Purple

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This article is about the color. For other uses, see Purple (disambiguation).

Purple

 
 Clockwise from top left: Bishops, Queen Elizabeth

II, Grapes, Creeping Phlox, Sunset

    Color coordinates

Hex triplet #800080

sRGBB (r, g, b) (128, 0, 128)

CMYKH (c, m, y, k) (0, 100, 0, 50)

HSV (h, s, v) (300°, 100%, 50%)

CIELChuv (L, C, h) (30, 68, 308°)

Source HTML

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Purple is any of a variety of colors with hue between red and blue.[1][2] In the RGB

color model used in computer and television screens, purples are produced
by mixing red and blue light. In the RYB color model historically used by painters,
purples are created with a combination of red and blue pigments. In the CMYK color
model used in printing, purples are made by combining magenta pigment with either
cyan pigment, black pigment, or both.
Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because Tyrian purple dye,
made from the mucus secretion of a species of snail, was extremely expensive in
antiquity.[3] Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial
color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and
later by Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally
associated with the emperor and aristocracy.[4]
According to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the
color most often associated with rarity, royalty, magic, mystery and piety.[5][6] When
combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction.[7]

Contents

 1Etymology and definitions

o 1.1Relationship to violet
 2In art, history, and fashion
 o 2.1In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian
purple
 2.1.1China
o 2.2Purple in the Byzantine Empire and
Carolingian Europe
o 2.3The Middle Ages and Renaissance
o 2.418th and 19th centuries
o 2.520th and 21st centuries
 3In science and nature
o 3.1Optics
o 3.2Pigments
o 3.3Dyes
o 3.4Animals
o 3.5Anthocyanins
o 3.6Plants and flowers
o 3.7Microbiology
o 3.8Astronomy
o 3.9Geography
o 3.10Purple mountains phenomenon
 4Mythology
 5Associations and symbolism
o 5.1Royalty
o 5.2Piety, faith, penitence, and theology
o 5.3Vanity, extravagance, individualism
o 5.4The artificial, materialism and beauty
o 5.5Ambiguity and ambivalence
o 5.6Mourning
 6In culture and society
o 6.1Asian culture
o 6.2Engineering
o 6.3Idioms and expressions
o 6.4Military
o 6.5Politics
o 6.6Rhyme
o 6.7Sexuality
o 6.8Sports and games
o 6.9Business
o 6.10In flags
 7See also
 8References
 9Further references

Etymology and definitions

The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives
from Latin purpura, which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura),[8] the
name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus
secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.[1][9] The first recorded use of the
word purple dates to the late 900s AD.[1]
Relationship to violet
This CIE chromaticity diagram highlights the line of purples at its base, running from the violet corner near
the left to the red corner at the right.

Purple is closely associated with violet. In common usage, both refer to a variety of

colors between blue and red in hue.[10][11][12] Historically, purple has tended to be used
for redder hues and violet for bluer hues.[10][13][14] In optics, violet is a spectral color: It
refers to the color of any different single wavelength of light on the short wavelength
end of the visible spectrum, between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers,
[15]
 whereas purple is the color of various combinations of red, blue, and violet light, [16]
[12]
 some of which humans perceive as similar to violet.

In art, history, and fashion

In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple
Main article: Tyrian purple

