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Purple
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the color. For other uses, see Purple (disambiguation).

Purple
Clockwise, from top left: an iris; bishops; an eggplant; sunset; Messier

81
     Color coordinates

Hex triplet #800080

sRGBB (r, g, b) (128, 0, 128)

HSV (h, s, v) (300°, 100%, 50%)

CIELChuv (L, C, h) (30, 68, 308°)

Source HTML color names

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Purple is a color similar in appearance to violet light. In the RYB color model historically

used in the arts, purple is a secondary color created by combining red and blue
pigments in different proportions. In the CMYK color model used in modern printing,
purple is made by combining magenta pigment with either cyan pigment, black pigment,
or both. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purple is
created by mixing red and blue light in order to create colors that appear similar to violet
light.
Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because Tyrian purple dye—
made from the secretions of sea snails—was extremely expensive in antiquity. [1] Purple
was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the
rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman
Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with
the emperor and aristocracy.[2]
According to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the color
most often associated with rarity, royalty, magic, mystery, and piety.[3][4] When combined
with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction.[5]

Etymology and definitions

The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives
from Latin purpura, which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura),[6] the
name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus
secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.[7][8] The first recorded use of the word purple dates
to the late 900s AD.[7]

In art, history, and fashion

In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple
Main article: Tyrian purple

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at Basilica of San Vitale

Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech
Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks
of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their
own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between
16,000 and 25,000 BC.[9]
As early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast
of Ancient Phoenicia (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from a sea
snail called the spiny dye-murex.[10] Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was mentioned
in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil.[10] The deep, rich purple dye made
from this snail became known as Tyrian purple.[11]
The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny
snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty
shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to
soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which
was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took place. In the
sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red
which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time
to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the
color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied
between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting. [12]
Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the
Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament); in the Book of
Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth
"of blue, and purple, and scarlet,"[13] to be used in the curtains of the Tabernacle and the
garments of priests. The term used for purple in the 4th-century Latin Vulgate version of
the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple.[14] In the Iliad of Homer, the belt of Ajax is
purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan warriors are dipped in purple. In
the Odyssey, the blankets on the wedding bed of Odysseus are purple. In the poems
of Sappho (6th century BC) she celebrates the skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom
of Lydia who made purple footwear, and in the play of Aeschylus (525–456 BC),
Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her husband Agamemnon by decorating the
palace with purple carpets. In 950 BC, King Solomon was reported to have brought
artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem.[15]
Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the basileus of the Macedonian
Empire), the basileus of the Seleucid Empire, and the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore
Tyrian purple.
The Roman custom of wearing purple togas may have come from the Etruscans; an
Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep
purple and embroidered toga.
In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple
stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age,
[16]
 curule magistrates,[17][18] certain categories of priests,[19] and a few other categories of
citizens.
The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the Roman Republic, it
was worn by generals in their triumphs, and by the Praetor Urbanus when he rode in the
chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi Apollinares.[20] During the Empire, the toga
picta was worn by magistrates giving public gladiatorial games, and by the consuls, as
well as by the emperor on special occasions.
During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored wore
an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with a purple
stripe. However, during the Roman Empire, purple was more and more associated
exclusively with the emperors and their officers. [21] Suetonius claims that the early
emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for the splendour of his purple
cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain purple dyes.[22] In the late empire the sale
of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death penalty. [23]
According to the New Testament, Jesus Christ, in the hours leading up to his crucifixion,
was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura) by the Roman garrison to mock his claim to
be 'King of the Jews'.[24]
The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish purple.
According to the Roman writer Vitruvius, (1st century BC), the murex shells coming from
northern waters, probably Bolinus brandaris, produced a more bluish color than those of
the south, probably Hexaplex trunculus. The most valued shades were said to be those
closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the robes of the Emperor
Justinian in Ravenna. The chemical composition of the dye from the murex is close to
that of the dye from indigo, and indigo was sometimes used to make a counterfeit
Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished. What seems to have mattered
about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster, richness, its resistance to weather
and light, and its high price.[25]
In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the
German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed
twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a handkerchief.
In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according
to the original formula cost two thousand euros. [26][27]
China
Main article: Han purple and Han blue

