Patterns and

Numbers in
Nature and in
the World
Here is where our presentation begins!
 BUT BEFORE
ANYTHING ELSE,
LET US HAVE A
GAME!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
We are going to call this game,
guess the next pattern!
That is all for our game it
is time now to proceed
to the first topic of our
reporting
 01
Patterns and Numbers in Nature
and in the World
Patterns and Numbers in
Nature and in the World
Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in
circles across the sky each day. The weather seasons cycle each
year (e.g., winter, spring, summer, fall). All snowflakes contain
sixfold symmetry which no two are the same. There are evidences
presented by mathematician that hexagonal snowflakes have an
atomic geometry of ice crystals.
 02
Patterns can be seen in fish patterns.
PICTURE OF THE PATTERNS
 Patterns can be seen in fish patterns.
These animals and fish stripes and spots attest to
mathematical regularities in biological growth and
form. These evolutionary and functional
arguments explain why these animals need their
patterns, but it is not explained how patterns are
formed
 03
Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes.
PICTURE OF THE PATTERNS
 Most animals have stripes to either
hide from predators or to hide from prey. When
this is the case, the stripes are known as
camouflage stripes. In fact, camouflage is any
pattern that helps an animal to hide. These
patterns also include spots and splodges.
 04
Leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of spots.
PICTURE OF THE PATTERNS
 Spots allow stealth hunters like
cheetahs, which sneak up on their prey, to
remain unseen by their future meal until the
last possible moment. They also allow prey to
hide from predators, especially from far away.
Some animals, like deer and tapirs, have spots
when they're born but lose them as they grow.
 05
Giraffes are covered in patterns of blotches.
PICTURE OF THE PATTERNS
 Giraffe's patches (spots) are first and
foremost for camouflage. But underneath each
patch lies a very sophisticated system of blood
vessels. Around each patch there is a quite
large blood vessel that then branches off into
smaller vessels underneath the patch
 06
Natural patterns
PICTURE OF THE PATTERNS
 Patterns in nature are visible regular forms found in
the natural world. The patterns can sometimes be
modeled mathematically, and they include symmetries,
trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations,
cracks and stripes. Mathematics, physics and chemistry
can explain patterns in nature at different levels.
 07
Other patterns in nature
PICTURE OF THE PATTERNS
 Other patterns in nature can also be seen in
the ball of mackerel, the v-formation of geese in
the sky, and the tornado formation of starlings.
This prevalence of pattern in locomotion extends
to the scuttling of insects, the flight of birds, the
pulsations of jellyfish, and the wavelike
movements of fish, worms, and snakes
Patterns and
Numbers in
Nature and in
the World
THAT IS IT FOR THS TOPIC: NEXT TOPIC
COMING UP!!
Fibonacci
sequence
Mathematics in the modern world
Presented by: Group 1
TOPIC OUTLINE
(a) Golden ratio (B)GOLDEN RATIO IN
NATURE

(C)GOLDEN RATIO (D)GOLDEN RATIO IN

IN ARTS ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
TO HISTORY
● First discussed in Europe by Leonardo Pisano Bigollo, also known in
many names such as Leonardo of Pisa meaning “Pisano - from Pisa”,
and Fibonacci meaning “Son of Bonacci”
● Grew up in trading colony in North Africa during the middle ages
● Mathematical Calculation were made using the Roman numeral
system but it is hard to do addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division
● In 1202, he published his knowledge in a famous book called the Liber
Abaci (meaning “book of the abacus”) in Hindu-arabic arithmetic
system, which could be applied to benefit Italian merchants
● This sequence has produced a large amount of literature and has many
connections to many branches of mathematics
 WHAT IS GOLDEN RATIO?

• The "golden ratio" is a unique

mathematical relationship. Two numbers
are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the
sum of the numbers (a b) divided by the
larger number (a) is equal to the ratio of the
larger number divided by the smaller
number (a/b). The golden ratio is about
1.618 and represented by the Greek letter
phi.
It is best approximated by the Fibonacci Numbers
• Fibonacci Numbers is a never-ending sequence starting from 0 and 1
and continuing by adding the previous two numbers.

The ratios of sequential Fibonacci numbers (2/1, 3/2, 5/3, etc.) approach the golden
ratio. In fact, the higher the Fibonacci numbers, the closer their relationship is to
1.618.
First 20 in the Fibonacci
Sequence:
Fibonacci Equation:

find the 9th term of the fibonacci sequence if the

7th and 8th terms are 13 and 21 respectively
f9 = fn-1 + fn-2
f9 = f9-1 + f9-2
f9 = f8 + f7
f9 = 21 + 13
f9 = 34
 Golden ratio in nature

The golden ratio is

sometimes called the
"divine proportion,"
because of its frequency
in the natural world.
 1. Flower petals