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at Basilica of San Vitale

Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech
Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks
of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of
their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to
between 16,000 and 25,000 BC. [17]
As early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the
coast of Ancient Phoenicia, (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from
a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex.[18] Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was
mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil.[18] The deep, rich purple
dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple. [19]
The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the
tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of
empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails
were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a
basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took
place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then
violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at
exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright
crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk
would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always
rich, bright and lasting.[20]
Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around
the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament); in
the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering
including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet," [21] to be used in the curtains of
the Tabernacle and the garments of priests. The term used for purple in the 4th-
century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple.[22] In
the Iliad of Homer, the belt of Ajax is purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan
warriors are dipped in purple. In the Odyssey, the blankets on the wedding bed
of Odysseus are purple. In the poems of Sappho (6th century BC) she celebrates the
skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of Lydia who made purple footwear, and in
the play of Aeschylus (525–456 BC), Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her
husband Agamemnon by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In 950 BC, King
Solomon was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics
to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem.[23]
Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the basileus of
the Macedonian Empire), the basileus of the Seleucid Empire, and the kings of
Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple.
The Roman custom of wearing purple togas may have come from the Etruscans; an
Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep
purple and embroidered toga.
In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple
stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of
age,[24] curule magistrates,[25][26] certain categories of priests,[27] and a few other
categories of citizens.
The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the Roman
Republic, it was worn by generals in their triumphs, and by the Praetor
Urbanus when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi
Apollinares.[28] During the Empire, the toga picta was worn by magistrates giving
public gladiatorial games, and by the consuls, as well as by the emperor on special
occasions.
During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored
wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with
a purple stripe. However, during the Roman Empire, purple was more and more
associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers. [29] Suetonius claims that
the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for the splendour of
his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain purple dyes.[30] In the late
empire the sale of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death
penalty.[31]
According to the New Testament, Jesus Christ, in the hours leading up to his
crucifixion, was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura) by the Roman garrison to
mock his claim to be 'King of the Jews'.[32]
The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish
purple. According to the Roman writer Vitruvius, (1st century BC), the murex shells
coming from northern waters, probably Bolinus brandaris, produced a more bluish
color than those of the south, probably Hexaplex trunculus. The most valued shades
were said to be those closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the
robes of the Emperor Justinian in Ravenna. The chemical composition of the dye
from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo, and indigo was sometimes
used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished.
What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster,
richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price. [33]
In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the
German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed
twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a
handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand
mollusks according to the original formula cost two thousand euros. [34][35]
China
Main article: Han purple and Han blue
In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc,
but purple gromwell. The dye obtained did not easily adhere to fabrics, making
purple fabrics expensive. Purple became a fashionable color in the state of Qi (齊,
1046 BC–221 BC) because its ruler developed a preference for it. As a result, the
price of a purple spoke of fabric was in excess of five times that of a plain spoke. His
minister, Guan Zhong (管仲), eventually convinced him to relinquish this preference.
China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color. [36]
Old hypothesis suggested links between Chinese purple and blue with Egyptian
blue, however, molecular structure analysis and evidences such as the absence of
lead in Egyptian blue and the lack of examples of Egyptian blue in China, argued
against the early hypothesis.[37][38] The use of quartz, barium, and lead components
in ancient Chinese glass and Han purple and Han blue has been used to suggest a
connection between glassmaking and the manufacture of pigments, [39] and to prove
for the independent Chinese invention.[37] Taoist alchemists may have developed Han
purple from their knowledge of glassmaking. [37]
The lead is used by pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han
Purple.[40]
Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times,
secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese
spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, compared to crimson, which
was deemed a primary color and thus symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by the
6th Century, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of
colors occurred after that time.

An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs

painted in dark manganese purple. (between 1550 and
1450 BC)
 

Painting of a man wearing an all-purple toga picta, from

an Etruscan tomb (about 350 BC).
 

Roman men wearing togae praetextae with reddish-purple

stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC).
  

Different purple hues obtained from three types of sea

snails
 

Dye bath of Tyrian purple

 

Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from
crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type
of murex sea-snail and how it was made.

Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe

Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the Byzantine Empire continued the use
of purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial documents
and the pages of the Bible. Gospel manuscripts were written in gold lettering
on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple.[41] Empresses gave birth in the Purple
Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to
separate them from emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or
military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of
purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank.
In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle
of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still
exists (see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in
1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were
destroyed, and gradually scarlet, made with dye from the cochineal insect, became
the royal color in Europe.[42]

The Empress Theodora, the wife of the Emperor Justinian

I, dressed in Tyrian purple. (6th century).
 


 11th-century Byzantine robe, dyed Tyrian
purple with murex dye. Creatures are griffins
 

A medieval depiction of the coronation of the

Emperor Charlemagne in 800. The bishops and cardinals
wear purple, and the Pope wears white.
 