In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc,
but purple gromwell. The dye obtained did not easily adhere to fabrics, making purple
fabrics expensive. Purple became a fashionable color in the state of Qi (齊, 1046 BC–
221 BC) because its ruler, Qin Shi Huang, developed a preference for it. As a result, the
price of purple fabric was over five times that of plain fabric. His minister, Guan
Zhong (管仲), eventually convinced him to relinquish this preference.
China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color. [28]
An old hypothesis suggested links between the Chinese purple and blue and Egyptian
blue, however, molecular structure analysis and evidence such as the absence of lead
in Egyptian blue and the lack of examples of Egyptian blue in China, argued against the
hypothesis.[29][30] The use of quartz, barium, and lead components in ancient Chinese
glass and Han purple and Han blue has been used to suggest a connection between
glassmaking and the manufacture of pigments, [31] and to prove the independence of the
Chinese invention.[29] Taoist alchemists may have developed Han purple from their
knowledge of glassmaking.[29]
Lead is used by the pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han
Purple.[32]
Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times,
secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese
spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, in contrast to crimson, which
was deemed a primary color and symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by the 6th
century AD, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of colors
occurred after that time.

An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs painted in dark manganese purple.
(between 1550 and 1450 BC)
 
 

Painting of a man wearing an all-purple toga picta, from an Etruscan tomb (about 350 BC).
 

Roman men wearing togae praetextae with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession

(1st century BC).
 

Different purple hues obtained from three types of sea snails

 
 

Dye bath of Tyrian purple

 

Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from crimson to deep purple, depending
upon the type of murex sea-snail and how it was made.

Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe

Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the Byzantine Empire continued the use of
purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial documents and
the pages of the Bible. Gospel manuscripts were written in gold lettering
on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple.[33] Empresses gave birth in the Purple
Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate
them from emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military
force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while
government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank.
In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle of
Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists
(see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the
color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed,
and gradually scarlet, made with dye from the cochineal insect, became the royal color
in Europe.[34]
 

The Empress Theodora, the wife of the Emperor Justinian I, dressed in Tyrian purple. (6th
century).
 

11th-century Byzantine robe, dyed Tyrian purple with murex dye. Creatures are griffins

 

A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor Charlemagne in 800. The bishops and
cardinals wear purple, and the Pope wears white.
 
 

A fragment of the shroud in which the Emperor Charlemagne was buried in 814. It was made of
gold and Tyrian purple from Constantinople.

The Middle Ages and Renaissance

In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and
instead wear scarlet, from kermes and alum,[35] since the dye from Byzantium was no
longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were
assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with
the less expensive indigo blue, then overlaid with red made from kermes dye.[36][37]
While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes,
it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were
modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square/violet or purple/violet
caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet robes were
particularly worn by students of divinity.
Purple and/or violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the
Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary were often portrayed wearing purple or violet
robes.

A 12th-century painting of Saint Peter consecrating Hermagoras, wearing purple, as a bishop.

 
 

In the Ghent Altarpiece (1422) by Jan van Eyck, the popes and bishops are wearing purple
robes.
 

A purple-clad angel from the Resurrection of Christ by Raphael (1483–1520)

18th and 19th centuries

In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine the Great and other
rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by
ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed.
In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British chemistry student named William Henry
Perkin was trying to make a synthetic quinine. His experiments produced instead the
first synthetic aniline dye, a purple shade called mauveine, shortened simply to mauve.
It took its name from the mallow flower, which is the same color. [38] The new color quickly
became fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria wore a silk gown dyed with
mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a
color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an
industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton, so almost anyone
could wear mauve. It was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which
completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion. [39]
Purple was popular with the pre-Raphaelite painters in Britain, including Arthur Hughes,
who loved bright colors and romantic scenes.
 

