Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels Extract

as Bioplastic

A Research Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of the Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program

BAAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Baao, Camarines Sur

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Research II

Raphael B. Bolante

Mark Kevin J. Bolalin

Researcher

Mrs. Grace Ann B. Contreras

Research Adviser

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................i

LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................ii

LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................iii

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM ........................................................................... 3

Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 5

Engineering Goals .................................................................................... 6

Hypothesis ................................................................................................ 6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study.......................................................... 7

Significance of the Study .......................................................................... 8

Notes …………………………………………………………………………...9

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ............. 11

Related Literatures ................................................................................. 11

Related Studies ...................................................................................... 13

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art ............................................................. 15

Research Gaps ....................................................................................... 16

Conceptual Framework ........................................................................... 16

Definition of Terms .................................................................................. 17

Notes …………………………………………………………………………...18

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Materials and Methods…………………………………………………..20

Research design………………………………………………………….20

Procedure…………………………………………………………………22

2
Statistical Tool…………………………………………………………………26

Notes……………………………………………………………………………26

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 Chapter 1

The Problem

Background of the Study

Nowadays our world right now is facing a huge pollution problem, and one of the major

contributors to this are plastic, a non-biodegradable material that is oftenly used by everyone

as packaging materials by major industries like electrical industry, food, automative,

agricultural and many more, and also itself is one of the biggest leading industries in the world.

These major industries use thousands of tonnes worth of plastic every year and due to the fact

our world is slowly getting harmed by it. Statista (2022) stated that; In 2021, the global plastics

market was valued at 593 billion U.S. dollars. The plastics market is projected to grow in the

coming years to reach a value of more than 810 billion U.S. dollars by 2030, registering a

CAGR of 3.7 percent during the forecast period of 2022 to 2030. (Gawami,2015). However,

extensive and excessive use of plastic has created a problem worldwide.

As we people keep using more and more plastic in reality were actually slowly harming

our environment and because of this it has now caught the attention of the world. UNEP (n.d.)

stated in a report that Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic produced from

1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or dumped. Plastic pollution can alter

habitats and natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change, directly

affecting millions of people’s livelihoods, food production capabilities and social well-

being. Nelson (2011) stated that plastic waste is one of the worst forms of trash because it takes

so long to degrade, thus overflowing our landfills and polluting our oceans and waterways.

Kuo L. (2023) wrote in a article that: The second Plastic Waste Makers Index, compiled

by the philanthropic Minderoo Foundation, found the world generated 139 million metric

tons of single-use plastic waste in 2021, which was 6 million metric tons more than in

4
2019, when the first index was released. The report found the additional plastic waste

created in those two years equates to nearly one 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) more for every

person on the planet and was driven by demand for flexible packaging like films and

sachets.

Martinez (2019) stated that: Biodegradable plastics or commonly known as Bioplastic,

can ease these problems. Contributing to the goal of a “circular” plastic economy in which

plastics derive from and are converted back to biomass. Like standard plastics derived from

petrochemicals, biodegradable versions consist of polymers (long-chain molecules) that can be

molded while in their fluid state into a variety of forms.

There have now been a wide variety of materials used by people to produce bioplastic

such as starch, cellulose, biopolymers, fibers, oils and many more. Bioplastics can also be made

from food or plant residue.

Cassava (Manihot esculante) starch powder is a white powder made from tapioca that

has been dehydrated and dried after being extracted. It is widely utilized in both the food and

non-food industries. It is a starch produced by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant,

which is also the source of tapioca, a staple meal in the tropics. Synonyms include cassava,

manioc, and manioca. In 2020, the cassava flour market has reached a production volume of 8.8

Million tons globally. Out of these tons, China bags the top exporter of cassava flour. Wang Z.

(2022) presented that The Cassava starch contains 0.03–0.29% ash, 0.06–0.75% protein, 0.01–

1.2% lipid, 0.0029–0.0095% phosphorous, and 0.11–1.9% fiber contents respectively. Like

other starches, cassava starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin.

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) The pomelo, from the family Rutaceae, is the largest citrus

fruit, and the principal ancestor of the grapefruit. It is a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native

to Southeast Asia. Similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly consumed

5
and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast Asia. China, the possible center of origin

of pomelo, is the largest producer of pomelo globally. In 2018/2019, China produced 4.9 Mt

of pomelo representing 70% of global production with 0.2 Mt (4% of the total production).