A fragment of the shroud in which the

Emperor Charlemagne was buried in 814. It was made of
gold and Tyrian purple from Constantinople.

The Middle Ages and Renaissance

In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple,
and instead wear scarlet, from kermes and alum,[43] since the dye from Byzantium
was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals,
were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed
first with the less expensive indigo blue, then overlaid with red made
from kermes dye.[44][45]
While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and
princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their
robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square/violet or
purple/violet caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet
robes were particularly worn by students of divinity.
Purple and/or violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the
Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary were often portrayed wearing purple or
violet robes.

A 12th-century painting of Saint

Peter consecrating Hermagoras, wearing purple, as a
bishop.
 

In the Ghent Altarpiece (1422) by Jan van Eyck, the popes

and bishops are wearing purple robes.
 
 

A purple-clad angel from the Resurrection of Christ by

Raphael (1483–1520)

18th and 19th centuries

In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine the Great and
other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but
rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that
changed.
In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British chemistry student named William Henry
Perkin was trying to make a synthetic quinine. His experiments produced instead the
first synthetic aniline dye, a purple shade called mauveine, shortened simply
to mauve. It took its name from the mallow flower, which is the same color. [46] The
new color quickly became fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria wore a silk
gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's
discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to
wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye
by the ton, so almost anyone could wear mauve. It was the first of a series of modern
industrial dyes which completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion.
[47]

Purple was popular with the pre-Raphaelite painters in Britain, including Arthur

Hughes, who loved bright colors and romantic scenes.

Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia,

by Fyodor Rokotov. (State Hermitage Museum).
 
 

In England, pre-Raphaelite painters like Arthur
Hughes were particularly enchanted by purple and/or violet.
This is April Love (1856).
 

Order of Leopold founded in 1830.

20th and 21st centuries

At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav
Klimt, who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets.
In the 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty; George
VI (1896–1952), wore purple in his official portrait, and it was prominent in every
feature of the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, from the invitations to the stage
design inside Westminster Abbey. But at the same time, it was becoming associated
with social change; with the Women's Suffrage movement for the right to vote for
women in the early decades of the century, with Feminism in the 1970s, and with
the psychedelic drug culture of the 1960s.
In the early 20th century, purple, green, and white were the colors of the Women's
Suffrage movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally
succeeding with the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the
1970s, in a tribute to the Suffragettes, it became the color of the women's liberation
movement.[48]
In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, prisoners who were members of non-
conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, were required to wear
a purple triangle.[49]
During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was also associated
with counterculture, psychedelics, and musicians like Jimi Hendrix with his 1967
song "Purple Haze", or the English rock band of Deep Purple which formed in 1968.
Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the
American musician Prince.
The Purple Rain Protest was a protest against apartheid that took place in Cape
Town, South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police water cannon with
purple dye sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to the slogan The Purple
Shall Govern.
The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the
21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the
assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and
cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by
most national and corporate leaders.[50]

Gustav Klimt portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912).

 

George VI (1895–1952) wore purple in his official portrait.

 
 

The coronation portrait of Elizabeth II and Philip, Duke of

Edinburgh (1953) has three different shades of purple in
the train, curtains and crown.
 

Program from the Woman Suffrage Procession, a

1913 Women's Suffrage march.
 

A pennant from the Women's Suffrage movement in the

state of Indiana.
 
 

Symbol of the Feminist movement in the United States

(1970s). The purple color was chosen as a tribute to the
Suffragette movement a half-century earlier.