Queen Anne of Great Britain in golden dress and a purple velvet and ermine mantle (1705)
 

King Gustav III of Sweden (1779)

 

Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, by Fyodor Rokotov. (State Hermitage

Museum).
  

Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil with her children (1849)

 

In England, pre-Raphaelite painters like Arthur Hughes were particularly enchanted by purple

and/or violet. This is April Love (1856).
 


 Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (in dark purple dress) with her husband Prince Gaston and
their son, the Prince of Grão-Pará at purple dusk (1877)
 

Order of Leopold founded in 1830.

20th and 21st centuries

At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav
Klimt, who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets.
In the 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty; George
VI (1896–1952), wore purple in his official portrait, and it was prominent in every feature
of the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, from the invitations to the stage design
inside Westminster Abbey. But at the same time, it was becoming associated with social
change; with the Women's Suffrage movement for the right to vote for women in the
early decades of the century, with Feminism in the 1970s, and with the psychedelic drug
culture of the 1960s.
In the early 20th century, purple, green, and white were the colors of the Women's
Suffrage movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally succeeding
with the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a
tribute to the Suffragettes, it became the color of the women's liberation movement.[40]
In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, prisoners who were members of non-
conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, were required to wear
a purple triangle.[41]
During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was also associated
with counterculture, psychedelics, and musicians like Jimi Hendrix with his 1967 song
"Purple Haze", or the English rock band of Deep Purple which formed in 1968. Later, in
the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the American
musician Prince.
The Purple Rain Protest was a protest against apartheid that took place in Cape Town,
South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police water cannon with purple dye
sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to the slogan The Purple Shall Govern.
The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the
21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the
assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation
of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and
corporate leaders.[42]

Gustav Klimt portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912).

 

Serbian Orthodox bishop in mandyas (1923).

 
 

George VI (1895–1952) wore purple in his official portrait.

 

The coronation portrait of Elizabeth II and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1953) has three different
shades of purple in the train, curtains and crown.
 

Program from the Woman Suffrage Procession, a 1913 Women's Suffrage march.

  

A pennant from the Women's Suffrage movement in the state of Indiana.

 

Symbol of the Feminist movement in the United States (1970s). The purple color was chosen as
a tribute to the Suffragette movement a half-century earlier.

In science and nature

Optics
The meanings of the color terms violet and purple varies even among native speakers
of English, for example between United Kingdom and United States. [43] Optics research
on purple and violet contains contributions of authors from different countries and
different native languages, it is likely to be inconsistent in the use and meaning of the
two colors. According to some speakers/authors of English, purple, unlike violet, is not
one of the colors of the visible spectrum.[44] It was not one of the colors of the rainbow
identified by Isaac Newton. According to some authors, purple does not have its
own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is sometimes called a non-spectral color. It
exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. According
to some speakers of English, purple is simply a combination, in various proportions, of
two primary colors, red and blue.[45] According to other speakers of English, the same
range of colors is called violet.[46]
In some textbooks of color theory, and depending on the geographical-cultural origin of
the author, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red
(excluding violet and red themselves).[47] In that case, the spectral colors violet and
indigo would not be shades of purple. For other speakers of English, these colors are
shades of purple.
In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is placed between crimson
and violet.[48] However, also here there is much variation in color terminology depending
on cultural background of the painters and authors, and sometimes the term violet is
used and placed in between red and blue on the traditional color wheel. In a slightly
different variation, on the color wheel, purple is placed between magenta and violet.
This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See shades of purple).[49]
In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all
the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing
red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard HTML color
purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway
between full power and darkness.
In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or sometimes
by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue
alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less
bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the
third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).
Relationship with violet

This CIE chromaticity diagram highlights the line of purples at its base, running from the violet corner near the
left to the red corner at the right.

