Comsats University, Islamabad, Abbottabad campus

Assignment

Causes and consequences of world war one and world war two,
victorious and loser countries

Name: Sayed Abdullah Shah Sadaat

Registration no: Fa19-Bec-014

Subject: Political Economics

Causes of world war one

The causes of World War One, also known as the Great War, are complex and
multi-dimensional. Several interrelated factors contributed to the outbreak of the
war. Here are some of the main causes:

1. Alliances: Countries formed groups and promised to support each other.

When one country got into a conflict, others joined in, making the war
bigger.
2. Imperialism: European nations wanted to control more lands around the
world. This led to competition and conflicts among them.
3. Nationalism: People had strong feelings of loyalty to their own countries,
which created rivalries and competition between nations.
4. Militarism: Many countries focused on building up their armies and
weapons. This made other nations feel threatened and increased tensions.
5. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The killing of an important
leader in Austria-Hungary sparked a series of events that led to the war.
6. Diplomatic Failures: Attempts to solve problems through peaceful talks
didn't work, and disputes were left unresolved.

These causes were all connected and contributed to the outbreak of World War
One. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the immediate trigger,
but the tensions and conflicts between nations had been building up for a long
time.
Consequences of World War One

The consequences of World War One were far-reaching and had a significant
impact on various aspects of global history. Here are some of the main
consequences:

1. Loss of Life and Destruction: World War One resulted in a staggering loss
of life and destruction. Millions of soldiers and civilians were killed or
wounded, and entire cities and landscapes were devastated by the war's
fighting and weaponry.
2. Redrawing of Borders: The war led to the dissolution of several empires,
including the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German, and Ottoman Empires.
New countries were created, and borders were redrawn, leading to
significant changes in the geopolitical landscape of Europe and the Middle
East.
3. Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially
ended the war. It imposed harsh conditions on Germany, including massive
reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions. These terms
contributed to feelings of resentment and humiliation in Germany, ultimately
fueling future conflicts.
4. League of Nations: The League of Nations was established as an
international organization aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among
nations. Although it had limited success in preventing future conflicts, it laid
the groundwork for the United Nations, which was formed after World War
Two.
5. Political and Social Transformations: The war brought significant
political and social changes. Monarchies were overthrown in several
countries, and new forms of government, such as democracies and
 authoritarian regimes, emerged. The war also contributed to the
advancement of women's rights and the rise of various social movements.
6. Economic Consequences: World War One caused severe economic
disruptions. Many countries experienced inflation, debt, and financial
instability. The war also accelerated technological advancements and
industrialization, leading to long-term economic shifts and changes in global
power dynamics.
7. Seeds of Future Conflicts: The unresolved issues and resentments from
World War One set the stage for future conflicts, particularly World War
Two. The harsh terms imposed on Germany, the political instability in
Europe, and the unfinished business of territorial disputes created a volatile
environment that would contribute to another devastating war.

It's important to note that these consequences were complex and interconnected,
shaping the course of history in the 20th century and beyond.
Victorious and loser Countries in world war one

In World War One, there were several countries that were considered either losers
or victors based on the outcome of the conflict. Here is a breakdown of the main
countries on each side:

1. Victorious Countries

The allied countries are considered to be the victorious countries in the world war
one. Here are the victorious countries:

1. United Kingdom: The United Kingdom, along with its British Empire,
played a significant role in the Allied victory. It contributed substantial
military forces, resources, and naval power throughout the war.
2. France: France fought valiantly on the Western Front and made
significant sacrifices during the war. Its resilience and determination
were crucial to the Allied victory.
3. United States: The United States joined the war in 1917 and provided
substantial manpower, resources, and financial support to the Allies. Its
involvement helped tip the balance in favor of the Allied Powers.

And the central powers are the countries which are considered as losers. Here are
these countries:

2. Loser Countries
1. Germany: Germany was a central player on the side of the Central
Powers. It initially made significant gains but eventually faced defeat.
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh conditions on Germany, leading
to economic hardships and political instability.
2. Austria-Hungary: Austria-Hungary faced significant challenges during
the war and ultimately dissolved as an empire. Its defeat led to the
breakup of the empire and the creation of new nations in Central and
Eastern Europe.
3. Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers
but faced defeat. It experienced a series of territorial losses, and the
empire was later dissolved, leading to the formation of modern-day
Turkey and other nations in the region.
4. Other countries involved in the war, such as Italy, Russia, and Japan,
experienced varying degrees of success and challenges throughout the
conflict. It is important to note that the distinction between winners and
losers is based on the outcome of the war and the subsequent treaties,
rather than reflecting the overall impact or contributions of each country.
Causes of World War Two

The causes of World War Two were numerous and complex, shaped by a
combination of political, economic, and ideological factors. Here are some of the
main causes:

1. Treaty of Versailles and German Resentment: The harsh terms imposed

on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, following World War One, created
deep resentment and economic hardships within the country. The treaty's
provisions, such as territorial losses and reparations, contributed to a sense
of humiliation and desire for revenge among the German population.
2. Rise of Fascism and Nazism: The rise of fascist and Nazi regimes in Italy
and Germany, led by Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, respectively,
brought about aggressive nationalist ideologies that sought territorial
expansion, racial supremacy, and the overthrow of democratic systems.
These ideologies fueled militarization and expansionist ambitions.
3. Appeasement and Failure of Diplomacy: The policy of appeasement
pursued by Western powers, particularly Britain and France, in response to
the aggressive actions of fascist regimes, allowed Hitler and Mussolini to
gain more power and make territorial gains without significant resistance.
Diplomatic efforts to address grievances and prevent conflict failed to curb
their expansionist ambitions.
4. Failure of the League of Nations: The League of Nations, established after
World War One to promote peace and prevent future conflicts, proved
ineffective in addressing the challenges posed by aggressive nations. Its
inability to enforce its decisions and lack of collective security undermined
its credibility and allowed aggressive actions to go unchecked.
 5. Expansionist Ambitions and Territorial Disputes: Germany's desire for
Lebensraum (living space) and territorial expansion, as well as Japan's quest
for resources and dominance in Asia, fueled tensions and territorial disputes.
These ambitions led to military invasions and the occupation of countries,
such as Germany's annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland, and Japan's
invasion of Manchuria and later parts of China.
6. Failure of the Treaty of Versailles and Disarmament Efforts: The Treaty
of Versailles failed to establish a lasting framework for peace and
disarmament. Efforts to limit and control arms and prevent another major
conflict were insufficient, allowing rearmament to take place in countries
like Germany and Japan.
7. Economic Turmoil and the Great Depression: The worldwide economic
depression in the 1930s exacerbated social and economic tensions. High
unemployment, inflation, and economic instability created fertile ground for
the rise of extremist ideologies and political unrest, contributing to the
outbreak of war.

These causes, among others, converged to create a volatile international climate

that eventually led to the outbreak of World War Two. The aggressive actions and
expansionist ambitions of fascist powers, coupled with the failures of diplomacy
and international institutions, set the stage for a global conflict of unprecedented
scale and devastation.
Consequences of World War Two

The consequences of World War Two were far-reaching and had a profound
impact on the world. Here are some of the key consequences:

1. Loss of Life and Devastation: World War Two resulted in immense loss of
life, with an estimated 70-85 million people killed, including both military
personnel and civilians. Entire cities were destroyed, infrastructure was
devastated, and the war left scars that would take years to heal.
2. Redrawing of Borders and Shifts in Power: The war led to significant
geopolitical changes. The Allies, including the United States, the Soviet
Union, and the United Kingdom, emerged as the dominant powers. Germany
and Japan, the aggressor nations, faced substantial territorial losses and were
occupied by Allied forces. New nations were formed, and borders in Europe
and Asia were redrawn.
3. Holocaust and Genocide: The Holocaust, the systematic genocide of
approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany, remains one of the most
horrific and tragic aspects of World War Two. The war also witnessed other
instances of genocide, such as the mass killings in Cambodia and the
atrocities committed by the Japanese Imperial Army.
4. Cold War and the Division of the World: World War Two set the stage
for the subsequent Cold War between the United States and the Soviet
Union. The ideological differences between these two superpowers, coupled
with their emerging military capabilities, created a tense and divided world
order that lasted for decades.
5. Establishment of the United Nations: The devastation of the war led to a
global recognition of the need for international cooperation and the
prevention of future conflicts. The United Nations was established in 1945
 as an international organization to promote peace, security, and cooperation
among nations.
6. Technological Advancements and Scientific Progress: World War Two
spurred significant technological advancements and scientific breakthroughs.
Developments in fields such as aviation, nuclear energy, and medicine were
accelerated by the demands of war and had far-reaching impacts on various
aspects of society in the post-war era.
7. Decolonization and National Independence Movements: The war
undermined the colonial powers and weakened their grip on their overseas
territories. The struggles and sacrifices made during the war ignited
independence movements in many colonized nations, leading to the eventual
decolonization of Africa, Asia, and other regions.
8. Human Rights and International Law: The atrocities committed during
the war brought about a greater awareness of human rights and the need for
international legal frameworks. The war played a significant role in the
development of international humanitarian law and the establishment of
institutions such as the International Criminal Court.

These consequences, among others, shaped the world order, political dynamics,
and societal norms in the post-war era. World War Two left a lasting imprint on
global history, serving as a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of war
and the need for international cooperation and peace.
Victorious and loser Countries in world war two

During World War Two, several countries were categorized as either losers or
victorious based on the outcome of the conflict. Here is a breakdown of the main
countries on each side:

1. Victorious Countries

1. United States: The United States played a significant role in the Allied
victory. It provided substantial military, economic, and logistical support to
the Allied forces throughout the war.
2. Soviet Union: The Soviet Union made immense contributions to the Allied
victory, especially on the Eastern Front. Its resilience, military might, and
sacrifices were pivotal in defeating Nazi Germany.
3. United Kingdom: The United Kingdom, along with its Commonwealth
nations, played a crucial role in the Allied victory. Its Royal Air Force
successfully defended the country during the Battle of Britain, and it
provided leadership and resources throughout the war.
4. China: China fought against Japanese aggression and made significant
contributions to the Allied cause. Its resistance and determination played a
vital role in tying down Japanese forces and diverting resources from other
fronts.
5. France: Although France had initially faced defeat and occupation, it
ultimately played a role in the Allied victory after its liberation. The French
Resistance and the Free French Forces fought alongside the Allies,
contributing to the liberation of France.
1. Loser Countries

1. Germany: Germany, under Nazi rule and led by Adolf Hitler, faced defeat
in World War Two. Its aggressive expansionist policies and military actions
led to substantial territorial losses, the dismantling of the Nazi regime, and
the division of the country.
2. Japan: Japan, under the militaristic leadership of Emperor Hirohito, faced
defeat in the war. The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, coupled with the Soviet Union's entry into the war, led to Japan's
surrender and subsequent occupation.
3. Italy: Italy, under fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, faced defeat as part of
the Axis powers. Mussolini was overthrown, and Italy switched sides to join
the Allies in the latter stages of the war.
4. Other countries, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and various
European nations, also played important roles as members of the Allied
forces and contributed to the victory. It's important to note that the
distinction between winners and losers is based on the outcome of the war
and subsequent events, and it does not diminish the sacrifices or
contributions made by individuals and nations on all sides.