ECAD L6 AC Effects and Limitations SLIDES

REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-JVC-I06-R00-09262020 | 1
Electronics 2 - Electronic Circuits Analysis and Design
LESSON 6:
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
AC EFFECTS AND LIMITATIONS
ENGR. JOMER V. CATIPON
jomercatipon1978@gmail.com
09532894627
Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Course Outcomes
By the end of the discussion, the student must be able to:
1. Sketch the form of the open-loop gain of a typical op-amp.

2. Define unity gain frequency or the gain bandwidth product
3. Determine the closed loop 3 dB bandwidth of an op amp circuit
and the resulting rise time.
4. Define slew rate and discuss its significance
5. Determine the rise time resulting from the slew rate for a pulse
type waveform.

Course Outcomes
By the end of the discussion, the student must be able to:
6. Determine the slew rate limiting frequency for a complex

waveform.
7. Discuss the combined effect of finite bandwidth and slew rate and
indicate the conditions that accentuate either effect.
8. Estimate the noise output of an op amp circuit from noise
specifications.
9. Explain the difference between differential gain and common
mode gain and show how to determine each from possible
measurements.
10.Define common mode rejection ratio and discuss its significance.

“Be generous and you will be

prosperous. Help others, and you will
be helped.”
- Proverbs 11:25

REVIEW OF OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER DC EFFECTS
AND LIMITATIONS

SUMMARY

SOLUTION TO SEATWORK NO 4
Consider a non inverting amplifier.
Assume that the typical offset and
bias currents for the 741 op amp
are: Vio = 1 mV, Ib = 80 nA and Iio =
20 nA.
a. Determine /Vo1/
b. With no Rc, determine /Vo2/
c. Determine the optimum value of Rc
d. With the optimum value of Rc,
find /Vo2/
*****End of Seatwork *****

GOD BLESS!

SOLUTION TO ASSIGNMENT NO. 4

1. Design a linear combination circuit to combine three signals as
follows:
Vo = -2V1 – 8V2 –V3
The following specifications are imposed:
a. Rin  20 k at all inputs
b. All resistance values  200 k
2. Design a balanced closed loop differential amplifier circuit to

combine two signals as follows:
Vo = 3 (V1 – V2)
Use resistances in the range of 10 k to 100 k

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
AC EFFECTS AND
LIMITATIONS

CLOSED LOOP FREQUENCY RESPONSE

GAIN-BANDWIDTH RELATIONSHIP
B = Aof1
The unity gain frequency, B is the product of the dc or low

frequency gain, Ao and the 3 dB frequency, f1
For this reason, the unity gain frequency is also called the
gain-bandwidth product

FREQUENCY RESPONSE DATA

On 741 data sheets, the low frequency gain is observed to be
about Ao = 2 X 105 and the unity gain frequency is about B =
1 MHz,
Therefore f1 = B/ Ao = 1 MHz/ 2 X 105 = 5 Hz
Meaning, the amplitude response starts dropping at a very low

frequency, and this effect must be considered in the
complete analysis of an op-amp circuit

CLOSED LOOP 3 dB BANDWIDTH

The closed loop 3 dB bandwidth, BCL is equal to the unity-gain
frequency, B divided by the noise gain, Kn.
BCL = B/ Kn

RISE TIME, TCL

- Is the time required for the
output to change from 10%
to 90% of the final level
Step function input and

corresponding output of
closed loop amplifier
in general, TCL = K/ BCL =
0.35/ BCL for most
amplifier frequency
function.

EXAMPLE 1
The unity-gain frequency of a certain op-amp is B = 1 MHz. For a
non inverting amplifier, calculate the closed loop 3 dB bandwidth
for each of the following ideal values of closed loop gain.
Compute also the corresponding rise times.
a. 1000
b. 100
c. 10
d. 1

EXAMPLE 1 The unity-gain frequency of a certain op-amp is B = 1 MHz. For a non

inverting amplifier, calculate the closed loop 3 dB bandwidth for each
of the following ideal values of closed loop gain. Compute also the
corresponding rise times.
a. 1000
b. 100
c. 10
ANSWER d. 1
Using: BCL = B/ Kn, where B is given as 1 MHz

and TCL = 0.35/Kn
BCL TCL
a. 1 kHz 0.35 ms
b. 10 kHz 35 s
c. 100 kHz 3.5 s
d. 1MHz 0.35 s
EXAMPLE 2
The unity-gain frequency of a certain op-amp is B = 1 MHz. For an
inverting amplifier, calculate the closed loop 3 dB bandwidth for
each of the following gain magnitudes.
a. 1000
b. 100
c. 10
d. 1