In science and nature

Optics
The meanings of the color terms violet and purple varies even among native
speakers of English, for example between United Kingdom and United
States [51] Since this Wikipedia page contains contributions from authors from different
countries and different native languages, it is likely to be not consistent in the use of
the color terms violet and purple. According to some speakers/authors of English,
purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum. [52] It was not one
of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton, although in earlier versions of
Newton's work the word purple was used where violet was used in the final version.
According to some authors, purple does not have its own wavelength of light. For
this reason, it is sometimes called a non-spectral color. It exists in culture and art,
but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. According to some speakers of
English, purple is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors,
red and blue.[53] According to other speakers of English, the same range of colors is
called violet.[54]
In some textbooks of color theory, and depending on the geographical-cultural origin
of the author, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red
(excluding violet and red themselves).[16] The spectral colors violet and indigo would
in that case not be purples. For other speakers of English, these colors are purples.
In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is placed between
crimson and violet.[55] However, also here there is much variation in color terminology
depending on cultural background of the painters and authors, and sometimes the
term violet is used and placed in between red and blue on the traditional color wheel.
In a slightly different variation, on the color wheel, purple is placed between magenta
and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See shades of purple).[56]
In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all
the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by
mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The
standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a
brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness.
In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or
sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just
red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or
intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a
certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).
On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors
(red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents
one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing
process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term
"purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric
purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below.
On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left,
while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet;
this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.[57][58]

On a computer or television screen, purple colors are

created by mixing red and blue light. This is called the RGB
color model.
 

The CIE xy chromaticity diagram

Pigments
 Hematite and manganese are the oldest
pigments used for the color purple. They were
used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like
 charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed
with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a
reddish iron oxide which, when ground coarsely,
makes a purple pigment. One such pigment
is caput mortuum, whose name is also used in
reference to mummy brown. The latter is another
pigment containing hematite and historically
produced with the use of mummified corpses.
[59]
 Some of its compositions produce a purple
color and may be called "mummy violet".
[60]
 Manganese was also used in Roman times to
color glass purple.[61]
 Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment,
invented in China in about 700 BC. It was used in
wall paintings and pottery and other applications.
In color, it was very close to indigo, which had a
similar chemical structure. Han purple was very
unstable, and sometimes was the result of the
chemical breakdown of Han blue.
During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue
pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with red ochre, cinnabar, or minium.
They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or
indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.[62]

 Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color

in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was
found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette
of Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Georges
Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power
and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.[63]
 Manganese violet was a stronger color than
cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market.
 Quinacridone violet, one of a modern synthetic
organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896
but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under
a number of brand names.


 Manganese pigments were used in the neolithic paintings
in the Lascaux cave, France.
 

Hematite was often used as the red-purple color in the cave

paintings of Neolithic artists.
 

A sample of purpurite, or manganese phosphate, from the

Packrat Mine in Southern California.
 


 A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the
French impressionists.
 

Manganese violet is a synthetic pigment invented in the

mid-19th century.
 

Quinacridone violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under

many different names.

Dyes
The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a
type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history
section above).[52]
In western Polynesia, residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian
purple from the sea urchin. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a
different sea snail, the purpura, found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while
the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty. [62]
In the Middle Ages, those who worked with blue and black dyes belonged to
separate guilds from those who worked with red and yellow dyes, and were often
forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. [64] Most purple fabric
was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye
from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red. [citation needed]
Orcein, or purple moss, was another common purple dye. It was known to the
ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean lichen called
archil or dyer's moss (Roccella tinctoria), combined with an ammoniac, usually urine.
Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple
became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black
for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors. [65]
From the Middle Ages onward, purple dyes for the clothing of common people were
often made from the blackberry or other red fruit of the genus rubus, or from
the mulberry. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with
washing and exposure to sunlight.
A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the
Renaissance was made from the wood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum
campechianum), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals
added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum, a purple
color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.
In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the
first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same
time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to
dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr
Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a
solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added
and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to
powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall
being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders
sworn to secrecy.
French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is
extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye
precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is
heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the
resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.
Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th
century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue, cerulean blue and cobalt
green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists. In spite of its
name, this pigment produces a purple rather than violet color [51]
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first
synthetic organic chemical dye,[66][67] discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical
name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.
Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a
brilliant fuchsia color.
In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments
called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896,
but were not synthetized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The
colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the
molecular formula C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing,
and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in
automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.
 

Blackberries were sometimes used to make purple dye in

the Middle Ages.
 

This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the

18th century to make a common purple dye called
Cudbear.
 

A sample of silk dyed with the original mauveine dye.