The peel of pomelo accounts for approximately 30% of the total fruit weight and contains

phytochemicals, including aroma-active volatiles, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic acids,

carotenoids, coumarins, and polysaccharides and some of these are actually essential and very

useful material in the production of bioplastics.

The researchers chose to conduct this study to successfully create bioplastic made from

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels. The researcher

was also concerned of food waste and plastic waste in their community, the researchers planned

a way to contribute into the lessening of food waste and residue in their community. The

researchers also aimed to slowly wipe out pollution in our world, leading to the concept of

producing bioplastic from Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus

maxima) Peels. The researcher sought this opportunity to find a way to reduce the use of

commercial plastics and promote bioplastics and also renew the organic waste in our

environment to be used as bioplastic.

Statement of the Problem

The aim of the study is to create a Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels Extract as Bioplastic. Specifically this study aims to answer

the following.

1. What is the mean biodegradability of the different bioplastics? In different

treatments applied?

a. Treatment 1 (60 grams Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) Peels)

6
 b. Treatment 2 (60 grams Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

c. Treatment 3 (30 grams Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels, 30 grams Cassava

(Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

2. What is the mean moisture absorption of the different bioplastics? In different

treatments applied?

a. Treatment 1 (60 grams Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) Peels)

b. Treatment 2 (60 grams Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

c. Treatment 3 (30 grams Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels, 30 grams Cassava

(Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

3. What is the mean Tensile strength of the different bioplastics? In different

treatments applied?

a. Treatment 1 (60 grams Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) Peels)

b. Treatment 2 (60 grams Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

c. Treatment 3 (30 grams Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels, 30 grams Cassava

(Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

4. What is the thermal abilities in the means of the melting point among the 3 different

bioplastics?

a. Treatment 1 (60 grams Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) Peels)

b. Treatment 2 (60 grams Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

c. Treatment 3 (30 grams Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels, 30 grams Cassava

5. Is there significant difference among the different treatments? In terms of:

7
 a. Tensile strength

b. Moisture absorption

c. Biodegradability

d. Thermal abilities

Engineering Goals

The engineering goal of the study on the feasibility of Cassava (Manihot esculante)

Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels Extract as Bioplastic is to develop a

sustainable and eco-friendly bioplastic material that can replace conventional plastics made

from non-renewable resources.

Hypotheses

H0

There is no significant difference among the 3 treatments. In terms of:

a. Tensile Strength

b. Moisture Absorption

c. Biodegradability

d. Thermal abilities

H1

There is a significant difference among the 3 treatments. In terms of:

a. Tensile Strength

b. Moisture Absorption

c. Biodegradability

8
 d. Thermal abilities

Scope and the Delimitation of the Study

This study entitled Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus maxima)

Peels Extract as Bioplastic. was to be conducted at Baao National High School, Sta. Cruz,

Baao, Camarines Sur. It was primarily focused in creating bioplastic made from Cassava

(Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels Extract. The

researcher determined the tensile strength, moisture absorption, biodegradability and thermal

abilities of the bioplastic in the different treatments. The main aim behind this study is to

decrease the amount of non-biodegradable plastic that contributes to pollution and to aware

the society about the use and advantages of bioplastic in helping saving our environment and

reducing pollution.

Significance of the Study

This study is valuable to the following:

To the Community

It can provide the people with an eco-friendlier alternative for plastic that will help

reduce the amount of waste and promote the use of bioplastics.

To the School

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 It will help the school gain additional information on how to produce bioplastic made

from food and plant materials. It will also raise awareness to the school on creating a more

eco-friendly environment and to be aware of also pollution.

To the Students

It can give students ideas to innovate or create their own versions of safe and eco-

friendly bioplastics made from organic material.

To Business Owners

Business owners can innovate and introduce a new eco-friendlier product in the

market, which is safe and eco-friendly. It can also benefit them because it has low energy

costs in manufacturing and production.

To Future Researchers

It can give the researchers more ideas about producing bioplastic or it can serve as a

reference for their own study.

Notes:

1. United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.). Plastic pollution. Retrieved May 4, 2023,

from https://www.unep.org/plastic-

pollution#:~:text=Plastic%20pollution%20can%20alter%20habitats,capabilities%20and%20s

ocial%20well%2Dbeing.