EXAMPLE 2 The unity-gain frequency of a certain op-amp is B = 1 MHz. For an

inverting amplifier, calculate the closed loop 3 dB bandwidth for each
of the following gain magnitudes. Compute also the corresponding
rise times.
a. 1000
b. 100
c. 10
ANSWER d. 1
Using: Kn = 1 + Rf/Ri
BCL = B/ Kn and TCL = 0.35/ BCL
BCL TCL
a. 999 Hz 0.35 ms
b. 9.9 kHz 35.3 s
c. 90.91 khz 3.85 s
d. 500 kHz 0.7 s
EXAMPLE 3
Consider the linear combination circuit below and assume that the
unity gain frequency is B = 1 MHz. Compute the 3 dB closed-loop
frequency.

EXAMPLE 3 Consider the linear combination circuit below and assume that
the unity gain frequency is B = 1 MHz. Compute the 3 dB
closed-loop frequency.
ANSWER
Kn = 1 + Rf/Ri = 121
BCL = 106/ 121 = 8.264 kHz

SLEW RATE
Op amps have one or more capacitors contained within the circuitry for
the purpose of establishing closed loop operation. These capacitors
must charge and discharge as the input signal varies. The effect is to
impose a maximum rate at which the output signal may vary
instantaneously. If the input signal exceeds a certain max rate of
change, the output will simply fail to follow the instantaneous form of
the input.
Slew rate limitation – the process in which the output voltage of an op

amp can change only at a finite rate.
Slew rate – measured in V/ s
- indicates how fast the output of an op amp is capable of
changing.

SLEW RATE DATA

In 741 spec sheets, slew rate is 0.5 V/s

EFFECT OF SLEW RATE ON PULSE WAVEFORM

TSR – the rise time resulting from the slew rate phenomenon. This is
the minimum time required for the output voltage magnitude to
change by Vo Volts.
TSR = Vo/ S

EFFECT OF SLEW RATE ON COMPLEX WAVEFORM

fSR = S/ 2Vo
fSR - is the slew rate limiting frequency.

- This is an estimate of the highest operating frequency that
can be processed without slew rate distortion by an op amp.

EXAMPLE 4
A typical value of slew rate for the 741 op amp is S = 0.5 V/s.
assuming a pulse type of signal, determine the rise time due
to slew rate effect when the output voltage is required to
change from 0 to:
a. 0.1
b. 1 V
c. 10 V

EXAMPLE 4 A typical value of slew rate for the 741 op amp is S = 0.5 V/s.
assuming a pulse type of signal, determine the rise time due to
slew rate effect when the output voltage is required to change
from 0 to:
a. 0.1
b. 1 V
c. 10 V
ANSWER
Using TSR = Vo/S, where S is given as 0.5 V/s
Vo TSR
a. 0.1 V 0.2 s
b. 1 V 2 s
c. 10 V 20 s

EXAMPLE 5
A typical value of slew rate for the 741 op amp is S = 0.5 V/s.
Assuming a complex type of signal, determine the highest
possible operating frequency due to slew rate effects for
each of the following peak values of the output voltage:
a. 0.1
b. 1 V
c. 10 V

EXAMPLE 5 A typical value of slew rate for the 741 op amp is S = 0.5 V/s.
Assuming a complex type of signal, determine the highest
possible operating frequency due to slew rate effects for each
of the following peak values of the output voltage:
a. 0.1
b. 1V
c. 10 V
ANSWER
Using fSR = S/ 2Vo and S = 0.5 V/s
Vo f SR
a. 0.1 796 kHz
b. 1 V 79.6 kHz
c. 10 V 7.96 kHz
EFFECT OF COMBINED LINEAR BANDWIDTH

AND SLEW RATE ON COMPLEX SIGNALS
Given and
then
where fH is the highest frequency contained in the input analog

signal.
The closed loop gain function of many op amps is:
and this corresponds to amplitude and
phase responses of:


AND SLEW RATE ON COMPLEX SIGNALS


AND SLEW RATE ON PULSE TYPE SIGNALS
Given and
Then
Where ti is the rise time of the input pulse waveform.