 
 

A sample of fuchsine dye

Animals


The male violet-backed starling sports a very bright,

iridescent purple plumage.
 

The purple frog is a species of amphibian found in India.

 
 

Pseudanthias pascalus or purple queenfish.

 

The purple sea urchin from Mexico.

 

A purple heron in flight (South Africa).

 
 

A purple finch (North America).

 

The Lorius domicella, or purple-naped lory, from Indonesia.

Anthocyanins
Certain grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers may
appear purple due to the presence of natural pigments called anthocyanins. These
pigments are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all
plants. They aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would
damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple anthocyanins help attract insects who
pollinate the flowers. Not all anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to
purple to blue, green, or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.


 The purple colors of this cauliflower, grapes, fruits,
vegetables and flowers comes from natural pigments
called anthocyanins.
 

Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green,

blue and yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
 

Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in

these copper beech trees, and in purple autumn leaves.
 
 

Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges.

 

A purple pansy.
 

"Blue" hydrangea is often actually purple.

Plants and flowers

 Purple needlegrass is the state grass of
California.
 

An artichoke flower in blossom in Dalat, Vietnam

 

Iris germanica flowers
 

Syringa vulgaris, or lilac blossoms

 
 

Medicago sativa, known as alfalfa in the U.S. and lucerne

in the U.K.
 

The Aster alpinus, or alpine aster, is native to the European

mountains, including the Alps, while a subspecies is found
in Canada and the United States.
 


 Lavender flowers.
 

A purple rose.
 

Wisteria is a pale purple color.

 
 

salsify

Microbiology
 Purple bacteria are bacteria that
are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing
energy through photosynthesis.[68]

 In April 2007 it was suggested that

early archaea may have used retinal, a purple
pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy
from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and
shoreline would have been colored purple; this is
called the Purple Earth hypothesis.[69]
Astronomy
 One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione,
is sometimes called Purple Pleione because,
being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue
caused by its blue-white color being obscured by
a spinning ring of electrically excited
red hydrogen gas.[70]
 The Purple Forbidden enclosure is a name used
in traditional Chinese astronomy for
those Chinese constellations that surround
the North Celestial Pole.
Geography
 Purple Mountain is located on the eastern side
of Nanjing. Its peaks are often found enveloped
in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes
its name "Purple Mountain". The Purple Mountain
Observatory is located there.
 Purple Mountain in County Kerry, Ireland, takes
its name from the color of the shivered slate on
its summit.
 Purple Mountain in Wyoming (el. 8,392 feet
(2,558 m)) is a mountain peak in the southern
section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone
National Park.
 Purple Mountain, Alaska
 Purple Mountain, Oregon
 Purple Mountain, Washington
 Purple Peak, Colorado

Purple Mountain near Killarney, Ireland.

 

Purple Mountain in Yellowstone National Park.

 
 

Purple Mountain, Nanjing.

Purple mountains phenomenon

It has been observed that the greater the distance between a viewers eyes and
mountains, the lighter and more blue or purple they will appear. This phenomenon,
long recognized by Leonardo da Vinci and other painters, is called aerial
perspective or atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the
less contrast the eye sees between the mountains and the sky.
The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called Rayleigh scattering. The sunlit
sky is blue because air scatters short-wavelength light more than longer
wavelengths. Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum,
it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light. The
result is that the human eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky
other than the sun.[71]
At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle,
and traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green
and blue is scattered away, and more red light comes to the eye, creating the colors
of the sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple.
The phenomenon is referenced in the song "America the Beautiful", where the lyrics
refer to "purple mountains' majesty" among other features of the United States
landscape. A Crayola crayon called Purple Mountain Majesty in reference to the lyric
was first formulated in 1993.
 

The more distant mountains are, the lighter and more blue
they are. This is called atmospheric perspective or aerial
perspective.
 

Sunset at Auke Bay, Alaska. Thanks to Rayleigh scattering,

the mountains appear purple.