10
2. Nelson, B. (2011). Orange peels could be made into Biodegradable plastic.

https://phys.org/news/2011-09-orange-biodegradable-plastic.html

3. Kuo, L. (2023, February 5). Single-use plastic volume projected to grow by a fifth,

worsening climate crisis. CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from

https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/05/energy/single-use-plastics-volume-grows-climate-intl-

hnk/index.html

4. Statista. (2021). Global market value of plastic from 2017 to 2027. Retrieved May 4,

2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1060583/global-market-value-of-

plastic/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20the%20global%20plastics,at%20593%20billion%20U

.S.%20dollars.

5. Goswami, G., Goswami, M.G., & Purohit, P. Bioplastic from Organic Waste.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology 3 (23), 1-3, 2015.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298791826_ORGANIC_WASTE_TO_BIOPLAS

TICS

6. Martinez, J. (2019) Bioplastics Could Solve a Major Pollution Problem. SCIENTIFIC

AMERICAN.

7. Wang, Z., Mhaske, P., Farahnaky, A., Kasapis, S., & Majzoobi, M. (2022). Cassava starch:

Chemical modification and its impact on functional properties and digestibility, a review.

Food Hydrocolloids, 129, 107542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107542

11
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

Maggy S. (2015) published an article that stated: Cassava flour is one of the most

commonly used biopolymers as food packaging material because it is nontoxic,

biodegradable, biocompatible, low cost, renewable and abundantly available in nature. Its

major component is starch, but it may content small amount of lipid, protein, fiber and ash.

The starch plays important role in bioplastic forming. Today starch based bioplastic

dominates 66% of the global bioplastics market. Starch based bioplastic is made by gelatinizing

Starch In general, smaller starch granule needs longer time and higher temperature to undergo

gelatinization process.

Xiao L. et al. (2021) stated in his introduction that. The top five countries in pomelo

fruit yield include China (5.07 × 106 tons), Vietnam (6.58 × 105 tons), USA (5.59 × 105 tons),

Mexico (4.60 × 105 tons) and South Africa (4.45 × 105 tons), as shown in Supplementary

material 1 (FAO, 2018). Besides being as a table fruit, pomelo fruit is often processed into

juice, drinks and cans (Liu et al., 2016, Weng, 2011). In gross, these consumptions result in a

large amount of pomelo peels as a by-product, accounting for approximately 30% ~ 50% (w/w)

of the fruit. Roughly estimated, the total world production of pomelo peels approached 2.8

million tons ~4.7 million tons in 2018. A typical drawing of pomelo fruit is given in

Supplementary material 2. The chemical analysis showed that fresh pomelo peel is rich in

various nutrients and functional compounds such as dietary fiber, pectin, essential oils and

various polyphenol-dominant phytochemicals

Xiao L. et al. (2021) emphasized that Pomelo peel as a by-product from pomelo

consumption is rich in various nutrients and functional compounds, while most of the by-

12
product is disposed as wastes. The utilization of pomelo peels could not only result in valued-

added products/ingredients, but also reduce the environmental threats.

Xiao L. et al. (2021) implied that functional components (essential oils, pectin,

polyphenols, etc.) could be extracted from pomelo peels and applied in food, pharmaceutical

and chemical fields. The extraction methods exerted important influences on the composition,

physicochemical properties, bioactivities and structures of the resultant fractions. Furthermore,

pomelo peel was exploited to make adsorbents, bioethanol, etc. For the future investigations,

the functionality- or bioactivity-oriented regimes to recovery valuable components from

pomelo peel should be developed in an economic, effective and eco-friendly way and their

applicability in large-scale production should be addressed.

Oluwasina O. & Awonyemi I. (2021) stated that Starch is readily available, non-toxic,

easy to process and relatively cheap, with its widespread propagation ability, is becoming

the mostly used biopolymer raw material. However, poor mechanical properties, high

moisture absorption, microbial sensitivity, water vapor- and oxygen-permeabilities limit

the use of starch bioplastic film.

