UNIT 2.

1
What is mathematics?

The science of structure, order, and relation that has

evolved from elemental practices of counting,
measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It
deals with logical reasoning and quantitative
calculations.
 People used language to express themselves and
communicate. It is usually spoken, signed or written in symbols.
Language is like the internet that connects people in the world
and there is no doubt that language is an indispensable thing.
Math is also not a different matter. Mathematics has its own
language which makes it easy to express its thought.
 Is the system used to communicate
The Language mathematical ideas. This language
consists of some natural language using
of technical terms (mathematical terms) and
Mathematics grammatical conventions that are
uncommon to mathematical discourse.
  The language of mathematics makes it easy to express
the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians like to
express. It is:
Characteristics  precise (able to make very fine distinctions);

of the  concise (able to say things briefly);

powerful (able to express complex thoughts with
language of

relative ease).

mathematics
The language of mathematics can be learned, but
requires the efforts needed to learn any foreign language.
Sources:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZH0YnFpjwU (Brief
history of numerical systems)
 https://discover.hubpages.com/education/The-Language-
of-Mathematics
 https://www.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf
 https://www.britannica.com/science/mathematics
Thank you! ☺
 01

02

2.2 Expression 03

versus 04

05

Sentences 06
 01

02

A quantity being talked about which is represented by symbols 03

04
Collection of algebraic terms separated by different operations
05
Has an incomplete thought
06

Cannot be determined if it is true or false.

 01
Expression 02
Samples:
03

04
x+9 x/4 a2+14a-49
05
8x+6 (y+7)2 2b-b
06
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02

Makes a statement about two expressions 03

Consists of mathematical expressions related using equality (=) 04

and inequality symbols (> ≥ < ≤)
05
Has a complete thought
06
(4+7)2 ≤49
x+19=28
x/4>x-6
 01

02

Can be determined whether it is true or false. 03

144 > 10 True

04
4+(-5) ≤ -9 False
05
Sometimes True
x+2=8
Sometimes False 06
0
=1 Indeterminate
0
 01

02

03

Thank you 04
 2nd Year

GROUP 2
 WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE

- is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or

convention symbols.
- the system of words signs and symbols which people use to express
ideas, thoughts and feelings.

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

- Noun (Numbers, Measurement, shapes, spaces, function, pattern, data

and arrangement)
- Verb ( considered as the four main actions attributed to problem solving
and reasoning)
❑ Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.

❑ The Language of mathematics was designed:

✓ Numbers
✓ Sets
✓ Function
✓ Perform Operation
 MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT:

AXIOM CONJECTURE
01 o Is an unprovable rule or
03
o inference formed
first principle accepted as without proof or
true because it is self sufficient evidence.
evident or particular useful

THEOREM COROLLARIES
02 o is a statement which 04 o a proposition that is
has been proved true by
incidentally proved in
a special kind of logical proving another
argument called a
proposition.
rigorous proof.
 Mathematical symbols

ADD SUBTRACT MULTIPLY

∞
INFINITY EQUALS DIVIDE
Unit 2.4:

Four Basic
Concepts
A. Language of Sets

- Introduced by Georg
Cantor (1845-1918), a
German mathematician
REVIEW
Unit 2.4:
There are two ways to represent
sets – ROSTER METHOD or by
RULE METHOD.
Roster Method

- Also called
TABULATION
METHOD
- when the elements
of the set are
enumerated and
separated by a
comma.
Rule Method

- Also called SET

BUILDER
NOTATION
- Used to describe the
elements or
members of the set.
Definitions regarding Set

Finite Set Infinite Set Unit Set

- A set whose element are - A set whose element are - A set with only one
limited or countable, and unlimited or uncountable, element
the last element can be and the last element can - Also called singleton
identified. be specified.
Definitions regarding Set

Cardinal
Empty Set Universal Set
- A unique set with no - A large fix set that Number
elements contains all sets under - The number of
-Also called as null set investigation in any elements or members in a
-Denoted {} or Ø application of set theory set
-The cardinality of set A
is denoted by n(A)
 Definitions regarding Set

Subset Proper Subset Power Set

- If A and B are sets, A is
called subset of B, written
A ⊆ B.
-If A and B are sets, A is
-The collection (or sets)
a proper subset of B (A
of all subsets
subset that is not equal to
B), written as A⊂B.
Definitions regarding Set

Union Intersection Complement

- The set of all elements -The set of all elements x
-or Absolute Complement
x in U such that x is in A in U such that x is in A
-The set of all elements x
or x is in B and x is in B.
in U such that x is not in
-Denoted as A∪B -Denoted as A∩B
A.
-Denoted as A’
 Definitions regarding Set

Symmetric
Difference Difference Disjoint
- or relative complement -If set A and B are two -or non-intersecting
of B with respect to A sets, their symmetric -They have no elements in
-Denoted as A~B difference as the common
-The set of all elements x consisting of all elements
in U such that x is in A that belong to A or to B
and x is not in B. -Denoted as A⊕B
Definitions regarding Set

Ordered Pair Cartesian

(a,b) Product of Sets
- a is the first component -Written as AxB
and b is called the second -In (a,b), a is element of A
component. and B is an element of B.
-So, (a,b) ≠ (b,a)
 B. Language of Functions and Relations
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. If x and y are elements of these sets and if a relation
exists between r and y, then we say that r corresponds to y or that y depends on y and is represented
as the ordered pair of (t, y). A relation from set A to set B is defined to be any subset of AxB. If R is
a relation from A to B and (a, b) ∈ R, then we say that "a is related to b" and it is denoted as a R b.