The number of petals in a

flower consistently follows
the Fibonacci sequence.
Famous examples include the
lily, buttercups, chicory, daisy
2. seeds
. The head of a flower is also subject to
Fibonaccian processes. Typically, seeds
are produced at the center, and then
migrate towards the outside to fill all the
space. Sunflowers provide a great
example of these spiraling patterns
.
 3. SHELLS
The unique properties of the Golden
Rectangle provides another example.
This shape, a rectangle in which the
ratio of the sides a/b is equal to the
golden mean (phi), can result in a
nesting process that can be repeated
into infinity, and which takes on the
form of a spiral. It's called the
logarithmic spiral, and it abounds in
nature.
Golden ratio
In arts
• It is said that ϕ is the initial letter of Phidias’ name and is used to
designate the golden ratio. It was Mark Barr, and American
mathematician, who proposed the use of the first letter of Phidias’
name to represent the golden ratio in the 1900s. Phidias (490 BC
430 BC) widely used the golden ratio in his works of sculpture.
In ”Timaeus”, Plato describes
five possible regular solids
that relate to the golden
ratio. He also considers the
golden ratio to be the most
bringing of all mathematic
relationships.
• Euclid (323 BC − 265 BC) was the first to give
definition of the golden ratio as ”a dividing line in
the extreme and mean ratio” in his book
”Elements”
 golden ratio
in arts
The best examples of use of the
Golden Ratio in art are by
Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci,
Michelangelo, and Raphael. Many
Renaissance artists used the golden
mean in paintings and sculptures to
achieve balance.
The Golden ratio can also be found in
the works of other renowned
painters such as Sandro Botticelli,
Georges Seurat, Salvador Dali, and
Rembrandt ..
 artworks
A sunda on la The sacrament
Birth of Venus grande jatte of the last
(1445-1510) (1884) supper
(1955)
GOLDEN RATIO
IN
ARCHITECTURE
The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC
in Ahmes, Papyrus of Egypt, is with
proportion according to a Golden Ratio.
The length of each side of the base is 756
feet with a height of 481 feet. The ratio of
the base to the height is roughly 1.5717,
which is close to the Golden ratio.
Notre Dame is a Gothic
Cathedral in Paris, which
was built in
between 1163 and 1250. It
appears to have golden
ratio in a number
of its key proportions of
design.
NOTABLE Architectures
The Taj Mahal in India used
the golden ratio in
its construction and
was completed in 1648. The order and
proportion of the arches of the Taj Mahal
on the main structure keep reducing
proportionately following the golden
ratio.
The Cathedral of Our Lady of
In Paris, France also exhibits the
Golden ratio.
In the United Nations
Building, the window
configuration reveal golden
proportion.
The Eiffel Tower in Paris,
France,
erected in 1889, is an iron
lattice.
It was named after Alexandre
Gustave Eiffel, who designed
and built the tower. The base
is broader while it narrows
down to the top, perfectly
following the golden ratio.
The CN Tower in Toronto, is the
tallest tower and freestanding
structure in the world, contains the
golden ratio in its design. The ratio
of the observation deck at 342
meters to the total height of 553.33
meters is 0.618, that is, the value of
1ϕ
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!
 REFERENCES
WORLD HISTORY BY SAMIRA HADID (2015)

ARTS & CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION BY

OLIVIA WILSON (2018)

WOLRD GEOGRAPHY BY REESE MILLER (2020)

 BSECE -2A

UNIT 1.3

PATTERNS AND
REGULARITIES
 PATTERNS AND REGULARITIES

SYMMETRY FRACTALS SPIRALS

 01
SYMMETRY
Patterns and Regularities
 SYMMETRY
• Same Size
• Same Shape
• Equal

Symmetry is a sense of harmonious and beautiful

proportion of balance, or an object is invariant to any of
various transformations (reflection, rotation or scaling).

There are two types of symmetry:

(1) bilateral and (2) radial.
 SYMMETRY
BILATERAL SYMMETRY
● Left and Right Sides
● Mirror Image
● Vertical Symmetry
● It has front and back
RADIAL SYMMETRY
● Fixed point, Center
● Cyclic or Dihedral
● Rotational Symmetry
● It has top and bottom

ASYMMETRICAL
Having two sides or halves that are not the same.
Asymmetrical things are irregular and crooked,
and don't match up perfectly when folded in half.
 EXAMPLES

BUTTERFLY LEAF ORCHID

BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 EXAMPLES

STARFISH APPLE SEA ANEMONES

RADIAL SYMMETRY
SUMMARY VIDEO
02
FRACTALS
Patterns and Regularities
 FRACTALS
• Self-similar different sizes
• Irregular Shapes
• Random

Fractals are infinitely complex patterns that are self-

similar across different scale. It was created by repeating
a simple process over and over in an ongoing feedback
loop. Driven by recursion, fractals are images of dynamic
systems – the pictures of Chaos.
 EXAMPLES

ROMANESCO AIR
PINECONE SEEDS
BROCCOLI BUBBLES
SUMMARY VIDEO
 03
SPIRALS
Patterns and Regularities
 SPIRALS
• Self-similar Curve
• Logarithmic
• Swirl

Spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving

farther away as it revolves around the point. It is a self-
similar spiral curve which often appears in nature. It was
first described by Rene Descartes and was later
investigated by Jacob Bernoulli.
 EXAMPLES

SUNFLOWER WEATHER PATTERN SPIRAL ALOE

SUMMARY VIDEO
THANKS!
BEHAVIOR OF
NATURE
 Quick
Refresher
Identify whether the zoomed image
shown is real or fake.
Example:
Example:

Fake!
Zebra, Real or Fake?
 Real or Fake?

Real!
Tree Stump, Real or Fake?
 Real or Fake?

Fake!
Honeycomb, Real or Fake?
 Real or Fake?

Real!
Flower, Real or Fake?
 Real or Fake?

Fake!
Behavior of Nature
● It can be observed in our daily life.
▪ Honeycomb
▪ Coat of a Zebra
▪ Spider web
▪ Nautilus shell
▪ Tree
▪ Turtles
▪ Lightning
▪ Foam bubbles
▪ Cracks
▪ Meander
▪ Hurricane
 Honeycomb

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Coat of a Zebra

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Spider web

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Nautilus Shell

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Tree Stump

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Turtles

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Lightning

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Lightning

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Cracks

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Meander

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Hurricane

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Galaxies

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Waves

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
 Fluid Dynamics

AWESOME HOMOPHONES
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world
applications of mathematics in the world