Tocmo R. et al. (2020) stated that The peel of pomelo accounts for approximately 30%

of the total fruit weight and contains phytochemicals, including aroma-active volatiles, pectin,

flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, coumarins, and polysaccharides. Recovery of these

phytochemicals offers an opportunity for value-added utilization such as the development of

enriched or functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Sriroth, K., & Sangseethong, K. (2006) stated that The last group of starch-based

plastics is polyesters that are produced from starch. The major starch-derived polyesters in the

market now are polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate. Experimental studies have

demonstrated that cassava starch could be used for making various types of packaging

13
products. As a major source of starch in tropical and subtropical regions, cassava is a promising

raw material for the development of biodegradable plastics in these areas.

Related Studies

Suryanto, H. & Wahyuningtiyas N. (2017) explained in their study that Cassava

contains a large amount of starch, which can be suitably used for the production of bioplastics.

This potential is a great opportunity to add value to cassava as the raw material in the

manufacture of eco-friendly plastics. In fact, cassava holds huge potential for the production

of bioplastics since Indonesia is the third-largest producer of cassava in the world. Nonetheless,

there has been a lack of attention and appropriate treatment towards it, and indeed further

exploration should take place. Thus, this paper takes a closer look at the degradation of

bioplastics composed from cassava starch added with glycerol as a plasticiser.

Ziyou Zhang et al (2022) explained in their study that the Density measurements

revealed the gradient structure of the pomelo peel, which contributed to its mechanical

properties. Step-by-step drying revealed two types of water in the peel. Both uniaxial

compression and low-strain hysteresis tests were conducted, and the results showed that fresh

pomelo peel exhibits soft elastomer-like behavior, while dried pomelo peel behaves more like

conventional synthetic polymer foam. Compared to fresh pomelo peel, dried peel samples

showed higher compressive modulus and energy loss in 6, 8 and 10% strain hysteresis tests.

The rehydration process was studied using hysteresis tests at three different strains. In addition,

multilayer gradient EO/EO and LDPE/LDPE film/foams with 16 alternating layers were

produced using the microlayer coextrusion technique.

Sriroth, K., & Sangseethong, K. (2006) emphasized that Several starch-based

plastics have been introduced into the market, and are used in some applications now. Starch

foam is one of the major starch-based packaging materials. It is produced by extrusion or

14
compression/explosion technology. This product has been developed as a replacement for

polystyrene which is used to produce loose-fillers and other expanded items. Another type of

starch-based plastics is produced by blending or mixing starch with synthetic polyester. For

this type of biodegradable plastics, granular starch can be directly blended with polymer, or its

granular structure can be destructurized before being incorporated into the polymer matrix. The

type of starch and synthetic polymer as well as their relative proportions in the blends influence

the properties of the resulting plastics. The last group of starch-based plastics is polyesters that

are produced from starch.

Choudhary, P. et al. (2022) explained in their abstract that high cellulose, pectin

and starch content of agro waste justify it to be processed for bioplastic production. Besides

agro waste, algae biomass is another economic and efficient feedstock for green plastic

synthesis. Bioplastics can be effectively utilized in food packaging, agriculture, horticulture

and manufacturing of numerous products; however, the commercial production and practical

application of bioplastic are challenged by its durability, elasticity, tensile strength and

biodegradability. The present review is a comparative study of different substrates and methods

reported for synthesis of bioplastic along with their associated benefits and drawbacks.

Methacanon, P. et al. (2022) explained that Among polysaccharides extracted from

plant materials, pectin, an extremely complex polysaccharide found in cell walls and middle

lamellae of higher plants, is widely employed as a functional ingredient in food and

pharmaceutical applications due to its valuable gelling and stabilizing properties. The

worldwide annual consumption of pectin is approximately 45,000 tonnes, occupying the global

market value of at least 400 million Euros

Methacanon, P. et al. (2022) stated that pomelo (Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis), a

citrus fruit native to South East Asia with a considerable quantity of peel waste generated in

15
both Thailand and Malaysia – due to the high domestic consumption and export demand, has

recently been considered as a potential source of pectin. It is also worth mentioning that the

pomelo albedo (spongy white peel) is accounted for approximately 30% of pomelo fruit weight,

thus, being a promising source for pectin extraction.

Synthesis State of the Art

After reviewing the related literature and studies it shows that Pomelo (Citrus maxima)

peel and Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder are both promising components for the

production of bioplastic, based on the reviewed related literatures of it stated Cassava (Manihot

esculante) starch is a popular choice for making bioplastics due to its high starch content and

low cost. Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels extract is also a promising natural additive for

improving the mechanical and thermal properties of bioplastics. Pomelo peels extract

contains natural compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have antioxidant

and antibacterial properties and can improve the durability and stability of bioplastics.