Purple is closely associated with violet. In common usage, both refer to a variety of

colors between blue and red in hue.[50][51][52] Historically, purple has tended to be used for
redder hues and violet for bluer hues. [50][53][54] In optics, violet is a spectral color; it refers to
the color of any different single wavelength of light on the short wavelength end of the
visible spectrum, between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers, [55] whereas purple is
the color of various combinations of red, blue, and violet light, [47][52] some of which humans
perceive as similar to violet.
On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red
and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit
of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is
near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a
somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also
directly on the line of purples), shown below.
On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while
purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is
known as the line of purples, or the purple line.[56][57]

On a computer or television screen, purple colors are created by mixing red and blue light. This
is called the RGB color model.
 

The CIE xy chromaticity diagram

Pigments
 Hematite and manganese are the oldest pigments used for the color purple. They
were used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like charcoal, or ground and
powdered and mixed with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a reddish iron
 oxide which, when ground coarsely, makes a purple pigment. One such pigment
is caput mortuum, whose name is also used in reference to mummy brown. The
latter is another pigment containing hematite and historically produced with the use
of mummified corpses.[58] Some of its compositions produce a purple color and may
be called "mummy violet".[59] Manganese was also used in Roman times to color
glass purple.[60]
 Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment, invented in China in about 700
BC. It was used in wall paintings and pottery and other applications. In color, it was
very close to indigo, which had a similar chemical structure. Han purple was very
unstable, and sometimes was the result of the chemical breakdown of Han blue.
During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue
pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with red ochre, cinnabar, or minium.
They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or indigo
dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.[61]

 Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured
in 1859. It was found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette of Claude Monet, Paul
Signac, and Georges Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was
expensive, so quickly went out of use.[62]
 Manganese violet was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the
market.
 Quinacridone violet, one of a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was
discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of
brand names.

Manganese pigments were used in the neolithic paintings in the Lascaux cave, France.

 
 

Hematite was often used as the red-purple color in the cave paintings of Neolithic artists.
 

A sample of purpurite, or manganese phosphate, from the Packrat Mine in Southern California.
 

A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the French impressionists.

  

Manganese violet is a synthetic pigment invented in the mid-19th century.

 

Quinacridone violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under many different names.

Dyes
The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a type
of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history section
above).[44]
In western Polynesia, residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple
from the sea urchin. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea
snail, the purpura, found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The Mayans used
this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while the Aztecs used it for paintings of
ideograms, where it symbolized royalty.[61]
In the Middle Ages, those who worked with blue and black dyes belonged to separate
guilds from those who worked with red and yellow dyes, and were often forbidden to
dye any other colors than those of their own guild. [63] Most purple fabric was made by the
dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval
violet colors were inclined toward red. [citation needed]
Orcein, or purple moss, was another common purple dye. It was known to the ancient
Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean lichen called archil or dyer's
moss (Roccella tinctoria), combined with an ammoniac, usually urine. Orcein began to
achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of
demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before
he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors.[64]
From the Middle Ages onward, purple dyes for the clothing of common people were
often made from the blackberry or other red fruit of the genus rubus, or from
the mulberry. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with
washing and exposure to sunlight.
A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance
was made from the wood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum), which
grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals added to the dye, it
produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum, a purple color, It made a good
color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.
In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first
synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same
time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to
dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr Cuthbert
Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a solution
of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the
mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The
manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around
the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.
French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is
extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye
precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is
heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the
resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.
Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th
century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue, cerulean blue and cobalt
green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists. In spite of its name,
this pigment produces a purple rather than violet color [43]
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first
synthetic organic chemical dye,[65][66] discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical
name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.
Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant
fuchsia color.
In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments
called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but
were not synthesized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in
the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula
C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used
today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and
other industrial coatings.

Blackberries were sometimes used to make purple dye in the Middle Ages.

 

This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the 18th century to make a common
purple dye called Cudbear.
 

A sample of silk dyed with the original mauveine dye.

  

A sample of fuchsine dye

Animals


The male violet-backed starling sports a very bright, iridescent purple plumage.

 


 The purple frog is a species of amphibian found in India.
 

Pseudanthias pascalus or purple queenfish.

 

The purple sea urchin from Mexico.

 
 

A purple heron in flight (South Africa).

 

A purple finch (North America).

