 Rest and Motion

 Newton’s Laws of Motion

 Work, Power & Energy

 Units & Dimensions

 An object is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it undergoes equal

 An object is said to be moving with non-uniform or variable velocity if it

 The motion of a bullet shot from the gun

 The motion of a rocket after burn-out.

 The motion of a bomb dropped from a aeroplane etc.

 Circular motion with a constant speed is called uniform circular motion.

 In uniform circular motion, the velocity and acceleration both changes.

 In case of non-uniform circular motion, the speed changes from point to

 Applications of centripetal and centrifugal forces

 Fracture Point: If the deformation is increased further the plastic

 Elastic Fatigue: It is the property of an elastic body by virtue of which its

 Hydrometer - It is an instrument used to measure density or relative density of

Fluid pressure (p). Its unit is Nm2 or Pascal (P(a).

 Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure exerted by the atmosphere, is called

 Aneroid barometer: is used to measure atmospheric pressure and height of a

Other units of atmospheric pressure are torr and bar.

 Buoyancy: When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid, an upward

 Factors Affecting Surface Tension

Applications of Surface Tension

 Capillarity: The phenomenon of rising or falling of liquid column in a capillary

 Cohesive and Adhesive Forces

The intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of different

Viscosity of an ideal fluid is zero.

Viscosity of a fluid is measured by its coefficient of viscosity.

Its SI unit is decapoise (kg/ms) or pascal second.

Newton's Laws of Motion

 Conservation of Linear Momentum

 Newton's Second Law

Laws of Limiting Friction

 The value of limiting friction is independent of the area of the surface in

Waves are broadly of two types:

1. Longitudinal wave: If the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of

2. Transverse Wave: If the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the

 Non-mechanical waves or electromagnetic waves: The waves

 Properties of electromagnetic waves

 Some Important Electromagnetic Waves & their discoverer

 Amplitude: Amplitude is defined as the maximum displacement of the vibrating

 Wavelength: Wavelength is the distance between any two nearest particle of

Spherical Mirrors & their Uses

 Uses of convex mirrors

The following are the laws of refraction of light:

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

 Twinkling of stars: twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of

Total Internal Reflection

Examples of Total Internal Reflection -

iii. Astigmatism: Astigmatism is the most common refractive problem responsible

 Work done by a variable force

The centripetal force acts on a body perpendicular to the direction of motion.

 Law of Conservation of Energy

 Newton's Law of Gravitation

 Acceleration Due to Gravity of Earth

 Factors Affecting Acceleration due to Gravity

 Weight of a Body in a Lift

 Weight of a Body at the Moon

ii. Polar Satellites

Physical Quantity Unit(S.I.) Symbol

Electric Charge Coulomb C

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