Suryanto, H. & Wahyuningtiyas N. (2017) explained in their study that Cassava

contains a large amount of starch, which can be suitably used for the production of bioplastics.

This potential is a great opportunity to add value to cassava as the raw material in the

manufacture of eco-friendly plastics.

Tocmo R. et al. (2020) stated that. The peel of pomelo accounts for

approximately 30% of the total fruit weight and contains phytochemicals, including aroma-

active volatiles, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, coumarins, and

polysaccharides. Recovery of these phytochemicals offers an opportunity for value-added

utilization such as the development of enriched or functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Overall, the state of the art suggests that cassava starch powder and pomelo peels extract can

be promising materials for the production of bioplastics. Further studies are needed to further

16
 the optimization of concentration levels of cassava starch powder, pomelo peels extract, and

glycerol to achieve the moisture absorption, tensile strength, biodegradation and thermal

properties of the bioplastics. The development of cassava starch-based bioplastics with

pomelo peels extract can contribute to the production of sustainable and environmentally

friendly materials with potential applications in various industries.

Research Gaps

Based from our gathered related literature and studies we found that both Pomelo (Citrus

maxima) peel and Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder seperately have already been

used to produce different types of bioplastics, but there are only a few limited studies done in

actually creating a bioplastic with both materials together and it showed that some bioplastics

made from these materials sometimes get a outcome of having some minor side effects in the

properties of their bioplastics

Nevertheless, there are still many numerous studies and literature that prove that this

study about Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch Powder and Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels

Extract as Bioplastic is possible to conduct and get a good outcome out of it.

Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework

Independent Controlled Dependent

Variable Variable
Variable

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Temperature Physical, Mechanical and

Starch Powder and Pomelo thermal properties of Cassava

Humidity
(Citrus maxima) Peels (Manihot esculenta) Starch
Performance
Extract Powder and Pomelo (Citrus
17
maxima) Peels Extract
Definition of Terms
Bioplastic- is a biodegradable material that come from renewable sources and can be

used to reduce the problem of plastic waste that is suffocating the planet and polluting

the environment.

Limonene- is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic

monoterpene, and is the major component in the oil of citrus fruit peels.

Cellulose- is a molecule, consisting of hundreds – and sometimes even thousands – of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. cellulose is the main substance in the walls of

plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright.

Fiber- Dietary fiber or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be

completely broken down by human digestive enzymes. Dietary fibers are diverse in

chemical composition, and can be grouped generally by their solubility, viscosity, and

fermentability,

Pectin- Pectin is a type of structural fiber found in the primary cell wall and

intracellular layer of plant cells mainly in fruits, such as apples, oranges, lemons, and

so on. Citrus fruit contains 0.5%–3.5% pectin which is largely present in peel portion

of the fruit

Tensile strength- can be defined as the maximum stress that a material can bear before

breaking when it is allowed to be stretched or pulled.

Biodegradability- Biodegradability is the capacity for biological degradation of

organic materials by living organisms down to the base substances such as water,

carbon dioxide, methane, basic elements and biomass.

18
Moisture absorption- is the capacity of a material to absorb moisture from its

environment. Plastics absorb water to a limited degree. The degree of moisture

absorption depends on the type of plastic and the ambient conditions such as

temperature, humidity and contact time.

Biopolymers- Biopolymers are polymers that are produced by or derived from living

organisms, such as plants and microbes, rather than from petroleum, the traditional

source of polymers. The primary sources of biopolymers are renewable.

Glycerol- The application of glycerol in bioplastic based cellulose will affect the tensile

strength because glycerol aims to reduce the molecular bonding power of cellulose so

that the flexibility of bioplastics is increased.

Notes:

1. Suryanto, H. (2017). Analysis of biodegradation of bioplastics made of cassava

starch. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heru-

Suryanto/publication/318281509_Analysis_of_Biodegradation_of_Bioplastics_Mad

e_of_Cassava_Starch/links/59601809aca2728c118b6fae/Analysis-of-

Biodegradation-of-Bioplastics-Made-of-Cassava-Starch.pdf

2. Methacanon, P., Krongsin, J., & Gamonpilas, C. (2014). Pomelo (Citrus maxima)

pectin: Effects of extraction parameters and its properties. Food Hydrocolloids,

35383-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.06.018.