 

The Lorius domicella, or purple-naped lory, from Indonesia.

Anthocyanins
Certain grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers may appear
purple due to the presence of natural pigments called anthocyanins. These pigments
are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all plants. They
aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would damage the
leaves. In flowers, the purple anthocyanins help attract insects who pollinate the
flowers. Not all anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to purple to blue,
green, or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.

The purple colors of this cauliflower, grapes, fruits, vegetables and flowers comes from natural
pigments called anthocyanins.
 

Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green, blue and yellow, depending upon the
level of their pH.
 
 

Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in these copper beech trees, and in purple
autumn leaves.
 

Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges.

 
 

A purple pansy.
 

"Blue" hydrangea is often actually purple.

Plants and flowers

 Purple needlegrass is the state grass of California.


An artichoke flower in blossom in Dalat, Vietnam

 

Iris germanica flowers
 

Syringa vulgaris, or lilac blossoms

 
 

Medicago sativa, known as alfalfa in the U.S. and lucerne in the U.K.
 

The Aster alpinus, or alpine aster, is native to the European mountains, including the Alps, while
a subspecies is found in Canada and the United States.
 

Lavender flowers.
 
 

A purple rose.
 

Wisteria is a pale purple color.

 

salsify

Microbiology
  Purple bacteria are bacteria that are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing
energy through photosynthesis.[67]

 In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple

pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of
the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple
Earth hypothesis.[68]
Astronomy
 One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple
Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-
white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited
red hydrogen gas.[69]
 The Purple Forbidden enclosure is a name used in traditional Chinese astronomy for
those Chinese constellations that surround the north celestial pole.
Geography
 Purple Mountain is located on the eastern side of Nanjing. Its peaks are often found
enveloped in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple
Mountain". The Purple Mountain Observatory is located there.
 Purple Mountain in County Kerry, Ireland, takes its name from the color of the
shivered slate on its summit.
 Purple Mountain in Wyoming (el. 8,392 feet (2,558 m)) is a mountain peak in the
southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park.
 Purple Mountain, Alaska
 Purple Mountain, Oregon
 Purple Mountain, Washington
 Purple Peak, Colorado

Purple Mountain near Killarney, Ireland.

 
 

Purple Mountain in Yellowstone National Park.

 

Purple Mountain, Nanjing.

Purple mountains phenomenon

It has been observed that the greater the distance between a viewers eyes and
mountains, the lighter and more blue or purple they will appear. This phenomenon, long
recognized by Leonardo da Vinci and other painters, is called aerial perspective or
atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the less contrast the eye
sees between the mountains and the sky.
The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called Rayleigh scattering. The sunlit sky
is blue because air scatters short-wavelength light more than longer wavelengths. Since
blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly
scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light. The result is that the human
eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky other than the sun. [70]
At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle, and
traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green and blue
is scattered away, and more red light comes to the eye, creating the colors of the
sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple.
The phenomenon is referenced in the song "America the Beautiful", where the lyrics
refer to "purple mountains' majesty" among other features of the United States
landscape. A Crayola crayon called Purple Mountain Majesty in reference to the lyric
was first formulated in 1993.

The more distant mountains are, the lighter and more blue they are. This is called atmospheric
perspective or aerial perspective.
 

Sunset at Auke Bay, Alaska. Thanks to Rayleigh scattering, the mountains appear purple.

Mythology
Julius Pollux, a Greek grammarian who lived in the second century AD, attributed the
discovery of purple to the Phoenician god and guardian of the city of Tyre, Heracles.
[71]
 According to his account, while walking along the shore with the nymph Tyrus, the
god's dog bit into a murex shell, causing his mouth to turn purple. The nymph
subsequently requested that Heracles create a garment for her of that same color, with
Heracles obliging her demands giving birth to Tyrian purple. [71][38]

Associations and symbolism

Royalty
In Europe, since some Roman emperors wore a Tyrian purple (purpura) toga praetexta,
purple has been the color most associated with power and royalty. [44] The British Royal
Family and other European royalty still use it as a ceremonial color on special
occasions.[72] In Japan, purple is associated with the emperor and Japanese aristocracy.
[2]

A purple postage stamp honored Queen Elizabeth II in 1958

 

Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in 2010.