The actual rise to of the pulse at the amplifier as a function of the
input rise time and the rise time introduced by the finite gain effect
of the amplifier is:

EXAMPLE 6
Consider the non inverting amplifier circuit below utilizing 741 op amp.
The circuit is to be used to amplify some complex analog signals.
Investigate the frequency limits of operation when the input signal has
a peak value of:
a. 20 mV
b. 500 mV
Assume that B = 1 Mhz and S = 0.5 V/s

EXAMPLE 6 Consider the non inverting amplifier circuit below utilizing 741 op
amp. The circuit is to be used to amplify some complex analog
signals. Investigate the frequency limits of operation when the
input signal has a peak value of:
a. 20 mV
b. 500 mV
Assume that B = 1 Mhz

and S = 0.5 V/s
ANSWER
Using ACL = 1 + Rf/Ri = 25
BCL = B/ Kn = 40 kHz
a. fSR = S/ 2Vo = 159.2
… so all signal frequencies must be less than 40 kHz
b. fSR = 6.366 kHz
… so all signal frequencies must be less than 6.366 kHz
EXAMPLE 7
Consider the non inverting amplifier circuit below utilizing 741 op amp. The
circuit is to be used to amplify some pulse type signals. Investigate the
limiting values of rise time when the amplitude of the pulse is:
a. 20 mV
b. 500 mV
Assume that B = 1 Mhz and S = 0.5 V/s

EXAMPLE 7 Consider the non inverting amplifier circuit below utilizing 741 op
amp. The circuit is to be used to amplify some pulse type signals.
Investigate the limiting values of rise time when the amplitude of
the pulse is:
a. 20 mV
b. 500 mV
Assume that B = 1 Mhz
and S = 0.5 V/s
ANSWER
Using ACL = 1 + Rf/Ri = 25
BCL = B/ Kn = 40 kHz
TCL = 0.35/ BCL = 8.75 s
a. TSR = Vo/ S = 1 s
… the rise time at any input pulse must be greater than 8.75 s
b. TSR = Vo/ S = 25 s
… the rise time at any input pulse must be greater than 25 s
EXAMPLE 8
An op amp is to be selected for an audio application. The non
inverting configuration is to be used, and a gain of 50 is desired.
The peak input signal is expected never to exceed 0.2 V.
Specifications require that the gain not vary more than 0.25 dB
over the frequency range from near dc to 20 kHz. Determine the
minimum values of :
a. Unity gain frequency
b. Slew rate for the op amp selected

EXAMPLE 8 An op amp is to be selected for an audio application. The non inverting

configuration is to be used, and a gain of 50 is desired. The peak input
signal is expected never to exceed 0.2 V. Specifications require that
the gain not vary more than 0.25 dB over the frequency range from
near dc to 20 kHz. Determine the minimum values of :
ANSWER a. Unity gain frequency
b. Slew rate for the op amp selected
a. Using
it can be seen that 0.25dB change in the
amplitude response occurs when
f/BCL = 0.2434; 20 kHz/ BCL = 0.2434
BCL = 82.17 kHz
then B/ Kn = B/ 50 = 82.17 kHz
B = 4.109 MHz
b. fSR = S/ 2Vo
20 k = S/ 2(10); S = 1.257 V/ s
NOISE IN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Origin:
1. Thermal noise – result of random motion of the charge carriers
in resistance. The random motion and associated noise
increases as the temperature increases.
2. Shot noise – arises from the discrete nature of current flow in
electronic devices.
3. Flicker noise – also called 1/f noise
4. Popcorn noise – also called burst noise – results from a
momentary change in input bias current, usually occurring below
100 Hz, and is caused by imperfect semiconductor conditions.

NOISE CIRCUIT MODEL
Vno = Kn Vni
Where Vno – rms noise voltage at the output
Kn – noise gain
Vni – rms noise voltage at the noninverting input
EXAMPLE 9
Consider the non inverting amplifier circuit shown below. It is desired to
estimate the total noise level in the bandwidth from 10 Hz to 1 kHz.
a. Determine the total rms noise referred to the input.

b. Determine the corresponding output noise level

EXAMPLE 9 Consider the non inverting amplifier circuit shown below. It

is desired to estimate the total noise level in the bandwidth
from 10 Hz to 1 kHz.
ANSWER
a. Using “ Broadband noise
for various bandwidths” for
741 op amp, estimate: Vni
= 1V
b. Kn = 1001 a. Determine the total rms noise referred to the input.
Vno= KnVni = 1mV b. Determine the corresponding output noise level

COMMON MODE REJECTION

Two different types of gain functions associated with a differential amplifier:
1. Differential gain, 2. Common mode gain,
Ad = Vod/ Vd Acm = Vocm/Vcm

COMMON MODE REJECTION

Common mode rejection ratio, CMRR is:
CMRR = Ad/ Acm
In decibel form, CMRR dB = 20 log CMRR = 20 log (Ad/Acm)
NOTE: ideal op amps have infinite CMRR
COMMON MODE REJECTION DATA

On 741 data sheets, typical value for CMRR is 90 dB and the
minimum value is listed as 70 dB.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CMRR
Large value of CMRR is desirable in two situations:
1. Circuits where large common mode undesirable signals are
present.
2. Circuits used to establish delicate balance between two
signals.