3. Choudhary, P., Pathak, A., Kumar, P. et al. Commercial production of bioplastic

from organic waste–derived biopolymers viz-a-viz waste treatment: A minireview.

Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03145-1

19
4. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Wang, K., Wang, Y., & Jiang, L. (2022).

Bioinspired, mechanically strong, and sustainable nanocomposites from cellulose

nanofibrils and chitin nanocrystals. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 17(5), 056004.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac7d29

5. Suhartono, Maggy. (2015). Development of bioplastic based on Cassava flour and

its starch derrivatives for food packaging. Journal of Harmonized Research (JOHR).

125-132.

6. Li Xiao, Fayin Ye, Yun Zhou, Guohua Zhao (2021). Utilization of pomelo peels to

manufacture value-added products: A review. Food Chemistry, 351, 129247. ISSN

0308-8146.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129247.

7.Oluwasina, O.O., Awonyemi, I.O. Citrus Peel Extract Starch-Based Bioplastic:

Effect of Extract Concentration on Packed Fish and Bioplastic Properties. J Polym

Environ 29, 1706–1716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01990-7

8.Tocmo, R, Pena-Fronteras, J, Calumba, KF, Mendoza, M, Johnson, JJ. Valorization

of pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) peel: A review of current utilization,

phytochemistry, bioactivities, and mechanisms of action. Compr Rev Food Sci Food

Saf. 2020; 19: 1969– 2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12561

9. Sriroth, K., & Sangseethong, K. (2006). Biodegradable plastics from cassava starch.

Acta Horticulturae, 703, 145-152. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.703.16.

20
 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents the materials and methods used in the study. The experimental

design, management of the flock, gathering of data with respect to each organ of concern

and statistical tools used are also discussed in this chapter

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study utilized experimental method of an investigation in which the researcher

manipulate one or more variables, controls and measures any change in other variables.

T1 T2 T3
R1 T1R1 T2R1 T3R1
R2 T1R2 T2R2 T3R2
R3 T1R3 T2R3 T3R3
R4 T1R4 T2R4 T3R4

Table 1:
The researchers used Completely Randomized Design. The treatment 1 is (60g of

Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) Peels), while the treatment 2 is (60g of Cassava (Mahinot esculenta)

starch powder), and treatment 3 is (30g of Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) peels, 30g of Cassava

(Mahinot esculenta) starch powder).

Materials and Apparatuses

Materials/Apparatuses Quantity

Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) peels 360 grams

21
 Cassava (Mahinot esculenta) starch powder 360 grams

Glycerol 48 ml

Lemon juice 72 ml

Vinegar 72 ml

Baking soda 60 grams

Gelatine (unflavored) 24 grams

Graduated cylinder 1

Stirring Rod 1

Spring Scale 2

Pot 1

Microwave Oven 1

Triple Beam Balance 1

Beaker 3

Petri Dish 12

Weighing Scale 1

Hot plate 1

Thermometer 1

Table 2. The Materials and Apparatuses and its quantity used in the study.

The researchers used different materials and apparatuses in the study. The researchesr

used 360 grams of Pomelo (citrus maxima) peels, 360 grams of Cassava (Mahinot Esculenta)

starch powder, 48 ml of glycerol, 60 grams of baking soda, 72 ml of lemon juice, 72 ml of

vinegar, 360 ml of water and 24 grams of gelatine. The researchers also made use of laboratory

apparatuses such as, a graduated cylinder, a stirring rod, a pot, a microwave oven, a triple beam

22
balance, 2 spring scales, 3 beakers, 12 petri dishes, thermometer hot plate and a weighing scale.

The table above shows the materials and apparatuses used in the study.

Procedure

Gathering and Preparation of Materials/Apparatuses

The researchers gathered the laboratory apparatuses from the Science laboratory of

Baao National Highschool. While the Pomelo peels, Cassava starch powder, glycerol, baking

soda, lemon juice, vinegar, and gelatine was gathered from various markets and establishments

located in Iriga City.