Mythology
Julius Pollux, a Greek grammarian who lived in the second century AD, attributed the
discovery of purple to the Phoenician god and guardian of the city of Tyre, Heracles.
[72]
 According to his account, while walking along the shore with the nymph Tyrus, the
god's dog bit into a murex shell, causing his mouth to turn purple. The nymph
subsequently requested that Heracles create a garment for her of that same color,
with Heracles obliging her demands giving birth to Tyrian purple. [72][46]

Associations and symbolism

Royalty
In Europe, since the time that the Roman emperors wore a Tyrian
purple (purpura) toga praetexta, purple has been the color most associated with
power and royalty.[52] The British Royal Family and other European royalty still use it
as a ceremonial color on special occasions.[73] In Japan, purple is associated with
the emperor and Japanese aristocracy.[4]
 

A purple postage stamp honored Queen Elizabeth II in

1958
 

Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in 2010.

Piety, faith, penitence, and theology

In the West, purple or violet is the color most associated with piety and religious
faith.[73] In AD 1464, shortly after the Muslim conquest of Constantinople, which
terminated the supply of Tyrian purple to Roman Catholic Europe, Pope Paul
II decreed that cardinals should henceforth wear scarlet instead of purple, the scarlet
being dyed with expensive cochineal. Bishops were assigned the color amaranth,
being a pale and pinkish purple made then from a less-expensive mixture of indigo
and cochineal.
In the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic liturgy, purple
symbolizes penitence; Anglican and Catholic priests wear a purple stole when they
hear confession and a purple stole and chasuble during Advent and Lent. Since
the Second Vatican Council of 1962–5, priests may wear purple vestments, but may
still wear black ones, when officiating at funerals. The Roman Missal permits black,
purple (violet), or white vestments for the funeral Mass. White is worn when a child
dies before the age of reason. Students and faculty of theology also wear purple
academic dress for graduations and other university ceremonies.
Purple is also often worn by senior pastors of Protestant churches and bishops of
the Anglican Communion.
 

In the Roman Catholic Church, cardinals now

wear scarlet and bishops wear amaranth.
 

Katharine Jefferts Schori, Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal

Church of the United States
The color purple is also associated with royalty in Christianity, being one of the three
traditional offices of Jesus Christ, i. e. king, although such a symbolism was
assumed from the earlier Roman association or at least also employed by the
ancient Romans.
Vanity, extravagance, individualism
In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity,
extravagance, and individualism. Among the seven deadly sins, it represents pride. It
is a color which is used to attract attention. [74]
The artificial, materialism and beauty
Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional. It
is the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to
be synthesized.[75]
Ambiguity and ambivalence
Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity. Like other colors made by
combining two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal. [76]
Mourning
In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with mourning. In Victorian times, close
relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning"), and then
replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practised
today.[77]

In culture and society

Asian culture
 The Chinese word for purple, zi, is connected
with the North Star, Polaris, or zi Wei in Chinese.
In Chinese astrology, the North Star was the
home of the Celestial Emperor, the ruler of the
heavens. The area around the North Star is
called the Purple Forbidden Enclosure in Chinese
astronomy. For that reason the Forbidden City in
Beijing was also known as the Purple Forbidden
City (zi Jin cheng).
 Purple was a popular color introduced into
Japanese dress during the Heian period (794–
1185). The dye was made from the root of the
alkanet plant (Anchusa officinalis), also known
as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same
time, Japanese painters began to use a pigment
made from the same plant.[78]
See also: Traditional colors of Japan §  Violet series

 In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color

purple. Purple is also associated with Saturday
on the Thai solar calendar.

Han purple and Han blue were synthetic colors made by

artisans in China during the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220
AD) or even earlier.
 
 

A Japanese woman in a kimono.

 

Emperor Komyo of Japan. (1322–1380). Purple was the

color of the aristocracy in Japan and China.