Piety, faith, penitence, and theology

In the West, purple or violet is a color often associated with piety and religious faith. [72]
[73]
 In AD 1464, shortly after the Muslim conquest of Constantinople, which terminated
the supply of Tyrian purple to Roman Catholic Europe, Pope Paul II decreed
that cardinals should henceforth wear scarlet instead of purple, the scarlet being dyed
with expensive cochineal. Bishops were assigned the color amaranth, being a pale and
pinkish purple made then from a less-expensive mixture of indigo and cochineal.
In the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic liturgy, purple
represents penitence; Anglican and Catholic priests wear a purple stole when they
hear confession and a purple stole and chasuble during Advent and Lent. Since
the Second Vatican Council of 1962–5, priests may wear purple vestments, but may still
wear black ones, when officiating at funerals. The Roman Missal permits black, purple
(violet), or white vestments for the funeral Mass. White is worn when a child dies before
the age of reason. Students and faculty of theology also wear purple academic dress for
graduations and other university ceremonies.[citation needed]
Purple is also often worn by senior pastors of Protestant churches and bishops of
the Anglican Communion.

In the Catholic Church, cardinals now wear scarlet and bishops wear amaranth.

 

Katharine Jefferts Schori, Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States
 


 Bishop Mercurius of Zaraisk wearing an episcopal mantle (Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox
Cathedral, New York).
The color purple is also associated with royalty in Christianity, being one of the three
traditional offices of Jesus Christ, i. e. king, although such a symbolism was assumed
from the earlier Roman association or at least also employed by the ancient Romans.
Vanity, extravagance, individualism
In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance,
and individualism. Among the seven deadly sins, it represents pride. It is a color which
is used to attract attention.[74]
The artificial, materialism and beauty
Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional. It is
the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to be
synthesized.[75]
Ambiguity and ambivalence
Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity. Like other colors made by combining
two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal. [76]
Mourning
In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with mourning. In Victorian times, close
relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning"), and then
replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practised today. [77]

In culture and society

Cultures of Asian countries
 The Chinese word for purple, zi, is connected with the North Star, Polaris, or zi
Wei in Chinese. In Chinese astrology, the North Star was the home of the Celestial
Emperor, the ruler of the heavens. The area around the North Star is called
the Purple Forbidden Enclosure in Chinese astronomy. For that reason
the Forbidden City in Beijing was also known as the Purple Forbidden City (zi Jin
cheng). Purple often represents "the highest," holiest, and "most sacred values" in
China.[73]
o In Taoism, purple is a transitional color and metaphysically between yin
and yang.[73]
 Purple was a popular color introduced into Japanese dress during the Heian
period (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant (Anchusa
officinalis), also known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese
painters began to use a pigment made from the same plant.[78]
See also: Traditional colors of Japan § Violet series

 In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color purple. Purple is also associated
with Saturday on the Thai solar calendar.
 

Han purple and Han blue were synthetic colors made by artisans in China during the Han
dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD) or even earlier.
 

A Japanese woman in a kimono.

 

Emperor Komyo of Japan. (1322–1380). Purple was the color of the aristocracy in Japan and
China.

Cultures of Europe
Ancient Rome
Purple represented the height of Roman virtue and cultural values.[73]
Medieval Europe