CMRR CIRCUIT MODEL

EXAMPLE 10
A certain 741 op amp has a common rejection ratio of 80
dB. If the differential gain is 106 dB, determine the
common mode gain.

EXAMPLE 10
A certain 741 op amp has a common rejection ratio of
ANSWER 80 dB. If the differential gain is 106 dB, determine the
common mode gain.
CMRR = Ad/ Acm

Acm = Ad/ CMRR
= 20

RECITATION:
1. Sketch the form of the open-loop gain of a typical op-amp.
2. Define unity gain frequency or the gain bandwidth product
3. Determine the closed loop 3 dB bandwidth of an op amp
circuit and the resulting rise time.
4. Define slew rate and discuss its significance
5. Determine the rise time resulting from the slew rate for a
pulse type waveform.

RECITATION:
6. Determine the slew rate limiting frequency for a complex
waveform.
7. Discuss the combined effect of finite bandwidth and slew rate,
and indicate the conditions that accentuate either effect.
8. Estimate the noise output of an op amp circuit from noise
specifications.
9. Explain the difference between differential gain and common
mode gain, and show how to determine each from possible
measurements.
10.Define common mode rejection ratio and discuss its
significance.

SEATWORK NO. 5
1. A certain op-amp has a unity gain frequency of 2MHz. For a non inverting
amplifier,
A. calculate the closed loop 3dB bandwidth for an ideal value of closed loop
gain of (a) 500 (b) 50 (c) 5 (d) 1
B. Calculate the rise time TCL for the ideal closed loop gain value of (a) 500
(b) 50 (c) 5 (d) 1
2. Consider an inverting amplifier circuit with Ri = 15 k and Rf = 120 k. If

S = 1.2 V/s, Calculate the rise time due to slew rate effects when the
input is a pulse that changes from zero to:
A. 0.1 V B. 0.5 V C. 1.5 V
*****End of Seatwork*****
God Bless

ASSIGNMENT NO. 5
1. Show that the 3 dB bandwidth of the voltage follower is simply:
BCL = B
2. Show that the 3 dB bandwidth of an inverting amplifier with
ACL = -1 is: BCL = B/2
3. Consider a linear combination circuit whose output is given by:
Vo = -A1V1-A2V2-…-AnVn
Show that the 3 dB bandwidth is:
BCL = B/ (1+A1+A2+…+An)
4. Consider a closed loop balanced differential amplifier whose
output is given by: Vo = A(V1-V2)
Show that BCL = B/ (1+A)

END

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REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-JVC-I06-R00-09262020 | 1

Electronics 2 - Electronic Circuits Analysis and Design

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

1. Sketch the form of the open-loop gain of a typical op-amp.

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

6. Determine the slew rate limiting frequency for a complex

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

“Be generous and you will be

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

*****End of Seatwork *****

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

SOLUTION TO ASSIGNMENT NO. 4

2. Design a balanced closed loop differential amplifier circuit to

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

CLOSED LOOP FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

The unity gain frequency, B is the product of the dc or low

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

FREQUENCY RESPONSE DATA

Therefore f1 = B/ Ao = 1 MHz/ 2 X 105 = 5 Hz

Meaning, the amplitude response starts dropping at a very low

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

CLOSED LOOP 3 dB BANDWIDTH

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

RISE TIME, TCL

Step function input and

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

EXAMPLE 1 The unity-gain frequency of a certain op-amp is B = 1 MHz. For a non

Using: BCL = B/ Kn, where B is given as 1 MHz

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

EXAMPLE 2 The unity-gain frequency of a certain op-amp is B = 1 MHz. For an

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Slew rate limitation – the process in which the output voltage of an op

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

SLEW RATE DATA

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EFFECT OF SLEW RATE ON PULSE WAVEFORM

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

EFFECT OF SLEW RATE ON COMPLEX WAVEFORM

fSR - is the slew rate limiting frequency.

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

EFFECT OF COMBINED LINEAR BANDWIDTH

where fH is the highest frequency contained in the input analog

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

EFFECT OF COMBINED LINEAR BANDWIDTH

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

EFFECT OF COMBINED LINEAR BANDWIDTH

Where ti is the rise time of the input pulse waveform.

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Assume that B = 1 Mhz and S = 0.5 V/s

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Assume that B = 1 Mhz

Assume that B = 1 Mhz and S = 0.5 V/s

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

End of Seatwork