Engineering
The color purple plays a significant role in the traditions of engineering schools
across Canada.[citation needed] Purple is also the color of the Engineering Corp in the British
Military.[citation needed]
Idioms and expressions
 Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly
embellished writing. For example, a paragraph
containing an excessive number of long and
unusual words is called a purple passage.
 Born to the purple means someone who is born
into a life of wealth and privilege. It originally was
used to describe the rulers of the Byzantine
Empire.
 A purple patch is a period of exceptional
success or good luck.[79] The origins are obscure,
but it may refer to the symbol of success of the
Byzantine Court. Bishops in Byzantium wore a
purple patch on their costume as a symbol of
rank.
  Purple haze refers to a state of mind induced
by psychedelic drugs, particularly LSD.[80]
 Wearing purple is a military slang expression in
the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for an officer who
is serving in a joint assignment with another
service, such as an Army officer on assignment
to the Navy. The officer is symbolically putting
aside his or her traditional uniform color and
exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint
assignment, though in fact they continue to wear
their own service's uniform.[81]
 Purple squirrel is a term used by employment
recruiters to describe a job candidate with
precisely the right education, experience, and
qualifications that perfectly fits a job's
multifaceted requirements. The assumption is
that the perfect candidate is as rare as a real-life
purple squirrel.
Military
 The Purple Heart is a United States military
decoration awarded in the name of the President
to those who have been wounded or killed during
their service.
Politics
 In United States politics, a purple state is a state
roughly balanced
between Republicans (generally symbolized by
red in the 21st century)
and Democrats (symbolized by blue).
 In the politics of the
Netherlands, Purple (Dutch: paars) means a
coalition government consisting
of liberals and social democrats (symbolized by
the colors blue and red, respectively), as
opposed to the more common coalitions of
the Christian Democrats with one of the other
two. Between 1994 and 2002 there were two
Purple cabinets, both led by Prime Minister Wim
Kok.
 In the politics of Belgium, as with the
Netherlands, a purple government includes
liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition.
Belgium was governed by Purple governments
from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of Prime
Minister Guy Verhofstadt.
 Purple is the primary color used by many
European and American political parties,
 including Volt Europa, the UK Independence
Party, the Social Democrats in the Republic of
Ireland, the Liberal People's Party in Norway, and
the United States Pirate Party. The Left party in
Germany, whose primary color is red, is
traditionally portrayed in purple on election maps
to distinguish it from the Social Democratic Party
of Germany.[citation needed]
 In the United Kingdom, the color scheme for
the suffragette movement in Britain and Ireland
was designed with purple for loyalty and dignity,
white for purity, and green for hope.[82][83][84]
Rhyme

Purple was a central motif in the career of the musician Prince. His 1984 film and album Purple Rain is one
of his best-known works. The title track is Prince's signature song and was nearly always played in concert.
Prince encouraged his fans to wear purple to his concerts. [85][86]

 In the English language, the word "purple" has

only one perfect rhyme, curple. Others
are obscure perfect rhymes, such as hirple.
o Robert Burns rhymes purple with
curple in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott.
 Examples of imperfect rhymes or non-word
rhymes with purple:
o In the song Grace Kelly by Mika the
word purple is rhymed with "hurtful".
o In his hit song "Dang Me", Roger
Miller sings these lines:
"Roses are red, violets are purple
Sugar is sweet and so is maple surple"
Sexuality
Purple is sometimes associated with the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) community.[citation needed] It is the symbolic color worn on Spirit Day, a
commemoration that began in 2010 to show support for young people who are
bullied because of their sexual orientation. [87][88] Purple is closely associated with
bisexuality, largely in part to the bisexual pride flag which combines pink –
representing homosexuality – and blue – representing heterosexuality – to create the
bisexual purple.[citation needed] The purple hand is another symbol sometimes used by the
LGBT community during parades and demonstrations.
Sports and games
 The National Basketball Association's Los
Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns and Sacramento
Kings use purple as their primary color.
 In the Indian Premier League, purple is the
primary color of the Kolkata Knight Riders.
 In Major League Baseball, purple is one of the
primary colors for the Colorado Rockies.
 In the National Football League, the Minnesota
Vikings and Baltimore Ravens use purple as
main colors.
 The Australian Football League's Fremantle
Football Club use purple as one of their primary
colors.
 In association football (soccer), Italian Serie
A club ACF Fiorentina, Belgian Pro League club
and former Europa League winner R.S.C.
Anderlecht, French Ligue 1 club Toulouse
FC and Ligue 2 club FC Istres, Spanish La
Liga club Real Valladolid, Austrian Football
Bundesliga club FK Austria Wien,
Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I club Újpest
FC, Slovenian PrvaLiga club NK Maribor, former
Romanian Liga I clubs FC Politehnica
Timișoara and FC Argeș Pitești,
Andorran Primera Divisió club CE Principat,
German club Tennis Borussia Berlin, Italian
club A.S.D. Legnano Calcio 1913, Swedish
club Fässbergs IF, Japanese club Kyoto Sanga,
Australian A-League Club Perth Glory and
American Major League Soccer club Orlando
City use purple as one of their primary colors.
 The Melbourne Storm from Australia's National
Rugby League use purple as one of their primary
colors.
 Costa Rica's Primera División soccer
team Deportivo Saprissa's main color is purple
(actually a burgundy like shade), and their
nickname is the "Monstruo Morado", or "Purple
Monster".
  In tennis, the official colors of the Wimbledon
championships are deep green and purple
(traditionally called mauve).
 In American college athletics, Louisiana State
University, Kansas State University, Texas
Christian University, the University of Central
Arkansas, Northwestern University, the University
of Washington, and East Carolina University all
have purple as one of their main team colors.
 The University of Western Ontario in London,
Canada, and Bishop's University in Sherbrooke,
Canada, have purple as one of its main team
colors.
 Purple is the color of the ball in Snooker Plus with
a 10-point value.
 In the game of pool, purple is the color of the 4-
solid and the 12-striped balls.