A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first

component of the ordered pairs, there is exactly one value of the second component. The set X is
called the domain of the function. For each element of x in X, the corresponding element y in Y is
called the value of the function at r, or the image of r. The set of all images of the elements of the
domain is called the range of the function. A function can also be expressed as a correspondence or
mapping from one set to another. The mapping in Figure 1.1 is a function that
assigns to r to y. The domain of the function is (a, b, c, d), while the range is (s, t, M, D)
B. Language of Binary Operations
The study of algebraic structures focuses on investigating sets
associated by single operations that satisfy certain reasonable axioms; that
is, to define an operation on a set in a way that will generalize such familiar
structures as the integers together with the single operation of addition, or
invertible 2x2 matrices together with the single operation of matrix
multiplication. The integer under addition and the 2x2 matrices under
multiplication, are examples of algebraic structures known as group.
C.
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Elementary
Logic
Mathematics in the Modern World
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Table of Content
Logic Operators

Truth Table Negation Conjunction

Disjunction Conditional Biconditional

 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Truth Table
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Negation

The negation of a proposition p is denoted by ~p: (read as

‘not’ p,) and is defined through its truth table:

p q Write the negation of each statement.

p1: 1 is an even number.
T F p2: The tinikling is the most difficult
F T dance.

Solution:
~p1: 1 is an odd number.
~p2: The tinikling is not most difficult
dance.
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Conjunction

The conjunction of a proposition p is denoted by p ʌ q: (read

as p ‘and’ q,) and is defined through its truth table:

Let p and q be the following propositions.

p q p ʌ q p: Today is Monday.
q: It is raining.
T T T
Write the ff conjunction as English sentences.
T F F a) p ʌ q
F T F b) p ʌ (~q)
F F F Solution:
a) p ʌ q: Today is Monday and it is raining.
b) p ʌ (~q): Today is Monday and it is not raining.
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Disjunction

The disjunction of a proposition p and q is denoted

by p V q: (read as p ‘or’ q,) and is defined through
its truth table:

p q p v q

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Conditional

The conditional of a proposition p and q is denoted by p → q:

(read as ‘If p, then q’) and is defined through its truth table:

p q p → q
The conditional p→q may also be read as T T T
‘p implies q’. The proposition p is
called the hypothesis, while the T F F
proposition q is called the conclusion. F T T
F F T
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Conditional

The conditional of a proposition p and q is denoted by p → q:

(read as ‘If p, then q’) and is defined through its truth table:

p1: If Enzo is in Grade 11, then he is a senior

p q p → q high school student.
p2: If Enzo is in Grade 11, then he is working
T T T
as a lawyer.
T F F
Solution:
F T T
p1: p1 is true, as the first row of the truth
F F T table asserts.
p2: p2 is false, as the second row of the truth
table indicates.
 Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Biconditional

The biconditional of a proposition p and q is denoted by p→ q:

read as ‘p if and only if q’) and is defined through its truth
table:

p q p → q

The proposition may also be written as T T T

‘p iff q’. The propositions p and q are T F F
the components of the biconditional.
F T F
F F T
Group 2_BSECE_2A_Logic_Operators

Thank you! ☺

Go Back to First Page

 1

Unit 2.6
Formality
 2

Contents:
➜ Predicate
➜ Quantifiers
-Types of Quantifiers
➜ Quantifiers and Negations
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1.
Predicate
 “
4

Predicate is a statement
whose truth depends on
the value of one or more
variables.
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Predicate
For Example:
“x is an even number”
-The predicate is true for x=2 since 2 is an
even number.
-But false if x=3 since 3 is an odd number.
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Predicate as a function notation

We can denote the given predicate as:

P(x) = “x is an even number”

Now we can say:

P(2) is true, and P(3) is false

*If P is a predicate, then P(x) is either true or false,

depending on the value of x.
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Propositional functions

- Other term for predicate

- Can be denoted as P(x), Q(x), R(x), and
so on.
- The independent variable of
propositional must have a universe of
discourse, which is a set from which
the variable can take values.
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2.
Quantifiers
 “
9

Quantifiers are words,

expressions, or phrases
that indicate the number
of elements that a
statement pertains to.
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• In mathematical logic, there

are two quantifiers: 'there
exists' and 'for all. '

Two types of quantifiers:

1. Existential Quantifier “∃”(There exists)
2. Universal Quantifier “∀” (For all)
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Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN6Hd4UlrnM
 12

Table 1. Common words associated with

various connectives
Quantifier Symbol Translation
Existential ∃ There exists
There is some
For some
For which
For at least one
Such that
Satisfying
Universal ∀ For all
For each
For every
Given any
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3.
Quantifiers and
negations
 14

What is negation?
- In Mathematics, the negation of a statement is
the opposite of the given mathematical statement. If “P”
is a statement, then the negation of statement P is
represented by ~P. The symbols used to represent the
negation of a statement are “~” or “¬”.
 15

Table 2. Quantified statements and their Negations

Statement Negation
All A are B. Some A are not B.
No A are B. Some A are B.
Some A are not B. All A are B.
Some A are B. No A are B.

Examples:
1. Some airports are open.
2. All movies are worth the price of
admission.
3. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
Solution:
1. No airports are open.
2. Some movies are not worth the price of
admission.
3. Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.
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