The said materials were cleaned, washed and dried properly. They were tested before

use to ensure the safety and health of the researchers and the materials itself. The machine’s

that will be used will also be checked if it is functioning properly and according to its purpose

and proper calibration. The researchers will ensure the freshness of the raw materials before

conducting the experiment.

Pomelo Peels Extrcts Preparation:

1. Clean and chop the pomelo peels into small pieces

2. Add distilled water to cover the pomelo peels in a glass beaker

3. Blend the pomelo peels using a blender or food processor until

smooth

4. Filter the pomelo peels extract to remove any solid particles

5. Set aside the pomelo peels extract for later use

Preparing Treatment 1 (60g of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

For the first treatment 60g of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder), 60 grams of

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder is placed in a beaker. Along with, 30 ml of water,

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5g baking soda, 6ml lemon juice, 6ml vinegar, and 4ml of glycerol and 2 grams of gelatine.

Stirred and mixed thoroughly with a stirring rod. After mixing, transfer to a pot and heat it.

Spread the treatment on a petri dish and put in a microwave oven at 150C and is baked. After

baking, let it completely dry under the sun.

Preparing Treatment 2 (60 Grams of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels extract)

For the second treatment (60 Grams of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels extract) 60 grams of

pomelo peels extract is placed in a beaker. Along with, 30 ml of water, 2g baking soda, 6ml

lemon juice, 6ml vinegar, and 4ml of glycerol and 2 grams of gelatine. Stirred and mixed

thoroughly with a stirring rod. After mixing, transfer to a pot and heat it. Spread the treatment

on a petri dish and put in a microwave oven at 150C and is baked. After baking, let it completely

dry under the sun.

Preparing Treatment 3 (30 grams Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels, 30 grams

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch powder)

For the third treatment (30 grams Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels, 30 grams Cassava

(Manihot esculenta) starch powder) is placed in a beaker. Along with, 30 ml of water, 2g

baking soda, 6ml lemon juice, 6ml vinegar, and 4ml of glycerol and 2 grams of gelatine.

Stirred and mixed thoroughly with a stirring rod. After mixing, transfer to a pot and heat it.

Spread the treatment on a petri dish and put in a microwave oven at 150C and is baked. After

baking, let it completely dry under the sun.

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 Figure 2. Procedure

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

Chop the Pomelo

Prepare the extraction of Pomelo (Citrus maxima)
(Citrus maxima) peels peels into small
pieces and store in
beaker with water
Mix the required
ingredients per
treatment and mix Preperation of other Treatments
thoroughly with After that blend
stirring rod in a the peels in a
beaker blender until it gets
mushy and then
strain it to remove
excess particles

Gathering and comparing of

Place the treatment
analysis of data from treatments
in a pot and heat it
and spread evenly on
the pot Store the Pomelo
(citrus maxima)
peels extract for
later use
Use the Triple Beam Balance,
Spring Scale and Weighing Scale
Place the heated
and hot plate and thermometer
treatment in a petri
dish and spread
evenly and then bake
it in a microwave at
150oC .After that let
it dry under the sun
until it is dry Determine the tensile
strength,
biodegradability,
Apply and
melting point and
repeat the
moisture absorption
process to all
of the different
treatments
treatments

25
Statistical Tool

The researcher used Mean or average in determining the tensile strength, moisture

absorption and biodegrability and melting point of the bioplastics among the different

treatments. And we used one-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) as our statistical tool in

determining the significant differences among the different treatments in means of tensile

strength, moisture absorption and biodegrability of the bioplastics produced.

Notes:

LibGuides: SPSS Tutorials: One-Way ANOVA. (n.d.).

https://libguides.library.kent.edu/spss/onewayanova#:~:text=One%2DWay%20ANOVA%20

(%22analysis,One%2DFactor%20ANOVA

Oregon State University. (n.d.). Interactive Plastic Fork Life Cycle Analysis [PDF

document]. Retrieved from

https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/bioenergy/education/plasticfork_interactive.

pdf

Dao, T. P., Kha, T., Huynh, P., & Tran, T. T. (2021, January 4). Extraction process

optimization and characterization of the Pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) peel essential oils grown

in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam. Journal Name, 7, 26-33. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348235260_Extraction_process_optimization_and_

characterization_of_the_Pomelo_Citrus_grandis_L_peel_essential_oils_grown_in_Tien_Gia

ng_Province_Vietnam/citation/download

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