Cadbury logo as displayed at Cadbury World in Bournville, England

Business
The British chocolate company Cadbury chose purple as it was Queen Victoria's
favourite color.[89] The company trademarked the color purple for chocolates with
registrations in 1995[90] and 2004.[91] However, the validity of these trademarks is the
matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[92]

Emblem of King Alfonso IX of León (1180-1230) displayed in the 12th century Tumbo A manuscript in

the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Galicia.

In flags
 Purple or violet appear in the flags of only two
modern sovereign nations, and are merely
ancillary colors in both cases. The Flag of
 Dominica features a sisserou parrot, a national
symbol, while the Flag of Nicaragua displays a
rainbow in the center, as part of the coat of arms
of Nicaragua.
 The lower band of the flag of the second Spanish
republic (1931–39) was colored a tone of purple,
to represent the common people as opposed to
the red of the Spanish monarchy, unlike other
nations of Europe where purple represented
royalty and red represented the common people.
[93]

 In Japan, the prefecture of Tokyo's flag is purple,

as is the flag of Ichikawa.
 Porpora, or purpure, a shade of purple, was
added late to the list of colors of
European heraldry. A purple lion was the symbol
of the old Spanish Kingdom of León (910–1230),
and it later appeared on the flag of Spain, when
the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León
merged.

Flag of Dominica, features a purple sisserou parrot.

 
 

Flag of Nicaragua, although at this size the purple band of

the rainbow is nearly indistinguishable.
 

Flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39), known in

Spanish as la tricolor, still widely used by left-wing political
organizations.

See also
 Byzantium (color)
 Carmine (color)
 Cerise (color)
 Lavender (color)
 List of colors
 Orchid (color)
 Purple (cipher machine)
 Purple Francis
 Purple Mark
 Raspberry (color)
 Rose (color)
  Ruby (color)
 Shades of magenta
 Shades of purple
 Ultramarine
 Violet (color)

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Further references
 Ball, Philip (2001). Bright Earth, Art and the
Invention of Colour. Hazan (French
translation). ISBN 978-2-7541-0503-3.
 Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur:
Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French
translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
 Pastoureau, Michel (2005). Le petit livre des
couleurs. Editions du Panama. ISBN 978-2-
7578-0310-3.
 Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture: Practice
and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction.
Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from
French translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
 Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art.
Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
 Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs: pigments et
teintures dans les mains des peuples.
Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
 Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art.
Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.
 Roelofs, Isabelle (2012). La couleur expliquée
aux artistes. Groupe Eyrolles. ISBN 978-2-212-
13486-5.
 "The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R.
(1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated
approach (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
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