 In medieval Europe, purple represented leadership and the king.[73]

o In European alchemy during this time, "the 'precious purple tincture'" was
a term for various substances alchemists hoped to create.[73] The term
and goal of the alchemists evoked kingliness,[73] since the divine right of
kings was also thought to aid the alchemists' future.
Engineering
The color purple plays a significant role in the traditions of engineering schools across
Canada.[79] Purple is also the color of the Engineering Corp in the British Military. [80]
Idioms and expressions
 Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly embellished writing. For example, a
paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a
purple passage.
 Born to the purple means someone who is born into a life of wealth and privilege. It
originally was used to describe the rulers of the Byzantine Empire.
 A purple patch is a period of exceptional success or good luck.[81] The origins are
obscure, but it may refer to the symbol of success of the Byzantine Court. Bishops in
Byzantium wore a purple patch on their costume as a symbol of rank.
 Purple haze refers to a state of mind induced by psychedelic drugs,
particularly LSD.[82]
 Wearing purple is a military slang expression in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for
an officer who is serving in a joint assignment with another service, such as an Army
officer on assignment to the Navy. The officer is symbolically putting aside his or her
traditional uniform color and exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint
assignment, though in fact they continue to wear their own service's uniform.[83]
 Purple squirrel is a term used by employment recruiters to describe a job candidate
with precisely the right education, experience, and qualifications that perfectly fits a
job's multifaceted requirements. The assumption is that the perfect candidate is as
rare as a real-life purple squirrel.
Military
 The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the
President to those who have been wounded or killed during their service.
Politics
 In United States politics, a purple state is a state roughly balanced
between Republicans (generally symbolized by red in the 21st century)
and Democrats (symbolized by blue).
 In the politics of the Netherlands, Purple (Dutch: paars) means a coalition
government consisting of liberals and social democrats (symbolized by the colors
blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of
the Christian Democrats with one of the other two. Between 1994 and 2002 there
were two Purple cabinets, both led by Prime Minister Wim Kok.
  In the politics of Belgium, as with the Netherlands, a purple government includes
liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition. Belgium was governed by Purple
governments from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of Prime Minister Guy
Verhofstadt.
 Purple is the primary color used by many European and American political parties,
including Volt Europa, the UK Independence Party, the Social Democrats in
the Republic of Ireland, the Liberal People's Party in Norway, and the United States
Pirate Party. The Left party in Germany, whose primary color is red, is traditionally
portrayed in purple on election maps to distinguish it from the Social Democratic
Party of Germany.[citation needed]
 In the United Kingdom, the color scheme for the suffragette movement in Britain and
Ireland was designed with purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green
for hope.[84][85][86]
Rhyme

Purple was a central motif in the career of the musician Prince. His 1984 film and album Purple Rain is one of
his best-known works. The title track is Prince's signature song and was nearly always played in concert.
Prince encouraged his fans to wear purple to his concerts. [87][88]

 In the English language, the word "purple" has only one perfect

rhyme, curple. Others are obscure perfect rhymes, such as hirple.
o Robert Burns rhymes purple with curple in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott.
 Examples of imperfect rhymes or non-word rhymes with purple:
o In the song Grace Kelly by Mika the word purple is rhymed with "hurtful".
o In his hit song "Dang Me", Roger Miller sings these lines:

"Roses are red, violets are purple

Sugar is sweet and so is maple surple"
Sexuality
Purple is sometimes associated with the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) community.[citation needed] It is the symbolic color worn on Spirit Day, a commemoration
that began in 2010 to show support for young people who are bullied because of their
sexual orientation.[89][90] Purple is closely associated with bisexuality, largely in part to
the bisexual pride flag which combines pink – representing homosexuality – and blue –
representing heterosexuality – to create the bisexual purple. [citation needed] The purple hand is
another symbol sometimes used by the LGBT community during parades and
demonstrations.
Sports and games
 In Motorsport, purple is used to indicate the fastest times of the race.[91]
 The National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix
Suns and Sacramento Kings use purple as their primary color.
 In the Indian Premier League, purple is the primary color of the Kolkata Knight
Riders.
 In Major League Baseball, purple is one of the primary colors for the Colorado
Rockies.
 In the National Football League, the Minnesota Vikings and Baltimore Ravens use
purple as main colors.
 The Australian Football League's Fremantle Football Club use purple as one of their
primary colors.
 In association football (soccer), Italian Serie A club ACF Fiorentina, Belgian Pro
League club and former Europa League winner R.S.C. Anderlecht, French Ligue
1 club Toulouse FC and Ligue 2 club FC Istres, Spanish La Liga club Real
Valladolid, Austrian Football Bundesliga club FK Austria Wien, Hungarian Nemzeti
Bajnokság I club Újpest FC, Slovenian PrvaLiga club NK Maribor, former
Romanian Liga I clubs FC Politehnica Timișoara and FC Argeș Pitești,
Andorran Primera Divisió club CE Principat, German club Tennis Borussia Berlin,
Italian club A.S.D. Legnano Calcio 1913, Swedish club Fässbergs IF, Japanese
club Kyoto Sanga, Australian A-League Club Perth Glory and American Major
League Soccer club Orlando City use purple as one of their primary colors.
 The Melbourne Storm from Australia's National Rugby League use purple as one of
their primary colors.
 Costa Rica's Primera División soccer team Deportivo Saprissa's main color is purple
(actually a burgundy like shade), and their nickname is the "Monstruo Morado", or
"Purple Monster".
 In tennis, the official colors of the Wimbledon championships are deep green and
purple (traditionally called mauve).
 In American college athletics, Louisiana State University, Kansas State
University, Texas Christian University, the University of Central
Arkansas, Northwestern University, the University of Washington, and East Carolina
University all have purple as one of their main team colors.
 The University of Western Ontario in London, Canada, and Bishop's University in
Sherbrooke, Canada, have purple as one of its main team colors.
 Purple is the color of the ball in Snooker Plus with a 10-point value.
 In the game of pool, purple is the color of the 4-solid and the 12-striped balls.
Cadbury logo as displayed at Cadbury World in Bournville, England

Business
The British chocolate company Cadbury chose purple as it was Queen Victoria's
favourite color.[92] The company trademarked the color purple for chocolates with
registrations in 1995[93] and 2004.[94] However, the validity of these trademarks is the
matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[95]

Emblem of King Alfonso IX of León (1180-1230) displayed in the 12th century Tumbo A manuscript in

the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Galicia.

In flags
 Purple or violet appear in the flags of only two modern sovereign nations, and are
merely ancillary colors in both cases. The Flag of Dominica features a sisserou
parrot, a national symbol, while the Flag of Nicaragua displays a rainbow in the
center, as part of the coat of arms of Nicaragua.
 The lower band of the flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39) was colored a
tone of purple, to represent the common people as opposed to the red of the
Spanish monarchy, unlike other nations of Europe where purple represented royalty
and red represented the common people.[96]
 In Japan, the prefecture of Tokyo's flag is purple, as is the flag of Ichikawa and other
Japanese municipalities.
 Porpora, or purpure, a shade of purple, was added late to the list of colors of
European heraldry. A purple lion was the symbol of the old Spanish Kingdom of
León (910–1230), and it later appeared on the flag of Spain, when the Kingdom of
Castile and Kingdom of León merged.


Flag of Dominica, features a purple sisserou parrot.

 

Flag of Nicaragua, although at this size the purple band of the rainbow is nearly
indistinguishable.
 


 Flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39), known in Spanish as la tricolor, still widely used
by left-wing political organizations.

See also
 Byzantium (color)
 Carmine (color)
 Cerise (color)
 Lavender (color)
 List of colors
 Orchid (color)
 Purple (cipher machine)
 Purple Francis
 Purple Mark
 Raspberry (color)
 Rose (color)
 Ruby (color)
 Shades of magenta
 Shades of purple
 Ultramarine
 Violet (color)

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Further references
 Ball, Philip (2001). Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour. Hazan (French
translation). ISBN 978-2-7541-0503-3.
 Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur: Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd
(French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
 Pastoureau, Michel (2005). Le petit livre des couleurs. Editions du
Panama. ISBN 978-2-7578-0310-3.
 Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to
Abstraction. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French
translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
 Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-
325-9.
 Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples.
Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
 Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.
 Roelofs, Isabelle (2012). La couleur expliquée aux artistes. Groupe
Eyrolles. ISBN 978-2-212-13486-5.
 "The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990). Sensation and perception:
An integrated approach (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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